Edgar Filing: Changyou.com Ltd

Form 20-F

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

¨	REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

x	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013

¨	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

¨	SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number: 001-34271

CHANGYOU.COM LIMITED

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

East Tower, Jing Yan Building

No. 29 Shijingshan Road, Shijingshan District

Beijing 100043

People’s Republic of China

(Address of principal executive offices)

Alex Ho

Chief Financial Officer

East Tower, Jing Yan Building

No. 29 Shijingshan Road, Shijingshan District

Beijing 100043

People’s Republic of China

Telephone: (86 10) 6861 3688

Fax: (86 10) 6886-0852

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile Number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

(Title of each class)

(Name of each exchange on which registered)

American Depositary Shares, each representing two Class A

ordinary shares, par value US$0.01 per share

The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 23,184,186 Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.01 per share, and 82,490,000 Class B ordinary shares, par value $0.01 per share, as of December 31, 2013.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ¨ Yes x No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ¨ Yes x No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. x Yes ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). x Yes ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer.

Large accelerated filer ¨ Accelerated filer x Non-accelerated filer ¨

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing.

U.S. GAAP x

International Financial Reporting Standards as issued

by the International Accounting Standards Board ¨

Other ¨

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. ¨ Item 17 ¨ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. ¨ Yes x No

TABLE OF CONTENTS


INTRODUCTION		1

PART I		2

Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers	2
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	2
Item 3.	Key Information	2
Item 4.	Information on the Company	37
Item 4A	Unresolved Staff Comments	76
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	76
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees	106
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	112
Item 8.	Financial Information	119
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing	120
Item 10.	Additional Information	120
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	130
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities	132

PART II		133

Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies	133
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	133
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures	133
Item 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert	135
Item 16B.	Code of Ethics	135
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	135
Item 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	136
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	136
Item 16F.	Change in Registrants’ Certifying Accountants	136
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance	136
Item 16H.	Mine Safety Disclosure	136

PART III		137

Item 17.	Financial Statements	137
Item 18.	Financial Statements	137
Item 19.	Exhibits	138

Introduction

In this annual report, except where the context otherwise requires and for purposes of this annual report only:

•

“17173 Business” refers to the assets and business operations associated with our online game information portal operated through the 17173.com Website;

•

“7Road” refers to 7Road.com Limited, a Cayman Islands company, and unless the context requires otherwise, includes its subsidiaries and variable interest entity;

•

“ADSs” refers to our American depositary shares, each of which represents two Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.01 per share;

•

“Changyou” refers to Changyou.com Limited, a Cayman Islands company, and unless the context requires otherwise, includes its subsidiaries and variable interest entities;

•

“China” or “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, and for the purpose of this annual report, excludes Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan;

•

“Doyo” refers to Beijing Doyo Internet Technology Co., Ltd., which we acquired in November 2013 through our variable interest entity Beijing Guanyou Gamespace Digital Technology Co., Ltd., or Guanyou Gamespace, as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Guanyou Gamespace;

•

“RaidCall” refers to free social communication software that facilitates real-time online group activities via voice, text and video, allowing users to create and organize groups of varying size to participate in a wide range of online group activities, such as online games, music, and karaoke and other live performance dynamics;

•

“RaidCall Business” refers to the assets associated with RaidCall, which were acquired by Changyou;

•

“MMOGs” refers to massively multiplayer online games, which are interactive online games that may be played simultaneously by hundreds of thousands of game players. MMORPGs and MMOFPSs are subsets of the MMOG category;

•

“MMORPGs” refers to massively multiplayer online role-playing games;

•

“MMOFPSs” refers to massively multiplayer first-person shooter games;

•

“PRC GAAP” refers to generally accepted accounting principles of the PRC;

•

“Sohu.com Inc.” refers to our ultimate parent and controlling shareholder, whose shares of common stock are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “SOHU;”

•

“Sohu” refers to Sohu.com Inc. and its subsidiaries and consolidated variable interest entities and, unless the context requires otherwise, excludes Changyou.com Limited and its subsidiaries and variable interest entities;

•

“Sohu Group” refers to Sohu.com Inc. and its subsidiaries and consolidated variable interest entities and, unless the context requires otherwise, includes Changyou.com Limited and its subsidiaries and variable interest entities;

•

“TLBB,” “BO,” “BH2,” “DMD,” “DHSH,” “JY,” “SZHG,” “DPCQ,” and “YZZX,” refer to “Tian Long Ba Bu,” “Blade Online,” “Blade Hero 2,” “Duke of Mount Deer,” “Da Hua Shui Hu,” “Jian Ying,” “Shen Zhi Huang Guan,” “Dou Po Cang Qiong,” and “Yong Zhe Zhi Xin,” respectively;

•

“U.S. GAAP” refers to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States; and

•

“we,” “us,” “our company” and “our” refer to Changyou.com Limited, and unless the context requires otherwise, include its subsidiaries and variable interest entities.

All references to “RMB” or “Renminbi” refer to the legal currency of China; all references to “US$,” “dollars,” “U.S. dollars” and “$” refer to the legal currency of the United States.

This annual report on Form 20-F includes our audited consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 and audited consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2012 and 2013.

We completed an initial public offering of our ADSs on April 7, 2009. Our ADSs are traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “CYOU.”

FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This annual report on Form 20-F contains “forward looking statements.” These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify these forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “future,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate,” “is/are likely to” and similar expressions. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation, beyond any than as required by law, to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made, even though our situation will change in the future.

These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

•

our ability to maintain and strengthen our position as a leading provider of products and services to online gamers in China;

•

our expected development, launch and market acceptance of additional MMOGs and Web and mobile games;

•

our ability to maintain and strengthen our 17173.com Website as a leading game information portal in China;

•

our various initiatives to implement our business strategies to expand our business through organic growth and strategic acquisitions;

•

our future business development, results of operations and financial condition;

•

the expected growth of and change in the online game industry in China; and

•

the PRC government policies relating to the Internet and Internet content providers, including online game developers and operators.

We operate in an emerging and evolving environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is impossible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement.

We would like to caution you not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements and you should read these statements in conjunction with all other parts of this annual report, including the risk factors set forth in Item 3. See “Key Information—Risk Factors.”

PART I

ITEM 1.

IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not Applicable.

ITEM 2.

OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not Applicable.

ITEM 3.

KEY INFORMATION

Selected Consolidated Financial Data

The following table presents the selected consolidated financial information for our company. The selected consolidated statements of comprehensive income data for the three years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 and the consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2012 and 2013 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report beginning on page F-1. The selected consolidated statements of comprehensive income data for the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2010 and our consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011 have been derived from audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this report. The selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with, and are qualified in their entirety by reference to, our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” below. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our historical results do not necessarily indicate results expected for any future periods.

As the 17173 Business and Changyou were under common control by Sohu both before and after our acquisition of the 17173 Business on December 15, 2011, the consolidated financial data presented below have been prepared as if we had owned the assets of and operated the 17173 Business throughout the periods presented, and the consolidated financial data for the years ended December 31, 2009, and 2010 have been restated accordingly. The consolidated financial data set forth below as of and for each of the years presented may not necessarily reflect the results of operations, financial position and cash flows we would have experienced with respect to the 17173 Business if we had owned and operated it throughout those years.


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2009			2010			2011			2012			2013
	($ in thousands, except for share, per share and per ADS data)
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income Data:
Revenues:
Online game		267,585			327,153			435,512			570,346			669,168
Online advertising		20,617			25,988			36,349			42,525			49,998
IVAS		—			965			1,862			4,307			5,402
Others		—			—			10,853			6,251			13,307

Total revenues		288,202			354,106			484,576			623,429			737,875
Cost of revenues:⁽¹⁾
Online game		17,518			29,852			49,837			76,432			93,306
Online advertising		2,431			3,154			3,892			6,535			13,827
IVAS		—			—			—			1,509			1,786
Others		—			—			13,783			20,046			17,518

Total cost of revenues		19,949			33,006			67,512			104,522			126,437

Gross profit		268,253			321,100			417,064			518,907			611,438
Operating expenses:
Product development⁽¹⁾		28,864			39,893			52,238			73,755			119,909
Sales and marketing⁽¹⁾		36,348			39,211			49,893			60,639			128,830
General and administrative⁽¹⁾		20,052			19,558			29,684			33,514			57,191
Goodwill impairment and impairment of acquired intangibles via acquisition of businesses		—			—			5,420			2,906			—

Total operating expenses		85,264			98,662			137,235			170,814			305,930

Operating profit		182,989			222,438			279,829			348,093			305,508
Interest income		3,391			4,194			11,933			15,882			28,455
Foreign currency exchange loss		(12	)		(527	)		(618	)		(558	)		(5,936	)
Interest expense		(104	)		(39	)		(7	)		(2,243	)		(8,835	)
Other income (expense)		159			(1,393	)		457			(173	)		3,613

Income before income tax expense		186,423			224,673			291,594			361,001			322,805
Income tax expense		24,205			29,990			43,580			67,405			36,383

Net income		162,218			194,683			248,014			293,596			286,422
Less: Net income attributable to the mezzanine classified non-controlling interest		—			—			2,558			11,196			17,780

Net income attributable to Changyou.com Limited		162,218			194,683			245,456			282,400			268,642

Net income		162,218			194,683			248,014			293,596			286,422
Other comprehensive income: Foreign currency translation adjustment		151			10,291			21,867			3,385			33,600

Comprehensive income		162,369			204,974			269,881			296,981			320,022
Comprehensive income attributable to the mezzanine classified non-controlling interest		—			—			2,558			11,196			17,780

Comprehensive income attributable to Changyou.com Limited		162,369			204,974			267,323			285,785			302,242

Cash dividend per share		0.96			—			—			1.90			—
Basic net income per share		1.61			1.88			2.34			2.67			2.53
Diluted net income per share		1.57			1.83			2.30			2.64			2.52
Basic net income per ADS		3.22			3.75			4.68			5.35			5.06
Diluted net income per ADS		3.15			3.66			4.61			5.29			5.04
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding, basic		100,728			103,792			104,854			105,656			106,252
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding, diluted		103,051			106,239			106,600			106,792			106,676
Weighted average number of ADS outstanding, basic		50,364			51,896			52,427			52,828			53,126
Weighted average number of ADS outstanding, diluted		51,526			53,120			53,300			53,396			53,338

(1)	Share-based compensation expenses are included in the following financial statements line items:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013
	($ in thousands)
Cost of revenues		356		430		230		306		101
Product development		7,419		4,465		2,399		1,854		475
Sales and marketing		304		569		960		326		74
General and administrative		5,418		4,098		2,528		1,183		624

Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet Data


	As of December 31,
	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013
	($ in thousands)
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents		226,950		351,027		330,411		366,639		548,484
Restricted time deposits		—		—		—		246,599		424,674
Accounts receivable, net		8,040		6,743		11,326		23,364		35,996
Short-term investments		—		—		17,560		51,720		2,827
Fixed assets, net		50,014		54,641		68,394		64,828		246,674
Total assets		313,939		528,373		753,073		1,114,513		1,585,212
Receipts in advance and deferred revenue		30,452		36,237		51,900		43,659		43,842
Short-term bank loans		—		—		—		113,000		410,331
Long-term bank loans		—		—		—		126,353		—
Total liabilities		77,526		100,867		180,958		444,818		671,696
Mezzanine equity		—		—		57,254		61,810		—
Total shareholders’ equity		236,413		427,506		514,861		607,885		913,516
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and shareholders’ equity		313,939		528,373		753,073		1,114,513		1,585,212

Risk Factors

Risks Relating to Our Business and Our Industry

Our limited operating history makes evaluating our business and prospects difficult.

We were incorporated on August 6, 2007 in the Cayman Islands as an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Sohu.com Inc. Sohu transferred all of its MMOG business to us in December 2007. We acquired the entities operating our cinema advertising business in January 2011; we acquired a majority interest in 7Road in May 2011 and acquired all of the remaining equity interests in 7Road in June 2013; we acquired the 17173 Business, which operates our online advertising business, from Sohu in December 2011; and we acquired several other entities offering Internet software products in 2013. Our limited operating history in each of these areas may not provide a meaningful basis for you to evaluate our business and prospects. Our business strategy has not been proven over a long period of time and we cannot be certain that we will be able to successfully expand our online games business, our online advertising business, the Internet value-added services, or IVAS, business and our cinema advertising business.

You should also consider additional risks and uncertainties that may be experienced by early stage companies operating in a rapidly developing and evolving industry. Some of these risks and uncertainties relate to our ability to:

•

develop, license or operate new MMOGs and Web and mobile games that are appealing to game players and meet our expected timetable for launches of new games;

•

raise our brand recognition and game player loyalty;

•

maintain and strengthen the 17173 Business and the leading position of the 17173.com Website among game information portals in China;

•

successfully adapt to evolving business models, industry trends and market environments by developing and investing in new business strategies, products, services and technologies, including new games other than MMOGs and Web games, such as social games and mobile games, and new software for mobile devices; and

•

maintain or expand our marketing efforts to attract more game players to our games and to the game information portal of the 17173 Business and to the various Internet software products and software for mobile devices developed or acquired by us in an increasingly competitive business environment.

If we do not adapt our business to address these risks and uncertainties, our ability to continue our success to date or to expand our business in the future may be impeded.

Our business may not succeed in a highly competitive market.

Competition in the online game market in China is becoming increasingly intense. There are a number of publicly-traded companies focusing on the MMOG and/or Web games markets in China with shares listed on NASDAQ, the New York Stock Exchange, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, including Tencent Holdings Limited, NetEase.com, Inc., Shanda Games Limited, Perfect World Co., Ltd., Giant Interactive Group Inc., NetDragon Websoft Inc., Kingsoft Corporation Limited, Taomee Holdings Limited, Shenzhen ZQGame Co., Forgame Holdings Limited, and YY Inc.

In addition, there are many venture-backed private companies focusing on online game development, further intensifying the competition. Recently, many of our competitors have been aggressively hiring talent for game development, increasing spending on marketing for games, bidding for licenses of games, penetrating into the Web and mobile game markets, and releasing new software for mobile devices to attract a growing number of gamers that access Internet products and services through mobile devices. Increased competition in our current and intended markets may make it difficult for us to retain our existing employees and attract new employees, and to sustain our growth rate. Furthermore, we also face intense competition for cost-effective marketing resources for our games, such as game-related Websites, which could drive up our marketing costs and decrease the effectiveness of our marketing campaigns.

The 17173 Business, which derives revenue primarily from providing advertising services to advertisers on the 17173.com Website, faces intense competition for advertising business targeting online game players, which can be expected to increase significantly in the future. We compete with other game information portals, such as duowan.com, operated by YY Inc., and game.qq.com, operated by Tencent Holdings Ltd., and other Internet portals which have, or may over time be able to build, competitive advantages over us in terms of:

•

greater brand recognition among game players and advertising clients;

•

larger user and customer bases;

•

more extensive and well developed marketing and sales networks; and

•

substantially greater financial and technical resources.

If we are unable to sustain and enhance our brand recognition, provide quality products and services and meet other difficult technological and business challenges, then our users and advertising clients may become dissatisfied and move to a competitor’s portal for products and services, our user base may decrease and our ability to generate advertising revenues on our 17173.com Website may decline as a result.

In order to compete effectively in the PRC, as well as in the worldwide market, we must continue to spend significant resources in research and development, including through acquisitions, to enhance our technology and our existing games, advertising and other services, introduce new game products and services, including games other than MMOGs and Web games, such as mobile games, new software for mobile devices, in order for us to adapt to industry trends and shifting demands of game players and advertising clients and to remain competitive. If our products and services are not responsive to the needs of our game players and advertisers, are not appropriately timed with market opportunities, or are not effectively brought to market, or if our competitors are more successful than we are in developing compelling products or in attracting and retaining game players and advertisers, we may not be able to recoup such expenditures.

There are uncertainties regarding the future growth of the online game industry in China.

The online game industry, from which we derive substantially all of our revenues, is a relatively new and evolving industry. The growth of the online game industry and the level of demand and market acceptance of our games are subject to a high degree of uncertainty. Our future operating results will depend on numerous factors affecting the online game industry, many of which are beyond our control, including:

•

whether recent declines in the use of personal computers in general, and for purposes of accessing online games in particular, continue or accelerate in China and other markets in which we offer our games;

•

the growth of mobile device (such as smart phones and tablets), Internet and broadband users and penetration in China and other markets in which we offer our games, and the rate of any such growth;

•

whether the online game industry, particularly in China and the rest of the Asia-Pacific region, continues to grow and the rate of any such growth;

•

general economic conditions in China, particularly economic conditions adversely affecting discretionary consumer spending, such as the slowdown in China’s economic growth that occurred between the first quarter of 2010 and the third quarter of 2012;

•

the availability and popularity of other forms of entertainment, particularly games of console systems, which are already popular in developed countries and may gain popularity in China; and

•

changes in consumer demographics and public tastes and preferences.

There is no assurance that online games, and in particular MMOGs and Web games, will continue to be popular in China or elsewhere. A decline in the popularity of online games in general, or the MMOGs and Web games that we operate, would adversely affect our business and prospects.

We currently depend on TLBB for a majority of our revenues and on Wartune and DDTank for a significant portion of our revenues. Any decrease in the popularity of these games or interruption in their operation would adversely affect our results of operations.

We currently rely on our MMOG TLBB for a majority of our revenues and on our Web games Wartune and DDTank for a significant portion of our revenues. We launched TLBB, Wartune and DDTank in May 2007, December 2011 and March 2009, respectively. We cannot guarantee how long TLBB, Wartune and DDTank, will continue to sustain their current level of popularity. To prolong TLBB’s, Wartune’s, and DDTank’s lifespans, we need to continually improve and update them on a timely basis with new features that appeal to existing game players and attract new game players, and to market these new features. Despite our efforts to improve TLBB, Wartune and DDTank, our game players may nevertheless lose interest in these games over time. See “We may not be successful in operating and improving our games to satisfy the changing demands of game players.” If we fail to improve and update these games on a timely basis, or if our competitors introduce more popular games catering to our game player base, which, in the case of TLBB, could include games adapted from other novels written by Louis Cha, these games may lose their popularity, which could cause our revenues to decrease.

Furthermore, there could be interruptions in the operation of TLBB, Wartune or DDTank due to unexpected server interruptions, network failures or other factors that could harm our reputation and prevent or deter game players from making purchases of virtual items, which could result in decreases in our revenues. We do not maintain insurance policies covering losses relating to our technology infrastructure and we do not have business interruption insurance.

Our revenues are not likely to sustain their recent growth rate; we expect to sustain losses in the near term and we cannot assure you that we can avoid future losses.

Our revenues have grown significantly in a relatively short period of time. Primarily due to the commercial success of TLBB, our revenues grew from $484.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to $623.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, and to $737.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. Our net income attributable to Changyou.com Limited grew from $245.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to $282.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 but decreased to $268.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. We are not likely to sustain similar rates of growth in revenues in future periods. We expect to sustain net losses in the near future due to increased spending for marketing for software on mobile devices. We cannot assure you that we will avoid further net losses or that there will not be any declines or further declines in our revenues for any future periods, due to a number of factors, including, among others, the greater difficulty of growing at sustained rates from a larger revenue base, the uncertain level of popularity of our future games, the need to expend greater amounts in order to develop or acquire new games, technologies, assets, and businesses, and uncertainty as to our ability to integrate such newly acquired games, technologies, assets and businesses. In particular, we expect to experience significant increases in our costs and expenses as we expand our business into mobile games and software for mobile devices in order to adapt to industry trends and an evolving market environment and expand domestically and internationally. Accordingly, you should not rely on the results of any prior period as an indication of our future financial and operating performance.

Our business could suffer if we do not successfully manage our current and future growth.

We have experienced a period of rapid growth and expansion that has placed, and will continue to place, strain on our management personnel, systems and resources. To accommodate growth, we anticipate that we will need to implement a variety of new and upgraded operational and financial systems, including online payment systems, procedures and controls, improvement of our accounting and other internal management systems and security systems related to the foregoing, all of which require substantial management efforts and financial resources. We will also need to continue to expand, train, manage and motivate our workforce, and manage our relationships with our distributors and joint operators, third-party service providers and game player base. All of these endeavors will require substantial management effort and skills and the incurrence of additional expenditures. We may not be able to efficiently or effectively implement our growth strategies and manage the growth of our operations, and any failure to do so may limit our future growth and hamper our business strategy.

Recent and potential future acquisitions and/or strategic alliances may have an adverse effect on our ability to manage our business and may also result in impairment charges.

We have made acquisitions of, and may potentially acquire in the future, technologies, businesses or assets that are complementary to our business and/or enter into strategic alliances in order to leverage our position in the Chinese online game market and expand our business domestically and internationally. Such acquisitions or strategic alliances may expose us to potential risks, including risks associated with the integration of new technologies, businesses and personnel, unforeseen or hidden liabilities, the diversion of management attention and resources from our existing business, and the inability to generate sufficient revenues to offset the costs and expenses of acquisitions or strategic alliances. Any difficulties encountered in the acquisition and strategic alliance process may have an adverse effect on our ability to manage our business. In addition, acquired businesses may not perform to our expectations for various reasons, including the loss of key personnel or key clients, and our strategic focus may change. As a result, we may not realize the benefits we anticipated. If we fail to integrate acquired technologies, businesses and assets or realize the expected benefits, we may not receive a return on our investment and our transaction costs for such acquisitions. The benefits of an acquisition or investment may also take considerable time to develop, and we cannot be certain that any particular acquisition or investment will produce the intended benefits, which could adversely affect our business and operating results. Acquisitions could result in contingent liabilities or amortization expenses related to intangible assets or write-offs of goodwill and/or intangible assets, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

We are party to an agreement with Sohu that limits our ability to enter certain businesses.

We are a party to an Amended and Restated Non-Competition Agreement with Sohu which prohibits us, during the non-competition period, from engaging in certain businesses that Sohu conducted or contemplated conducting as of April 1, 2009, not including the MMORPG business and the 17173 Business. See “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions” in Item 7 of this annual report. As a result, during such non-competition period, we will not be able to diversify our business into online portal, search, mobile value-added services and other businesses, other than the MMORPG business and the 17173 Business, that Sohu was conducting, or contemplated conducting, as of that date, even if such businesses present growth opportunities for us. In addition, the Amended and Restated Non-Competition Agreement does not prohibit Sohu from engaging in the development and operation of online games other than MMORPGs, even during the non-competition period. Any online games (other than MMORPGs) that we develop and operate that are not prohibited under the Amended and Restated Non-Competition Agreement may face competition from other online games, including those developed and/or operated by Sohu.

Our marketing and promotion have benefited from our association with Sohu. Any negative development in Sohu’s market position or brand recognition may have an adverse effect on our marketing efforts and the popularity of our games.

We are a majority-owned subsidiary of Sohu and expect to continue to be part of the Sohu Group, as Sohu is expected to remain our controlling shareholder. We have benefited, and expect to continue to benefit, from Sohu in marketing our games and the 17173 Business. For example, we have benefited from Sohu’s large user base by marketing and advertising across Sohu’s domains and using the Sohu Group’s single-user ID system, which provides Sohu’s registered users easy access to our games. We and Sohu have entered into a services agreement and an online links and advertising agreement, pursuant to which Sohu provides links and advertising space on Sohu’s Websites and related technical support to us in connection with our operation and promotion of the 17173 Business. We also benefit from Sohu’s strong brand recognition in China, which we believe has provided us credibility and a broad marketing reach.

If Sohu loses its market position, the effectiveness of our marketing efforts through our association with Sohu could be adversely affected. In addition, any negative publicity associated with Sohu.com or its affiliated Websites will likely have an adverse impact on the effectiveness of our marketing on those sites as well as our reputation and our brand.

We are dependent upon our management, our key development and technical personnel; our Chief Financial Officer has resigned and our business may be severely disrupted if we are unable to find a replacement or if we lose the services of other members of our management or key personnel.

Our future success depends substantially on the continued services of our executive officers and our key development personnel, such as our Chief Executive Officer Tao Wang, our President Dewen Chen, our Chief Operating Officer Xiaojian Hong and our Chief Information Officer Wendy Pan. If one or more of our executive officers or key development personnel were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we might not be able to replace them easily or at all. For example, our Chief Financial Officer Alex Ho resigned effective March 4, 2014 and, although we have designated an interim replacement, we have not yet identified a permanent replacement for Mr. Ho. Our business could be significantly disrupted if we are not successful in identifying and hiring a replacement for Mr. Ho. In addition, if any of our executive officers or key employees joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose know-how, key professionals, staff members and suppliers. These executive officers and key employees could develop and operate games that could compete with and take game players away from our existing and future games. Although each of our executive officers and key personnel has entered into an employment agreement with us with non-competition provisions, these non-competition provisions may not be enforceable in China.

Game players’ spending on our games may be adversely affected by continuing slower growth in the Chinese economy and adverse conditions in the global economy.

We rely on the spending of our game players for our revenues, which in turn depends on the players’ level of disposable income, perceived future earnings capabilities and willingness to spend. The real estate market in the PRC and the level of exports from the PRC have both experienced significant declines recently and, according to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the growth rate of China’s gross domestic product, compared to that of the previous year, slowed from 10.3% in 2010 to 9.2% in 2011 and 7.5% in 2012 and 7.7% in 2013. Such growth may continue to slow in the future, which could in turn result in a reduction in spending by our game players.

In addition, the global economy has experienced significant instability in recent years, with growth in the United States slowing and the European Community facing disruptions as a result of crises in the economies of Greece and Spain, among other countries. It is unclear how long instability will continue, whether it will increase, whether it will lead to a renewed worldwide economic downturn such as the one that began in 2008, and how much adverse impact such instability or any such downturn might have on the economies of China and other jurisdictions where we operate our games. Any such instability or adverse impact in China or in overseas markets could cause our game players to reduce their spending on our games in China or overseas and reduce our revenues.

We may not be successful in operating and improving our games to satisfy the changing demands of game players.

We depend on purchases and continual consumption of virtual items by our game players to generate revenues, which in turn depend on the continued attractiveness of our games to the game players and their satisfactory game-playing experience. Various issues could arise that would cause our games to be less attractive to our game players or could limit the continued attractiveness of our games. For example:

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we may fail to provide game updates, expansion packs and other enhancements in a timely manner due to technologies, resources or other factors;

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our game updates, expansion packs and new versions may contain program errors, and their installation may create other unforeseen issues that adversely affect the game-playing experience;

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we may fail to timely respond and/or resolve complaints from our game players;

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we may fail to eliminate computer “bots” which can disrupt our games’ smooth operation and reduce the attractiveness of our games; and

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our game updates, expansion packs and other enhancements may change rules or other aspects of our games that our game players do not welcome, resulting in a reduction in the active accounts, peak concurrent users, active paying accounts, average concurrent users, and/or revenues per active paying account of our MMOGs or a reduction in the active accounts, active charging accounts, peak concurrent users, average concurrent users and/or revenues per active charging account of our Web games.

Our failure to address the above-mentioned issues could adversely affect the game-playing experience of our game players, damage the reputation of our games, shorten the lifespans of our games, and result in the loss of game players and a decrease in our revenues.

Furthermore, for the games that we license from third parties, we may not have access to the game source codes during the initial period of the license or at all. Without the source codes, we have to rely on the licensors to provide updates and enhancements during the initial period, giving us less control over the quality and timeliness of updates and enhancements. If our game players are not satisfied with the level of services they receive, they may choose to not play the games, leading to a decrease in our revenues.

We may fail to launch new games according to our timetable, and our new games may not be commercially successful, or may attract game players away from our existing games.

We must launch new games that can generate additional revenue and diversify our revenue sources in order to remain competitive. We will not generate any meaningful revenue from a pipeline game until it is commercially launched after open beta testing, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to meet our timetable for new game launches or that our new games will be successful. A number of factors, including technical difficulties, lack of sufficient game development personnel and other resources, failure to obtain or delays in obtaining relevant governmental authorities’ approvals and adverse developments in our relationships with the licensors or third-party operators of our new games could result in delayed launching of our new games. In addition, we cannot assure you that our new games will be as well received in the market as TLBB, Wartune and DDTank have been, and you should not view our historical game revenues or the success of TLBB, Wartune and DDTank as indications of the commercial success of any of our new or future games. We may fail to anticipate and adapt to future technical trends, new business models and changed game player preferences and requirements, fail to effectively plan and organize marketing and promotion activities, or fail to differentiate our new games from our existing games. If the new games we introduce are not commercially successful, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenues from new games to sustain or grow our results of operations or to recover our product development costs and sales and marketing expenses, which can be significant.

In addition, our new games may attract game players away from our existing games. For example, with our increasingly diversified game portfolio, we cannot assure you that our TLBB, Wartune and DDTank game players will not be attracted to play other newly launched games instead of TLBB, Wartune and DDTank. If this occurs, it will decrease our existing games’ player bases, which could in turn make these games less attractive to other game players, resulting in decreased revenues from our existing games. Game players who switch from playing our existing games to our new games may also spend less money to purchase virtual items in our new games than they would have spent if they had continued playing our existing games, resulting in an adverse effect on our overall revenues.

Our MMOGs and Web games are currently accessed primarily through personal computers. As devices other than personal computers are increasingly used to access the Internet, we believe that we must acquire or develop software and games for such devices if we are to maintain or increase our revenues, and we may not be successful in doing so.

Devices other than personal computers, such as mobile phones and tablets, are used increasingly in China and in overseas markets to access the Internet. We believe that, for our business to be successful, we will need to develop versions of our existing games, our pipeline games and any future games that work well with such devices. The games that we develop for such devices may not function as smoothly as our existing games, and may not be attractive to game players in other ways. In addition, manufacturers of such devices may establish restrictive conditions for developers of applications to be used on such devices, and as a result our games may not work well, or at all, on such devices. As new devices are released or updated, we may encounter problems in developing versions of our games for use on such devices and we may need to devote significant resources to the creation, support, and maintenance of games for such devices. During 2013, in order to pursue opportunities arising from the global trend toward mobile Internet, we invested significant amounts in the acquisition, development and operation of software and games for mobile devices, and we expect to continue to make considerable expenditures during 2014 in order to launch selected software, games and platforms for the mobile market. If we are unable to successfully expand the types of devices on which our existing and future games are available, or if the versions of our games that we create for such devices do not function well or are not attractive to game players, or if the software and mobile games for mobile devices that we have launched, or expect to launch in the future, are not successful, we may not be able to recoup our investments in the mobile market.

Our business will suffer if we are unable to develop successful games for mobile platforms or successfully monetize mobile games we develop or acquire.

Developing games for mobile devices is an important component of our strategy. We have devoted and we expect to continue to devote substantial resources to the development of our mobile games, and we cannot guarantee that we will be able to develop games that appeal to players. In addition, we may encounter difficulty in integrating features on games developed for mobile devices that a sufficient number of players will pay for or otherwise sufficiently monetizing mobile games. Generally, our mobile games monetize at a lower rate than our Web games and we may not be successful in our efforts to increase our monetization from mobile games. If we are unable to implement successful monetization strategies for our mobile games, our ability to grow revenue and our financial performance will be negatively affected.

Our ability to successfully develop games for mobile devices will depend on our ability to:

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expand the portfolio of mobile games that we develop in-house and license from third-party developers;

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effectively develop new mobile games for multiple mobile operating systems and mobile devices;

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effectively cross-market mobile games to players of our current MMOG, Web games and mobile games;

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anticipate and effectively respond to the growing number of players switching from Web games to mobile games, the changing mobile landscape and the interests of players;

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attract, retain and motivate talented game designers, product managers and engineers with experience in developing games for mobile devices;

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minimize launch delays and cost overruns on the development of new games;

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effectively monetize mobile games without degrading the social game experience for our players;

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develop games that provide for a compelling and optimal user experience through existing and developing third party technologies, including third party software and middleware utilized by our players; and

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acquire and successfully integrate high quality mobile game assets, personnel or companies.

These and other uncertainties make it difficult to know whether we will succeed in developing successful mobile games. If we do not succeed in doing so, our business will suffer.

We rely on third-party operators to jointly operate most of our Web games with us.

We largely rely on third-party joint operators to attract users to play our Web games and for most of the marketing of such games. Operations through third-party joint operators account for a substantial majority of our revenues from Web games. If third-party joint operators of our games experience network disruptions, cease to offer our games over their platforms, fail to effectively promote our games on their platforms or attract game players, or terminate our joint operation agreements in advance of their expiration dates during any particular period, our revenues for that period will be adversely affected and our reputation and/or the reputation of our subsidiaries that are engaged in game development could be harmed.

We generate substantially all of our game revenues under the item-based revenue model, which has a short history of commercial application and presents risks related to consumer preferences and regulatory restrictions.

Substantially all of our games, including MMOGs, Web games and mobile games, are operated under the item-based revenue model. Under this revenue model, our game players are able to play the games for free if they so choose, but are charged for the purchase of virtual items in the games. We currently expect that substantially all of our game revenues, including revenues from games currently in our pipeline, will continue to be generated under the item-based revenue model. The item-based revenue model requires us to design games that not only attract game players to spend more time playing, but also encourage them to purchase virtual items. The sale of virtual items requires us to track closely consumer tastes and preferences, especially as to in-game consumption patterns. If we fail to design and price virtual items so as to incentivize game players to purchase them, we may not be able to effectively translate our game player base and their playing time into revenues. The item-based revenue model does not have a long history of proven commercial application. In addition, the item-based revenue model may cause additional concerns with PRC regulators who have been implementing regulations designed to reduce the amount of time that Chinese youths spend on online games and intended to limit the total amount of virtual currency issued by online game operators and the amount purchased by individual game players. A revenue model that does not charge for time played may be viewed by the PRC regulators as inconsistent with these goals. The item-based revenue model may not continue to be commercially successful and in the future we may need to change our revenue model to a time-based or other revenue model. Any change in revenue model could result in disruption of our game operations, a decrease in the number of our game players and a decline in our revenues.

We rely on recorded data for game revenue recognition and tracking of game players’ consumption patterns of virtual items. If our data systems fail to operate effectively, such failure will not only affect the completeness and accuracy of our revenue recognition, but also our ability to design and improve virtual items that appeal to game players.

Our game operations revenues are generated through the sale of our prepaid game cards or online direct sale of game points, and our recognition of those revenues depends on such factors as whether the virtual items purchased by game players are considered consumable or perpetual and, in the case of our Web game joint operation arrangements with third-party joint operators, whether the games are hosted on our servers or the third parties’ servers. We rely on our data systems to record and monitor the purchase and consumption of virtual items by our game players and the types of virtual items purchased. If our data systems fail to accurately record the purchase and consumption information of the virtual items, we may not be able to accurately recognize our revenues. In addition, various factors affect the estimated lives of perpetual virtual items, such as the average period that game players typically play our games and other game player behavior patterns, the acceptance and popularity of expansion packs, promotional events launched and market conditions, and we rely on our billing systems to capture such historical game player behavior patterns and other information. If such information is not accurately recorded, or if we do not have sufficient information due to the short operating history of any of our games, we will not be able to accurately estimate the lives of, or the estimated average period the game players play our games with respect to, the perpetual virtual items, which will also affect our ability to accurately recognize our revenues from such perpetual virtual items. If our data systems were damaged by system failure, network interruption, or virus infection, or attacked by a hacker, the integrity of data would be compromised, which could adversely affect our revenue recognition and the completeness and accuracy of our recognized revenues.

In addition, we rely on our data systems to record game player purchase and consumption patterns, based on which we improve our existing virtual items and design new virtual items. For example, we intend to increase development efforts on the number and variety of virtual items that our game players like to purchase, and we may also adjust prices accordingly. If our data systems fail to record data accurately, our ability to improve existing virtual items or design new virtual items that are appealing to our game players may be adversely affected, which could in turn adversely affect our revenues.

The successful operation of our business and implementation of our growth strategies, including our ability to accommodate additional game players and advertising clients in the future, depend upon the performance and reliability of the Internet infrastructure and fixed telecommunications networks in China.

Almost all access to the Internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunications operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or MIIT. We rely on this infrastructure to provide data communications capacity, primarily through local telecommunications lines. Although the PRC government has announced plans to develop the national information infrastructure, this infrastructure may not be developed as planned or at all. In addition, we will have no access to alternative networks and services, on a timely basis if at all, in the event of any infrastructure disruption or failure. The Internet infrastructure in China may not support the demands necessary for continued growth in Internet usage.

Most of our revenues generated by the 17173 Business are from online advertising. The online advertising market includes many uncertainties, which could cause our revenues from the 17173 Business to fail to grow or to decline.

The 17173 Business, which derives revenue primarily from providing advertising services on the 17173.com Website, had online advertising revenues of $50.0 million and IVAS revenues of $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, together representing 7.5% of our total revenues for the year. Our ability to maintain or grow revenues from the 17173 Business may be adversely affected by any of the following risk factors:

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The online advertising market is new and rapidly evolving, particularly in China. As a result, many of our current and potential advertising clients have limited experience using the Internet for advertising purposes and historically have not devoted a significant portion of their advertising budgets to Internet-based advertising;

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Changes in government policy could restrict or curtail our online advertising services;

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Advertising clients may adopt new methods and strategies other than online advertising to promote their brands, which would have an adverse impact on our advertising revenues; and

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The acceptance of the Internet as a medium for advertising depends on the development of a measurement standard. No standards for the measurement of the effectiveness of online advertising have been widely accepted. Industry-wide standards may not develop sufficiently to support the Internet as an effective advertising medium. If these standards do not develop, advertisers may choose not to advertise on the Internet in general, or through our Websites.

In addition, our ability to generate and maintain significant online advertising revenues will also depend upon:

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the development of a large base of users possessing demographic characteristics attractive to advertising clients;

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the acceptance of online advertisements as an effective method of business marketing;

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the effectiveness of our advertising delivery, tracking and reporting systems;

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the extent of resistance from existing or potential customers to online advertising prices; and

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the development of new formats for online advertising, such as streaming video.

The expansion of Internet advertisement blocking software may result in a decrease in advertising revenues.

The development of Web software that blocks Internet advertisements before they appear on a user’s screen may hinder the growth of online advertising. The expansion of advertisement blocking on the Internet may decrease our revenues from the 17173 Business because, when an advertisement is blocked, it is not downloaded from the server, which means that it will not be tracked as a delivered advertisement. In addition, advertisers may choose not to advertise on the Internet or on our 17173.com Website because of the use by third parties of Internet advertisement blocking software.

Our cinema advertising business has generated losses through 2013 and we may not be able to maintain or expand the revenues that we receive from cinema advertising services.

Our cinema advertising business generates revenues through contracts that we enter into with advertisers to place their advertisements in pre-film advertising slots in movie theatres, and generated losses through 2013. We receive the cinema advertising rights for such pre-film advertising slots under contracts with various theatres and film production companies. We cannot assure you that we will be able to develop, maintain or expand the types of relationships with movie theatres and film production companies that will permit us to receive or preserve our existing rights or obtain any additional rights to pre-movie advertisement slots. Any failure to develop, maintain or expand such relationships could prevent us from increasing our cinema advertising revenues, could cause the business to generate losses and also could result in a decrease in our cinema advertising revenues.

We incur additional costs and face significant risks when we operate, license, or jointly operate with third-party joint operators, our games outside of China and seek to expand our operations to select markets. If we fail to manage these risks, our growth and business prospects could be adversely affected.

We currently license some of our games, including TLBB, to, and jointly operate DDTank and Wartune with, third-party operators in regions and countries outside of China. We plan to continue to license and jointly operate these games and other future games in these and other overseas markets. We have expanded our direct game operations to select markets, such as the United States, Malaysia and India, and expect to expand our direct game operations (through local wholly-owned subsidiaries) to other overseas markets. Identifying appropriate overseas markets, negotiating with potential third-party licensees or joint operators and managing our relationships with our licensees and joint operators all require substantial management effort and skills and the incurrence of significant expenses. Licensing our games and operating them overseas directly or jointly with third-party joint operators also require translation of our games into the local languages of the overseas markets in which we plan to license or operate, and may require customization as well, both of which require significant additional expense. There are additional risks associated with the licensing or direct or joint operation of our games overseas, including:

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difficulties in identifying and maintaining good relationships with licensees or joint operators who are knowledgeable about, and can effectively distribute and operate our games in, overseas markets;

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difficulties and costs relating to compliance with the different legal requirements and commercial terms in the overseas markets in which we license or directly or jointly operate our games, such as game export regulatory procedures, taxes and other restrictions and expenses;

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difficulties in maintaining the reputation of our company and our games when our games are operated by licensees or joint operators in overseas markets pursuant to their own standards;

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changes in the political, regulatory or economic conditions in a foreign country or region, or public policies toward online games;

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exposure to different regulatory systems governing the protection of intellectual property and the regulation of online games, the Internet and the export of technology;

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difficulties in verifying revenues generated from our games by our licensees for purposes of determining royalties payable to us;

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inherent difficulties and delays in contract enforcement and collection of receivables through the use of foreign legal systems;

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difficulties in protecting our intellectual property;

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difficulties in managing our overseas employees when we operate our games directly overseas;

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the risk that the regulatory authorities in foreign countries or administrative regions may impose withholding taxes, or place restrictions on repatriation of our profits; and

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fluctuations in currency exchange rates.

If we are unable to manage these risks effectively, our ability to license or operate our games overseas either directly or jointly with third-party joint operators may be impaired.

Rapid technological changes may increase our game development costs.

The online game industry is evolving rapidly, so we need to anticipate new technologies and evaluate their possible market acceptance. In addition, government authorities or industry organizations may adopt new standards that apply to game development. Any new technologies and new standards may require increases in expenditures for MMOG, Web games or mobile game development and operations, and we will need to adapt our business to cope with the changes and support these new services to be successful. If we fall behind in adopting new technologies or standards, our existing games may lose popularity, and our newly developed games may not be well received in the marketplace.

The proliferation of “cheating” programs and scam offers that seek to exploit our games and players harms the game-playing experience and may lead players to stop playing our games.

Unrelated third parties have developed, and may continue to develop, “cheating” programs that enable players to exploit our games, play them in an automated way or obtain unfair advantages over other players who play fairly. These programs harm the experience of players who play fairly and may disrupt the economics of our games. In addition, unrelated third parties may attempt to scam our players with fake offers for virtual goods. We need to devote significant resources to discover, disable and prevent such programs and activities, and if we are unable to do so quickly our operations may be disrupted, our reputation may be damaged and players may stop playing our games. This may lead to lost revenue and increased costs for us to develop technological measures to combat such programs and activities.

Our business may be harmed if our games are not featured in a sufficient number of Internet cafés in China

A substantial number of game players access our games through Internet cafés in China. Due to limited hardware capacity, Internet cafés generally feature a limited number of games on their computers. We thus compete with a growing number of other online game operators to ensure that our games are featured on these computers. This competition is intensified by restrictions by the Ministry of Culture, or MOC, on the establishment of new Internet cafés and on the total number of Internet cafés nationwide. It is necessary for us to maintain good relationships with Internet café operators, require our distributors to maintain a sales presence in a large number of Internet cafés, and conduct periodical promotional activities in select Internet cafés and other general sales and marketing efforts to ensure that our games are featured in a sufficient number of Internet cafés. If we fail to maintain good relationships with Internet café operators, or if we and/or our distributors fail to successfully persuade Internet cafés to feature our games, our revenues may be adversely affected.

We may fail to maintain a stable and efficient distribution network for our virtual prepaid game cards.

Online payment systems in China are in a developmental stage and are not as widely available to or accepted by consumers in China as they are in the United States. We mainly rely on a distribution network composed of third-party distributors for sales of our virtual prepaid game cards to our game players. As a result, our revenues could be adversely affected by under-performance by our distributors, such as a failure to meet minimum sales or penetration targets or to establish an extensive online retail network. We generally sign one-year agreements with our distributors. We may not continue to maintain favorable relationships with them. In addition, our distributors may violate our distribution agreements. Such violations may include, among other things, their:

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failure to maintain minimum price levels for our prepaid game cards in accordance with our distribution agreements;

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failure to properly promote our MMOGs in local Internet cafés and other important outlets, or cooperate with our sales and marketing team’s efforts in their designated territories; and

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selling our virtual prepaid game cards outside their designated territories.

In the past, some of our distributors have failed to carry out their obligations in accordance with our distribution agreements with them, which resulted in our termination of our distribution relationships with them. If we decide to penalize, suspend or terminate our distributors for acting in violation of our distribution agreements, or if the distributors fail to address violations committed by any of their retail outlets in a timely manner, our ability to effectively sell our prepaid game cards in any given territory could be negatively impacted, which would adversely affect our revenues.

Commencing in October 2013, we discontinued sales discounts, and decreased rebate rates, that we had previously offered to our prepaid game card distributors, while increasing our direct sales of game points to our game players through our own online sales platform. See “Information on the Company—Sales and Distribution” in Item 4 and “Operating And Financial Review And Prospects—Revenue Collection—Online Game Revenues—MMOG operations” in Item 5. Such discontinuation and decrease may disincentivize our distributors from effectively selling our prepaid game cards, which would adversely affect our revenues.

We could be liable for breaches in the security of our online payment platforms and those of third parties with whom we transact business, and any such breaches could cause our customers to lose confidence in the integrity of the payment systems that we use.

Currently, we sell a substantial portion of our virtual prepaid game cards and game points to our game players through third-party online payment platforms. In these online transactions, secure transmission of confidential information, such as customers’ credit card numbers and expiration dates, personal information and billing addresses, over public networks is essential if we are to maintain our consumers’ confidence in us. In addition, we expect that an increasing amount of our sales will be conducted over the Internet as a result of the growing use of online payment systems. As a result, the risk of associated online crime will increase. Our current security measures and those of the third parties with whom we transact business may not be adequate. We must be prepared to increase our security measures and efforts so that our game players have confidence in the reliability of the online payment systems that we use, which will require us to incur additional expense. Such increased security measures may still not make our online payment systems completely safe. In addition, we do not have control over the security measures of our third-party online payment vendors. Breaches in the security of online payment systems that we use could expose us to litigation and liability for failing to secure confidential customer information, and could harm our reputation, ability to attract customers and ability to encourage customers to purchase virtual items.

We rely on advertising agencies to sell the online advertising services of the 17173 Business. If current trends of consolidation of advertising agencies in the Chinese market continue, the bargaining power of the large advertising agencies resulting from such consolidation may permit them to require that we pay higher sales rebates, which would adversely affect our gross margin.

Most of the online advertising services of the 17173 Business are distributed by, and most of the online advertising revenues of the 17173 Business are derived from, advertising agencies. In 2013, for example, we engaged five advertising agencies, which contributed approximately 84% of the online advertising revenues of the 17173 Business. In consideration for these agencies’ services, we are required to pay certain percentages of revenues as sales rebates. If the online advertising market is consolidated and effectively controlled by a small number of large advertising agencies, such advertising agencies may be in a position to demand higher sales rebates based on increased bargaining power, which could negatively affect our online advertising growth as we book our online advertising revenue net of our sales rebates to advertising agencies.

As we grow our business and expand into new types of games and platform channels, we will need to hire a significant number of new employees. If we are unable to attract a sufficient number of qualified new employees, our business prospects may be adversely affected.

As we grow our business and expand into mobile games, the platform channel business and international markets, we will need to increase the number of our employees, including senior-level executives, experienced project managers, game development personnel and game operations professionals. The number of our employees increased 35.3% between the end of 2012 and the end of 2013. Our industry in China is characterized by high demand and intense competition for talent, particularly for game developers and related technical personnel, and we may not be able to attract a sufficient number of additional qualified employees to meet the growth of our business, which would adversely affect our growth strategy and our business prospects.

We may be exposed to infringement or misappropriation claims by third parties, which, if determined adversely to us, could subject us to significant liabilities and other costs.

Our success depends largely on our ability to use and develop our technology and know-how without infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties. We cannot assure you that third parties will not assert intellectual property claims against us. We are subject to additional risks if entities licensing to us intellectual property, including, for example, game source codes, do not have adequate rights in any such licensed materials. The validity and scope of claims relating to the intellectual property of game development and technology involve complex scientific, legal and factual questions and analyses and, therefore, tend to be uncertain. If third parties assert copyright or patent infringement or violation of other intellectual property rights against us, we will have to defend ourselves in litigation or administrative proceedings, which can be both costly and time consuming and may significantly divert the efforts and resources of our technical and management personnel. An adverse determination or settlement in any such litigation or proceedings to which we may become a party could subject us to significant liability to third parties, or require us to seek licenses from third parties, pay ongoing royalties, or redesign our games or subject us to injunctions prohibiting the development and operation of our games.

In addition, in the case of our Web games, our potential exposure to litigation alleging that our games infringe the intellectual property of others may extend to potential claims against the third-party joint operators of our games. We typically agree in our agreements with joint operators to indemnify the joint operators against claims of infringement relating to our games. As a result, we may have to defend our joint operators with respect to any allegations against them with respect to infringement by our games, which could be both costly and time consuming.

We may need to incur significant expenses to enforce our proprietary rights, and if we are unable to protect such rights, our competitive position and financial performance could be harmed.

We regard our intellectual property and proprietary rights as critical to our success. In particular, we have spent a significant amount of time and resources in developing our current games and our pipeline games. Our ability to protect our proprietary rights in connection with our games is critical for their success and our overall financial performance. While we have registered software in China for copyright protection and have taken various measures to protect our source codes, such measures may not be sufficient to protect our proprietary information and intellectual property. Intellectual property rights and confidentiality protection in China may not be as effective as they are in the United States and other developed countries. Policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology is difficult and expensive. In addition, while we have registered some trademarks relating to our games in the PRC and other jurisdictions, and have applied for additional registrations of trademarks, in some instances we may not succeed in obtaining registration of trademarks that we have applied in different languages, such as English. We cannot assure that these pending or future trademark applications will be approved. Any failure to register trademarks in any country or region may limit our ability to protect our rights in such country or region under relevant trademark laws, and we may even need to change the name or the relevant trademark in certain cases, which may adversely affect our branding and marketing efforts.

Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property, online game developers may copy our ideas and designs, and other third parties may infringe our intellectual property rights. For example, certain third parties have misappropriated the source codes of previous versions of TLBB and have set up unauthorized servers in China and elsewhere to operate TLBB to compete with us. Although in response we have taken measures to enforce our intellectual property rights, such measures may not be successful in eliminating these unauthorized servers. The existence of unauthorized servers may attract game players away from our games and may result in decreases in our revenues. Litigation relating to intellectual property rights may result in substantial costs to us and diversion of resources and management attention away from our business, and may not be successful. In addition, our ideas and certain of our designs, if not fixed in a tangible form of expression or registered with the appropriate PRC authorities, may not be protected by patents or other intellectual property rights. As a result, we may be limited in our ability to assert intellectual property rights against online game developers who independently develop ideas and designs that compete with us.

We may not have exclusive rights to trademarks, designs and technologies that are crucial to our business.

We have applied for initial registrations in the PRC and overseas, and/or changes in registrations relating to transfers of our key trademarks in the PRC, including ChangYou.com, cyou.com, 7Road, TLBB, TL logos, Blade Online, DMD, DDTank, Wartune, DPCQ, 17173 and the corresponding Chinese versions of the marks, so as to establish and protect our exclusive rights to these trademarks. We have succeeded in registering the trademarks ChangYou.com, cyou.com, 7Road, TLBB, TL logos, DMD, DDTank and 17173 in the PRC under certain classes. The applications for initial registration, and/or changes in registrations relating to transfers, of other marks and/or of some of these marks under other classes are still under examination by the Trademark Office of the State Administration for Industry & Commerce of the PRC, or the SAIC, and relevant authorities overseas. We have applied for patents relating to the design of our games and to technology intended to enhance the functionalities of our games. We have succeeded in registering 5 patents and our other patent applications are under examination by the State Intellectual Property Office of the PRC. Approvals of our initial trademark registration applications, and/or of changes in registrations relating to such transfers, or of our patent applications, are subject to determinations by the Trademark Office of the SAIC, the State Intellectual Property Office of the PRC and relevant authorities overseas that there are no prior rights in the applicable territory. We cannot assure that these applications will be approved. Any rejection of these applications could adversely affect our rights to the affected marks, designs and technologies. In addition, even if these applications are approved, we cannot assure you that any registered trademark or issued patent will be sufficient in scope to provide adequate protection of our rights.

Breaches in the security of our server network could cause disruptions in our service, facilitate piracy of our intellectual property, or compromise confidential information of our game players.

We store on our servers and transmit over the Internet considerable and continually increasing amounts of data, much of which is essential to the operation of our business or is highly confidential information concerning our business and our game players. In addition, the expansion of our business to include Web and mobile games and our need to comply with PRC regulations requiring real-name registration of our game players are likely to cause the amount of personal data concerning our game players that is transmitted over our networks to increase over time. Any breaches of our network by hackers could cause severe disruptions in our service, allow piracy of the source code used in the operation of our games and allow pirated versions of our games to enter the marketplace, or result in the release of confidential personal or financial information of our game players, any of which could have an adverse impact on our business, our revenues, and our reputation among game players. In order to minimize the likelihood of such breaches as our business expands and the amount of confidential and sensitive data increases, we expect that we will need to expend considerable resources to maintain and enhance the effectiveness of our security systems.

We may be subject to, and may expend significant resources in defending against, claims regarding the content and services we provide over our Websites.

As our services may be used to download and distribute information to others, there is a risk that claims may be made against us for defamation, negligence, copyright or trademark infringement or based on the nature and content of such information. Furthermore, we could be subject to claims related to the online activities of our visitors and incur significant costs in our defense. In the past, claims regarding the nature and content of information that was posted online by visitors have been made in the United States against companies that provide online services. We could be exposed to liability for the selection of listings that may be accessible through our Websites or through content and materials that our visitors may post in classifieds, message boards, chat rooms or other interactive services. If any information provided through our services contains errors, third parties may make claims against us for losses incurred in reliance on the information.

We do not carry any liability insurance against of the foregoing risks.

We do not have business insurance coverage.

The insurance industry in China is still at an early stage of development. Insurance companies in China offer limited business insurance products, or offer them at a high price. As a result, we do not have any business liability, loss of data or disruption insurance coverage for our operations in China or the operations of our joint operators in China and overseas. Any business disruption, litigation or natural disaster might result in our incurring substantial costs and the diversion of our resources.

The limited use of personal computers in China and the relatively high cost of Internet access in relation to per capita gross domestic product may limit the development of the Internet in China and impede our growth.

The penetration rate for personal computers in China is significantly lower than it is in the United States and other developed countries. Furthermore, the cost of Internet access in China is still relatively high as compared to other developed countries. The limited use of personal computers in China and the relatively high cost of Internet access may limit the growth of our business. In addition, there may be increases in Internet access fees or telecommunication fees in China. If that happens, the number of our game players may decrease or the growth of our game player base may be adversely impacted. Slow growth of, or a decrease in, the traffic on the 17173.com Website may also cause our advertising clients to reduce their use of our online advertising services, reducing our online advertising revenues.

We face risks related to health epidemics and other natural disasters.

Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of avian flu, SARS, H1N1 or other epidemics or outbreaks. China reported a number of cases of SARS in 2003, which resulted in the closure by the PRC government of many businesses to prevent the transmission of the disease. Similarly, there were many businesses in China that were affected by the outbreak of the H1N1 virus in 2009, and in recent years there have been reports of occurrences of avian flu in various parts of China, including a few confirmed human cases and deaths. Any prolonged recurrence of avian flu, SARS, H1N1 or other adverse public health developments in China may have an adverse effect on our business operations. Adverse effects could include illness and loss of our management and key employees, as well as temporary closure of our offices and related other businesses, such as server operations, upon which we rely, and a decrease in the number of our game players. Such loss of management and key employees or closures would severely disrupt our business operations. We have not adopted any written preventive measures or contingency plans to combat any future outbreak of avian flu, SARS, H1N1 or any other epidemic. In addition, other major natural disasters may also adversely affect our business by, for example, causing disruptions of the Internet network or otherwise affecting access to our games.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and PRC Law and Regulations

If the PRC government determines that the VIE structure for operating our business does not comply with applicable PRC government restrictions on foreign investment in the online game industry and the online advertisement industry, we could face severe penalties.

Various regulations in China currently restrict foreign-invested entities from engaging in value-added telecommunication services, which are defined by PRC authorities to include operating online games and providing online advertisements. Because of these restrictions, we operate certain aspects of our game business in the PRC through our variable interest entities, or VIEs, which include Beijing Gamease Age Digital Technology Co., Ltd., or Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road Technology Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen 7Road, Beijing Guanyou Gamespace Digital Technology Co., Ltd., or Guanyou Gamespace, and Shanghai ICE Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Shanghai ICE. The current shareholders of Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace are Tao Wang, our Chief Executive Officer, and Dewen Chen, our President, who hold 60% and 40%, respectively, of each of these entities. The equity interests in Shenzhen 7Road are owned 100% by our VIE Gamease, which is a PRC company. The equity interests in Shanghai ICE are owned by two of our employees, Runa Pi and Rong Qi, each of whom holds 50%. Each of the nominee shareholders of these VIEs is either a PRC citizen or a PRC company. Through a series of contractual arrangements, Gamease is effectively controlled by our indirect PRC subsidiary Beijing AmazGame Age Internet Technology Co., Ltd., or AmazGame; Shenzhen 7Road is effectively controlled by our indirect PRC subsidiary Shenzhen 7Road Network Technologies Co., Ltd., or 7Road Technology; Guanyou Gamespace is effectively controlled by our indirect PRC subsidiary Beijing Changyou Gamespace Software Technology Co., Ltd., or Gamespace; and Shanghai ICE is effectively controlled by our indirect PRC subsidiary ICE Information Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, or ICE Information. For details of these contractual arrangements, see “Related Party Transactions” in Item 7 of this annual report.

The MIIT issued a circular in 2006 that emphasizes restrictions on foreign investment in value-added telecommunications businesses. In addition, a notice jointly issued in 2009 by the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, or the SAPPRFT, the National Copyright Administration, and the National Office of Combating Pornography and Illegal Publications states that foreign investors are not permitted to invest in online game operating businesses in China or to exercise control over or participate in the operation of such businesses through indirect means. Due to a lack of interpretative materials from the relevant PRC authorities, there are uncertainties regarding whether PRC authorities would consider our corporate structure and contractual arrangements to be a kind of foreign investment in value-added telecommunications services or online game operation businesses. While we are not aware of any online game companies which use the same or similar contractual arrangements as ours having been penalized or ordered to terminate operations by PRC authorities claiming that the arrangements constituted foreign investment in value-added telecommunication services or a kind of control over or participation in the operation of online game operating businesses through indirect means, it is unclear whether and how the various regulations of the PRC authorities might be interpreted or implemented in the future. For a detailed discussion of PRC regulations, notices and circulars with respect to such restrictions, see “PRC Regulation—Regulation of Telecommunication Services—Restrictions on Foreign Ownership of Value-Added Telecommunication Services” and “PRC Regulation—Online Games and Cultural Products” in Item 4 of this annual report.

In addition, under the Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Establishing the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or Circular No. 6, promulgated by the State Council of the PRC, or the State Council, on February 3, 2011 and the Rules of Ministry of Commerce on Implementation of Security Review System of Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the MOFCOM Security Review Rules, promulgated by the Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM, in August, 2011 to implement Circular No. 6, a security review is required for mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors having “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions by which foreign investors may acquire the “de facto control” of domestic enterprises with “national security” concerns and prohibit foreign investors from bypassing the security review requirement by structuring transactions through proxies, trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, control through contractual arrangements or offshore transactions. As there is no explicit provision or official interpretation stating that the business of 7Road falls into the scope subject to security review, we did not submit for security review the formation of our acquisition of interests in Shenzhen 7Road or the formation of the VIE structure of 7Road. However, these national security review-related regulations are relatively new and there is a lack of clear statutory interpretation regarding the implementation of the rules and PRC authorities may interpret these regulations to mean that such transactions should have been submitted for review. Moreover, various media sources reported in 2011 that the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or CSRC, had prepared a report for the State Council, suggesting regulating the use of VIE structures, such as ours, in the context of foreign investment in China and overseas listings. For a discussion of these PRC national security review requirements and media reports, see “PRC Regulation—M&A Regulations and Overseas Listings” in Item 4 of this annual report.

If we were found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC law or regulations relating to foreign ownership of value-added telecommunications businesses and security reviews of foreign investments in such businesses, including online games businesses, regulatory authorities with jurisdiction over the operation of our business would have broad discretion in dealing with such a violation, including levying fines, confiscating our income, revoking the business or operating licenses of PRC subsidiaries and/or VIEs, requiring us to restructure our ownership structure or operations, requiring us to discontinue or divest ourselves of all or any portion of our operations or assets, restricting our right to collect revenues, blocking our Websites, or imposing additional conditions or requirements with which we may not be able to comply. Any of these actions could cause significant disruption to our business operations and have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, if changes were required to be made to our ownership structure, our ability to consolidate our VIEs could be adversely affected.

Our contractual arrangements with our VIEs and their shareholders may not be as effective in providing control over our VIEs as direct ownership of the VIEs and the shareholders of our VIEs may have conflicts of interest with us or with each other.

We have no ownership interest in Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace, or Shanghai ICE, and we conduct most of our operations and generate substantially all of our revenues through contractual arrangements that our indirect subsidiaries AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information entered into with Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace, Shanghai ICE, respectively, and their shareholders. Such contractual arrangements are designed to provide us with effective control over Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE. See “Related Party Transactions” in Item 7 of this annual report for a description of these contractual arrangements. We depend on Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace, and Shanghai ICE to hold and maintain certain licenses and permits necessary for our online game business and the 17173 Business. Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE collectively own all of the necessary intellectual property, facilities and other assets relating to the operation of our online games and the 17173 Business, and employ personnel for the operations and distribution of our games and the operation of the 17173 business that are not owned or employed directly by our subsidiaries.

These contractual arrangements may not be as effective in providing us with control over Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE as direct ownership. For example, if we had direct ownership of Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in their boards of directors, which in turn could effect changes at the management level. Due to our VIE structure, we have to rely on contractual rights to effect control and management of Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE, which exposes us to the risk of potential breach of contract by the shareholders of Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace, and Shanghai ICE. In addition, as each of Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE is jointly owned by its respective shareholders, it may be difficult for us to change our corporate structure if such shareholders refuse to cooperate with us. Furthermore, if the shareholders of any of our VIEs were involved in proceedings that had an adverse impact on their shareholder interests in such VIE or on our ability to enforce relevant contracts related to the VIE structure, our business would be adversely affected.

The shareholders of Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace or Shanghai ICE may breach, or cause Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace or Shanghai ICE to breach, the VIE contracts for a number of reasons. For example, their interests as shareholders of Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace or Shanghai ICE and the interests of our company may conflict and we may fail to resolve such conflicts; the shareholders may believe that breaching the contracts will lead to greater economic benefit for them; or the shareholders may otherwise act in bad faith. If any of the foregoing were to happen, we might have to rely on legal or arbitral proceedings to enforce our contractual rights. In addition, disputes may arise among the shareholders of any of our VIEs with respect to their ownership of such VIE which could lead them to breach their agreements with us. Such arbitral and legal proceedings and disputes may cost us substantial financial and other resources, and result in disruption of our business, and the outcome might not be in our favor. For example, a PRC court or arbitration panel could conclude that our VIE contracts violate PRC law or are otherwise unenforceable. If the contractual arrangements with any of our VIEs were found by PRC authorities with appropriate jurisdiction to be unenforceable, we could lose our ability to consolidate such VIE’s results of operations, assets and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements and/or to transfer the revenues of such VIE to our corresponding PRC subsidiary. In addition, such a finding of unenforceability by PRC authorities could cause more than 75% of our gross income or more than 50% of our assets to be passive in the year that this finding was made or in subsequent years, which could cause us to be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC. See “We might be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares.”

Under the contractual arrangements with our VIEs and their shareholders, no shareholder or group of shareholders of any of our VIEs has the ability to unilaterally terminate any of the agreements between the VIEs in which they hold shares and our corresponding PRC subsidiary. However, (i) the shareholders of Gamease, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE have a termination right under the loan agreements if our corresponding PRC subsidiary engages in gross negligence, fraud or other material illegal actions or if our corresponding PRC subsidiary existence is terminated as a result of bankruptcy, dissolution, or legal process by government authorities and (ii) the shareholders of our VIEs have a termination right under the equity purchase right agreements if the corresponding VIE’s existence is terminated as a result of bankruptcy, dissolution, or legal process by government authorities.

In addition, as all of these contractual arrangements are governed by PRC law and provide for the resolution of disputes through either arbitration or litigation in the PRC, they would be interpreted in accordance with PRC law and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. We would have to rely for enforcement on legal remedies under PRC law, including specific performance, injunctive relief or damages, which might not be effective. For example, if we sought to enforce the equity interest purchase right agreements for the transfer of equity interests in any of our VIEs, if the transferee was a foreign company the transfer would be subject to approval by governmental authorities such as the MIIT and the MOFCOM, and the transferee would be required to comply with various requirements, including qualification and maximum foreign shareholding percentage requirements. As these governmental authorities have wide discretion in granting such approvals, we could fail to obtain such approval. In addition, our VIE contracts might not be enforceable in China if PRC governmental authorities or courts took the view that such contracts contravened PRC law or were otherwise not enforceable for public policy reasons.

Furthermore, the legal environment in the PRC is not as developed as in other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could further limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. In the event we were unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, we would not be able to exert effective control over Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE, and our ability to conduct our business, and our financial condition and results of operations, would be severely adversely affected.

Our contractual arrangements with our VIEs may result in adverse tax consequences to us.

Under PRC law and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by PRC tax authorities. We could face adverse tax consequences if PRC tax authorities determined that our contractual arrangements with any of Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace or Shanghai ICE were not made on an arm’s length basis and adjust our income and expenses for PRC tax purposes in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could result in a reduction, for PRC tax purposes, of adjustments recorded by any of our VIEs, which could adversely affect us by (i) increasing the tax liability of such VIE without reducing the tax liability of our corresponding PRC subsidiary, which could further result in interest and penalties being levied on us for underpaid taxes or (ii) limiting such VIE’s ability to maintain preferential tax treatments and other financial incentives. In addition, if for any reason we needed to cause the transfer of any of the shareholders’ shares in any of our VIEs to a different nominee shareholder (such as if, for example, one of such shareholders is no longer employed by us), we might be required to pay individual income tax, on behalf of the transferring shareholder, on any gain deemed to have been realized by such shareholder on such transfer.

We may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by any of our VIEs that are important to the operation of our business if such VIE declares bankruptcy or becomes subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding.

Each of our VIEs holds assets that are critical to our business operations, such as our core intellectual property, licenses and permits, and/or joint operation agreements relating to our games and game operations. Although the equity interest purchase right agreements among our wholly foreign-owned entities, or WFOEs, our VIEs and the shareholders of our VIEs contain terms that specifically obligate the shareholders of our VIEs to ensure the valid existence of our VIEs, in the event the shareholders breached this obligation and voluntarily liquidated our VIEs, or if any of our VIEs declared bankruptcy and all or part of its assets became subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, we might be unable to continue some or all of our business operations. Furthermore, if any of our VIEs were to undergo a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, its shareholders or unrelated third-party creditors might claim rights to some or all of such VIE’s assets and their rights could be senior to our rights under the VIE contracts, thereby hindering our ability to operate our business.

Substantially all of our revenues are generated through Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE, our VIEs, and we rely on payments made by Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace, Shanghai ICE to AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information, our subsidiaries, pursuant to contractual arrangements to transfer any such revenues to AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information. Any restriction on such payments and any increase in the amount of PRC taxes applicable to such payments may adversely affect our business and our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders and ADS holders.

We conduct substantially all of our operations through Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE, our VIEs, which generate substantially all of our revenues. As our VIEs are not owned by our subsidiaries, they are not able to make dividend payments to our subsidiaries. Instead, each of AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information, our subsidiaries in China, entered into a number of contracts with its corresponding VIE, pursuant to which the VIE pays the PRC subsidiary for certain services that the PRC subsidiary provides to the VIE. However, depending on the nature of services provided, certain of these payments are subject to PRC taxes, including business taxes and value-added tax, or VAT, which effectively reduce the amount that we receive from the VIEs. The PRC government might impose restrictions on such payments or change the tax rates applicable to such payments. Any such restrictions on such payment or increases in the applicable tax rates could limit our ability to receive payments from the VIEs or limit the amount of such payments, and could in turn adversely affect our business, our net income and our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders and ADS holders.

We operate some of our existing games, and plan to operate certain of our pipeline and future games, with Internet publishing numbers that we obtained through unrelated third-party electronic publishing entities. If the SAPPRFT challenges the commercial operation of any of our games that is operated with an Internet publishing number obtained through a third-party publishing entity, we may be subject to various penalties, including restrictions on our operations.

Under PRC regulations issued by the SAPPRFT and the MIIT relating to the regulation of online publication, an Internet publishing license is required under PRC regulations for online game operators, and a publishing number obtained under such a license is required for each game in operation and publicly available in the PRC. We publish certain of our existing games with publishing numbers obtained through third-party licensed electronic publishing entities. Our VIE Shanghai ICE is still in the process of applying for an Internet publishing license and our VIE Shenzhen 7Road intends to continue to publish certain of its pipeline and future games with publishing numbers obtained through third parties. See “Regulations—Online Games and Cultural Products” in Item 4 of this annual report. Current PRC regulations are not clear as to the consequence of obtaining publishing numbers through third-party electronic publishing entities. Our past and expected future practices might be challenged by the SAPPRFT, which could subject us to various penalties, including fines, confiscation of publishing equipment and the revenues generated from the publishing activities, the revocation of our business license, or the forced discontinuation of or restrictions on our operations.

If we are found to be in violation of current or future PRC law and regulations regarding Internet-related services and telecom-related activities, we could be subject to severe penalties.

The PRC government has enacted regulations that apply to Internet-related services and telecom-related activities. While many aspects of these regulations remain unclear, they purport to limit and require licensing of various aspects of the provision of Internet information and content, online games, and online advertising services.

Under regulations issued by the SAPPRFT, Websites authorized to disseminate news must apply to the SAPPRFT to obtain a Permit for the Network Transmission of Audiovisual Programs in order to disseminate streaming video online. Under additional SAPPRFT regulations, the business of providing public program searching and watching services through the Internet to the public is classified as an Internet audio-video program service for which a Permit for the Network Transmission of Audiovisual Programs is required. Our online video services offered on the 17173.com Website are operated by Guanyou Gamespace through a permit held by Beijing Sohu Internet Information Service Co., Ltd, which is a VIE of Sohu, and Guanyou Gamespace has not yet been granted such a permit directly. If the video services conducted by Guanyou Gamespace are later challenged by the SAPPRFT, we may be subject to severe penalties, including fines, or the suspension of our video services or even our operations. If we are ordered to suspend the video services provided under 17173.com Website, our user traffic will be reduced and therefore our revenues derived from online advertising will be negatively affected. In addition, Guanyou Gamespace is in the process of renewing its ICP license and Online Culture Operating Permit to include the 17173 Business. If Guanyou Gamespace is unable to obtain such renewals, we may not be allowed to continue the operation of the 17173 Business or be subject to severe penalties.

In addition, the PRC government may promulgate new laws or regulations at any time. If current or future laws or regulations regarding Internet-related activities are interpreted to be inconsistent with our ownership structure and/or our business operations, our business could be severely impaired and we could be subject to severe penalties.

Regulation and censorship of information disseminated over the Internet in China may adversely affect our business, and we may be liable for information displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our Websites.

The PRC government has adopted regulations governing Internet access and the distribution of news and other information over the Internet. Under these regulations, Internet content providers and Internet publishers are prohibited from posting or displaying over the Internet any content that, among other things, violates PRC law and regulations, impairs the national dignity of China, or is obscene, superstitious, fraudulent or defamatory. When Internet content providers and Internet publishers, including online game operators, find that information falling within the above scope is transmitted on their Websites or is stored in their electronic bulletin service systems, they are required to terminate the transmission of such information or delete such information immediately, keep records, and report to relevant authorities. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in the revocation of our ICP license and other required licenses and the closure of our Websites. Internet content providers may also be held liable for prohibited information displayed on, retrieved from or linked to their Websites.

In addition, the MIIT has published regulations that subject Internet content providers to potential liability for the actions of game players and others using their Websites, including liability for violations of PRC law prohibiting the dissemination of content deemed to be socially destabilizing.

As these regulations are subject to interpretation by the relevant authorities, it is not possible for us to determine in all cases the type of content that could result in liability for us as an MMOG developer and operator, a developer and operator of Web and mobile games and an operator of the 17173 Business. In addition, we may not be able to control or restrict the content of other Internet content providers linked to or accessible through our Websites, or content generated or placed on our Websites by our game players, despite our attempt to monitor such content. To the extent that regulatory authorities find any portion of our content objectionable, they may require us to curtail our games, which may reduce our game player base, the amount of time our games are played or the purchases of virtual items.

We may be subject to the PRC government’s ongoing crackdown on Internet pornographic content.

The PRC government has stringent regulations on online pornographic information and has launched several crackdowns on Internet pornography. Regulations jointly issued by the MIIT and three other government authorities jointly provide for rewards of up to RMB10,000 to Internet users who report Websites that feature pornography and the MIIT established a committee to review such reports to determine an appropriate award. We have not, to date, received any penalty from the PRC government in this regard. However, it is possible that content considered pornographic or vulgar by PRC government agencies will appear in the future on Websites or games that we operate. In the event that we are accused by the PRC government of hosting pornographic or vulgar content, our business and reputation could be adversely affected.

There are currently no laws or regulations in the PRC governing property rights of virtual assets and therefore it is not clear what liabilities, if any, we may have relating to the loss of virtual assets by our game players.

In the course of playing our games, some virtual assets, such as game player experience, skills and weaponry, are acquired and accumulated. Such virtual assets can be highly valued by game players and in some cases are traded among game players for real money or assets. In practice, virtual assets can be lost for various reasons, such as data loss caused by delay of network service by a network crash, or by hacking activities. There are currently no PRC law and regulations governing property rights of virtual assets. As a result, it is unclear who the legal owner of virtual assets is and whether the ownership of virtual assets is protected by law. In addition, it is unclear under PRC law and regulations whether an operator of online games such as us would have any liability (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for loss of such virtual assets by game players. Based on several judgments regarding the liabilities of online game operators for loss of virtual assets by game players, the courts have generally required the online game operators to provide well-developed security systems to protect such virtual assets owned by game players. In the event of a loss of virtual assets, we may be sued by game players and may be held liable for damages.

Our online game operations may be adversely affected by implementation of anti-fatigue-related regulations.

The PRC government may decide to adopt more stringent policies to monitor the online game industry as a result of adverse public reaction to perceived addiction to online games, particularly by minors. Eight PRC government authorities, including the SAPPRFT, the Ministry of Education and the MIIT, jointly issued regulations, or the Anti-Fatigue Notice, requiring all Chinese online game operators to adopt an “anti-fatigue system” in an effort to curb addiction to online games by minors. Under the anti-fatigue system, three hours or less of continuous play is defined to be “healthy,” three to five hours is defined to be “fatiguing,” and five hours or more is defined to be “unhealthy.” Game operators are required to reduce the value of game benefits for minor game players by half when those game players reach the “fatiguing” level, and to zero when they reach the “unhealthy” level. In addition, online game players in China are now required to register their identity card numbers before they can play an online game. This system allows game operators to identify which game players are minors. These restrictions could limit our ability to increase our business among minors. If these restrictions were expanded to apply to adult game players in the future, our revenues could be adversely affected.

These eight PRC government authorities subsequently promulgated additional regulations, including a Notice on Initializing the verification of Real-name Registration for Anti-Fatigue System on Internet Games, or the Real-name Registration Notice, to strengthen the implementation of the anti-fatigue system and real-name registration. The Real-name Registration Notice’s main focus is to prevent minors from using an adult’s identity to play Internet games and, accordingly, provides stringent punishment for online game operators for not implementing the anti-fatigue and real name registration measures properly and effectively. The most severe punishment contemplated by the Real-name Registration Notice is termination of the operation of the online game if it is found to be in violation of the Anti-Fatigue Notice, the Real-name Registration Notice or the circular entitled Implementation of Online Game Monitor System of the Guardians of Minors, or the Monitor System Circular. The Real-name Registration Notice increases our operating risks, as we will be required to spend more resources on the real-name verification and anti-fatigue system, which will lead to an increase in our operating costs. In addition, the amount of time that minors will be able to spend playing online games such as ours will be further limited, which can be expected to lead to a reduction in our revenues. Furthermore, if we are found to be violating these regulations, we may be required to suspend or discontinue our online game operations.

In February 2013, 15 PRC government authorities, including the SAPPRFT, the Ministry of Education, the MOC and the MIIT, jointly issued the Work Plan for the Integrated Prevention of Minors Online Game Addiction, or the Work Plan, implementing integrated measures by different authorities to prevent minors from being addicted to online games. Under the Work Plan, the current relevant regulations will be further clarified and additional implementation rules will be issued by relevant authorities. As a result, we may have to impose more stringent limits for minor game players, which may lead to an increase in our operating expenses and a reduction in our revenues from minor game players.

The PRC government has implemented tight regulation of Internet cafés, which are currently one of the primary places where our games are played. Strict government regulation of Internet cafés could restrict our ability to maintain or increase our revenues and our game player base.

Internet cafés are one of the primary places where our games are played. In April 2001, the PRC government began tightening its regulation and supervision of Internet cafés. In particular, a large number of Internet cafés without requisite government licenses were closed. In addition, the PRC government imposed capital and facility requirements for the establishment of Internet cafés. The PRC government’s policy encourages the development of a limited number of national and regional Internet café chains and discourages the establishment of independent Internet cafés, and the total number of Internet cafés nationwide is restricted and controlled by the relevant authorities. Governmental authorities may from time to time impose stricter requirements, such as limits on the ages of customers and on hours of operation, among others, as a result of the occurrence or perception of, or media attention on, gang fights, fires and other incidents in or related to Internet cafés. So long as Internet cafés remain as one of the primary places for game players to play our games, a reduction in the number, or any slowdown in the growth, of Internet cafés or restrictions on their operations in China could limit our ability to maintain or increase our revenues and our game player base.

Restrictions on virtual currency may adversely affect our online game revenues.

Our online game revenues are collected through the sale of our prepaid cards or online sale of game points. The Notice on the Reinforcement of the Administration of Internet Cafés and Online Games, or the Internet Cafés Notice, issued by the MOC in 2007, directs the People’s Bank of China, or the PBOC, to strengthen the administration of virtual currency in online games to avoid any adverse impact on the PRC economy and financial system. The Internet Cafés Notice places strict limits on the total amount of virtual currency issued by online game operators in the PRC and the amount purchased by individual users in the PRC, and requires a clear division between virtual transactions and real transactions carried out by way of electronic commerce. The Internet Cafés Notice also provides that virtual currency should only be used to purchase virtual items. In 2009, the MOC and the MOFCOM jointly issued the Notice on Strengthening the Administration of Online Game Virtual Currency, or the Virtual Currency Notice. In the Virtual Currency Notice, the MOC and the MOFCOM for the first time defined “virtual currency” as a type of virtual exchange instrument issued by online game operators, purchased directly or indirectly by the game user by exchanging legal currency at a certain exchange rate, saved outside the game programs, stored in servers provided by online game operators in electronic record format and represented by specific numeric units. In addition, the Virtual Currency Notice categorizes companies involved with virtual currency in the PRC as either issuers or trading platforms and prohibits companies from simultaneously operating both as issuers and as trading platforms. One of the Virtual Currency Notice’s stated intended objectives is to limit the circulation of virtual currency and thereby reduce concerns that it may impact real world inflation. Specifically, the Virtual Currency Notice requires online game operators to report the total amount of their issued virtual currency on a quarterly basis, and game operators are prohibited from issuing disproportionate amounts of virtual currency in order to generate revenues. In addition, the Virtual Currency Notice reiterates that virtual currency can only be provided to users in exchange for an RMB payment and can only be used to pay for virtual goods and services of the issuers. Online game operators are prohibited from providing lucky draws or lotteries which are conducted on the condition that participants contribute cash or virtual currencies in exchange for game props or virtual currencies, and from providing virtual currency trading services to minors. The Virtual Currency Notice places additional potentially burdensome obligations on online game operators, including a requirement that operators keep transaction data records for no less than 180 days, which means that we must design and operate our databases so that we can maintain users’ information for the minimum required period, resulting in higher costs for our online game operations. We must tailor our business model carefully in order to comply with the overall requirements of the Virtual Currency Notice, in a manner which can be expected to result in relatively lower sales of our game coins and an adverse impact on our online game revenue.

Our business may be adversely affected by public opinion and governmental policies in China as well as in other jurisdictions where we operate our MMOGs and Web games or license our MMOGs and Web games to third parties.

Currently, most of our game players in China are young males, many of whom are students. Due to a relatively high degree of game player loyalty to MMOGs or Web games, easy access to personal computers and Internet cafés, and the lack of other appealing forms of entertainment in China, many teenagers in China frequently play online games. This may result in these teenagers spending less time on or refraining from other activities, including education, vocational training, sports, and resting, which could result in adverse public reaction and stricter government regulation. For example, the PRC government has promulgated anti-fatigue-related regulations to limit the amount of time minors can play online games.

Adverse public opinion could discourage game players from playing our games, and could result in government regulations that impose additional limitations on the operations of online games as well as game players’ access to online games. For example, under the Monitor System Circular online game operators are required to adopt various measures to maintain a system to communicate with the parents of minors playing online games and are required to monitor the activities of minors and suspend the accounts of minors if so requested by their parents. We believe that stricter government regulations, such as regulations imposing stricter age and hour limits, limiting the issuance of virtual currency by online game operators or the amount of virtual currency that can be purchased by an individual game player, and extending anti-fatigue-related regulations to adults, could be implemented in the future. Any such adverse public opinion or tightened government regulations could adversely affect our ability to maintain or increase our revenues.

In addition, the PRC State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, has announced that it will tax game players on the income derived from the trading of virtual currencies at the rate of 20%. It is currently unclear how the tax will be collected or if there will be any effect on our game players or our business, but collection of such a tax might discourage players who are interested in trading virtual currencies from playing our games, which could reduce our revenues.

Moreover, similar adverse public reaction may arise, and similar government policies may be adopted, in other jurisdictions where we license or operate our games, which could similarly adversely affect our revenues.

PRC law and regulations governing the online game industry in China are evolving and subject to future changes. We may fail to obtain or maintain all applicable permits, approvals, registrations and filings.

The online game industry in China is highly regulated by the PRC government. Various regulatory authorities of the PRC central government, such as the State Council, the MIIT, the SAPPRFT, the MOC and the Ministry of Public Security, are empowered to issue and implement regulations governing various aspects of the online game industry.

We are required to obtain applicable permits, approvals and registrations from, or make necessary filings with, different regulatory authorities in order to operate our online games. For example, as an online game operator in China, we must obtain an ICP license from the MIIT, an Online Cultural Operating Permit from the MOC and an Internet publishing license from the SAPPRFT in order to distribute games through the Internet. Any online game we operate needs to be approved by the SAPPRFT prior to its launch and filed with the MOC within 30 days after its launch. Once a new online game or any upgrade, expansion pack or new version of any existing game is launched, such new game or such upgrade, expansion pack or new version of such existing game must be filed with the MOC and approval must be obtained from the SAPPRFT for online publication. Shenzhen 7Road’s current ICP license does not specifically permit the operation of BBS services, and it is unclear whether Shenzhen 7Road is required to have an ICP license that specifically permits such services, as the State Council has issued a decision that such specific approval is not required for an ICP, but local authorities generally continue to require such specific approval for BBS services. If we fail to maintain any of our permits, approvals or registrations, to make any necessary filings, or to apply for and obtain any new permits, approvals or registrations or make any new filings on a timely basis, we may be subject to various penalties, including fines and a requirement that we discontinue or limit our operations.

As the online game industry is at an early stage of development in China, new law and regulations may be adopted from time to time to require additional licenses and permits other than those we currently have, and address new issues that arise. In addition, substantial uncertainties exist regarding the interpretation and implementation of current and any future PRC law and regulations applicable to the online game industry. For example, there is ambiguity as to the division of authority and responsibilities between the SAPPRFT and the MOC with respect to regulating online games and, as a result, there may be overlapping approval requirements with respect to some aspects of our games or our game operations. Furthermore, as mobile games are a new type of online game, there are uncertainties relating to whether a game developer, such as us, which provides mobile games to mobile device users, needs to obtain a separate operating license in addition to the ICP license that it has already obtained. For any mobile games we launch, we may be required to apply for a separate operating license for the mobile applications. Therefore, we may not be able to obtain timely, or at all, required licenses or any other new license required in the future, and we may be found to be in violation of current or future PRC law and regulations, which could impede our ability to conduct business.

Further strengthened supervision of the online game industry may adversely affect our online game operation.

In September 2009, the SAPPRFT together with the National Copyright Administration, and the National Office of Combating Pornography and Illegal Publications jointly issued a Notice on Further Strengthening on the Administration of Pre-examination and Approval of Online Game and the Examination and Approval of Imported Online Game, or the SAPPRFT Online Game Notice. In the SAPPRFT Online Game Notice, the SAPPRFT states that it is the only governmental department with authority for examination and pre-approval of online games, and that all online game operators must obtain an Internet publishing license to provide online game services. Under the SAPPRFT Online Game Notice, additional approvals from the SAPPRFT are required when game operators release new versions or expansion packs, or make any changes to the originally approved online game. In addition, on July 1, 2009, the SAPPRFT issued a Notice on Strengthening the Approval and Administration of Imported Online Games, in which the SAPPRFT stated that it is the only governmental department authorized by the State Council to approve the importation of online games from offshore copyright owners. In the event of any failure to meet the above-mentioned requirements, an operator may face heavy penalties, such as being ordered to stop operation, or having its business license revoked. Our online game business may be adversely affected by these two SAPPRFT notices. The launch of expansion packs and imported games might be delayed because of the extra approval required. Such delay in releasing expansion packs or imported games may result in higher costs for our online game operation and have an adverse effect on our game revenue.

On June 3, 2010, the MOC issued the Interim Measures for Online Games Administration, or the Online Game Measures, which became effective on August 1, 2010, aiming to further strengthen the MOC’s supervision of the online game industry. Specifically, the Online Game Measures reiterate that the MOC has the power to review the content of all online games except online game publications that have been pre-approved by the SAPPRFT. However, the Online Game Measures do not clearly specify what constitutes “online game publication.” Furthermore, the Online Game Measures provide that all domestic online games must be filed with the MOC, while all imported online games are subject to a content review prior to their launch. If a substantial change (for example, any significant modification to a game’s storyline, language, tasks, or trading system) is made to an existing imported or domestic online game, it will be subject to a new content review.

Our online game business may be adversely affected by the Online Game Measures. The Online Game Measures do not set forth any specific procedure for the required filing and content review procedures for online games and therefore may cause delay when we try to file or apply for content review with the MOC. In addition, for our imported licensed games, the requirement for prior approval of any substantial change may cause delay in releasing expansion packs, which may result in higher costs of our online game operation and have an adverse effect on our game revenue. In addition, the Online Game Measures do not resolve certain inconsistencies and ambiguities resulting from pronouncements included in previous notices issued by the SAPPRFT and the MOC. Because there is ambiguity in the scope of the authority and the roles and responsibilities of governmental departments, such as the SAPPRFT and the MOC, with oversight of the online game industry, we may face stricter scrutiny of the day-to-day operations of our online game business. If any of our online game operating entities cannot comply with any of the stipulations of any PRC governmental department regarding the online game industry, we may be subject to various penalties and our online game business may be adversely affected.

Our business may be adversely affected if we cannot obtain a payment service license

On June 14, 2010, the PBOC issued the Administrative Measure on the Payment Services of Non-Financial Institutions, or the Payment Measures, which went into effect on September 1, 2010. Under the Payment Measures, Payment Services are defined as the provision of capital transfer services by non-financial institutions acting as intermediaries, including services rendered in connection with network-based payments, issuance and settlement services for pre-paid cards and acquiring services for bank cards. The Payment Measures require all non-financial institutions engaging in Payment Services to obtain a Payment Service License from the PBOC. The Payment Measures provide a one-year grace period starting September 1, 2010. Failure to obtain a Payment License will lead to the termination of the right to provide payment services. Given that the definition of “network-based payments” in the Payment Measures is vague, we are not sure whether or not our fee collection activity involved in our online game operations would constitute a kind of payment service under the Payment Measures. If we are required to apply for a Payment Service License under the Payment Measures, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain the required license in a timely manner. If we cannot obtain such license, our business will be adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Acquisition of Certain Assets of the 17173 Business from Sohu and Our Continuing Relationship with Sohu

Our financial information included in this annual report includes the 17173 Business, which we acquired on December 15, 2011, as if we had owned and operated it throughout each of the years presented and may not be representative of the results that the 17173 Business would have achieved had we owned and operated it prior to the date we acquired it.

The consolidated financial statements included in this annual report were prepared as if we had owned and operated the 17173 Business, the acquisition of certain assets of which we completed on December 15, 2011, for all of the year ended December 31, 2011. Our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2011, and our selected consolidated data presented as of December 31, 2011 and for the year then ended, as well as the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2010, may not necessarily reflect the results of operations, financial position and cash flows we would have experienced with respect to the 17173 Business if we had owned and operated it throughout those years. See “Related Party Transactions—Transactions Agreements for Our Purchase of the 17173 Business” in Item 7, “Selected Consolidated Financial Data” in Item 3 and the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

We may not be able to continue to receive the same level of support from Sohu and may not be successful in establishing our brand identity.

Sohu has been a leading Internet portal in China, and our business has benefited significantly from Sohu’s strong Internet market position in China. For example, we have benefited from marketing and advertising across Sohu’s domains (such as Sohu.com, the Sohu portal), and using Sohu’s email system and the Sohu Group’s single-user ID system, which provide Sohu’s large number of registered users easy access to our games. Following our acquisition of the 17173 Business, Sohu will continue to provide links and advertising space on Sohu’s Websites and related technical support to us in connection with our operation of the 17173 Business. We also benefit from the strong brand recognition of Sohu in China, which has provided us a broad marketing reach.

Although we entered into a series of agreements with Sohu in connection with our acquisition of the 17173 Business, we cannot assure you we will receive adequate support from Sohu for the 17173 Business.

Our agreements with Sohu may be less favorable to us than similar agreements negotiated between unaffiliated third parties. In particular, our Non-Competition Agreement with Sohu limits the scope of business that we are allowed to conduct.

We entered into a Non-Competition Agreement (which was amended and restated on November 29, 2011), a Marketing Services Agreement and other related agreements with Sohu prior to our initial public offering and the terms of such agreements may be less favorable to us than would be the case if they were negotiated with unaffiliated third parties. In particular, under the Non-Competition Agreement that we entered into with Sohu, we are prohibited during the non-competition period (which commences on January 1, 2009 and ends on the later of three years after Sohu no longer owns in the aggregate at least 10% of the voting power of our then outstanding voting securities and March 17, 2014) from entering into the online portal, search, or mobile value-added services or any other business conducted or contemplated to be conducted by Sohu as of April 1, 2009, except the MMORPG business. As amended and restated on November 29, 2011, the Non-Competition Agreement does not prohibit us from engaging in the 17173 Business and prohibits Sohu from competing with the 17173 Business until December 15, 2016. Sohu currently offers Internet portal, search and mobile value-added services. Such contractual limitations significantly affect our ability to diversify our revenue source and may adversely impact our business and results of operations should the growth of MMOGs in China slow down. Moreover, so long as Sohu continues to control us, we may not be able to bring a legal claim against Sohu in the event of contractual breach, notwithstanding our contractual rights under the Non-Competition Agreement and Marketing Services Agreement described above and other inter-company agreements entered into from time to time.

Sohu controls the outcome of shareholder actions in our company.

Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to 10 votes per share. We issued Class A ordinary shares represented by our ADSs in our initial public offering and Sohu holds Class B ordinary shares. As of February 21, 2014, Sohu held approximately 67.9% of the combined total of Changyou’s outstanding Class A and Class B ordinary shares and controlled approximately 83.0% of the total voting power in Changyou due to the additional voting power of the Class B ordinary shares it holds. Sohu’s voting power gives it the power to control actions that require shareholder approval under Cayman Islands law, our memorandum and articles of association and NASDAQ requirements, including the election and removal of any member of our board of directors, significant mergers and acquisitions and other business combinations, changes to our memorandum and articles of association, the number of shares available for issuance under share incentive plans, and the issuance of significant amounts of our ordinary shares in private placements. Due to the disparate voting powers attached to the two classes of our ordinary shares, Sohu has sufficient voting power to determine the outcome of all matters requiring shareholder approval even if it should, at some point in the future, hold considerably less than a majority of the combined total of our outstanding Class A and Class B ordinary shares.

Sohu’s voting control may cause transactions to occur that might not be beneficial to the holders of ADSs, and may prevent transactions that would be beneficial to them. For example, Sohu’s voting control may prevent a transaction involving a change of control of us, including transactions in which a holder of our ADSs might otherwise receive a premium for such securities over the then-current market price. In addition, Sohu is not prohibited from selling a controlling interest in us to a third party and may do so without approval of the holders of our ADSs and without providing for a purchase of outstanding ADSs. If Sohu is acquired or otherwise undergoes a change of control, or sells a controlling interest in us, any acquiror or successor will be entitled to exercise the voting control and contractual rights of Sohu, and may do so in a manner that could vary significantly from that of Sohu.

We may have conflicts of interest with Sohu and, because of Sohu’s controlling ownership interest in our company, may not be able to resolve such conflicts on favorable terms for us.

Conflicts of interest may arise between Sohu and us in a number of areas relating to our past and ongoing relationships. Potential conflicts of interest that we have identified include the following:

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Indemnification arrangements with Sohu. We have agreed to indemnify Sohu with respect to lawsuits and other matters relating to our MMORPG business, including operations of that business when it was a business unit of Sohu prior to the carve-out transactions. These indemnification arrangements could result in our having interests that are adverse to those of Sohu; for example, we might have different interests with respect to settlement arrangements in a litigation matter. In addition, under these arrangements, we agreed to reimburse Sohu for liabilities incurred (including legal defense costs) in connection with litigation, while Sohu will be the party prosecuting or defending the litigation.

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Non-competition arrangements with Sohu. We and Sohu have each agreed not to compete with the core business of each other. Sohu has agreed not to compete with us anywhere in the world in the MMORPG business during the non-competition period (which commenced on January 1, 2009 and ends on the later of three years after Sohu no longer owns in the aggregate at least 10% of the voting power of our then outstanding voting securities and March 17, 2014) and in the 17173 Business until December 15, 2016. We have agreed not to compete with Sohu in the Internet portal, search, mobile value-added services and any other businesses conducted or contemplated to be conducted by Sohu as of the date of the prospectus for our initial public offering, except for the 17173 Business after we acquired it from Sohu on December 15, 2011. Sohu’s continued operation of a Website through the domain name “games.sohu.com,” however, including providing links through that Web site to MMOGs and other games, even if they are operated by our competitors, will not constitute a violation by Sohu of its agreement not to compete with us in the 17173 Business, as long as content for and maintenance of such site is primarily provided by our staff.

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Employee recruiting and retention. Because both Sohu and we operate primarily in Beijing and, after our acquisition of the 17173 Business, both Sohu and we are engaged in the development and operation of online portals and the operation of Web games, we may compete with Sohu in the hiring of new employees, in particular with respect to software development. We have a non-solicitation arrangement with Sohu that restricts Sohu and us from hiring any of the other’s employees.

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Our board members or executive officers may have conflicts of interest. Dr. Charles Zhang, our Chairman of the Board, is currently also serving as Sohu’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. Some of our board members and executive officers also own shares, restricted share units and/or options in Sohu. Sohu may grant incentive share compensation to our board members and executive officers from time to time. These relationships could create, or appear to create, conflicts of interest when these persons are faced with decisions with potentially different implications for Sohu and us.

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Sale of shares in our company. Sohu may decide to sell all or a portion of our shares that it holds to a third party, including to one of our competitors, thereby giving that third party substantial influence over our business and our affairs. Such a sale could be contrary to the interests of certain of our shareholders, including our employees or our public shareholders.

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Allocation of business opportunities. Business opportunities may arise that both we and Sohu find attractive, and which would complement our respective businesses. Sohu may decide to take the opportunities itself, which would prevent us from taking advantage of the opportunity ourselves.

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Developing business relationships with Sohu’s competitors. So long as Sohu remains as our controlling shareholder, we may be limited in our ability to do business with its competitors, such as other Internet portals in China. This may limit the effectiveness of our online advertisement for the best interest of our company and our other shareholders.

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Strategic decisions by Sohu, our controlling shareholder, affecting us that we might not have made. Although our company is a separate, stand-alone entity, we expect to operate, for as long as Sohu is our controlling shareholder, as a part of the Sohu Group. Sohu may from time to time make strategic decisions that it believes are in the best interests of its business as a whole, including our company. These decisions may be different from the decisions that we would have made on our own. Sohu’s decisions with respect to us or our business may be resolved in ways that favor Sohu and therefore Sohu’s own shareholders, which may not coincide with the interests of our other shareholders.

We may not be able to resolve any potential conflicts, and even if we do so, the resolution may be less favorable to us than if we were dealing with an unaffiliated shareholder. Even if both parties seek to transact business on terms intended to approximate those that could have been achieved among unaffiliated parties, this may not succeed in practice.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

Adverse changes in political and economic policies of the PRC government could have a material and adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could reduce the demand for our products.

Most of our business operations are conducted in China and most of our revenues are generated in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects are affected significantly by economic, political and legal developments in China. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement, the level of development, the growth rate, the control of foreign exchange, and the allocation of resources.

While the Chinese economy has grown significantly in the past 30 years, the growth has been uneven geographically among various sectors of the economy, and during different periods. The Chinese economy may not continue to grow, and if there is growth, such growth may not be steady and uniform; if there is a slowdown, such a slowdown may have a negative effect on our business. The Chinese economy experienced high inflation in 2010 and 2011, and to curb the accelerating inflation the PBOC, China’s central bank, raised benchmark interest rates three times in 2011. Partly as a result of these measures, the real estate market in the PRC experienced significant declines in those years. The level of exports from the PRC also declined significantly recently. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the growth rate of China’s gross domestic product, compared to that of the same period in the previous year, slowed from 9.2% in 2011, 7.5% in 2012 and 7.7% in 2013. Various macroeconomic measures and monetary policies adopted by the PRC government to guide economic growth and manage inflation and the allocation of resources may not be effective in sustaining the growth rate of the Chinese economy. In addition, such measures, even if they benefit the overall Chinese economy in the long run, may have an adverse effect on us if they reduce the disposable income of our game players or if they cause our advertising clients to reduce their spending for our online advertising services on the 17173.com Website.

Uncertainties with respect to the Chinese legal system could have a material adverse effect on us.

We conduct most of our operations through our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in the PRC, AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information, and our variable interest entities in the PRC, Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace, Doyo and Shanghai ICE. Our PRC subsidiaries are generally subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investment in China and, in particular, laws applicable to WFOEs. Our VIEs are generally subject to laws applicable to domestic companies in China. The PRC legal system is based on written statutes and regulations. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Although since 1979 PRC law has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China, the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties. We cannot predict the effect of future developments in the PRC legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, the preemption of local regulations by national laws, or the overturn of local government’s decisions by the higher level government. These uncertainties may limit legal protections available to us. In addition, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

Contract drafting, interpretation and enforcement in China involve significant uncertainty.

We have entered into numerous contracts governed by PRC law, many of which are material to our business. As compared with contracts in the United States, contracts governed by PRC law tend to contain less detail and are not as comprehensive in defining contracting parties’ rights and obligations. As a result, contracts in China are more vulnerable to disputes and legal challenges. In addition, contract interpretation and enforcement in China is not as developed as in the United States, and the result of any contract dispute is subject to significant uncertainties. Therefore, we may be subject to disputes under our material contracts, and if such disputes arise, we may not prevail. Due to the materiality of certain contracts to our business, such as our license agreements with Louis Cha regarding our rights to develop and operate TLBB, any dispute involving such contracts, even without merit, may materially and adversely affect our reputation and our business operations, and may cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

PRC law establishes complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to make acquisitions in China.

Applicable PRC law and regulations, such as the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, which became effective on September 8, 2006 and were amended on June 22, 2009, the Anti-Monopoly Law, which became effective on August 1, 2008, the Notice on Establishing the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors promulgated by the General Office of the State Council and the MOFCOM Security Review Rules, mandate procedures and requirements, including requirements in some instances that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise, or that approval from the MOFCOM be obtained in circumstances where overseas companies established or controlled by PRC enterprises or residents acquire affiliated domestic companies, that can be expected to make merger and acquisition activities in China by foreign investors time-consuming and complex. PRC law also requires certain merger and acquisition transactions to be subject to a security review. The MOFCOM Security Review Rules, which became effective September 1, 2011, provide that, when deciding whether a specific merger or acquisition of a domestic enterprise by foreign investors is subject to a security review by the MOFCOM, the principle of substance over form should be applied, and foreign investors are prohibited from bypassing the security review requirement by structuring transactions through proxies, trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, or control through contractual arrangements. Factors that the MOFCOM considers in its review are whether (i) an important industry is concerned, (ii) such transaction involves factors that have had or may have an impact on national economic security and (iii) such transaction will lead to a change in control of a domestic enterprise that holds a well-known PRC trademark or a time-honored PRC brand. If the business of any target company that we plan to acquire falls into the ambit of security review, we may not be able to successfully acquire such company. Complying with the requirements of the relevant regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval process, including approval from the MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business.

There are significant uncertainties under the Corporate Income Tax Law of the PRC, or the CIT Law, regarding our PRC enterprise income tax liabilities, such as tax on dividends paid to us by our PRC subsidiaries. The CIT Law also contains uncertainties regarding possible PRC withholding tax on any dividends we pay to our overseas corporate shareholders and gains realized from the transfer of our shares by our overseas corporate shareholders.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands which indirectly holds, through our Hong Kong subsidiaries, our equity interests in our subsidiaries in the PRC. Our business operations are principally conducted by these PRC subsidiaries and our VIEs. The CIT Law and its implementation rules provide that China-sourced income of foreign enterprises, such as dividends paid by a PRC subsidiary to its overseas parent, will normally be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of 10%, unless there are applicable tax treaties that reduce such rate. Under the Arrangement Between the PRC and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital, or the China-HK Tax Arrangement, the dividend withholding tax rate may be reduced to 5%, if a Hong Kong resident enterprise is considered a non-PRC tax resident enterprise and holds at least 25% of the equity interests in the PRC enterprise distributing the dividends, subject to approval of the PRC local tax authority. However, if the Hong Kong resident enterprise is not considered to be the beneficial owner of such dividends under applicable PRC tax regulations, such dividends may remain subject to withholding tax at a rate of 10%. On October 27, 2009, the SAT, issued a Notice on How to Understand and Determine the Beneficial Owners in Tax Agreement, or Circular 601, which provides guidance on determining whether an enterprise is a “beneficial owner” under China’s tax treaties and tax arrangements. Circular 601 provides that, in order to be a beneficial owner, an entity generally must be engaged in substantive business activities, and that a company that is set up for the purpose of avoiding or reducing taxes or transferring or accumulating profits, will not be regarded as a beneficial owner and will not qualify for treaty benefits such as preferential dividend withholding tax rates. We are in the process of applying for qualification as a “beneficial owner” for each of our Hong Kong subsidiaries with the SAT. If any of our Hong Kong subsidiaries is, in the light of Circular 601, determined by the SAT to be a non-beneficial owner for purposes of the China-HK Tax Arrangement, any dividends paid to it by any of our PRC subsidiaries would not qualify for the preferential dividend withholding tax rate of 5%, but rather would be subject to the usual CIT Law rate of 10%.

We believe we are not a PRC tax resident enterprise, but it is not clear whether we or any of our Hong Kong subsidiaries will be deemed to be PRC tax residents under the CIT Law. The tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” Under the CIT Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. On April 22, 2009, the SAT issued a circular, known as Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” text should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. Under Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC. If we are considered as a PRC tax resident under the CIT law by the PRC tax authorities, our global income will be subject to corporate income tax at a rate of 25%.

Although we intend to take the position that any dividends we pay to our overseas corporate shareholders or ADS holders will not be subject to a withholding tax in the PRC, if we or any of our Hong Kong subsidiaries are considered to be PRC tax resident enterprises for tax purposes, any dividends we pay to our overseas corporate shareholders or ADS holders as well as gains realized by such shareholders or ADS holders from the transfer of our shares or ADSs may be regarded as China-sourced income and as a result be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate up to 10%. The implementation rules of the CIT Law provide that, if an enterprise that distributes dividends is domiciled in the PRC or if gains are realized from transferring equity interests of an enterprise domiciled in the PRC, then such dividends or gains are treated as “China-sourced income.” However, it is not clear how “domicile” might be interpreted under the CIT Law, and it is possible that domicile could be interpreted to mean the jurisdiction where the enterprise is a tax resident.

Due to the lack of interpretation of the CIT Law, it is difficult to ascertain how it will be implemented by the relevant PRC tax authorities. If dividend payments from Changyou HK, ICE HK or other overseas subsidiaries to us are subject to PRC withholding tax, our financial condition, results of operations and the amount of dividends available to pay our shareholders may be adversely affected. If dividends we pay to our overseas shareholders or ADS holders or gains realized by such shareholders or ADS holders from the transfer of our shares or ADSs are subject to PRC withholding tax, the withholding tax will generally be at a rate of 10% and reduce their investment return and the value of their investments in us.

Heightened scrutiny of acquisition transactions by PRC tax authorities may have a negative impact on our business operations, our acquisition strategy or the value of your investment in us.

Pursuant to the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or SAT Circular 698, issued by the SAT with effect from January 1, 2008, where a non-resident enterprise transfers the equity interests of a PRC tax resident enterprise indirectly by disposition of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, or an Indirect Transfer, and such overseas holding company is located in a tax jurisdiction that has an effective tax rate of less than 12.5% and does not impose income tax on foreign income of its residents, the non-resident enterprise must report the Indirect Transfer to tax authorities in the PRC. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authorities may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from an Indirect Transfer may be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%. SAT Circular 698 also provides that, where a non-PRC resident enterprise transfers its equity interests in a PRC tax resident enterprise to related parties of the non-PRC resident enterprise at a price lower than the fair market value, the PRC tax authorities have the power to make a reasonable adjustment to the taxable income resulting from the transaction.

The SAT released the Announcement on Several Issues concerning the Administration of Income Tax of Non-tax-resident Enterprises, or SAT Public Notice 24, which became effective on April 1, 2011, to clarify several issues related to Circular 698. Under SAT Public Notice 24, the term “effective tax” refers to the effective tax on the gain derived from the disposition of equity interests of an overseas holding company; and the term “does not impose income tax” refers to cases where the gain derived from disposition of the equity interests of an overseas holding company is not subject to income tax in the country or region where the overseas holding company is a resident.

There is uncertainty as to the application of SAT Circular 698. For example, while the term “Indirect Transfer” is not clearly defined, it appears that PRC tax authorities are authorized to request information from a wide range of foreign entities that have no direct link to China. Moreover, the relevant PRC authorities have not issued any formal rules as to the process and format for reporting an Indirect Transfer to the PRC tax authorities. In addition, there are not any formal rules as to how it is determined whether a foreign investor lacks a commercial purpose and was established in order to reduce, avoid or defer PRC tax. SAT Circular 698 may be determined by PRC tax authorities to be applicable to the historical reorganization of 7Road, including our acquisition of the equity interests of 7Road, if any of the steps in 7Road’s reorganization were determined by PRC tax authorities to lack a reasonable commercial purpose. As a result, the transfer of 7Road’s shares by certain shareholders to other parties may be subject to income tax on capital gains generated from such transfers of the shares, and PRC tax authorities might, at their discretion, adjust any capital gains and impose tax return filing obligations on the transferring shareholders or require us to provide assistance for an investigation by PRC tax authorities. Furthermore, although SAT Circular 698 contains an exemption for transfers of publicly traded stock in a PRC tax resident enterprise, it remains unclear whether we will be deemed a PRC tax resident enterprise and whether such exemption will be applicable to the transfer of our shares or ADSs. If we are regarded as a non-PRC tax resident enterprise, PRC tax authorities may deem any future transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs by our shareholders or holders of our ADSs to be subject to these regulations, which may subject such shareholders or holders of our ADSs to additional reporting obligations or tax burdens. In the case of failure to comply with these circulars by such shareholders or holders of our ADSs, the PRC tax authorities may take actions, including requesting us to provide assistance for their investigation, which could have a negative impact on our business operations. In addition, since we may pursue acquisitions as one of our growth strategies, and may conduct acquisitions involving complex corporate structures, PRC tax authorities might, at their discretion, adjust the amount of capital gains or request that we submit additional documentation for their review in connection with any potential acquisitions, which may cause us to incur additional acquisition costs or delay our acquisition timetable.

As the special tax statuses of certain of our PRC subsidiaries or VIEs as “High and New Technology Enterprises” (or NHTEs) , “software enterprises” or “Key National Software Enterprises” (or KNSE Companies) expire, or if they are revoked, we will have to pay additional taxes to make up any previously unpaid tax and will be subject to a higher tax rate.

The CIT Law applies a uniform statutory income tax rate of 25% to enterprises in China. Under the CIT Law, NHTEs enjoy a favorable tax rate of 15%. The implementation rules promulgated under the CIT Law also emphasize that the ownership of “core proprietary intellectual property” is essential to qualification for this preferential tax rate. AmazGame and Gamease were subject to a 15% income tax rate as NHTEs for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013. The NHTE status of both AmazGame and Gamease will expire on September 15, 2014 if it is not renewed. In addition, AmazGame is qualified as a KNSE Company and will enjoy a further reduced preferential tax rate of 10% for 2013 and 2014.

The CIT Law and the implementation rules promulgated under the CIT Law provide that software enterprises enjoy an income tax exemption for two years beginning with their first profitable year and a 50% tax reduction to an income tax rate of 12.5% for the subsequent three years. AmazGame and Gamease qualified as software enterprises and enjoyed a 50% tax reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the year ended December 31, 2011. 7Road Technology qualified as a software enterprise in 2012 and enjoyed an income tax exemption for the 2013 fiscal year. Shenzhen 7Road qualified as a software enterprise and enjoyed a 50% tax reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the 2011, 2012 and 2013 fiscal years. Shanghai ICE qualified as a software enterprise in 2008 and enjoyed an income tax exemption for the 2011 fiscal year and enjoyed, and will enjoy, a 50% tax reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the subsequent three years. Gamespace qualified as a software enterprise and enjoyed an income tax exemption for the 2012 and 2013 fiscal years and will be entitled to a 50% tax reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the subsequent three years. ICE Information has been qualified as a software enterprise and will be entitled to an income tax exemption for two years beginning with their first profitable year and a 50% tax reduction for the subsequent three years, if they continue to maintain their qualification.

There are uncertainties regarding the future interpretation and implementation of the CIT Law. It is possible that the qualification of AmazGame and Gamease as NHTEs, or the qualification of 7Road Technology, Shenzhen 7Road, Gamespace, ICE Information and Shanghai ICE as software enterprises, or the qualification of AmazGame as a KNSE Company, or their entitlement to an income tax exemption or refund of their VAT, will be challenged in the future by their supervising authorities and be repealed, or that there may be future implementation rules that are inconsistent with current interpretations of the CIT Law. On April 1, 2013, four PRC government authorities, including the MIIT and the SAT, jointly issued the Measures for the Administration of Software Enterprises. Under such measures, software enterprises accredited after January 1, 2011 will be subject to a new annual review system and failing to pass the annual review may result in the revocation of an entity’s status as a software enterprise. We cannot assure you that the qualification of any of our PRC subsidiaries or VIEs as a software enterprise will not be challenged in the future or whether such companies will be able to take any further actions, such as re-application for software enterprise qualification, to enjoy such preferential tax treatment. If the tax benefits AmazGame, Gamease, 7Road Technology, Shenzhen 7Road, Gamespace, ICE Information, and Shanghai ICE enjoy as NHTEs, KNSE Companies or Software Enterprises are revoked, and we are otherwise unable to qualify these companies for other income tax and VAT exemptions or reductions, our effective income tax rate or VAT rate, as the case may be, will increase significantly, which will reduce our net income. In addition, we may have to pay additional taxes to make up any previously unpaid tax, which could further reduce our net income.

To fund any cash requirements we may have, we may need to rely on dividends, loans or advances made by our PRC subsidiaries AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information, which are subject to limitations and possible taxation under applicable PRC law.

We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity, or loans and advances made by our PRC subsidiaries AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information, to fund any cash requirements we may have, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions, if any, to our shareholders or ADS holders, and to service any debt we may incur. The distribution of dividends and the making of loans and advances by entities organized in China are subject to limitations. Regulations in the PRC currently permit payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China. Each of AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information is also required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profit based on PRC accounting standards each year to its general reserves until the cumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends, loans or advances. AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information may also allocate a portion of their after-tax profits, as determined by their boards of directors, to their staff welfare and bonus funds, which may not be distributed to us. In addition, if any of AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

Furthermore, under regulations of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE, the RMB is not convertible into foreign currencies for capital account items, such as loans, repatriation of investments and investments outside of China, unless prior approval of the SAFE is obtained and prior registration with the SAFE is made, which could delay or prevent any transfers of funds from our PRC subsidiary to us.

In addition, there are uncertainties under the CIT Law with regard to the PRC withholding tax on dividends paid by AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information to Changyou HK, 7Road HK or ICE HK. See “Risk Factors—Risks related to Doing Business in China—There are significant uncertainties under the Corporate Income Tax Law of the PRC, or the CIT Law, regarding our PRC enterprise income tax liabilities, such as tax on dividends paid to us by our PRC subsidiaries. The CIT Law also contains uncertainties regarding possible PRC withholding tax on any dividends we pay to our overseas corporate shareholders and gains realized from the transfer of our shares by our overseas corporate shareholders.” Should such dividends be subject to PRC withholding tax or be subject to the usual CIT Law withholding tax rate of 10% rather than the preferential dividend withholding tax rate of 5% provided under the China-HK Tax Arrangement, the amount of cash available to us for our cash needs, including for the payment of dividends to our shareholders or ADS holders, would be reduced.

Furthermore, we control our PRC operating entities Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE through contractual arrangements rather than equity ownership. AmazGame entered into a Technology Development and Support Agreement and an Operation and Maintenance Agreement with Gamease, pursuant to which Gamease will pay AmazGame for the services AmazGame provides to Gamease. 7Road Technology entered into a Technology Development and Utilization Agreement and a Service and Maintenance Agreement with Shenzhen 7Road, pursuant to which Shenzhen 7Road will pay 7Road Technology for the services 7Road Technology provides to Shenzhen 7Road. Gamespace entered into a Technology Development and Support Agreement and an Operation and Maintenance Agreement with Guanyou Gamespace, pursuant to which Guanyou Gamespace will pay Gamespace for the services Gamespace provides to Guanyou Gamespace. ICE Information entered into an Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement, an Exclusive Technology Consulting and Service Agreement and a Business Operation Agreement with Shanghai ICE, pursuant to which Shanghai ICE will pay ICE Information for the services ICE Information provides to Shanghai ICE. See “Related Party Transactions” in Item 7. To the extent that there is any distributable profit in Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace or Shanghai ICE, it may be difficult for Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace or Shanghai ICE to distribute such profit to AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace or ICE Information, which may further limit the amount that AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace or ICE Information can distribute to us.

Fluctuation in the value of the RMB may have an adverse effect on our shareholders’ investment.

Change in the value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar, Euro and other currencies is affected by, among other things, changes in China’s political and economic conditions. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the U.S. dollar. Under the changed policy, the RMB is permitted to fluctuate within a narrow and managed band against a basket of certain foreign currencies. This change in policy has resulted in an approximately 35% appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar between July 21, 2005 and December 31, 2013. In 2008, China’s exchange regime was further changed to a managed floating exchange rate regime based on market supply and demand. While the international reaction to the RMB revaluation has generally been positive, there remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to adopt an even more flexible currency policy, which could result in a further and more significant appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar. In 2010, the PBOC announced that it had decided to proceed further with the reform of the RMB exchange rate regime to enhance the flexibility of the RMB exchange rate and that emphasis would be placed on reflecting market supply and demand with reference to a basket of currencies. While so indicating its intention to make the RMB’s exchange rate more flexible, the PBOC ruled out any sharp fluctuations in the currency or a one-off adjustment. On April 16, 2012, the PBOC enlarged the floating band of RMB’s trading prices against the U.S. dollar in the inter-bank spot foreign exchange market from 0.5% to 1% around the middle rate released by the China Foreign Exchange Trade System each day. As most of our costs and expenses are denominated in RMB, the revisions in exchange rate policy commenced in July 2005 have increased, and potential future revisions could further increase, our costs and expenses in U.S. dollar terms. In addition, our proceeds from overseas financings and from overseas game operations will decrease in value if we choose not to or are unable to convert the proceeds into RMB and the RMB appreciates against the U.S. dollar, which may reduce the value of a shareholder’s investment in our ADSs.

Regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our ability to acquire PRC companies and could adversely affect our business.

In October 2005, SAFE promulgated Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Corporate Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or Circular 75, SAFE has further issued a series of implementation guidance. These regulations require PRC residents to register with the local SAFE branch before directly establishing or indirectly controlling any offshore company for the purpose of overseas capital financing with assets of or equity interests in PRC companies held by them. PRC residents must also file amendments to their registrations if their offshore companies experience material events involving capital variation, such as changes in share capital, share transfers, mergers and acquisitions, spin-off transactions, long-term equity or debt investments or providing guarantees. Under these regulations, PRC residents’ failure to comply with specified registration procedures may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant PRC entity, including the payment of dividends and other distributions to its offshore parent, as well as restrictions on capital inflows from the offshore entity to the PRC entity.

Although we request that all of our shareholders who are PRC residents comply with Circular 75 and related rules, it is unclear how these regulations will be interpreted and implemented. In addition, it may be difficult for our ultimate shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents to provide sufficient supporting documents required by the SAFE or to complete the required registration with the SAFE in a timely manner, or at all. Any failure by any of our shareholders who is a PRC resident, or is controlled by a PRC resident, to comply with relevant requirements under these regulations could subject us to fines or sanctions imposed by the PRC government, including restrictions on the ability of AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information to pay dividends or make distributions to us and on our ability to increase our investment in AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information.

SAFE rules and regulations may limit our ability to transfer funds we hold overseas to our subsidiaries and VIEs in the PRC, which may adversely affect our business expansion, and we may not be able to convert the net proceeds from our initial public offering into RMB to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies, or establish other VIEs in the PRC.

On August 29, 2008, SAFE promulgated Circular 142, a notice regulating the conversion by a foreign-invested company of foreign currency into RMB by restricting how the converted RMB may be used. The notice requires that the registered capital of a foreign-invested company settled in RMB converted from foreign currencies may only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by the applicable governmental authority and may not be used for equity investments within the PRC. In addition, SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of the registered capital of a foreign-invested company settled in RMB converted from foreign currencies. The use of such RMB capital may not be changed without SAFE’s approval, and may not in any case be used to repay RMB loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been used for purposes within the approved business scope. Furthermore, in November 2010 the SAFE promulgated the Circular on the Relevant Issues of Strengthening Foreign Exchange Administration, or Circular 59, which tightens the regulation of the use of net proceeds from overseas offerings and requires that the use of such net proceeds be consistent with the description in the prospectus for the offering. In addition, to strengthen Circular 142, on November 16, 2011 the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Further Clarifying and Regulating Relevant Issues Concerning the Administration of Foreign Exchange under Capital Account, or Circular 45, which prohibits a foreign invested company from converting its registered capital in foreign exchange currency into RMB for the purpose of making domestic equity investments, granting entrusted loans, repaying inter-company loans, and repaying bank loans that have been transferred to a third party. Violations of Circular 142 or related regulations can result in severe penalties, such as heavy fines. Circular 142 and related regulations may significantly limit our ability to transfer funds we hold overseas to our VIEs in the PRC through our subsidiaries in the PRC, which may adversely affect our business expansion, and we may not be able to convert such funds into RMB to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies, or establish other VIEs in the PRC.

We may be subject to fines and legal sanctions if we or our employees who are PRC citizens fail to comply with PRC regulations relating to employee share incentives granted by overseas listed companies to PRC citizens.

Under the Administration Measures on Individual Foreign Exchange Control issued by the PBOC and related implementation rules issued by the SAFE, all foreign exchange transactions involving an employee share incentive plan, share option plan or similar plan participated in by PRC citizens may be conducted only with the approval of the SAFE. Under the Notice of Issues Related to the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Listed Company, or the Offshore Share Incentives Rules, issued by the SAFE on February 15, 2012, PRC citizens who are granted share options, restricted share units or restricted shares by an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with the SAFE or its authorized branch and to comply with a series of other requirements. The Offshore Share Incentives Rule also provides procedures for registration of incentive plans, the opening and use of special accounts for the purpose of participation in incentive plans, and the remittance of funds for exercising share options and gains realized from such exercises and sales of such options or the underlying shares, both outside and inside the PRC. We, and any of our PRC employees or members of our board of directors who have been granted share options, restricted share units or restricted shares, are subject to the Administration Measures on Individual Foreign Exchange Control, the related implementation rules issued by the SAFE, and the Offshore Share Incentives Rule. If we, or any of our PRC employees or members of our board of directors who receive or hold share options, restricted share units or restricted shares, fail to comply with these registration and other procedural requirements, we may be subject to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

The enforcement of the PRC Labor Contract Law and other labor-related regulations in the PRC may adversely affect our business.

The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of the PRC enacted the Labor Contract Law, or the Labor Contract Law. The Labor Contract Law introduced specific provisions related to fixed-term employment contracts, part-time employment, probationary periods, consultation with labor unions and employee assemblies, employment without a written contract, dismissal of employees, severance, and collective bargaining to enhance previous PRC labor law. Under the Labor Contract Law, an employer is obligated to sign an unlimited-term labor contract with any employee who has worked for the employer for ten consecutive years. Further, if an employee requests or agrees to renew a fixed-term labor contract that has already been entered into twice consecutively, the resulting contract, with certain exceptions, must have an unlimited term, subject to certain exceptions. With certain exceptions, an employer must pay severance to an employee where a labor contract is terminated or expires. In addition, the PRC governmental authorities have continued to introduce various new labor-related regulations since the effectiveness of the Labor Contract Law in 2008. For example, there are regulations which require that annual leave ranging from five to 15 days be made available to employees and that employees be compensated for any unused annual leave days at a rate of three times their daily salary, subject to certain exceptions.

Under the PRC Social Insurance Law and the Administrative Measures on Housing Fund, employees are required to participate in pension insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance and housing funds and employers are required, together with their employees or separately, to pay the social insurance premiums and housing funds for their employees.

These laws designed to enhance labor protection tend to increase our labor costs. In addition, as the interpretation and implementation of these regulations are still evolving, our employment practices may not be at all times be deemed in compliance with the regulations. As a result, we could be subject to penalties or incur significant liabilities in connection with labor disputes or investigations.

Risks Related to Our Class A Ordinary Shares and ADSs

We are a Cayman Islands company and, because judicial precedent regarding the rights of shareholders is more limited under Cayman Islands law than that under U.S. law, our shareholders may have less protection for their shareholder rights than they would under U.S. law.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Law, Cap 22 (Law 3 of 1961, as consolidated and revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from English common law, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States.

Holders of our ADSs may have difficulty enforcing judgments obtained against us.

We are a Cayman Islands company and all of our assets are located outside the United States. A substantial portion of our current operations are conducted in the PRC. In addition, all of our directors and executive officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. A substantial portion of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for holders of our ADSs to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons. It may also be difficult for holders of our ADSs to enforce in Cayman Islands courts or PRC courts judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors, most of whom are not residents in the United States and the substantial majority of whose assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands or the PRC would recognize or enforce judgments.

Our operating results for a particular period could fall below our expectations or the expectations of investors or research analysts, resulting in a decrease in the price of our ADSs.

Our operating results may vary significantly from period to period as a result of factors beyond our control, such as the slowdown in China’s economic growth that occurred between the first quarter of 2010 and third quarter of 2012, caused in part by measures adopted by the Chinese government intended to slow such growth and to temper real estate prices and inflation, and the significant instability recently experienced in the worldwide economy, with growth in the United States slowing, and the European Community facing disruptions as a result of crises in the economies of Greece and Spain, among other countries, and such factors may be difficult to predict for any given period. Other factors also could cause significant fluctuations in our operating results, including the timing and success of our new game launches, our costs of developing and launching new games and software, and the level of user activity of our games and software in China during particular fiscal quarters. If our operating results for any period fall below our expectations or the expectations of investors or research analysts, the price of our ADSs is likely to decrease.

Recent press reports concerning possible increased scrutiny by Chinese authorities of the VIE structure used by us and various other Chinese companies publicly-traded in the United States appear to have created concern among investors and caused the price of the ADSs of various Chinese companies that are publicly traded in the United States to drop, and the matters highlighted in such reports may have such an effect on the price of our ADSs following this offering.

Various prominent western news outlets have reported that the MOFCOM and the CSRC, among other Chinese regulatory authorities, may be considering increased scrutiny or enhanced regulation of Chinese companies that use VIE structures, such as we do, as a means of complying with Chinese laws restricting foreign ownership of certain businesses in China, including online game businesses such as ours. Some of such news reports have also sought to draw a connection between widely reported accounting issues at certain Chinese companies and the use of VIE structures. Such news reports appear to have had the effect of causing significant drops in the market prices of the shares of many Chinese companies. It is possible that in the future there will be increased scrutiny or enhanced regulation by Chinese regulatory authorities of Chinese companies, including us, that use the VIE structure. In addition, while we are not aware of any causal connection between the recently reported accounting scandals and the use of VIE structures, it is possible that holders or potential purchasers of our ADSs will believe that such a connection exists. Any of such circumstances could lead to further loss of investor confidence in Chinese companies and cause fluctuations in the market prices of our ADSs and, if such prices were to drop sharply, could subject us to shareholder litigation, which could cause the price for our shares to drop further.

Registered public accounting firms in China, including our independent registered public accounting firm, are not inspected by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, which deprives us and our investors of the benefits of such inspection.

Auditors of companies whose shares are registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and traded publicly in the United States, including our independent registered public accounting firm, must be registered with the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, and are required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess their compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards applicable to auditors. Our independent registered public accounting firm is located in, and organized under the laws of, the PRC, which is a jurisdiction where the PCAOB, notwithstanding the requirements of U.S. law, is currently not able to freely conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities, which approval has to date been given only on a limited basis.

This lack of PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of our independent registered public accounting firm. As a result, we and investors in our ADSs are deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections, which could cause investors and potential investors in our ADSs to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements, and result in a drop in the market price of our ADSs.

If a recent initial decision rendered by the Administrative Law Judge (the “ALJ”) in administrative proceedings brought by the SEC against the Big Four PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, becomes final, we could be unable to timely file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

In December 2012, the SEC instituted administrative proceedings against the Big Four PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, alleging that these firms had violated U.S. securities laws and the SEC’s rules and regulations thereunder by failing to provide to the SEC the firms’ audit work papers with respect to certain PRC-based companies that are publicly traded in the United States. On January 22, 2014, the ALJ presiding over the matter rendered an initial decision that each of the firms had violated the SEC’s rules of practice by failing to produce audit workpapers to the SEC. The initial decision censured each of the firms and barred them from practicing before the SEC for a period of six months. The Big Four PRC-based accounting firms recently appealed the ALJ’s initial decision to the SEC. The ALJ’s decision does not take effect unless and until it is endorsed by the SEC. Any SEC endorsement or other determination could be appealed by the accounting firms through the U.S. federal courts. While we cannot predict the outcome of the SEC’s review or that of any subsequent appeal process, if the accounting firms are ultimately temporarily denied the ability to practice before the SEC, our ability to file our financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could be impacted. A determination that we have not timely filed financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could ultimately lead to the delisting of our ADSs from NASDAQ or the termination of the registration of our ADSs and Class A ordinary shares under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NASDAQ Listing Rules and, as a result, we rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that provide protection to shareholders of other companies, and if in the future we are no longer a “controlled company,” we may invoke the “home country” exceptions under the NASDAQ Listing Rules which provide for similar exemptions for foreign private issuers such as us.

Because Sohu owns more than 50% of the total voting power of our ordinary shares, we are a “controlled company” under the NASDAQ Listing Rules. We rely on certain exemptions that are available to controlled companies from NASDAQ corporate governance requirements, including the requirements:

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that we have a corporate governance and nominating committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities;

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that we have a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities; and

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for an annual performance evaluation of the nominating and governance committee and compensation committee.

We are not required to and will not voluntarily meet these requirements. If we are no longer a “controlled company,” we may in the future invoke the “home country” exceptions available to foreign private issuers, such as us, under the NASDAQ Listing Rules which are similar to the exemptions for controlled companies. As a result of our use of the “controlled company” exemptions, and any future use by us of the “home country” exceptions, holders of our ADSs will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of NASDAQ’s corporate governance requirements.

The market price for our ADSs has been and may continue to be volatile.

The trading price of our ADSs has been and may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations. During the period from April 2, 2009, the first day of trading of our ADSs on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, until February 21, 2014, the trading price of our ADSs ranged from $17.00 to $52.00 per ADS, and the closing sale price on February 21, 2014 was $28.87 per ADS. The market price for our ADSs may continue to be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors including the following:

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announcements of competitive developments, including new games by our competitors;

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regulatory developments in our target markets affecting us, our customers or our competitors;

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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly operating results;

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failure of our quarterly financial and operating results to meet market expectations or failure to meet our previously announced guidance;

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changes in financial estimates by securities research analysts;

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changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other Internet or online game companies;

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additions or departures of our executive officers and other key personnel;

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announcements regarding intellectual property litigation (or potential litigation) involving us or any of our directors and officers;

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fluctuations in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the RMB;

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release or expiration of transfer restrictions on our outstanding ordinary shares and ADSs; and

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sales or perceived sales of additional shares or ADSs.

In addition, the securities markets have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular industries or companies. Such market fluctuations may have a material adverse effect on the market price of our ADSs.

Holders of our ADSs may be subject to limitations on transfer of their ADSs.

Our ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems it expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deem it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the Deposit Agreement, or for any other reason.

Holders of ADSs have limited voting rights and may not receive voting materials in time to be able to exercise their right to vote.

Except as described in this annual report and in the Deposit Agreement, holders of our ADSs will not be able to exercise voting rights attaching to the shares represented by our ADSs on an individual basis. Holders of our ADSs may instruct the depositary how to exercise the voting rights attaching to the shares represented by the ADSs. Holders may not receive voting materials in time to instruct the depositary to vote, and it is possible that direct holders of ADSs, or persons who hold their ADSs through brokers, dealers or other third parties, will not have the opportunity to exercise a right to vote. In addition, due to the different voting powers attached to the two classes of our ordinary shares, our controlling shareholder, Sohu, our Chief Executive Officer, or CEO, Tao Wang, and certain of our directors, officers and key employees, all of which hold our Class B ordinary shares, control 97% of the combined total voting power of our ordinary shares. As a result, the ability of holders of our ADSs to affect the outcome of any matter subject to shareholder vote is very limited.

ADS holders’ right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to their holdings and ADS holders may not receive cash dividends if it is impractical to make them available to such holders.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to ADS holders in the United States unless we register the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act of 1933, or the Securities Act, or an exemption from registration requirements is available. Also, under the Deposit Agreement, the depositary bank will not make rights available to ADS holders unless the distribution to ADS holders of both the rights and any related securities are either registered under the Securities Act or exempted from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, holders of our ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in their holdings.

In addition, the depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to ADS holders the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. ADS holders will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares such holders’ ADSs represent. However, the depositary may, at its discretion, decide that it is inequitable or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, the depositary may determine that it is not practicable to distribute certain property through the mail, or that the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them, or that the distribution requires certain governmental approval, such as requirement for registration or approval for currency conversion. In these cases, the depositary may decide not to distribute that property and ADSs holders will not receive that distribution.

ADS holder will experience dilution when additional Class A ordinary shares or Class B ordinary shares are issued in settlement of restricted share units or upon exercise of options.

ADS holders will experience dilution to the extent that additional Class A ordinary shares are issued upon settlement of restricted share units or exercise of outstanding options that we may grant from time to time. As of February 21, 2014, there were no Class B restricted share units outstanding, and there were 289,588 Class A restricted share units outstanding, with each such restricted share unit settleable upon vesting by the issuance of one Class A ordinary share.

We may need additional capital and may sell additional ADSs or other equity securities or incur indebtedness, which could result in additional dilution to our shareholders or increase our debt service obligations.

We may require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. If our cash resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain a credit facility. The sale of additional equity securities or equity-linked debt securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

Substantial future sales of our ADSs or ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Additional sales of our ADSs or ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. As of February 21, 2014, there were 23,202,686 of our Class A ordinary shares and 82,490,000 of our Class B ordinary shares outstanding. As of February 21, 2014, there were no Class B restricted share units outstanding and there were 289,588 Class A restricted share units outstanding, with each such restricted share unit settleable upon vesting by the issuance of one Class A ordinary share. In addition, we may grant or sell additional options, restricted shares or other share-based awards in the future under our share incentive plan to our management, employees and other persons, the settlement and sale of which may further dilute our shares and drive down the price of our ADSs.

We might be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares.

A non-U.S. corporation will be considered a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year if either (i) at least 75% of its gross income is passive income or (ii) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during a taxable year) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. We expect that we will not be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our current taxable year ending November 30, 2013. Our expectation is based on our current and anticipated operations and composition of our earnings and assets (including goodwill) for the 2013 taxable year, including the current and expected valuation of our assets based on the market price of our ADSs. However, we currently hold, and expect to continue to hold following this annual report, a substantial amount of cash, and the value of our other assets may be based in part on the market price of our ADSs, which is likely to fluctuate in the future (and may fluctuate considerably given that market prices of Internet and online game companies historically have been especially volatile). Furthermore, it is not entirely clear how the contractual arrangements between us and our consolidated variable interest entities will be treated for purposes of the PFIC rules. In addition, our actual PFIC status for any taxable year will not be determinable until the close of such taxable year. Accordingly, there is no guarantee that we will not be a PFIC for any taxable year. PFIC status depends on the composition of our assets and income and the value of our assets (including, among others, a pro rata portion of the income and assets of each regarded subsidiary in which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% (by value) of the equity interest) from time to time. If we were treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a United States holder held an ADS or a Class A ordinary share, certain adverse United States federal income tax consequences could apply to the U.S. holder. See “Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation—Passive Foreign Investment Company” in Item 10 of this annual report.

ITEM 4.

INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

History and Development of the Company

Our MMOG business began operations as a business unit within the Sohu Group in 2003. In June 2003, the Sohu Group launched its first MMOG, KO, which was licensed from a Korean developer. KO had limited acceptance in the Chinese market, and its operation was discontinued in November 2006 when the license expired. In October 2004, the Sohu Group launched BO, its second MMOG, which was licensed from a local independent game studio. In May 2007, the Sohu Group launched TLBB, its first in-house developed MMOG.

In 2007, the Sohu Group reorganized its MMOG business. As part of the reorganization, Changyou.com Limited was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on August 6, 2007 as an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Sohu.com Inc., to hold the MMOG business of the Sohu Group. Subsequently,

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Changyou.com (HK) Limited, or Changyou HK, was incorporated in Hong Kong on August 13, 2007 as a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Changyou. Changyou HK is the intermediate offshore holding company for our online game operations in China;

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Beijing AmazGame Age Internet Technology Co., Ltd., or AmazGame, was incorporated in the PRC on September 26, 2007 as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Changyou HK to undertake the technical support and product development functions of our online game operations; and

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Beijing Gamease Age Digital Technology Co., Ltd., or Gamease, was incorporated in the PRC on August 23, 2007 as our VIE, to operate our MMOG operations and to hold intellectual property and online game operating licenses and permits relating to our online game operations.

After the establishment of the above entities, Changyou, AmazGame and Gamease entered into various agreements with Sohu. Pursuant to these agreements, Sohu transferred to us, effective December 1, 2007, all of its assets and operations relating to its MMOG business unit, and we assumed all the liabilities associated with Sohu’s MMOG business unit.

Trading in the ADSs offered in our initial public offering commenced on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on April 2, 2009.

In October 2009 and in August 2010, we established our PRC subsidiary Gamespace and our VIE Guanyou Gamespace, respectively, to operate certain of our new games.

In May 2010, Changyou HK acquired from ICE Entertainment Limited 100% of the equity interests in ICE Entertainment (HK) Limited, or ICE HK. ICE HK holds 100% of the registered capital of ICE Information and ICE Information controls the operation and management of Shanghai ICE through contractual arrangements. In May 2010, AmazGame, through its wholly-owned subsidiary Beijing Yang Fan Jing He Information Consulting Co., Ltd, or Yang Fan Jing He, acquired 50% of the equity interests in each of Shanghai Jingmao Culture Communication Co., Ltd, or Shanghai Jingmao, and Shanghai Hejin Data Consulting Co., Ltd, or Shanghai Hejin, which primarily engages in the cinema advertising business. In January 2011, Yang Fan Jing He acquired the remaining 50% of the equity interests in each of Shanghai Jingmao and Shanghai Hejin and became the sole shareholder of these two companies. In April 2012, in connection with an internal reorganization, Yang Fan Jing He acquired 100% of the equity interests in Beijing Changyou Jingmao Film &Culture Communication Co., Ltd., or Beijing Jingmao, from Shanghai Jingmao.

In May 2011, we, through our VIE Gamease, acquired 68.258% of the equity interests in Shenzhen 7Road for fixed cash consideration of approximately $68.26 million, plus additional variable cash consideration of up to a maximum of $32.76 million that was contingent upon Shenzhen 7Road’s achievement of specified performance milestones through December 31, 2012. Shenzhen 7Road is primarily engaged in Web game development and operates our Web games Wartune and DDTank. On June 26, 2012, we completed the reorganization of Shenzhen 7Road into a Cayman Islands holding company structure, or the 7Road Reorganization, as follows:

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7Road.com Limited, or 7Road Cayman, was incorporated in the Cayman Islands in June 2011.

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7Road.com HK Limited, or 7Road HK, was incorporated in Hong Kong on July 6, 2011 as a wholly-owned subsidiary of 7Road Cayman.

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7Road Technology, a WFOE, was incorporated in the PRC on December , 2011 as a wholly-owned subsidiary of 7Road HK.

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In June 2012, our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary Changyou Webgames (HK) Limited, or Webgames HK, received 68,258,000 ordinary shares of 7Road Cayman and the then four management shareholders of Shenzhen 7Road received an aggregate of 31,742,000 ordinary shares of 7Road Cayman.

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Also in June 2012, the then CEO of 7Road surrendered 5,100,000 ordinary shares of 7Road Cayman held by him with the intention that these shares would be added to the shares reserved by 7Road Cayman for grants of equity incentive awards under the 7Road.com Limited 2012 Share Incentive Plan, or the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan.

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Upon completion of the 7Road Reorganization, we held 71.926% of the equity interests in 7Road. Also as part of the 7Road Reorganization, 7Road Technology, Shenzhen 7Road and the then shareholders of Shenzhen 7Road, which were our VIE Gamease and the then minority shareholders of 7Road, entered into contractual arrangements, or the VIE arrangements, with respect to ownership, disposition of ownership and control of Shenzhen 7Road, and 7Road Technology’s provision of product development, technical support and marketing services to Shenzhen 7Road in return for payments from Shenzhen 7Road.

On June 5, 2013, we acquired all of the ordinary shares of 7Road Cayman held by the non-controlling shareholders and, through our VIE Gamease, all of the equity interests in Shenzhen 7Road held by shareholders other than Gamease, for aggregate cash consideration of approximately $78 million. As a result of the acquisition, 7Road Cayman became our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary and our VIE Gamease became the sole shareholder of our VIE Shenzhen 7Road. See “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions” in Item 7 of this annual report.

On December 15, 2011, we completed the acquisition from Sohu of certain assets and business operations associated with the 17173 Business for fixed cash consideration of $162.5 million. Under our acquisition agreement with Sohu, net profits of $1.3 million generated from our operation of the 17173 Business from December 16, 2011 to December 31, 2011 were for Sohu’s benefit rather than ours. The 17173 Business operates the 17173.com Website, which is one of the leading game information portals in China. See “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions” in Item 7 of this annual report.

On September 24, 2013, we, through our VIE Guanyou Gamespace, entered into an agreement to acquire 100% of the equity interests in Doyo, which primarily engages in the game information business.

On November 19, 2013, we, through our wholly-owned subsidiary Heroic Vision Holdings Limited, or Heroic, entered into an investment agreement with Beijing Kunlun Tech Co., Ltd. and certain of its affiliates (collectively, the “Kalends Group”), pursuant to which TalkTalk limited, or TalkTalk, was incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and initially wholly-owned by the Kalends Group, RaidCall (HK) Limited, or RaidCall HK, was incorporated in Hong Kong as a wholly-owned subsidiary of TalkTalk, and Beijing Changyou RaidCall Internet Technology Co., Ltd., or Changyou RaidCall, was incorporated in the PRC as a wholly-owned subsidiary of RaidCall HK. The Kalends Group then transferred to RaidCall HK and Changyou RaidCall all of the assets associated with the RaidCall Business. On December 24, 2013, pursuant to the investment agreement, we acquired 62.5% of the equity interests, on a fully-diluted basis, in TalkTalk for cash consideration of $ 47.6 million. Of the total consideration, we paid $27.6 million to purchase from the Kalends Group a portion of the ordinary shares of TalkTalk held by the Kalends Group, and we invested $20 million in newly-issued ordinary shares of TalkTalk. Also effective upon the closing of the transaction, 15% of the equity interests of TalkTalk on a fully-diluted basis were reserved for grants of equity incentive awards to key employees of the RaidCall Business and the Kalends Group continued to hold the remaining 22.5% of the equity interests on a fully-diluted basis.

Our principal executive offices are located at East Tower, Jing Yan Building, No. 29 Shijingshan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100043, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is (8610) 6861-3688. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at 4th Floor, Willow House, Cricket Square, P O Box 2804, Grand Cayman KY1-1112 , Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is CT Corporation System, 111 Eighth Avenue, New York, New York 10011.

Business Overview

We are a leading online game developer and operator in China as measured by the popularity of our MMOG TLBB and our Web games Wartune and DDTank, which we developed in-house. We engage in the development, operation and licensing of online games for PCs and mobile devices. This includes MMOGs, which are interactive online games that may be played simultaneously by hundreds of thousands of game players, Web games, which are played over the Internet using a Web browser, and mobile games, which are played on mobile devices and require an Internet connection. We also own and operate a number of Web properties and software applications for PCs and mobile devices (collectively referred to as “platform channels”) related to games, including the 17173.com Website, one of the leading information portals for game players in China, the 37wanwan.com Website, a games portal that provides a collection of Web games to game players, and Raidcall, free social communication software that is used by professional and casual gamers. For the three months ended December 31, 2013, the games that we operate had approximately 25 million total average monthly active accounts, and our platform channels had approximately 149 million total average monthly active accounts.

TLBB is a popular martial arts MMORPG in China that is adapted from the popular Chinese martial arts novel “Tian Long Ba Bu,” which means “Novel of Eight Demigods,” written by the famous writer Louis Cha. Since TLBB’s launch in May 2007, we have regularly developed new content and released game updates in the form of expansion packs for the game. TLBB has won various awards in China, including 2008 “Best Self-Developed Online Games (First Place)” and 2008 and 2009 “Most Liked Online Games by Game Players (First Place)” awards at the China Digital Entertainment Expo and Conference, or ChinaJoy. Its expansion packs, TLBB2, TLBB3 and New TLBB, won the 2010 “Most Liked Online Games by Game Players” award, the 2011 “Best Self-Developed Online Games” award, and the 2013 “Most Liked Online Games by Game Players” award, respectively, at ChinaJoy. TLBB was chosen as one of the 2012 “Most Liked Online Games by Game Players” at ChinaJoy. TLBB is currently licensed to third-party operators in Vietnam, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Thailand. We also operate a modified version of TLBB in the U.S.

DDTank is a popular 2D multi-player, combat and role-playing Web game in China. Game players control avatars to compete with other game players. Avatars can earn or buy various weapons, potions, magic rings, rockets and other items to increase competitiveness and enhance the game experience. Since DDTank’s launch in March 2009, we have regularly released updates and more significant enhancements for the game. DDTank has won numerous game awards, including the “Baidu Outstanding Web Game” award in 2010 and 2012 and “One of the Top Ten Favorite Web Games” by SAPPRFT in 2010 and 2011. DDTank was also the most searched-for casual Web game on Baidu.com for the 12 months ended each of June 30, 2012 and June 30, 2013, according to Baidu. We also jointly operate DDTank with third-party operators overseas. DDTank has been launched in 15 different language versions.

Wartune is a popular 2.5D role-playing and quasi real-time strategy Web game launched in December 2011 in China. Wartune is set in a mythical western universe where players build their own kingdoms in a virtual world where they must fight against a demonic race by developing their own villages and armies. Wartune won the “Baidu Outstanding Web Game” award in 2012 and the “Most Liked Web Games by Game Players” award at ChinaJoy in 2013. We also jointly operate Wartune with third-party operators overseas. Wartune has been launched in 15 different language versions.

We have several MMOGs, Web games and mobile games in our pipeline with different graphic styles, themes and features to appeal to different segments of the online game player community. Games in our pipeline, include, among others, a self-developed MMOG, YZZX; three licensed MMOGs, Echo of Soul, Asta, and Fantasy Frontier Online; two self-developed Web games, JY and SZHG; and several jointly-developed mobile games adapted from literary or other copyrighted works that we directly own or have acquired the exclusive rights to use from third-parties.

We also own and operate the 17173.com Website, a leading game information portal in China that provides news, electronic forums and other information services on online games to game players. The 17173.com Website was launched in 2000 as the first online game information portal in China, and is a leading online destination for game players seeking information on games and feedback from other players on the site’s message boards. With over 750 game zones and tens of millions of monthly unique visitors supported by alliances with many thousands of Internet cafes, the 17173.com Website is one of the largest game information and community Websites in China and is widely recognized as a market leader among game Websites in China, with strong expertise in running the Website, building a game community and developing relationships with advertisers in the online game industry. As a result, the 17173.com Website is the marketing platform of choice for many online games, including our own. In addition, experienced game editors of the Website review and critique our games prior to launch, and we use the feedback received to improve the game quality of our games. We generate online advertising revenues from providing advertising services to third-party advertisers on the 17173.com Website. The 17173.com Website has won “Best Game Media” award for ten consecutive years from 2004 to 2013 at the Annual Game Industry Awards Gala.

We also own and operate in China and overseas other game-related platform channels, including the 37wanwan.com Website, a games portal that provides a collection of Web games to game players; Raidcall, which is free social communication software that is used by professional and casual gamers; and other software applications that serve as access points to the 17173.com Website. The platform channels, as a whole, serve various needs of our game players and help us reach more game-player communities and conduct cross-promotions of our games and services, which in turn improve user loyalty.

Sohu.com Inc., our controlling shareholder, has operated a leading Chinese Internet portal, www.Sohu.com, since 1998. We have benefited from Sohu’s strong brand recognition in China and large user base. Sohu’s trusted brand name in China provides us with a broad marketing reach. By marketing across Sohu’s Web domains and taking advantage of the Sohu Group’s single-user ID system that provides easy access to our games, we believe we have been able to tap into Sohu’s large user base to drive new users to our games. We intend to continue to leverage our relationships with Sohu in the development, marketing and operation of our games.

We operate our current games under the item-based revenue model, meaning game players can play our games for free, but may choose to buy prepaid game cards that are used to pay for virtual items, which are non-physical items that game players can purchase and use within a game, such as gems, pets, fashion items, magic medicine, riding animals, hierograms, skill books and fireworks, to enhance the game-playing experience. For games that we operate, we mainly directly sell prepaid game cards to regional distributors and our game players in China through our online sales platform. Regional distributors sub-distribute prepaid game cards purchased from us to numerous retail outlets, including Internet cafés and various Websites, newsstands, software stores, book stores and retail stores. For games that we license to third-party operators, the licensee operators pay us an upfront license fee and we have revenue sharing rights over the duration of the license.

We continually collect feedback from our game players through multiple channels. Our product development team and our game operations team work closely together, allowing us to translate game player feedback into game updates and expansion packs in a timely manner. We typically release expansion packs, which are software packages that contain significant upgrades and improvements to a game based on the existing game’s framework, every few months or as regularly as necessary based on game players’ feedback, market demand and other factors. These upgrades may include new game content such as storylines, characters, tasks, maps and virtual items. We also update our games on a weekly basis with interim enhancements. We believe that such expansion packs and regular updates improve the game-playing experience and help to maintain the interest level of our game players, thereby helping us to extend the lifespan of our games.

Our revenues grew from $484.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to $623.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, and to $737.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, and our net income attributable to Changyou.com Limited grew from $245.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to $282.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, and to $268.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013.

Our Games

We design, develop and operate online games, including MMOGs, Web games and mobile games. All of our games are operated under the item-based revenue model, where game players can play our games for free, but can also purchase virtual items to enhance their game-playing experience. Our games vary in theme and span a number of genres, and attract a diverse community of game players. Our games also connect players with each other and with their friends who share a common interest in playing our games.

Games in Operation

We currently operate 11 MMOGs, three Web games, and several mobile games. Key games that are currently in operation include TLBB; DDTank; Wartune; the Blade Online series, which consists of BO and BH2; DMD; DHSH; Dou Po Cang Qiong; Wartune (mobile version) and TLBB (mobile version). Descriptions of these games are provided below:

MMOGs

Tian Long Ba Bu (TLBB)

Genre: 3D martial arts role-playing

Game Type: MMOG

Initial Launch Date: May 2007

Regions: China, Vietnam, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand and North America

LOGO

TLBB is an in-house developed 3D martial arts MMORPG adapted from the popular Chinese novel, “Tian Long Ba Bu,” which means “Novel of Eight Demigods.” The missions and activities of the game generally follow the storyline of the novel, which we have adapted to add new features and characters. TLBB features a combination of martial arts-style-fighting and community-building among its game players, which we believe holds strong appeal for game players. Players can choose from ten classes, several occupations and over 100 skills to build up their in-game characters and train their characters by participating in missions, duels, team fights, and large-scale cross-server group battles.

We typically release updates for TLBB once or twice a week and more significant enhancements in the form of expansion packs every few months. We have developed 27 expansion packs since its launch, including four major expansion packs “TLBB2,” “TLBB3”, “Shen Bing Hai Yu” and ‘New TLBB” that were released in April 2010, October 2011, October 2012 and October 2013, respectively. TLBB2, TLBB3 and New TLBB won the 2010 “Most Liked Online Games by Game Players,” the 2011 “Best Self-Developed Online Games,” and the 2013 “Most Liked Online Games by Game Players” awards, respectively, at ChinaJoy. In 2012, TLBB was named as one of the “Most Liked Online Games by Game Players” at ChinaJoy.

Blade Online series

Genre: 2.5D martial-arts style fighting role-playing

Game Type: MMOG

Initial Launch Date: Blade Online (BO) in October 2004; Blade Hero II (BH2) in September 2009

Regions: China

LOGO

The Blade Online series consists of two 2.5D martial-arts style fighting MMORPGs, Blade Online, or BO, which we licensed from a third party, and Blade Hero 2, or BH2, which is a sequel of Blade Online. Both games are martial arts-style fighting games set to the backdrop of a Chinese myth. In BO, game players can set their own rules for in-game fighting and take on various roles in the game, including a human, an evil spirit or an immortal. Each role has different skill sets that can be learned and improved by completing different tasks. BH2 incorporates popular features of BO as well as new features such as new maps, new characters, new fighting techniques and additional team-combat functions to give players a more intense and realistic fighting experience. The game also includes upgrades to some of the community features found in BO, such as an auto-navigation system, an improved mission tracking system and enhanced visual effects.

Duke of Mount Deer (DMD)

Genre: 3D cartoon-style martial arts role-playing

Game Type: MMOG

Initial Launch Date: July 2011

Regions: China, Taiwan, Indonesia and Hong Kong

LOGO

DMD is an in-house developed 3D martial arts MMORPG based on Louis Cha’s final novel “Duke of Mount Deer.” The game recreates Louis Cha’s final martial arts world with fresh and stunning cartoon-style graphics, supported by a proprietary 3D animation engine. The game is defined by an open story line populated with classic heroes. DMD combines four different types of combat: Magic, Taoism, Martial arts and Firearms. Each character can choose up to three different job classes and command up to five different kinds of pets at the same time, allowing a single player to set up an exclusive adventure group. Using a proprietary server technology that allows connected gameplay across different servers, gamers can enter parallel worlds to experience new adventures with friends. In addition, users on two different servers can form alliances against competing teams on other servers, allowing large communities of players to meet, network and compete with each other online. DMD won the 2011 “Best 3D Online Game” award at ChinaJoy, and was named as one of the “Best Online Games” at the Annual Game Industry Awards Gala in 2013.

Da Hua Shui Hu (DHSH)

Genre: 2D Q-style turn-based role-playing

Game Type: MMOG

Initial Launch Date: March 2010

Regions: China

LOGO

DHSH is a 2D Q-style, turn-based MMORPG, which we licensed from a third party. The game is based on a story from one of the four great classical novels of Chinese literature “Outlaws of the Marsh,” which is about the adventures of 108 heroes in the Northern Song dynasty. Through its cartoon graphics and humorous twists on characters and plots, the game provides an amusing and entertaining take on heroic tales from the classic Chinese novel. DHSH won the 2010 “Best Q-Style Online Game” award at ChinaJoy.

Dou Po Cang Qiong

Genre: 2.5D fantasy martial arts role-playing

Game Type: MMOG

Initial Launch Date: April 2013

Regions: China

LOGO

Dou Po Cang Qiong is an in-house developed 2.5D fantasy martial arts MMORPG that is adapted from a popular Chinese online literary work of the same name. Players can explore the fantasy world and relive the scenes described in the novel with their friends. Players can also upgrade their martial arts skills and form teams to compete with other players to determine their standing in the martial arts world.

Web Games

DDTank

Genre: 2D multi-player, combat and role-playing

Game Type: Web game

Initial Launch Date: March 2009

Regions: China and 14 other countries and/or regions

LOGO

DDTank is a 2D multi-player, combat and role-playing Web game developed by 7Road. Players use keyboards to control avatars to compete with other game players. Avatars can earn or buy various weapons, potions, magic rings, rockets and other items to increase competitiveness and enhance the game experience. Players have many options to customize their avatars. The game features stunning scenery and battle scenes, vivid special effects and thousands of costumes and accessories. Players socialize with friends and others through battles, exchanging strategy advice, sending virtual gifts, chatting and even getting married or divorced.

We introduced significant enhancements to the game in the new version DDTank II in June 2012. DDTank II introduced new features, including pet animals to help game players complete challenges and win shooting competitions. Players can enhance their pets’ powers by visiting a virtual farm and plowing, planting and harvesting crops to feed their pets. DDTank II also adds more in-game challenges and promotional activities to give players more opportunities to buy or earn game coins.

DDTank has been launched in 15 different language versions (English, Spanish, French, Vietnamese, Japanese, Russian, Korean, Arabic, Thai, Malay, Indonesian, Portuguese, Turkish, Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese).

DDTank has won numerous game awards, including the “Baidu Outstanding Web Game” award in 2010 and 2012 and “One of the Top Ten Favorite Web Games” by SAPPRFT in 2010 and 2011. DDTank was also the most searched-for casual Web game on Baidu.com for the 12 months ended June 30, 2012 and June 30, 2013, according to Baidu.

Wartune (also known as Shen Qu)

Genre: 2.5D quasi real-time strategy and role-playing

Game Type: Web game

Initial Launch Date: December 2011

Regions: China and 14 other countries and/or regions

LOGO

Wartune is a 2.5D quasi real-time strategy and role-playing Web game set in a mythical western universe developed by 7Road. Wartune features an engaging storyline, a touch of fantasy, and memorable characters. Players build their own kingdoms in a virtual world where they must fight against a demonic race by developing their own villages and armies. The unique feature differentiating Wartune from traditional turn-based strategy games is that our game play is in quasi real-time. Players play simultaneously, making combat smoother, eliminating delays and increasing game play excitement as situations develop real-time on the battlefield.

In addition to mainland China, we jointly operate Wartune in Brazil, Canada, Germany, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, the United States, and Vietnam, and in 15 different language versions (English, German, Korean, Portuguese, Thai, Turkish, Vietnamese, Polish, Russian, French, Spanish, Italian, Indonesian, Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese).

Before its launch in December 2011, Wartune was among the games given a 2012 “Most Anticipated Web Games” award by the Internet Society of China. After its launch, Wartune won the “Baidu Outstanding Web Game” award in 2012, and the “Most Liked Web Games by Game Players” award at ChinaJoy in 2013.

Mobile Games

TLBB (mobile version)

Genre: Battle card and strategy

Game Type: Mobile game

Initial Launch Date: October 2013

Regions: China

LOGO

TLBB (mobile version) is a battle card and strategy game that is adapted from Louis Cha’s popular martial arts novel of the same name. Players experience classic plotlines from the original novel and must collect cards of various martial arts characters to form teams of a maximum of six cards and strategize on team composition and the placement of cards in order to compete effectively with other players and advance in the game. The game was named as one of the “Top 10 among the Best Free iPad Apps” and as one of the “Top 10 among the Best Free iPhone Apps” in China in the first week of its launch.

Wartune (mobile version)

Genre: Role-playing and combat game

Game Type: Mobile game

Initial Launch Date: September 2013

Regions: China

LOGO

Wartune is a role-playing and combat mobile game that was adapted from our popular Web game of the same name, which we jointly developed with third party developers. Wartune was designed with a unique fighting system, which allows players to enhance their combat effects and release powerful skills by pressing certain keys and/or repeating strokes on a touchscreen mobile device in order. Compared with traditional turn-based games, this fighting game is more intense and exciting and requires players to react in real-time during gameplay.

Our Game Pipeline

We have in the pipeline several MMOGs, Web games and mobile games of different graphic styles, genres and features. Games in our pipeline, include, among others, a self-developed MMOG, YZZX; three licensed MMOGs, Echo of Soul, Asta, and Fantasy Frontier Online; two self-developed Web games, JY and SZHG; and several jointly-developed mobile games adapted from literary or other copyrighted works that we directly own or have acquired the exclusive rights to from third-parties. We intend to operate all of these games under the item-based revenue model.

MMOGs

Yong Zhe Zhi Xin (YZZX)

Genre: 2.5D fantasy role-playing

Game Type: MMOG

Expected launch date: 2014

LOGO

YZZX is a 2.5D fantasy role-playing MMOG featuring Korean-style graphics, which we developed in-house. In the game settings, players are allowed to switch between 2.5D and 3D display modes. For movement, the left mouse button allows players to move a character or attack a target, while the WASD keys provide further control. The game offers three races, including humans, elves and orcs, and two character classes under each race. Users can toggle between two battle stances under each class in order to deal with different battle conditions.

ASTA

Genre: 3D Asian fantasy role-playing

Game Type: MMOG

Expected launch date: 2014

LOGO

Asta is a 3D Asian fantasy role-playing MMOG licensed from a Korean game studio. It incorporates styles from multiple Asian cultures, including those of South Korea, Japan, and China. Players are divided into two clans and complete missions and participate in large-scale siege battles.

Echo of Soul

Genre: 3D fantasy role-playing

Game Type: MMOG

Expected launch date: 2014

LOGO

Echo of Soul is a 3D fantasy role-playing MMOG set against a backdrop of Norse mythology. The game provides vast excitement through grand battles, high-quality graphics and a unique soul collecting system.

Fantasy Frontier Online

Genre: 3D Western fantasy role-playing

Game Type: MMOG

Expected launch date: 2014

LOGO

Fantasy Frontier Online is a 3D Western fantasy role-playing MMOG licensed from a game studio in Taiwan. The game features a Japanese animation style and offers a unique gaming experience with a dual role model, pets system and impressive plotlines. It allows players to choose a primary weapon from eight weapons, all of which have unique skills.

Web Games

Shen Zhi Huang Guan

Genre: 2D side-scrolling real-time battle

Game Type: Web game

Expected launch date: 2014

LOGO

Shen Zhi Huang Guang is a 2D side-scrolling real-time battle Web game set in a Western fantasy world. The game uses Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (“MOBA”) mode and allows players to lead generals and soldiers to protect the last human castle against the invasion of demon armies.

Jian Ying

Genre: Fantasy role-playing adventure

Game Type: Web game

Expected launch date: 2014

LOGO

Jian Ying is a fantasy role-playing adventure Web game with only female characters. Players can work together to create different battle forms to combat enemies. Battle is accompanied by realistic sound effects and human voices for lead characters in the game.

Mobile Games

DDTank (mobile version)

Genre: role-playing and shooting game

Game Type: Mobile game

Expected launch date: 2014

LOGO

DDTank (mobile version) is a multi-player, combat and role-playing mobile game adapted from our popular Web game of the same name. The mobile game features many of the most popular features from the original DDTank Web game.

Virtual Items Revenue Model

All of our games are operated under the item-based revenue model, where game players play our games for free but can purchase virtual items. Through virtual items, players are able to enhance or personalize their game environments or game characters, accelerate their progress in our games and share and trade with friends. We generate revenue through the sale and consumption of such virtual items. The major categories of virtual items we sell to generate revenues are gems, pets, fashion items, weapons, magic medicine, riding animals, hierograms, materials, skill books and fireworks. We determine the price of virtual items based on the demand or expected demand for such virtual items. We may change the pricing of certain virtual items based on their consumption patterns.

Example of a virtual store in TLBB

LOGO

For players who choose to purchase virtual goods, we deliver enhanced gameplay experiences and benefits, such as:

Accelerated Progress. Many of our games offer players the option to purchase items that can accelerate their progress in the game and increase their capabilities, so that they level up more quickly and compete more effectively against others in the game. While we sell many items that accelerate progress in our games, we monitor and carefully balance the disparity in capabilities between paying and non-paying game players to avoid discouraging non-paying game players and to keep the game challenging and interesting for paying game players.

Enhanced Social Interaction. We use a variety of virtual items to promote interaction and to facilitate relationship-building among game players in our games.

Personalized and Customized Appearance. Many of our games offer players the option to purchase decorative and functional items to customize the appearance of their characters, pets, vehicles, houses and other in-game possessions to express their individuality.

Gifts. Many of our games offer players the option to purchase gift items to send to their friends. Examples of gift items include decorative items and time-limited items for special holiday events and festivals, such as Valentine’s Day, Spring Festival (Chinese New Year) and Christmas.

Community Experience in Our Games

The community design of our games is at the core of how our players experience our games. Our games encourage players to quickly connect to their friends when they start a game and to build and enhance these relationships throughout the game experience. Examples of community gameplay in TLBB are detailed below.

LOGO

Game Development and Enhancement

As of December 31, 2013, we had 3,139 product development personnel, which include a core product development team that is responsible for developing new online games, including MMOGs, Web games and mobile games, and a dedicated product development team that is responsible for developing game enhancements and expansion packs for each of our games in operation. We believe that such enhancements improve our games’ appeal and extend our games’ lifespan. We intend to expand our product offerings by continuing to develop additional online games in-house and continuing to license online games from third parties.

New Game Development

We have in-house capabilities that allow us to develop quality online games efficiently and in response to constantly changing market demands and trends. Our game development process generally includes the following key steps:

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Concept generation. Our design department takes the lead in generating game development ideas based on the latest trends in game player preferences. We recruit game players into our design team to ascertain popular trends among our game players and on the Internet. We also encourage all of our employees to suggest creative ideas and concepts for game development.

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Detailed proposal. Upon management’s approval of the new game concept, the design department prepares a detailed proposal that sets preliminary storylines, game characters, estimates of costs and target markets.

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Development plan. After the completion of technical review of the proposal, a project team consisting of our software programmers, platform technicians, media specialists, design staff and graphics artists work together to set the technical criteria for development of the game, and then formulate a game development plan with development milestones.

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Design, style and story concepts. Based on the game development plan, our graphics artists determine the style of the new game and design game characters; our game designers develop the game story and define game environments; and our program developers develop both the server-end software and the user-end software modules.

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Internal reviews. Mid-term management reviews take place upon the completion of each milestone of the development plan. Concurrently, our testing department tests the accuracy and completeness of the development, and our marketing department initiates marketing campaigns according to the development milestones.

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Technical closed beta testing, closed beta testing and open beta testing. We conduct technical closed beta testing to work out technical issues and eliminate technical problems in the game engine and system. Thereafter, we conduct closed beta testing to test and work out technical issues in game features and make adjustments to the in-game economic system. Lastly, we conduct open beta testing to test the operation of new games under open market conditions and introduce new games to players.

Our games are developed through coordination among teams of program developers, game designers and graphic artists. We try to design each of our games to cater to different audiences to grow our overall player base rather than merely shifting players from one game to another. At each stage of a new game’s development, we rely on our quality control department to ensure the game’s quality and playability.

Existing Game Enhancement

We derive many of our game development and enhancement ideas from our game players by maintaining multiple channels whereby we obtain our game players’ ideas and feedback. These include online surveys, online discussion forums, in-game instant messaging, online customer service and a link to a form for feedback within our games. We use this information not only to create new games with the same quality of design, content and programming, but also to enhance existing games that we have either developed in-house or licensed from third parties.

We typically release game updates for our games once or twice a week and more significant enhancements in the form of expansion packs every few months or as regularly as necessary based on game players’ feedback, market demand and other factors. Our expansion packs typically include features such as new territories, themes, tasks, characters, virtual items and other enhanced features. After testing, the game updates and expansion packs are typically distributed electronically through a game Website hosted by us or by third parties. We have found that expansion packs effectively increase game players’ interest in the game and enhance the game-playing experience by keeping the game-playing experience fresh even for long-time game players. We believe that the expansion packs help us to maintain game player loyalty, and in turn extend the lifespans of our games.

Access to our Games

Our game players typically access our games on personal computers, mobile phones, tablets and other hand-held devices connected to the Internet or at Internet cafés. In order to access our MMOGs, our game access software must be installed in the computer being used. Game players using personal computers and Internet café operators can typically download our game access software, interim updates and expansion packs directly from our official game Website. Game players can access our Web games on their browser using popular third-party plug-ins. Game players can also access our mobile games by downloading our mobile game applications from third-party mobile stores or our official game Website.

Sales and Distribution

For games that we operate, we directly sell game points to our game players through our online sales platform. We also have developed a sales and distribution system to sell and distribute our prepaid game cards in China.

Third-Party Distributors

We directly sell prepaid game cards in virtual form to a range of regional third-party distributors and our game players in China through our online sales platform. Regional distributors sub-distribute prepaid game cards purchased from us to numerous retail outlets, including Internet cafés and various Websites, newsstands, software stores, book stores and retail stores, as well as through various online channels, and telecommunications service providers. We typically collect payment from our distributors upon delivery of our prepaid game cards.

We generally enter into distribution agreements with our distributors of prepaid game cards for one-year terms. Our distribution agreements contain both pre-set sales targets and pre-set penetration targets, whereby distributors are required to sell our prepaid game cards in a minimum number of Internet cafés in its designated sales territory. We also require that each distributor work closely with our marketing team and support its activities. Our distribution agreements are not exclusive, and do not prohibit our distributors from working with our competitors.

Direct Sales

Game players can purchase game points and charge them to their accounts directly. To do this, they log into their accounts from the game. From the account link, game players can choose to either pay from their bank accounts or through other payment methods, including third-party online payment platforms. We provide discounts to game players who charge their accounts directly. Transaction costs also apply to the use of third-party online payment platforms.

For games that we license to third-party operators, we rely on third-party operators and their distributors to sell prepaid game cards to game players. The licensee operators pay us an upfront license fee and we have revenue sharing rights over the duration of the license.

Marketing

For games that we operate directly, we have a three-pronged marketing and promotion strategy, which includes online advertising, off-line promotions and traditional media. We use different methods to target different demographic groups of game players.

With respect to online advertising, we are able to leverage our game information portal, the 17173.com Website, and game clients to promote our games. In addition, we are able to leverage our affiliation with Sohu, and aggregate Sohu’s large user base to our games by advertising on Sohu’s various Websites, which typically provide a direct link to our games. We also advertise on a variety of Websites, including on Internet café homepages and game portals. In addition, we use in-game promotional events 24 hours a day, seven days a week. We also create events to rally current and new game players through event-related features, such as offering special holiday edition virtual items to enhance game player participation at holiday time.

We also use a variety of physical, offline promotional events, including Internet café events, free trial plays, posters, game players’ gatherings, “freshmen” (or new game player) incentives and the giving away of promotional souvenirs. We have found that these promotional events offer good exposure to targeted customers at a lower cost.

With respect to traditional media, we focus our marketing efforts on print advertisements in magazines that target our game player base and outdoor multimedia, including cinema advertisements, closed circuit television advertisements on buildings and in elevators. In addition, we are able to leverage our cinema advertising resources to promote our games.

For games that we license to or jointly operate with third-party operators, we rely on the third-party operator to promote our games.

For software applications that we develop, we carry out marketing through advertising on a variety of Websites, including using online advertisement networks, search engines and pre-installation of our software applications on PCs and/or mobile devices.

Customer Service

For games that we operate directly and games that we jointly operate, we provide high-quality customer service and are responsive to our game players’ needs. Our game players can seek our customer service support via phone or submit their feedback online 24 hours a day, seven days a week. In addition, we have a physical service center in Beijing, which is open to walk-in game players during normal business hours. We currently have around 237 dedicated customer service representatives, many of whom are online game enthusiasts with a deep understanding of game players. We have dedicated supervisors to monitor our service quality.

For games that we license to third-party operators, we rely on the third-party operator to provide customer service.

Feedback collected by our customer service team and by third-party operators that license our games is important to the integration of our product development and game operations teams. The information collected by our customer service team forms the basis of our feedback database, which helps us design changes, upgrades and expansion packs for our games. See “—Game Development and Enhancement.”

Publishing

Games We Licensed from Third Parties

We licensed rights to operate and further develop some of our MMOGs from their respective developers, with exclusive rights to operate such games in China. Below is a list of the primary MMOGs that we currently operate that are licensed from third parties.

We licensed BO from a local independent game studio in 2003. Under our existing licensing arrangement, we have the exclusive right to operate and further develop BO in China. We paid a one-time license fee in 2004 and we paid royalties until June 30, 2008 based on the revenues from the game. We are not required to pay any royalties starting from July 1, 2008. In 2007, we obtained the rights to the source codes of BO, and we own all enhancements and developments we make to BO.

We licensed DHSH from a local independent game studio in September 2009. Under the licensing arrangement, we have an exclusive right to operate DHSH in China. We paid upfront licensing fees and we pay additional licensing fees based on the game achieving performance milestones and royalties based on the revenues from the game.

We licensed several games, including Asta and Echo of Soul from independent game studios in Korea and Fantasy Frontier Online from an independent game studio in Taiwan, in 2013. Under the licensing arrangements, we have exclusive rights to operate these games in China. We paid up-front licensing fees and we pay additional licensing fees based on the games’ achieving performance milestones and royalties based on the games’ revenues.

Rights from Third Parties to Game Titles and Characters

Under the existing license agreements with Louis Cha, the author of the novels “Tian Long Ba Bu” and “Duke of Mount Deer,” we have the exclusive right in China to adapt these two novels into online games and to operate such games, including the right to use the title of the novels and the name of the characters. We also have the non-exclusive license to operate, and the non-exclusive right to license the right to operate, the games adapted from these novels outside of China. Additionally, we secured the rights to adapt ten martial arts novels written by Louis Cha, including Tian Long Ba Bu, into mobile games. If we wish to continue to operate and license these games using the titles and character names from these novels after the expiration of the terms of these license agreements, we will need to renew the license agreements.

Under the existing licensing agreements with Tian Can Tu Dou, the author of the novel “Dong Po Cang Qiong,” we have the exclusive right in China to adapt this novel into MMO games and to operate such games, including the right to use the title of the novel and the names of the characters.

Licensing of Our Games

We license the rights to operate TLBB, DMD and Tao Yuan, among others, in overseas markets. We currently license TLBB to third-party operators in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Thailand; DMD to third-party operators in Taiwan and Indonesia; and Tao Yuan to third-party operators in Taiwan and Thailand. Under our licensing arrangements with the overseas operators, the licensee operators pay us an upfront license fee and we have revenue sharing rights over the duration of the license. The licenses are typically for a term of one to three years. We provide updates and expansion packs to the licensed game, typically after we launch such updates and expansion packs in China. The licensees are responsible for all other operating services and costs, including costs related to customer service and leasing and maintenance of servers.

Joint Operation of Web Games with Third-party Platforms

We jointly operate our Web games, such as our in-house developed Wartune and DDTank, with third-party joint operators through third-party platforms, which offer the games to users in China and overseas markets. Our domestic and overseas Web game revenues from joint operations consist of ongoing revenue-sharing payments and, under certain joint operation arrangements, a license fee. Certain of the joint operators pay us a license fee for the exclusive right to operate the games in specified geographic areas, upon achievement of certain performance milestones from their operation of the games, or to be among a selected few who will have the initial right to jointly operate the new games in China during a specified period after their launch ahead of other joint operators. The ongoing revenue-sharing payments are generally determined based on the amounts charged to game players’ accounts. We typically receive ongoing revenue-sharing payments on a monthly basis. The joint operation agreements for the games in China are typically for a term of one year and the overseas joint operation agreements are typically for a term of one to three years.

Service Offerings to Online Advertisers

We offer various products and services (such as game news, game tutorials, discussion forums and other services) to game players in China, and provide advertising services to advertisers on the 17173.com Website. The 17173.com Website enjoys a strong competitive position as one of the leading game informational portals in China. Our offerings enable advertisers to post their advertisements in different forms, including text, rich media and video advertisements. Our online advertising products include, among other things, banners, links, logos, buttons and stream advertisements placed on our Websites and sponsorships that typically focus on a particular event or a particular Website area. We charge most advertisers on a time basis with fixed fees. We also adopted the Cost Per Impressions pricing model to cater to different advertisers, and particularly small-sized advertisers. Our standard advertising charges vary depending on the terms of the contract and the advertisement’s location within the 17173.com Website. Discounts from standard rates are typically provided for higher volume, longer-term advertising contracts, and may be provided for promotional purposes.

We mainly rely on advertising agents for the selling of advertisements on 17173.com Website. During the year ended December 31, 2013, there were a total of approximately 150 companies advertising on the 17173.com Website. Our end customers include leading online game companies in China, as well as independent game studios.

Other Service Offerings

We sell pre-film cinema advertising slots, which are advertisements shown before the screening of a movie in a cinema theatre, to advertisers. Most of the advertisements are in the form of video advertisements. We sign contracts with individual cinema theatres and film production companies for the rights to sell their pre-film cinema advertising slots. These contracts are for an average period of two years. As of December 31, 2013, we had the right to sell pre-film cinema advertising slots at approximately 300 cinema theatres in China.

We charge most advertisers on a per-advertising slot basis or on a pre-determined period basis with fixed fees. Our standard prices for advertising slots vary depending on the location of the cinema theatre. Discounts from standard rates are typically provided for longer-term advertising contracts, and may be provided for promotional purposes.

Intellectual Property and Proprietary Rights

We regard our intellectual property and proprietary rights as critical to our success. We rely on trademark and copyright law and trade secret protection, and intend to rely on PRC patent law if our currently pending PRC patent applications are approved, to protect our intellectual property rights. We enter into non-competition and confidentiality and/or license agreements with our employees, customers, partners and others to protect our intellectual property rights. Our employees are generally required to enter into agreements under which they undertake to keep confidential all information related to our methods, business and trade secrets during and for a reasonable time after their employment with us. In addition, we fragment our source codes so that no one employee, other than the Chief Operating Officer, has access to our entire source codes for a game. Product development personnel are only given access to the specific portions of the source codes that they need to work with at a particular time. In addition, all of the computers used by our game development personnel are closed circuit and do not have access to the Internet, so that we can protect our source codes and other proprietary information from being emailed out of our closed circuit system and misappropriated. However, we cannot guarantee that our measures to protect our intellectual property are sufficient. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry—We may need to incur significant expenses to enforce our proprietary rights, and if we are unable to protect such rights, our competitive position and financial performance could be harmed” in Item 3.

We are the registered owner of 195 software copyrights and 362 fine arts work copyrights in China, each of which we have registered with the National Copyright Administration of the PRC or Guangdong Copyright Administration. We have registered with the NTSC UniTrust Time Stamp Authority in China the ownership rights to 911 fine arts work copyrights.

We are the registered owner of 391 domain names that we use in connection with the operation of our business, including our official Changyou Website, changyou.com and 17173.com. We also license the right to use certain of Sohu’s domain names, which we will continue until Changyou develops independent brand recognition, at which time we plan to phase out our use and licenses of certain of Sohu’s domain names.

We are the registered owner of 403 registered trademarks and have applied for the registration of another 1,908 trademarks in the PRC, including those related to our company name and our online games and other businesses. We are the registered owner of 123 registered trademarks and have also applied for 60 trademarks in countries and regions such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, the United States, Europe, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey and Vietnam relating to our company name, and our online games and other businesses. We have registered four trademarks in Taiwan and six trademarks in the European Union relating to TLBB, two trademarks in Taiwan and three in Japan relating to DMD, and 15 trademarks in countries and regions such as the European Union, Japan, Hong Kong and Taiwan relating to DDTank. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain the trademarks we have applied for. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry—We may need to incur significant expenses to enforce our proprietary rights, and if we are unable to protect such rights, our competitive position and financial performance could be harmed” in Item 3.

We have 29 patent applications pending in the PRC which are related to the design of our games and technology intended to enhance the functionality of our games, but these patent applications may not be approved. See “Risk Factors” for discussions of various risks relating to intellectual property.

Technology Infrastructure

We have built a reliable and secure network infrastructure to fully support our operations. As of December 31, 2013, we maintained approximately 9,317 servers related to our online game business, located in Internet data centers in 11 major cities in China, with the capacity to accommodate up to 7.9 million concurrent game players, and a sufficient amount of connectivity bandwidth to maintain such service. In order to enhance our game players’ experience and minimize the impact of cross-region connections, we have located our game servers in a number of regions throughout China, enabling our game players to play our games by connecting to the nearest servers located in their region without needing to exchange data across the national backbone network.

We have technical support employees to maintain our current technology infrastructure and develop new software features to further enhance the functionality of our management and security system. We monitor the operation of our server network 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Our remote control system allows us to track our concurrent online users in real time, and discover and fix problems in the operation of hardware and software in our server network in a timely fashion. In addition, we frequently update our game servers to ensure the stability of our operation and reduce risks.

Competition

We compete principally with the following three groups of competitors in China:

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online game developers and operators in China, including Tencent Holdings Limited, NetEase.com, Inc., Shanda Games Limited, Perfect World Co., Ltd., Giant Interactive Group Inc., NetDragon Websoft Inc., Kingsoft Corporation Limited, Shenzhen ZQGame Co., Limited, Forgame Holdings Limited, and Taomee Holdings Limited;

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other private companies in China devoted to game development or operation, many of which are backed by venture capital; and

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international competitors.

Our MMOGs currently compete with, among others, the following MMOGs in China:

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Fantasy Westward Journey, developed and operated by NetEase.com, Inc.;

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World of Warcraft, developed by Blizzard Entertainment and operated by NetEase.com, Inc. in China;

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Blade and Soul, developed by Ncsoft Corporation Limited and operated by Tencent Holdings Limited;

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Dungeon and Fighter, Cross Fire and League of Legends developed and operated by Tencent Holdings Limited;

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JX Online III, developed by Kingsoft Corporation Limited; and

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Dota 2, developed by Value Corporation Limited and operated by Perfect World Co., Ltd.

Our Web games currently compete with, among others, the following Web games in China:

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Charmed Westward Journey and Soul Guardian II, developed by Forgame Holdings Limited;

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Jie Ji San Guo, developed by Shanghai Joy You Information Technology Co Limited;

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Lie Yan, developed by Guangzhou Chuangsi Information Technology Limited;

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Tian Shen Zhuan Qi, developed by Beijing Zeus Interactive Technology Limited;

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Qin Beauty, Havoc in Heaven Online, and Battle of the Dragon Kingdoms, developed by the Mokylin Group.

Our game information portal operated through the 17173.com Website currently competes in China with, among others, the following game information portals:

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Duowan.com, operated by YY Inc.; and

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game.qq.com, operated by Tencent Holdings Limited.

Our existing and potential competitors in the online games industry compete with us for talent, game player spending, time spent on game playing, marketing activities, quality of games, and distribution network. Our existing and potential competitors in the online advertising industry compete with us for talent, advertiser spending, number of unique visitors, number of page views, visitors’ time spent on Website, and quality of service.

Facilities

Our principal offices are located in several office buildings in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Fuzhou in China, which comprise an aggregate of approximately 127,197 square meters, including 55,607 square meters of leased properties. Our leases for those leased properties expire between March 2014 and August 2021. We also occupy 3,484 square meters under leases in other countries.

In August 2010, we entered into a contract for the purchase and development of an office building of approximately 56,549 square meters in Beijing to serve as our headquarters, for consideration of approximately $162.4 million. Under the August 2010 agreement, the purchase price was adjusted based on the actual floor area built, the final unit price agreed to by the parties and cost adjustments, which were agreed to be approximately $3.2 million, related to changes to the original design of the building. We had paid $165.2 million to the property developer through December 31, 2013. We occupied the office building in December 2013. The remaining amount will be paid in 2014.

Legal Proceedings

We may be subject to legal proceedings, investigations and claims incidental to the conduct of our business from time to time. We are not currently a party to, nor are we aware of, any legal proceeding, investigation or claim which, in the opinion of our management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

PRC Regulation

The following description of PRC regulation is based upon the opinion of Haiwen & Partners, our PRC counsel. For a description of legal risks relating to our ownership structure and business, see “Risk Factors.”

Regulatory Authorities

PRC law, including regulations and interpretations issued by various PRC governmental authorities, covers extensively areas related to the Internet, such as telecommunications, Internet information services, international connections to computer information networks, information security and censorship, that affect our business. PRC governmental authorities which have issued such regulations and interpretations include:

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the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, or SAPPRFT, which resulted from the merger of the former General Administration of Press and Publication, or GAPP, with the former State Administration of Radio, Film and Television, or SARFT, in March 2013. The “SAPPRFT” as used in this report refers to the governmental authority that resulted from the merger, as well as to the GAPP and the SARFT separately for periods prior to the merger;

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the Ministry of Culture, or MOC;

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the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or MIIT;

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the Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM;

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the Ministry of Public Security, or MPS;

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the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE;

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the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, or SAIC;

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the State Council Information Office, or SCIO.

Regulation of Telecommunication Services

Regulation of Value-Added Telecommunication Services in General

The Telecommunications Regulations of the People’s Republic of China, or the Telecom Regulations, implemented in September 2000, are the primary PRC regulation governing telecommunications, and set forth the general framework for the provision of telecommunication services by domestic PRC companies. The Telecom Regulations include a requirement that telecommunications service providers procure operating licenses prior to commencing operations. The Telecom Regulations draw a distinction between “basic telecommunications services” and “value-added telecommunications services.” Value-added telecommunications services are defined as telecommunications and information services provided through public networks. The Catalog of Telecommunications Business, or the Catalog, was originally issued as an attachment to the Telecom Regulations and updated in 2001 and 2003. The Catalog as updated categorized online data and transaction processing, domestic Internet virtual private networks, Internet data centers, and Internet access search as value-added telecommunications services. Key aspects of our business fall within the definition of value-added telecommunications services under the Telecom Regulations and the Catalog.

The MIIT promulgated the Administration Measures for Telecommunications Business Operation, or the Telecom License Measures, in April 2009. The Telecom License Measures include requirements and procedures for obtaining licenses for value-added telecommunications services and provide for a distinction between such a license granted solely for operations within a particular province and such a license granted for “trans-regional” (or multiple-province) activities. Operations under a value-added telecommunications services license must be conducted in accordance with the specific terms of the license. In September 2000, the State Council promulgated the Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services, or the Internet Measures. Under the Internet Measures, providers of Internet content services, or ICPs, must obtain a value-added telecommunications license, or ICP license, from governmental authorities before engaging in any commercial ICP operations within the PRC. Each of Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE has obtained an ICP license.

In 2000, the MIIT promulgated the Internet Electronic Bulletin Service Administrative Measures, or the BBS Measures. The BBS Measures required ICPs to obtain specific approvals before they provided BBS services, which included electronic bulletin boards, electronic forums, message boards and chat rooms. In July 2010, these approval requirements with respect to the operation of BBS services were terminated by a decision issued by the State Council, but in practice certain local authorities still require operating companies to obtain approvals for the operation of BBS services. The ICP licenses held by Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace include such specific approval of the BBS services that they provide. However, although Shenzhen 7Road provides BBS services, its ICP license does not specifically permit the operation of BBS services. It is unclear whether Shenzhen 7Road’s provision of BBS services is in violation of applicable regulations. In order to avoid the possibility of being challenged by the relevant local authority for the absence of BBS service approval, Shenzhen 7Road has applied to the Guangdong Communications Administration for amendments of its ICP license to permit or continue to permit its operation of BBS services. Shenzhen 7 Road has been orally informed by the Guangdong Communications Administration that currently there are no specific authorities to approve BBS services in Shenzhen and that new regulations regarding the provision of BBS services may be released in 2014 or 2015. If relevant PRC authorities were to determine that Shenzhen 7Road’s provision of BBS services is in violation of the BBS Measures due to the absence of such specific approval, Shenzhen 7Road could be subject to fines up to five times the income it generated from such services and other penalties, including the shutdown of its Websites.

Restrictions on Foreign Ownership of Value-Added Telecommunication Services

Various PRC regulations currently restrict foreign-invested entities from engaging in value-added telecommunication services, including operating online games and providing Internet information services. Foreign direct investment in telecommunication companies in China is regulated by the Regulations for the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises, or the FITE Regulations, issued by the State Council, which became effective in January 2002 and were amended in September 2008. The FITE Regulations stipulate that telecommunications enterprises in the PRC with foreign investors, or FITEs, must be established as Sino-foreign equity joint ventures. Under the FITE Regulations and in accordance with WTO-related agreements, FITEs may provide value-added telecommunications services, but the foreign party to a FITE engaging in such services may hold no more than 50% of the equity of the FITE. The FITE Regulations do not impose geographical restrictions on the operations of a FITE. The PRC government has not made any commitment to liberalize its regulation of the operations of FITEs’ providing value-added telecommunications services.

For a FITE to acquire any equity interest in a value-added telecommunications business in China, it must satisfy a number of stringent performance and operational experience requirements, including demonstrating a track record and experience in operating a value-added telecommunications business overseas. Moreover, FITEs that meet these requirements must obtain approvals from the MIIT and the MOFCOM or their authorized local counterparts, which retain considerable discretion in granting approvals.

In July 2006, the MIIT released a Notice on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in Operating Value-added Telecommunications Business, or the MIIT Notice, which reiterates certain provisions under the FITE Regulations. Under the MIIT Notice, if a FITE intends to invest in a PRC value-added telecommunications business, the FITE must be established and must apply for telecommunications business license applicable to its business. Under the MIIT Notice, a domestic company that holds a license for the provision of Internet content services, or an ICP license, as a type of value-added telecommunications business in China, is prohibited from leasing, transferring or selling the license to foreign investors in any form, and from providing any assistance, including providing resources, sites or facilities, to foreign investors to conduct value-added telecommunications businesses illegally in China. Trademarks and domain names that are used in the provision of Internet content services must be owned by the ICP license holder. The MIIT Notice requires each ICP license holder to have appropriate facilities for its approved business operations and to maintain such facilities in the regions covered by its license. In addition, all value-added telecommunications service providers are required to maintain network and information security in accordance with the standards set forth under relevant PRC regulations. Our VIEs, rather than our subsidiaries hold ICP licenses, own our domain names, and hold or have applied for registration in the PRC of trademarks related to our games and the 17173 Business and own and maintain facilities that we believe are appropriate for our business operations.

In view of the restrictions on foreign direct investment in the telecommunications sector, we established or acquired our VIEs Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE to engage in value-added telecommunications services. For a detailed discussion of our VIEs, please refer to “Organizational Structure” in Item 4. Due to a lack of interpretative materials from the relevant PRC authorities, there are uncertainties regarding whether PRC authorities would consider our corporate structure and contractual arrangements to be a kind of foreign ownership of value-added telecommunications services. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and PRC Law and Regulations—If the PRC government determines that the VIE structure for operating our business does not comply with applicable PRC government restrictions on foreign investment in the online game industry and the online advertisement industry, we could face severe penalties.”

On October 1, 2004, the Administrative Rules on the Filing of Commercial Websites, or the Websites Rules, were promulgated by the Beijing Administration of Industry and Commerce, or the Beijing AIC, to replace the Detailed Implementing Rules for the Measures for the Administration of Commercial website Filings for the Record promulgated by the Beijing AIC on September 1, 2000. The Websites Rules state that operators of Websites must comply with the following requirements:

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file with the Beijing AIC and obtain electronic registration marks for the Websites;

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place the registration marks on the Websites’ homepages; and

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We have registered our Websites www.changyou.com and www.cy.com with the Beijing AIC and an electronic registration mark for the Website is prominently placed on the homepage of the Websites.

Online Games and Cultural Products

In September 2009, the SAPPRFT, together with the National Copyright Administration, and the National Office of Combating Pornography and Illegal Publications jointly issued a Notice on Further Strengthening on the Administration of Pre-examination and Approval of Online Game and the Examination and Approval of Imported Online Game, or the SAPPRFT Online Game Notice. The SAPPRFT Online Game Notice states that foreign investors are not permitted to invest in online game operating businesses in China via wholly foreign-owned entities, China-foreign equity joint ventures or cooperative joint ventures or to exercise control over or participate in the operation of domestic online game businesses through indirect means, such as other joint venture companies or contractual or technical arrangements. If our VIE structure were deemed under the SAPPRFT Online Game Notice to be an “indirect means” for foreign investors to exercise control over or participate in the operation of a domestic online game business, our VIE structure might be challenged by the SAPPRFT. We are not aware of any online game companies which use the same or similar VIE contractual arrangements as those we use having been challenged by the SAPPRFT as using those VIE arrangements as an “indirect means” for foreign investors to exercise control over or participate in the operation of a domestic online game business or having been penalized or ordered to terminate operations since the SAPPRFT Online Game Notice first became effective, but it is unclear whether and how the SAPPRFT Online Game Notice might be interpreted or implemented in the future.

On February 21, 2008, the SAPPRFT issued the Rules for the Administration of Electronic Publications, or the Electronic Publication Rules, which regulate the production, publishing and importation of electronic publications in the PRC and outline a licensing system for business operations involving electronic publishing. Under the Electronic Publication Rules and other related regulations issued by the SAPPRFT, online games are classified as a type of electronic publication or Internet publication that may only be provided by a licensed electronic publishing entity with a standard publication code, and the establishment of an electronic publishing entity must be approved by the SAPPRFT. Electronic publishing entities are responsible for assuring that the content of electronic publications comply with relevant PRC law and regulations, and must obtain the approval of the SAPPRFT before publishing foreign electronic publications. The Tentative Measures for Internet Publication Administration, or the Internet Publication Measures, which were jointly promulgated by the SAPPRFT and the MIIT and became effective in 2002, impose a license requirement for any company that intends to engage in Internet publishing, which is defined as any act by an ICP to select, edit and process content or programs and to make such content or programs publicly available on the Internet. As the provision of online games is deemed to be an Internet publication activity, an online game operator must obtain an Internet publishing license and a publishing number for each of its games in operation in order to directly make those games publicly available in the PRC. Although the Internet Publication Measures do not specifically authorize such a practice, an online game operator is generally able to publish its games and obtain publishing numbers for those games through third-party licensed electronic publishing entities and register the games with the SAPPRFT as electronic publications.

Gamease, which is the operator of TLBB, BO, BH2 and certain other licensed MMOGs, Shenzhen 7Road, which is the operator of DDTank, Wartune and certain other games developed by 7Road, and Guanyou Gamespace, which is the operator of DMD, obtained Internet publishing licenses on December 10, 2010, September 2, 2011, and October 13, 2011, respectively. Shanghai ICE, which is the operator of Tao Yuan, is in the process of applying for an Internet publishing license. TLBB, BO, BH2, DDTank, Wartune and some of our other games were historically published through third parties that were licensed electronic publishing entities, because Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road and Shanghai ICE had not obtained Internet publishing licenses at the time those online games were made publicly available. TLBB, BO and BH2 and certain of our other existing games are currently published under an Internet publishing license held by Gamease and Shenzhen 7Road currently publishes Wartune, DDTank and certain other games developed by 7Road under publishing numbers obtained through Shenzhen 7Road’s Internet publishing license. Shanghai ICE continues to publish Tao Yuan with publishing numbers obtained through third-party licensed electronic publishing entities, and Shenzhen 7Road intends to publish certain of its pipeline and future games with publishing numbers obtained through third parties. Current PRC regulations are not clear as to the consequence of obtaining publishing numbers through third-party electronic publishing entities. While we believe that arrangements like ours are acknowledged by the SAPPRFT, in view of the lack of formal interpretation regarding this issue, the SAPPRFT might challenge our current and past practices and could subject us to various penalties, including fines, confiscation of publishing equipment and the revenues generated from the publishing activities, the revocation of our business license, or the forced discontinuation of or restrictions on our operations.

The MOC issued the New Provisional Regulations for the Administration of Online Culture, or the Online Culture Regulations, which took effect on April 1, 2011 and replaced the Provisional Regulations for the Administration of Online Culture. The Online Culture Regulations apply to entities engaging in activities related to “Internet cultural products,” which include cultural products that are produced specifically for Internet use, such as online music and entertainment, online games, online plays, online performances, online works of art and Web animation, and other online cultural products that through technical means, produce or reproduce music, entertainment, games, plays and other art works for Internet dissemination. Under the New Online Culture Regulations, commercial entities are required to apply to the relevant local branch of the MOC for an Online Culture Operating Permit if they engage in the production, duplication, importation, release or broadcasting of Internet cultural products; the dissemination of online cultural products on the Internet or the transmission of such products via Internet or mobile phone networks to user terminals, such as computers, phones, television sets and gaming consoles, or Internet surfing service sites such as Internet cafés; or the holding or exhibition of contests related to Internet cultural products. In January 2008, Gamease obtained an Online Culture Operating Permit, which was re-certified in August 2013; in June 2010, Shenzhen 7Road obtained an Online Culture Operating Permit, which was re-certified in August 2013; Guanyou Gamespace obtained an Online Culture Operating Permit in June 2011, which was re-certified in July 2013; and Shanghai ICE obtained an Online Culture Operating Permit in December 2010, which was re-certified in January 2014.

The Interim Measures for the Administration of Online Games, or the Online Game Measures, issued by the MOC, which took effect on August 1, 2010, regulate a broad range of activities related to the online games business, including the development, production and operation of online games, the issuance of virtual currencies used for online games, and the provision of virtual currency trading services. The Online Game Measures provide that any entity that is engaged in online game operations must obtain an Online Culture Operating Permit, and require the content of an imported online game to be examined and approved by the MOC prior to the game’s launch and a domestic online game to be filed with the MOC within 30 days after its launch. The Notice of the Ministry of Culture on the Implementation of the Interim Measures for the Administration of Online Games, which was issued by the MOC on July 29, 2010 to implement the Online Game Measures (i) requires online game operators to protect the interests of online game users and specify certain terms that must be included in service agreements between online game operators and the users of their online games, (ii) specifies content review of imported online games and filing procedures for domestic online games, (iii) emphasizes the protection of minors playing online games and (iv) requests online game operators to promote real-name registration by their game users. We filed our games TLBB, DDTank, Wartune, BO, BH2, DMD, DHSH, DPCQ and certain of our other existing games with the MOC. If we fail to maintain any of our permits, approvals or registrations, to make any necessary filings, or to apply for and obtain any required new permits, approvals or registrations or make any new filings on a timely basis, we may be subject to various penalties, including fines and a requirement that we discontinue or limit our operations.

The Notice on Strengthening the Approval and Administration of Imported Online Games, or the SAPPRFT Imported Online Game Notice, which was issued by the SAPPRFT and took effect in July 2009, states that the SAPPRFT is the only governmental department authorized by the State Council to approve the importation of online games from offshore copyright owners, and that any enterprise which engages in online game publication and operation services within China must have the game examined and approved by the SAPPRFT and receive from the SAPPRFT an Internet publishing license. Our VIEs Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road and Guanyou Gamespace have obtained Internet publishing licenses from the SAPPRFT. In addition, the SAPPRFT Imported Online Game Notice states that activities which involve the showing, exhibition, trading and promotion of offshore online games in China also must be examined and approved by the SAPPRFT.

The Notice Regarding Improving and Strengthening the Administration of Online Game Content, or the Online Game Content Notice, issued by the MOC in November 2009, calls for online game operators to improve and adapt their game models by (i) mitigating the predominance of the “upgrade by monster fighting” model, (ii) limiting the use of the “player kill” model (where one player’s character attempts to kill another player’s character), (iii) limiting in-game marriages among game players, and (iv) improving their compliance with legal requirements for the registration of minors and game time-limits.

The Administrative Measures for Content Self-review by Internet Culture Business Entities, or the Content Self-review Administrative Measure, which took effect in December 2013, require Internet culture business entities to review the content of products and services to be provided prior to providing such content and services to the public. The content management system of an Internet culture business entity is required to specify the responsibilities, standards and processes for content review as well as accountability measures, and is required be filed with the local provincial branch of the MOC.

The Interim Measures for the Administration of Online Commodities Trading and Relevant Services, or the Online Commodities Trading Measures, issued by the SAIC, which took effect on July 1, 2010, regulate online commodity trading and online service activities. The Online Commodities Trading Measures require that online service providers ensure that information which they release online is accurate and complete and comply with all applicable laws with respect to the protection of intellectual property rights of others and the prevention of unfair competition. If we fail to comply with all requirements of such regulations, the local branch of the SAIC may suggest that the relevant local telecommunication authorities shut down our Websites.

Online Audiovisual Transmission

The SAPPRFT issued the Measures for the Administration of the Transmission of Audiovisual Programs over Internet and other Information Networks, which were effective in October, 2004. Under these measures, Websites engaging in the business of network audiovisual program dissemination are required to obtain a Permit for the Network Transmission of Audiovisual Programs from the SAPPRFT.

The SAPPRFT and the MIIT jointly issued the Rules for the Administration of Internet Audiovisual Program Services, or Document 56, which went into effect in January 2008. Under Document 56, all online audio and video service providers must be either state-owned or state-controlled. However, at a press conference held on February 3, 2008, the SAPPRFT and the MIIT clarified that online audio-visual service providers that had been lawfully conducting the business prior to the issuance of Document 56 may re-register and continue to operate without becoming state-owned or controlled, provided that such providers do not engage in any unlawful activities. This exemption will not be granted to service providers set up after the issuance of Document 56.

Advertisings Services

Under the Administrative Regulations for Advertising Licenses and the Implementation Rules for the Administrative Regulations for Advertising, issued by the State AIC and effective in January, 2005, broadcast stations, television stations, newspapers and magazines, non-corporate entities and other specified entities are required to obtain a license that is specifically for their advertising services. Other enterprises are only required to include advertising services within their overall business licenses. Both of Guanyou Gamespace, which is the operator of our online advertisement business, and Shanghai Jingmao, which primarily engages in the cinema advertising business, have included advertising services in their respective business licenses.

Registration of Software Products

The Measures Concerning Software Products Administration, or the Software Measures, issued by the MIIT, which became effective in April 2009 and replaced measures which had been in effect since 2000, permit software developers and producers to sell or license their software products independently or through agents, and software products developed in the PRC can be registered with the local provincial government authorities in charge of the information industry and filed with the MIIT. Upon registration, the software products are granted registration certificates which are valid for five years and may be renewed upon expiration. Under policies promulgated by the State Council, software products developed in the PRC which satisfy the requirements of the Software Measures and have been registered and filed in accordance with the Software Measures may enjoy certain types of preferential treatment. State Council policies provide that the MIIT and other relevant departments may supervise and inspect the development, production, sale, import and export of software products in the PRC. We have registered software copyrights covering all of our significant copyrightable products and enhancements.

Import and Export of Software Technology

China imposes controls on the import and export of technology and software products. Under the Regulations on Administration of Import and Export of Technologies promulgated by the State Council, the term “technology import and export” is defined to include, among other things, the transfer or licensing of patents and know-how, and the provision of services related to technology. Depending on the nature of the relevant technology, the import and export of technology require either approval by or registration with the relevant PRC governmental authorities. Under the Software Export Management and Statistics Measures promulgated in October 2001, if a company is classified as a software enterprise and has a minimum of RMB1 million in registered capital, it may engage in an export business after being registered with the relevant PRC governmental authorities. All contracts which relate to the export of software products, transfer of technology and provision of related services must be filed with the relevant PRC governmental authorities. The Measures for the Administration of Registration of Technology Import and Export Contracts, issued by the MOFCOM in February 2009, specify registration requirements related to the import and export of technology.

We have entered into license agreements with third parties outside of China to license our games, which may be deemed to constitute the export of technology under the regulations. As a result, such licenses are required to be registered with applicable PRC governmental authorities. Although there are no explicit penalties set forth in these regulations for lack of such registration, failure to register an agreement where such registration is required may result in restrictions concerning foreign exchange, banking and taxation matters relating to such agreements. We have not registered all of the game license agreements under which we authorize overseas third-party online game operators to operate our online games, and so far we have not encountered any problems with respect to foreign exchange, banking and taxation matters relating to our license agreements, nor have we received any notice from any governmental authority requiring us to complete the registration of our game license agreements.

Regulation of Internet Content

The PRC government has promulgated measures relating to Internet content through a number of government authorities, including but not limited to the MIIT, the MOC, the SAPPRFT and the MPS. These measures specifically prohibit certain Internet activities, including the operation of online games that result in the publication of any content which is found to, among other things, propagate obscenity, gambling or violence, instigate crimes, undermine public morality or the cultural traditions of the PRC, or compromise State security or secrets. If an ICP license holder violates these measures, the PRC government may revoke its ICP license and shut down its Websites.

In addition, the PRC governmental authorities have issued several regulations requiring the installation of software to filter out unhealthy and vulgar content from the Internet. In April 2009, the Ministry of Education, the MIIT and other ministries and agencies issued a notice requiring that, by the end of May 2009, all computer terminals connected with the Internet at all elementary and secondary schools be able to include and operate Green Dam-Youth Escort, which is a software aimed at filtering out unhealthy and vulgar content in text and graphics from the Internet and which, according to the Website for the software, may be used to control time spent on the Internet, prohibit access to computer games, and filter out unhealthy Websites. The MIIT further expanded the scope of required use of this filter software by issuing a notice in May 2009 requiring that, effective as of July 1, 2009, all computers manufactured and sold in China have the latest available version of Green Dam-Youth Escort preinstalled when they leave the factory and that all imported computers have the latest available version of Green Dam-Youth Escort preinstalled before being sold in China. Green-Dam Youth Escort is to be preinstalled on the hard drive of the computer or in the form of a CD accompanying the computer and is also to be included in the backup partition and system restore CD. However, in June 2009, the MIIT announced that it was postponing the implementation of this requirement regarding pre-installation of Green Dam-Youth Escort.

Information Security and Censorship

Internet content in China is also regulated and restricted from a State security standpoint. The Standing Committee of National People’s Congress enacted the Decision on Internet Security Protection in 2000, and amended it in August, 2009. The decision makes it unlawful to: (i) gain improper entry into a computer or system of strategic importance; (ii) disseminate politically disruptive information; (iii) leak State secrets; (iv) spread false commercial information; or (v) infringe intellectual property rights. The Ministry of Public Security has promulgated measures that prohibit the use of the Internet in ways which, among other things, result in a leakage of State secrets or distribution of socially destabilizing content. The Ministry of Public Security has supervision and inspection rights in this regard, and we may be subject to the jurisdiction of the local security bureaus. If an ICP license holder violates these measures, the PRC government may revoke its ICP license and shut down its Websites.

In 2004, the MOC issued a Notice Regarding the Strengthening of Online Game Censorship. This notice mandates the establishment of a new committee under the MOC that will screen the content of imported online games. In addition, all imported and domestic online games are required to be filed with the MOC. We have submitted the relevant filing documents to the MOC for the filing of all our games in operation.

In 2005, the MOC and the MIIT promulgated the Opinions on the Development and Administration of Online Game emphasizing the PRC government’s intent to foster and control the development of the online game industry in China and providing that the MOC will censor online games that “threaten state security,” “disturb the social order,” or contain “obscenity” or “violence.”

In April, 2009, the MOC issued a Public Announcement on Regulating Applications for the Examination of the Content of Imported Online Game, or the Announcement. The Announcement emphasizes that enterprises operating imported online games must have the content of those games examined and approved by the MOC.

Internet Café Regulation

Internet cafés are required to obtain an Online Culture Operating Permit from the MOC and file the permit with the SAIC, and are subject to requirements and regulations with respect to location, size, number of computers, ages of customers and hours of operation. In 2004, the MOC, the SAIC and some other governmental authorities jointly issued a notice to suspend issuance of new Internet café licenses. Though this nationwide suspension was generally lifted in 2005, local authorities have the authority in their discretion to control the number of new licenses and determine the recipients of new licenses. In addition, local and higher-level governmental authorities may from time to time strictly enforce customer age limits and other requirements relating to Internet cafés, as a result of the occurrence of, and media attention on, gang fights, arson or other incidents in or related to Internet cafés. On February 15, 2007, the MOC and other relevant government authorities jointly issued a Notice on the Reinforcement of the Administration of Internet Cafés and Online Games, or the Internet Cafés Notice, which suspended nationwide approval for the establishment of new Internet cafés in 2007 and imposed tougher penalties for Internet cafés admitting minors. In 2008, 2009 and 2010, the MOC, the SAIC and other relevant government authorities, individually or jointly, issued several notices which provide various ways to strengthen the regulation of Internet cafés, including investigating and punishing Internet cafés which accept minors, cracking down on Internet cafés without sufficient and valid licenses, limiting the total number of Internet cafés, screening unlawful games and Websites, and improving the coordination of regulation of Internet cafés and online games. As many of our customers access our games from Internet cafés, any reduction in the number, or any slowdown in the growth, of Internet cafés in China as a result of stricter Internet café regulation will limit our ability to maintain or increase our revenues and expand our customer base.

Protection of Minors

On April 15, 2007, the SAPPRFT and several other governmental authorities issued a circular requiring the implementation of an “anti-fatigue system” and a real-name registration system by all PRC online game operators, in an effort to curb addictive online game play behaviors of minors. Under the anti-fatigue system, three hours or less of continuous play by minors is considered to be “healthy,” three to five hours to be “fatiguing,” and five hours or more to be “unhealthy.” Game operators are required to reduce the value of in-game benefits to a game player by half if the game player has reached “fatiguing” level, and to zero in the case of “unhealthy” level.

To identify whether a game player is a minor and thus subject to the anti-fatigue system, there was adopted a real-name registration system, which requires online game players to register their real identity information before they play online games and requires us to submit the identity information of game players to the public security authorities for verification. On July 1, 2011, the SAPPRFT, the MIIT, the Ministry of Education and five other governmental authorities issued a Notice on Initializing the verification of Real-name Registration for Anti-Fatigue System on Internet Games, or the Real-name Registration Notice, to strengthen the implementation of the anti-fatigue system and real-name registration, which took effect on October 1, 2011. The Real-name Registration Notice’s main focus is to prevent minors from using an adult’s ID to play Internet games and, accordingly, the notice imposes stringent punishments on online game operators that do not implement the required anti-fatigue and real-name registration measures properly and effectively. The most severe punishment contemplated by the Real-name Registration Notice is to require termination of the operation of the online game if it is found to be in violation of the Anti-Fatigue Notice, the Monitor System Circular or the Real-name Registration Notice. We developed our own anti-fatigue and real-name registration systems for our games, and implemented them beginning in 2007. Under our system, game players must use real identification in order to create accounts, and in this way, we are able to tell which of our game players are minors and thus subject to these regulations. For game players who do not register, we assume that they are minors. In order to comply with the anti-fatigue rules, game players under 18 years of age only receive half of the experience time they actually earn after three hours of play. And, after five hours of play, minors receive no experience points. We use this system to disincentivize minors from playing in excess of five hours at a time.

On January 15, 2011, the MOC, the MIIT and six other central government authorities jointly issued a circular entitled Implementation of Online Game Monitor System of the Guardians of Minors, or the Monitor System Circular, aiming to provide specific protection measures to monitor the online game activities of minors and curb addictive online game playing behaviors of minors. Under the Monitor System Circular, online game operators are required to adopt various measures to maintain a system to communicate with the parents or other guardians of minors playing online games and online game operators are required to monitor the online game activities of minors, and must suspend the account of a minor if so requested by the minor’s parents or guardians. The monitor system was formally implemented commencing March 1, 2011.

In February 2013, 15 PRC government authorities, including the SAPPRFT, the Ministry of Education, the MOC and the MIIT, jointly issued the Work Plan for the Integrated Prevention of Minors Online Game Addiction, or the Work Plan, implementing integrated measures by different authorities to prevent minors from being addicted to online games. Under the Work Plan, the current relevant regulations regarding online games will be further clarified and additional implementation rules will be issued; and as a result, online game operators will be required to implement measures to protect minors.

Virtual Currency

On February 15, 2007, the MOC, the PBOC and other relevant government authorities jointly issued the Internet Cafés Notice. Under the Internet Cafés Notice, the PBOC is directed to strengthen the administration of virtual currency in online games to avoid any adverse impact on the economy and financial system. The Internet Cafés Notice provides that the total amount of virtual currency issued by online game operators and the amount purchased by individual game players should be strictly limited, with a strict and clear division between virtual transactions and real transactions carried out by way of electronic commerce. This notice also provides that virtual currency should only be used to purchase virtual items.

On June 4, 2009, the MOC and the MOFCOM jointly issued the Notice on Strengthening the Administration of Online Game Virtual Currency, or the Virtual Currency Notice, to regulate the trading of online game virtual currencies. The Virtual Currency Notice defines the meaning of virtual currency and places a set of restrictions on the trading and issuance of virtual currency. The Virtual Currency Notice also states that online game operators are not allowed to give out virtual items or virtual currency through lottery-base activities, such as lucky draws, betting or random computer sampling, etc., in exchange for user’s cash or virtual money. The Virtual Currency Notice is mainly targeted at lottery-based activities relating to “treasure box” found in some online games.

On July 20, 2009, the MOC promulgated the Filing Guidelines on Online Game Virtual Currency Issuing Enterprise and Online Game Virtual Currency Trading Enterprise, which specifically defines the meanings of “issuing enterprise” and “trading enterprise” and stipulates that both of these businesses may not be operated by the same enterprise.

Internet Privacy

The PRC Constitution states that PRC law protects the freedom and privacy of the communications of citizens and prohibits infringement of such rights. In recent years, PRC government authorities have issued various regulations on the use of the Internet that are designed to protect personal information from unauthorized disclosure. For example, the Internet Measures prohibit an Internet information services provider from insulting or slandering a third party or infringing upon the lawful rights and interests of a third party. Under the BBS Measures, ICPs that provide electronic messaging services must not disclose any user’s personal information to any third party without such user’s consent, unless the disclosure is required by PRC law. ICPs are subject to legal liability if unauthorized disclosure causes damages or losses to users. In addition, PRC regulations authorize PRC telecommunication authorities to demand rectification of unauthorized disclosure by ICPs.

PRC law does not prohibit Internet content providers from collecting and analyzing personal information from their users. The PRC government, however, has the power and authority to order ICPs to submit personal information of an Internet user if such user posts any prohibited content or engages in illegal activities on the Internet. In addition, the MIIT promulgated the Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services, which became effective as of March 15, 2012. This regulation stipulates that ICPs must not, without users’ consent, collect information on users that can be used, alone or in combination with other information, to identify the user, or User Personal Information, and may not provide any User Personal Information to third parties without prior user consent. ICPs may only collect User Personal Information necessary to provide their services and must expressly inform the users of the method, content and purpose of the collection and processing of such User Personal Information. In addition, an ICP may use User Personal Information only for the stated purposes under the ICP’s scope of services. ICPs are also required to ensure the proper security of User Personal Information, and take immediate remedial measures if User Personal Information is suspected to have been disclosed. If the consequences of any such disclosure are expected to be serious, the ICP must immediately report the incident to the telecommunications regulatory authorities and cooperate with the authorities in their investigations. In addition, the PRC government has the power and authority to order ICPs to submit personal information of an Internet user if such user posts any prohibited content or engages in any illegal activity on the Internet. We require our users to accept a user agreement whereby they agree to provide certain personal information to us. If we violate these regulations, the MIIT or its local bureaus may impose penalties and we may be liable for damages caused to our users.

On December 28, 2012, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress enacted the Decision to Enhance the Protection of Network Information, or the Information Protection Decision, to further enhance the protection of User Personal Information in electronic form. The Information Protection Decision provides that ICPs must expressly inform their users of the purpose, manner and scope of the ICPs’ collection and use of User Personal Information, publish the ICPs’ standards for their collection and use of User Personal Information, and collect and use User Personal Information only with the consent of the users and only within the scope of such consent. The Information Protection Decision also mandates that ICPs and their employees must keep strictly confidential User Personal Information that they collect, and that ICPs must take such technical and other measures as are necessary to safeguard the information against disclosure.

On July 16, 2013, the MIIT issued the Order for the Protection of Telecommunication and Internet User Personal Information or the Order. Most requirements under the Order that are relevant to ICP operators are consistent with the requirements already established under the MIIT provisions as discussed elsewhere in this annual report. Under the Order, these requirements are often stricter and have a wider scope. If an ICP operator wishes to collect or use personal information, it may do so only if such collection is necessary for the services it provides. Further, the operator must disclose to its users the purpose, method and scope of any such collection or use, and must obtain consent from its users whose information is being collected or used. ICP operators are also required to establish and publish their rules relating to personal information collection or use, keep any collected information strictly confidential, and take technological and other measures to maintain the security of such information. ICP operators are required to cease any collection or use of the user personal information, and de-register the relevant user account, when a given user stops using the relevant Internet service. ICP operators are further prohibited from divulging, distorting or destroying any such personal information, or selling or providing such information unlawfully to other parties. In addition, if an ICP operator appoints an agent to undertake any marketing or technical services that involve the collection or use of personal information, the ICP operator is still required to supervise and manage the protection of the information. As to penalties, in very broad terms, the Order states that violators may face warnings, fines, and disclosure to the public and, in severe cases, criminal liability.

Our current security measures and those of the third parties with whom we transact business may not be adequate for the protection of User Personal Information. In addition, we do not have control over the security measures of our third-party online payment vendors. Security breaches of our system and the online payment systems that we use could expose us to litigation and liability for failing to secure confidential customer information and could harm our reputation, ability to attract customers and ability to encourage customers to purchase virtual items.

Regulation of Copyright Protection

The PRC Copyright Law, which was adopted by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in 1990 and subsequently amended in 2001 and 2010, extends copyright protection to Internet activities, products disseminated over the Internet and software products. In addition, there is a voluntary registration system administered by the China Copyright Protection Center.

The Rules of Protection on Information Network Dissemination Rights, promulgated by the State Council in May 2006 and amended in January 2013, address copyright issues relating to the Internet. In addition, on December 17, 2012, the Supreme People’s Court promulgated the Provisions on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law for Trial of Civil Dispute Cases Involving Infringement of the Right to Network Dissemination of Information, which stipulate that the dissemination by network users or network service providers of works, performance or audio or video recordings without the permission of the holder of the rights to such dissemination will constitute infringement of such rights, and that network service providers that aid or abet any network user’s infringement of the rights of another to network dissemination of any works or recordings may be liable for such network user’s infringing activities.

Employment Contracts

On June 29, 2007, the National People’s Congress promulgated the Employment Contract Law of PRC, or ECL, which became effective as of January 1, 2008, and was amended on December 28, 2012. The ECL requires employers to provide written contracts to their employees, restricts the use of temporary workers and aims to give employees long-term job security.

Pursuant to the ECL, employment contracts lawfully concluded prior to the implementation of the ECL and continuing as of the date of its implementation shall continue to be performed. Where an employment relationship was established prior to the implementation of the ECL but no written employment contract was concluded, a contract must be concluded within one month after its implementation.

Our standard employment contract complies with the requirements of the ECL and its implementing regulations.

Regulation of Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution

Foreign Currency Exchange. The principal regulations governing foreign currency exchange in China are the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, as amended in August 2008. Under the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, the RMB is freely convertible for current account items, including the distribution of dividends, interest payments, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not for capital account items, such as direct investments, loans, repatriation of investments and investments in securities outside of China, unless the prior approval of the SAFE is obtained and prior registration with the SAFE is made. On August 29, 2008, the SAFE promulgated a notice, Circular 142, regulating the conversion by a foreign-invested company of foreign currency into RMB by restricting how the converted RMB may be used. The notice requires that the registered capital of a foreign-invested company settled in RMB converted from foreign currencies may only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by the applicable governmental authority and may not be used for equity investments within the PRC. In addition, the SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of the registered capital of a foreign-invested company settled in RMB converted from foreign currencies. The use of such RMB capital may not be changed without the SAFE’s approval, and may not in any case be used to repay RMB loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been used. Violations of Circular 142 will result in severe penalties, such as heavy fines. As a result, Circular 142 may significantly limit our ability to transfer the net proceeds from our initial public offering to Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE through our subsidiaries in the PRC, which may adversely affect the business expansion of Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE, and we may not be able to convert the net proceeds into RMB to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies, or establish other VIEs in the PRC.

Dividends paid by a subsidiary to its overseas shareholder are deemed income of the shareholder and are taxable in China. Pursuant to the Administration Rules of the Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange (1996), foreign-invested enterprises in China may purchase or remit foreign currency, subject to a cap approved by the SAFE, for settlement of current account transactions without the approval of the SAFE. Foreign currency transactions under the capital account are still subject to limitations and require approvals from, or registration with, the SAFE and other relevant PRC governmental authorities.

Circular 75. On October 21, 2005, the SAFE issued Circular 75, which became effective as of November 1, 2005. Under Circular 75, prior registration with the local SAFE branch is required for PRC residents to establish or to control an offshore company for the purposes of financing that offshore company with assets or equity interests in an onshore enterprise located in the PRC. An amendment to registration or filing with the local SAFE branch by such PRC resident is also required for the injection of equity interests or assets of an onshore enterprise in the offshore company or overseas funds raised by such offshore company, or any other material change involving a change in the capital of the offshore company. Moreover, Circular 75 applies retroactively. As a result, PRC residents who have established or acquired control of offshore companies that have made onshore investments in the PRC in the past are required to complete the relevant registration procedures with the local SAFE branch by March 31, 2006. Since May 2007, the SAFE has issued guidance to its local branches from time to time with respect to the procedures for SAFE registration under Circular 75. The guidance specified stringent procedures for complying with the registration requirements of Circular 75. For example, the guidance imposes obligations on an onshore subsidiary of an offshore entity to provide to the local SAFE authorities detailed and accurate information regarding any shareholder or beneficial owner of the offshore entity who is a PRC citizen or resident. Untrue statements by the onshore subsidiaries will lead to potential liability for the subsidiaries, and in some instances, for their legal representatives and other individuals affiliated with the subsidiaries. Under the relevant rules, failure to comply with the registration procedures set forth in Circular 75 may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant onshore company, including the increase of its registered capital, the payment of dividends and other distributions to its offshore parent or affiliate and the capital inflow from the offshore entity, and may also subject relevant PRC residents to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations. PRC residents who control our company from time to time are required to register with the SAFE in connection with their investments in us. See “Risk Factors—Regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our ability to acquire PRC companies and could adversely affect our business.”

Share Option Rules. On December 25, 2006, the PBOC issued the Administration Measures on Individual Foreign Exchange Control, and its Implementation Rules was issued by SAFE on January 5, 2007, both of which became effective on February 1, 2007. Under these regulations, all foreign exchange transactions involving in an employee share incentive plan, share option plan or similar plan participated in by onshore individuals may be conducted only with the approval from the SAFE or its authorized branch. Under the Notice of Issues Related to the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Listed Company, or the Offshore Share Incentives Rules, which was issued by the SAFE on February 15, 2012, PRC citizens who are granted share options, restricted share units or restricted shares by an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with the SAFE or its authorized branch and to comply with a series of other requirements. On February 21, 2012, the SAFE approved our application to designate our PRC subsidiary AmazGame to handle registrations and other procedures required by the Offshore Share Incentives Rules. If we and our PRC employees who hold options, restricted share units or restricted shares fail to comply with these registration or other procedural requirements, we and such employees may be subject to fines and other legal sanctions.

Dividend Distribution. The principal regulations governing distribution of dividends of foreign holding companies include the Foreign Investment Enterprise Law (1986), as amended in October 2000, and the Administrative Rules under the Foreign Investment Enterprise Law (1990), as amended in April 2001.

Under these regulations, foreign investment enterprises in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, foreign investment enterprises in China are required to allocate at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds unless these reserves have reached 50% of the registered capital of the enterprises. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. Under the CIT Law, effective January 1, 2008, the maximum tax rate for the withholding tax imposed on dividend payments from PRC foreign invested companies to their overseas investors that are not regarded as “resident” for tax purposes is 10%. The rate is reduced to 5% under tax treaties and arrangements between the PRC and certain other countries and administrative regions.

M&A Regulations and Overseas Listings

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, consisting of the MOC, the State Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, the SAT, the SAIC, the CSRC, and the SAFE, jointly issued the M&A Rules, which became effective on September 8, 2006 and were amended on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rules, among other things, includes provisions that purport to require that an offshore special purpose vehicle formed for purposes of overseas listing of equity interests in PRC companies and controlled directly or indirectly by PRC companies or individuals obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange.

On September 21, 2006, the CSRC published on its official Website procedures regarding its approval of overseas listings by special purpose vehicles. The CSRC approval procedures require the filing of a number of documents with the CSRC. The application of this new PRC regulation remains unclear, with no consensus currently existing among leading PRC law firms regarding the scope of the applicability of the CSRC approval requirement.

The M&A Rules also establish procedures and requirements that could make some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a Chinese domestic enterprise.

In February 2011, the General Office of the State Council promulgated a Notice on Establishing the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or Circular 6, which established a security review system for mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises by foreign investors. Under Circular 6, a security review is required for mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors having “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions by which foreign investors may acquire the “de facto control” of domestic enterprises with “national security” concerns. In August 2011, the MOFCOM promulgated the Rules on Implementation of Security Review System, or the MOFCOM Security Review Rules, to replace the Interim Provisions of the Ministry of Commerce on Matters Relating to the Implementation of the Security Review System Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors promulgated by the MOFCOM in March 2011. The MOFCOM Security Review Rules, which came into effect on September 1, 2011, provide that the MOFCOM will look into the substance and actual impact of a transaction and prohibit foreign investors from bypassing the security review requirement by structuring transactions through proxies, trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, control through contractual arrangements or offshore transactions.

Organizational Structure

Changyou.com Limited is an indirect subsidiary of Sohu.com Inc. (NASDAQ: SOHU). As of February 21, 2014, Sohu indirectly held approximately 67.9% of the combined total of Changyou’s outstanding Class A and Class B ordinary shares and controlled approximately 83.0% of the total voting power in Changyou.

As of the date of this annual report, we operate our business through the following wholly-owned subsidiaries:

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Changyou.com (HK) Limited, or Changyou HK, incorporated in Hong Kong on August 13, 2007 as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Changyou. Changyou HK is our intermediate offshore holding company for our operations in China and overseas.

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ICE Entertainment (HK) Limited, or ICE HK, incorporated in Hong Kong on July 17, 2007 and acquired by us in May 2010 as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Changyou HK.

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Beijing AmazGame Age Internet Technology Co., Ltd., or AmazGame, incorporated in the PRC on September 26, 2007 as a WFOE and a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Changyou HK.

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Beijing Changyou Gamespace Software Technology Co., Ltd., or Gamespace, incorporated in the PRC on October 29, 2009 as a WFOE and a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Changyou HK.

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ICE Information Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, or ICE Information, incorporated in the PRC on August 29, 2007 as a WFOE and acquired by us in May 2010 as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of ICE HK.

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Beijing Yang Fan Jing He Information Consulting Co., Ltd, or Yang Fan Jing He, incorporated in the PRC on April 22, 2010 as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of AmazGame.

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Shanghai Jingmao Culture Communication Co., Ltd, or Shanghai Jingmao, incorporated in the PRC on April 30, 2009 and acquired by us in January 2011 as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Yang Fan Jing He.

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Beijing Changyou Jingmao Film &Culture Communication Co., Ltd., or Beijing Jingmao, incorporated in the PRC on November 16, 2010 and a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Yang Fan Jing He.

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Shanghai Hejin Data Consulting Co., Ltd, or Shanghai Hejin, incorporated in the PRC on December 2, 2008 and acquired by us in January 2011 as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Yang Fan Jing He.

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Changyou.com (US) LLC, or Changyou US, incorporated in the United States on January 26, 2009, as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Gamestar HK.

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Changyou.com (UK) Co., Ltd., or Changyou UK, incorporated in the United Kingdom on July 3, 2009, as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Changyou HK.

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Changyou My Sdn. Bhd, or Changyou Malaysia, incorporated in Malaysia on September 10, 2009, as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Changyou HK.

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Changyou.com Korea Limited, or Changyou Korea, incorporated in South Korea on January 7, 2010, as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Changyou HK.

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Changyou.com India Private Limited, or Changyou India, incorporated in India on March 11, 2011 as a direct subsidiary of Changyou HK and Changyou UK.

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Changyou.com Gamepower (HK) Limited, or Gamepower HK, incorporated in Hong Kong on September 8, 2011 as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Changyou HK.

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Changyou.com Webgames (HK) Limited, or Webgames HK, incorporated in Hong Kong on September 21, 2011 and a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Changyou HK.

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7Road.com Limited, or 7Road Cayman, incorporated in the Cayman Islands on June 15, 2011 and a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Webgames HK.

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7Road.com HK Limited, or 7Road HK, incorporated in Hong Kong in July 2011 as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of 7Road Cayman.

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Shenzhen 7Road Network Technologies Co., Ltd., or 7Road Technology, incorporated in the PRC on December 1, 2011 as a wholly-owned subsidiary of 7Road HK.

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CHANGYOU BİLİŞİM HİZMETLERİ TİCARET LİMİTED ŞİRKETİ, or Changyou Turkey, incorporated in Turkey on September 29, 2011 as a direct subsidiary of Changyou HK and Changyou UK.

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Kylie Enterprises Limited, or Kylie, incorporated in British Virgin Islands on October 30, 2003 and acquired by us in December 2011 as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Changyou HK.

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Changyou.com Gamestar (HK) Limited, or Gamestar HK, incorporated in Hong Kong on July12, 2013, as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Changyou HK.

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Heroic Vision Holdings Limited, or Heroic, incorporated in the British Virgin Islands on October 23, 2013 as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Changyou HK

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Mobogarden Enterprises Limited, or Mobogarden, incorporated in British Virgin Islands on September 25, 2013 as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Kylie.

As of the date of this annual report, we also, operate our business through the following majority-owned subsidiaries:

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TalkTalk Limited, or TalkTalk, incorporated in the British Virgin Islands, a majority of which was acquired on December 24, 2013 by Heroic.

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RaidCall (HK) Limited, or RaidCall HK, a Hong Kong company which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of TalkTalk.

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Beijing Changyou RaidCall Internet Technology Co., Ltd., or Changyou RaidCall , a PRC company which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of RaidCall HK.

In order to comply with PRC law restricting foreign ownership in the online game business in China, we conduct the operations of our online game business and our online advertising business in China through our VIEs Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE rather than through our subsidiaries, and substantially all of our revenues are earned by and paid to these VIEs. The equity interests in each of Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace are owned 60% by Tao Wang, our Chief Executive Officer, and 40% by Dewen Chen, our President. Mr. Wang and Mr. Chen are both PRC citizens. The equity interests in Shenzhen 7Road are owned by our VIE Gamease. The equity interests in Shanghai ICE are owned by two Changyou employees, Runa Pi and Rong Qi, who are PRC citizens and each of whom holds 50%.

Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE hold the licenses and permits required to operate our business and are controlled by AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information, respectively, through a series of contractual arrangements. AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information undertake substantially all of our product development and technical support functions, which they provide to Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE pursuant to contractual arrangements.

In the opinion of Haiwen & Partners, our PRC counsel, subject to the uncertainties and risks disclosed elsewhere in this annual report under the heading “Risk Factors” the ownership structures of our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs comply with all existing laws, rules and regulations of the PRC and each of such companies has the full legal right, power and authority, and has been duly approved, to carry on and engage in the business described in its business license.

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure as of the date of this annual report.

LOGO

g	Shareholding

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Contractual arrangements among our WFOEs AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information, our VIEs Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE and their respective shareholders, which provide us with effective control over our VIEs. See “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions—Contractual Arrangements with our VIEs and their Shareholders” in Item 7 of this annual report.

ITEM 4A.

UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 5.

OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the section entitled “Selected Consolidated Financial Data” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. The discussion in this section contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F, our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

Overview

DDTank is a popular 2D multi-player, combat and role-playing Web game in China. Game players control avatars to compete with other game players. Avatars can earn or buy various weapons, potions, magic rings, rockets and other items to increase competitiveness and enhance the game experience. Since DDTank’s launch in March 2009, we have regularly released updates and more significant enhancements for the game. DDTank has won numerous game awards, including the “Baidu Outstanding Web Game” award in 2010 and 2012 and “One of the Top Ten Favorite Web Games” by the SAPPRFT in 2010 and 2011. DDTank was also the most searched-for casual Web game on Baidu.com for the 12 months ended each of June 30, 2012 and June 30, 2013, according to Baidu. We also jointly operate DDTank with third-party operators overseas. DDTank has been launched in 15 different language versions.

We also own and operate in China and overseas other game-related platform channels, including the 17173.com Website; the 37wanwan.com Website, a games portal that provides a collection of Web games to game players; Raidcall, which is free social communication software that is used by professional and casual gamers; and other software applications that serve as access points to the 17173.com Website. The platform channels, as a whole, serve various needs of our game players and help us reach more game-player communities and conduct cross-promotions of our games and services, which in turn improve user loyalty.

Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Our results of operations are affected by several key factors, including the following:

General economic conditions affecting the online game, online advertising and cinema advertising industries in China

We have benefited from general conditions typically affecting the online game, online advertising and cinema advertising industries in China, including the overall economic growth, which has resulted in increases in disposable income and discretionary consumer spending and increases in advertising spending; the increasing use of the Internet with the growth of personal computers and broadband penetration; the growing popularity of online games in comparison with other forms of entertainment; and favorable demographic trends, particularly the growth of the teenage and young adult population, who are typically more inclined to play online games. We cannot assure you that the Chinese economy will continue to grow, or that if there is growth, such growth will be steady and uniform and that any such growth will lead to growth in our online game business, our online advertising, or our cinema advertising business or that if there is a slowdown, such slowdown will not have a negative effect on those businesses. For example, a slowdown in China’s economic growth that occurred between the first quarter of 2010 and the third quarter of 2012, caused in part by measures adopted by the Chinese government intended to slow such growth and to temper real estate prices and inflation, the significant instability recently experienced in the worldwide economy, with growth in the United States slowing, and the European Community facing disruptions as a result of crises in the economies of Greece and Spain, among other countries, and other such factors may lead in the future to decreases in the level of disposable income of our game players and negatively affect their spending on playing online games, as well as decreases in the advertising spending of our advertisers, who are typically other leading online game companies in China.

Our ability to develop and maintain popular online games and convert our game player base into paying customers

The popularity of our games drives the growth of our game player base, which is the key component driving the sales and consumption of our virtual items and thus our revenues. To maintain and grow the popularity of our games, we must diligently maintain the quality of the games and continually enhance the games to meet game player preferences and to incentivize game players to purchase virtual items. We solicit feedback from our game players and have a dedicated product development team that helps us to identify market trends and user preferences. For TLBB, we typically provide weekly updates and more substantial enhancements in the form of expansion packs every few months. We launch new virtual items to maintain game players’ interest. We plan the timing of our new virtual item launches to avoid over-monetizing our existing game player base. We generally only launch virtual items after we have gained a certain number of new game players. If we fail to manage the growth of our game player base and manage our sales and marketing strategies for new virtual items, our game player base may not grow and we may not be successful in selling new virtual items, which would have an adverse effect on our revenues.

The popularity and timing of the launch of new games

We have in our pipeline several MMOGs, Web games and mobile games with different graphic styles, themes and features to appeal to different segments of the online game player community. Games in our pipeline, include, among others, a self-developed MMOG, YZZX; three licensed MMOGs, Echo of Soul, Asta, and Fantasy Frontier Online; two self-developed Web games, JY and SZHG; and several jointly-developed mobile games adapted from literary or other copyrighted works that we directly own or have acquired the exclusive rights to from third-parties.

Product development and sales and marketing expenses

Developing and marketing a new online game and maintaining its popularity in the market requires a commitment of significant resources, including product development and sales and marketing expenses. We typically incur such expenses several quarters before such games generate any revenues. If such games are not popular and do not generate substantial revenues, we may not be able to recover our product development and marketing expenses. In addition, because our product development strategy is to focus on a limited number of high-quality games, the failure of a small number of these games could adversely impact our growth rate.

We are currently making significant expenditures for the development of games and platforms for mobile devices such as phones and tablets. As a result, we expect to incur a net loss in the first quarter of 2014, and we may incur additional net losses in the future. If our mobile strategy is not successful, we may be unable to recoup those expenditures, and we may be unable to maintain or grow our revenues, or return to or sustain our historical levels of net income.

The cost of attracting and retaining game development personnel

Competition in the online game industry in China is intense, making it increasingly costly to retain and motivate existing talent and to attract new talent necessary for the growth of our business. Many of our competitors have been aggressively hiring game development personnel. If we are unable to retain our current talent and to attract new talent, we may have difficulty developing new games or enhancements for our existing games or meeting our development schedule, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry—Our business may not succeed in a highly competitive market” in Item 3.

Any restrictions imposed by PRC law on payments from VIEs to our subsidiaries pursuant to contractual arrangements and any increase in the amount of PRC taxes applicable to such payments may adversely affect our business.

We conduct a substantial portion of our operations through our VIEs Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE, which generate substantially all of our revenues. As our VIEs are not owned by our subsidiaries, they are not able to make dividend payments to our subsidiaries. Instead, AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information, our subsidiaries in China, entered into a number of contracts with their corresponding VIEs, pursuant to which the VIEs pay the PRC subsidiaries for certain services that the PRC subsidiaries provide to their corresponding VIEs. However, depending on the nature of services provided, certain of these payments are subject to PRC taxes at different rates, including business taxes and VAT, which effectively reduce the amount that we receive from the VIEs. We cannot assure you that the PRC government will not impose restrictions on such payments or change the tax rates applicable to such payments. Any such restrictions on such payments or increases in the applicable tax rates may adversely affect our ability to receive payments from the VIEs or the amount of such payments.

Government regulation imposed on online game industry

The Chinese government is formulating new regulations to further strengthen supervision of the online game industry. These regulations may increase our compliance costs, delay the release of our new games and new expansion packs for existing games, and restrict the access of certain groups of players, such as minors, to our games, which in turn may significantly affect our operating results. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry.”

Our Revenues

The following table sets forth the revenues generated from our online games, online advertising and others revenues, in absolute amounts and as a percentage of total revenues for the periods indicated:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2011					2012					2013
	Amount		% of Total Revenues			Amount		% of Total Revenues			Amount		% of Total Revenues
	($ in thousands except percentages)
Revenues:
Online game		435,512		89.9	%		570,346		91.5	%		669,168		90.7	%
Online advertising		36,349		7.5	%		42,525		6.8	%		49,998		6.8	%
IVAS		1,862		0.4	%		4,307		0.7	%		5,402		0.7	%
Others		10,853		2.2	%		6,251		1.0	%		13,307		1.8	%

Total revenues		484,576		100.0	%		623,429		100.0	%		737,875		100.0	%

The following table sets forth certain operating data for our business in China for the periods indicated:


	For the Three Months Ended
	For the Three Months Ended
	December 31, 2012		March 31, 2013		June 30, 2013		September 30, 2013		December 31, 2013
Average Monthly Active Accounts of our Games (in millions)(1)		38		37		36		31		25
Average Monthly Active Accounts of our Platform Channels (in millions)(2)		77		85		85		99		149

(1)	Calculated as the simple average of the sum of monthly active accounts of all of our MMOGs, Web games and mobile games operated by us during the specified quarter. Monthly active accounts for our games are defined as game accounts that were logged in at least once during the month.

(2)	Calculated as the simple average of the sum of the monthly unique visitors to our Web game operation platform, the 17173 Website and 17173’s non-game products, plus the monthly logged-in accounts of non-game applications during the quarter.

Our calculation of average monthly active accounts of our games and average monthly active accounts of our platform channels may not be comparable to similarly-named measures presented by other online game companies.

Total average monthly active accounts of the Company’s games in the fourth quarter of 2013 were 25 million, a decrease of 34% year-over-year. The decrease was mainly driven by a decline in active accounts of TLBB after the Company closed down certain game accounts during the year so as to further enhance the balance of the in-game economic system, a decline in active accounts of DDTank as the game has entered into a relatively mature phase, and a decline in active accounts of Wartune in China.

Total average monthly active accounts of the Company’s platform channels in the fourth quarter of 2013 were 149 million, an increase of 94% year-over-year. The increase was mainly due to the promotion, acquisition and launch of multiple software applications for PCs and mobile devices in 2013.

Online Game Revenues

Online game revenues include revenues from MMOG operations, Web games and overseas licensing.

We disclosed in our previous annual reports the following operational metrics for our games: aggregate registered accounts, aggregate peak concurrent users, aggregate active paying accounts and aggregate revenue per active paying account, or ARPU. However, given the diversified business we currently operate, those previous operational metrics are no longer the most relevant metrics for measuring the existing positioning and future growth of our business. In order to provide you with a better foundation for understanding our performance as a whole across all the different products and services that we offer, starting with 2013, we discontinued disclosure of those previous operational metrics and introduced two new operational metrics: total average monthly active accounts of our games and total average monthly active accounts of our platform channels.

MMOG operations

All of our MMOGs currently in operation in China are free to play games that generate revenues using the item-based revenue model through the sale of virtual items that enhance the game-playing experience. Game players can purchase virtual items, such as gems, pets, fashion items, magic medicine, riding animals, hierograms, materials, skill books and fireworks by purchasing prepaid game cards or game points.

Web games

We began generating Web game revenue after our acquisition of a controlling interest in 7Road in May 2011. 7Road is the developer and creator of Wartune and DDTank, two of China’s most popular Web games. The game is free to play and generates revenues using the item-based revenue model through the sale of virtual items that enhance the game-playing experience. 7Road jointly operate these games with third-party operators who offer the games to users in China and other countries and administrative regions on their Websites or platforms. 7Road also directly operates Wartune and DDTank on its own Websites for the games.

Overseas licensing

To leverage the success of our popular in-house developed games, we license our MMOGs to third-party operators in overseas countries or administrative regions. These licensing agreements provide two revenue streams, consisting of an initial license fee and a monthly revenue-based royalty fee based on monthly revenue and sales from ancillary products of the games.

Online Advertising Revenues

Online advertising revenues are generated from the 17173 Business, which provides online advertising services on our 17173.com Website. A contract is signed to establish a fixed price and the advertising services to be provided. Based on the contracts, the 17173 Business provides advertisement placements on its Websites and/or in different formats, including, among other things, banners, links, logos, buttons, rich media and content integration.

IVAS Revenues

We offer Web games developed by third-party developers and generate revenues from the provision of IVAS, including promotion, access maintenance and payment services, to third-party developers. Under revenue-sharing agreements that we sign with third-party developers, we collect payments from the end users, keep a pre-agreed percentage of the proceeds and remit the balance to the third-party developers. Revenues from IVAS are recognized when our obligations under the agreements and all other revenue recognition criteria have been met. Revenues from IVAS are recognized under the gross method, as we are the principal obligor for provision of the services.

Others Revenues

Others revenues consist of cinema advertising revenues, which we began generating after we acquired the remaining 50% of the equity interests in each of Shanghai Jingmao and Shanghai Hejin and became the sole shareholder of these two companies in January 2011. We provide clients advertising placements on slots that are shown in theatres before the screening of movies. The rights to place advertisements in such advertising slots are granted under contracts with different theatres and film production companies.

Revenue Collection

Online Game Revenues

MMOG operations

We sell virtual and physical prepaid game cards to regional distributors, who in turn sub-distribute to retail outlets, including Internet cafés, various Websites, newsstands, software stores, bookstores and retail stores. We typically collect payment from our distributors upon delivery of our prepaid game cards, but only recognize revenues as the virtual items are consumed. We generally offer a sales discount to our prepaid game card distributors based on the popularity of our games. In 2008, we offered an initial sales discount at a rate of 15.0%, which decreased to a rate of 11.0%, effective as of January 2009, a rate of 10.0%, effective as of January 2011, a rate of 9.0%, effective as of January 2012 and to the current rate of 2%, effective October 1, 2013. In addition, we previously offered a discount of 5.0% to our game players who directly purchased virtual prepaid game cards and game points from our online sales system, but we discontinued the discount effective September 23, 2013. The discount represented the difference between the price at which we sold prepaid game cards to distributors or game players, as the case may be, and the face value of the prepaid game cards or the equivalent of game points.

We also offer rebates in the form of credits on future purchases of prepaid game cards to distributors of our prepaid game cards. Distributors of prepaid game cards receive a credit on future purchases of our prepaid game cards, provided that the distributors meet certain preset sales conditions. Prior to October 1, 2013, we offered a credit rate equal to 1% to 3% of the discounted value of our prepaid game cards. In October, 2013, we decreased the maximum rate from 3% to 2%. Historically, most of our distributors have met the conditions required to receive these credits. Credits are in the form of free prepaid game cards. We incur transaction costs of 0.1% to 0.5% of the face value of the virtual prepaid game cards or the equivalent of game points by using third-party payment platforms.

Before October 2013, the total discount and rebate rate we typically offered to all of our prepaid game card distributors was approximately 10.0% to 12.0% of the face value of our prepaid game cards. Effective in October 2013 the total discount and rebate rate is approximately 4%. Prior to September 2013, the total discount and transaction costs associated with game players’ use of third-party payment platforms was 5.1% to 5.5% of the face value of the virtual prepaid game cards or the equivalent of game points purchased. In September 2013, we lowered the rate to 0.1% to 0.5%.

Web games

We generate revenues from our Web games, such as Wartune and DDTank, primarily from joint operation of the games with third-party joint operators through their Websites and platforms in China and overseas. All of the third-party joint operators of our Web games make payments to us based on a percentage of the revenues they generate from the games. Beginning in May 2012, we also generated revenues from direct operation of Wartune and DDTank through our own Websites for the games. Certain of our joint operators pay us license fees for the exclusive right to operate our games in specified geographic areas, upon achievement of certain revenue milestones from their operation of our games. Certain of the joint operators also pay us license fees for the right to be among a selected few who will have the initial right ahead of other operators to jointly operate our games in China during a specified period after their launch.

Overseas licensing

Our overseas licensing revenues consist of an initial license fee and ongoing revenue-based royalties. The initial license fee includes a fixed amount payable upon signing the license agreement and additional license fees payable upon achieving certain sales targets. The ongoing revenue-based royalties are generally determined based on the amount charged to game players’ accounts and sales of ancillary products of the game. We typically receive ongoing revenue-based royalties on a monthly basis.

Online Advertising Revenues

Online advertising revenues are generated from our operation of the 17173 Business, which provides online advertising services on our 17173.com Website. We sell advertising placements either through advertising agencies or directly to customers. We typically require customers to pay 6.4% to 10.0% of the contract amounts, upon entering into the contracts, as deposits to secure their obligations to us under the contracts. Such deposits reduce the receivables under the contracts, and are repayable on demand when a customer terminates its relationship with the 17173 Business.

IVAS Revenues

Others Revenues

Others revenues consist of cinema advertising revenues. We sell cinema advertising slots primarily through advertising agencies. We charge most advertisers on a per-advertising slot basis or on a pre-determined period basis with fixed fees. Our standard prices for advertising slots vary depending on the location of the cinemas. Discounts from standard rates are typically provided for longer-term advertising contracts, and may be provided for promotional purposes.

Revenue Recognition

Online Game Revenues

Online game revenues include our MMOG operations, Web game and overseas licensing revenues.

MMOG operations

We earn revenues through providing MMOGs to players pursuant to the item-based revenue model. Under the item-based model, the basic game play functions are free of charge and players are charged for purchases of in-game virtual items.

MMOG operations revenues are collected by our VIEs through the sale of our prepaid cards, which it sells in both virtual and physical forms to third-party distributors and players. Proceeds received from sales of prepaid cards are initially recorded as receipts in advance from customers and, upon activation or charge of the prepaid cards, are transferred from receipts in advance from customers to deferred revenues. As we do not have control of, and generally do not know, the ultimate selling price of the prepaid cards sold by distributors, net proceeds from distributors form the basis of revenue recognition.

Under the item-based revenue model, revenue is recognized over the estimated lives of the virtual items purchased or when the virtual items are consumed. If different assumptions were used in deriving the estimated lives of the virtual items, the timing of our recording of revenues would be impacted.

Revenues are recorded net of business tax, discounts and rebates to distributors.

Prepaid cards will expire two years after the date of card production if they have never been activated. The proceeds from expired prepaid cards are recognized as revenue upon expiration of the cards.

Once the prepaid cards are activated and credited to a player’s personal game account, they will not expire as long as the personal game account remains active. We are entitled to terminate a player’s personal game account if it has been inactive for a period of 180 consecutive days. The unused balances in an inactive player’s personal game account are recognized as revenues when the account is terminated.

For the years ended December 2013, 2012 and 2011, we recognized revenues in connection with expired un-activated prepaid cards and unused balances in inactive accounts of approximately $951,000, $627,000 and $964,000, respectively.

Web Games

We began generating Web game revenue after our acquisition of a controlling interest in 7Road in May 2011. Revenues from our Web games are derived mainly from revenue-sharing payments from third-party joint operators of our games and license fees from certain of these joint operators. We also derive revenues from direct operation of Wartune and DDTank on our own Websites for the games. Web games are operated primarily under the item-based revenue model, in which game players can access the games free of charge, but may purchase consumable virtual items, including those with a predetermined expiration time, or perpetual virtual items, such as certain costumes that stay bound to a game player throughout the life of the game. In certain of our joint operation arrangements, we provide our games and related services to a third-party joint operator at no upfront fee. In these arrangements, we are entitled to a single stream of revenue-sharing payments from the joint operator when game players convert the joint operator’s virtual currency into our game coins or purchase its game coins directly through such operator’s Website or game platform. Certain of the joint operators pay us license fees for the exclusive right to operate its games in specified geographic areas or upon achievement of certain performance milestones from the joint operators’ operation of the games. Certain of the joint operators also pay us license fees for the right to be among a selected few who will have the initial right ahead of other operators to jointly operate our games in China during a specified period after their launch.

When our games are jointly operated through the Websites or platforms of third-party joint operators, the games may be hosted either on the third-party operators’ servers or on servers that we own or lease from Internet data centers. In our arrangements with third-party joint operators, we view the third-party joint operators as our customers and do not view ourselves as the primary obligors, as we do not have the primary responsibility for fulfillment and acceptability of the game services. For direct operation of Wartune and DDTank through our Websites for the games, we are obligated to provide on-going services to the game players, and such obligation is not deemed to be inconsequential and perfunctory after game players purchase our game coins directly through our Websites for the games. Therefore, revenues from direct operation of Wartune and DDTank on our Websites for the games are first recorded by us as deferred revenues and subsequently recognized as revenue over the service period during which we are obligated to provide services to the game players to enable them to consume their virtual items.

PRC tax authorities have determined that all of the game revenues from the joint operation of our Web games within China, which are generated through Shenzhen 7Road, are subject to 17% PRC VAT, and that Shenzhen 7Road, as a “software enterprise,” is entitled to a 14% VAT refund immediately upon the filing of its VAT returns, with the result that Shenzhen 7Road’s net effective PRC VAT rate is 3%. Shenzhen 7Road presents PRC VAT on a gross basis, by which VAT at the rate of 17% is included in revenues, and Shenzhen 7Road’s net effective PRC VAT rate of 3% is included in cost of revenues, because Shenzhen 7Road’s 17% VAT obligation and its entitlement to a 14% VAT refund are one integrated preferential VAT policy. The amounts of PRC VAT included in our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013, December 31, 2012 and for the period between May 11, 2011, which was the date of our acquisition of a controlling interest in Shenzhen 7Road, and December 31, 2011, were $9.3 million, $8.8 million and $1.9 million, respectively.

Overseas licensing

We enter into licensing arrangements with third-party operators to operate our MMOGs in other countries and regions. These licensing agreements provide two revenue streams, consisting of an initial license fee and a monthly revenue-based royalty fee based on monthly revenue and sales from ancillary products related to the games. The initial license fee is based on both a fixed amount and additional amounts receivable upon the game’s achieving certain sales targets. Since we are obligated to provide post-sales services, such as technical support and provision of updates and when-and-if-available upgrades to the licensees during the license period, the initial license fee from the licensing arrangement is recognized as revenue ratably over the license period. The fixed amount of the initial license fee is recognized ratably over the remaining license period from the launch of the game and the additional amount is recognized ratably over the remaining license period from the date such additional amount is certain. The monthly revenue-based royalty fee is recognized when relevant services are delivered, provided that collectability is reasonably assured.

Online Advertising Revenues

Online advertising revenues are generated from the 17173 Business. A contract is signed with the advertiser establishing a fixed price and the advertising services to be provided. Based on the contracts, the 17173 Business provides advertisement placements on its Websites and/or in different formats, including banners, links, logos, buttons, rich media and content integration.

To determine the method of recognition of online advertising revenue, prior to entering into contracts, management makes a credit assessment of the customer to assess the collectability of the contract. For those contracts for which the collectability is determined to be reasonably assured, revenue is recognized ratably over the period during which the advertising services are provided and when all revenue recognition criteria are met. For those contracts for which the collectability is determined not to be reasonably assured, revenue is recognized only when the cash is received and all other revenue recognition criteria are met.

Before 2011, the 17173 Business treated multiple deliverable elements of advertising contracts as a single unit of accounting for revenue recognition purposes. On January 1, 2011, in accordance with ASU No.2009 -13, the 17173 Business began to treat advertising contracts with multiple deliverable elements as separate units of accounting for revenue recognition purposes and to recognize revenue on a periodic basis during the contract periods when each deliverable service was provided. Since the contract price is for all the deliverables under an advertising contract, the 17173 Business allocates the contract price among all the deliverables at the inception of the arrangement on the basis of their relative selling prices according to the selling price hierarchy established by ASU No.2009 -13. The 17173 Business first uses vendor-specific objective evidence of selling price, if it exists. If vendor-specific objective evidence of selling price does not exist, the 17173 Business uses third-party evidence of selling price. If neither vendor-specific objective evidence of selling price nor third-party evidence of selling price exists, the 17173 Business uses management’s best estimate of the selling price for the deliverable.

A pilot program for transition from the imposition of PRC business tax, or Business Tax, to the imposition of VAT for revenues from certain industries, or the Pilot Program, was launched in Shanghai on January 1, 2012. Starting from September 1, 2012, the Pilot Program was expanded from Shanghai to eight other cities and provinces in China, including Beijing. Our online advertising revenues became subject to the Pilot Program on September 1, 2012 and are now subject to VAT, instead of Business Tax, at a rate of 6%. Online advertising revenues are recognized after deducting agent rebates and net of VAT and related surcharges.

IVAS Revenues

Others Revenues

Others revenues are composed of cinema advertising revenues.

For cinema advertising revenues, a contract is signed with the advertiser to establish a fixed price and specify advertising services to be provided. Based on the contracts, we provide advertisement placements in advertising slots to be shown in theatres before the screening of movies. Revenue from cinema advertising is recognized when all the recognition criteria are met. Depending on the terms of a customer contract, fees for services performed can be recognized according to two principal methods, which are the proportional performance method and the straight-line method. Under the proportional performance method, fees are generally recognized based on a percentage of the advertising slots actually delivered where the fee is earned on a per-advertising slot placement basis. Under the straight-line method, fees are recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract period when the fee is not paid based on the number of advertising slots actually delivered.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of online game revenues consists primarily of salary and benefits, bandwidth leasing charges, depreciation expenses, revenue-based royalty payments to the game developers, business taxes and value-added taxes arising primarily from the revenues that AmazGame and Gamespace derive from their contractual arrangements with Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace, respectively, amortization of licensing fees, and other direct costs.

Cost of online advertising revenues mainly consists of salary and benefits, bandwidth leasing costs, and depreciation expenses.

Cost of others revenues mainly consists of payments to theatres and film production companies for pre-film screening advertising slots.

Total cost of revenues increased to $126.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 compared to $104.5 million and $67.5 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. The increase in cost of revenues is primarily due to an increase in salary and benefits expenses, bandwidth leasing and communication costs, content and license fees, revenue-based royalty payments to game developers, and PRC business taxes and VAT paid by AmazGame, Gamespace and Shenzhen 7Road in line with the increase in revenues; We expect that the cost of revenues will increase in the future as we continue to expand our game portfolio.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist of product development expenses, sales and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses, and goodwill impairment and impairment of intangibles via acquisitions of businesses. Share-based compensation expenses are included in product development expenses, sales and marketing expenses, and general and administrative expenses. We expect that our operating expenses will increase in the future as we expand our research and development workforce to design and develop new MMOGs, Web games and mobile games, in addition to rolling out our plan to transform the 17173.com Website into a one-stop-shop platform for online game players in China. Further, we plan to carry out more marketing activities to promote our existing and new online game products, the 17173 Business and our platform channels.

The following table sets forth our product development expenses, sales and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses, and goodwill impairment and impairment of intangibles via acquisitions of businesses, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of total revenues for the periods indicated:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2011					2012					2013
	Amount		% of Total Revenues			Amount		% of Total Revenues			Amount		% of Total Revenues
	($ in thousands, except percentages)
Product development		52,238		10.8	%		73,755		11.8	%		119,909		16.3	%
Sales and marketing		49,893		10.3	%		60,639		9.7	%		128,830		17.5	%
General and administrative		29,684		6.1	%		33,514		5.4	%		57,191		7.8	%
Goodwill impairment, impairment of intangibles via acquisitions of businesses		5,420		1.1	%		2,906		0.5	%		—		—

Total		137,235		28.3	%		170,814		27.4	%		305,930		41.6	%

Product Development Expenses

Our product development expenses consist primarily of salary and benefits expenses, including share-based compensation expenses, of personnel engaged in the development of our game development platform and our games, and content and license expenses relating to our games. Product development expenses increased to $119.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 compared to $73.8 million and $52.2 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. The increase in such expenses is primarily due to our increased research and development workforce and an increase in licensing fees incurred in 2013 for games that we licensed from third parties. Product development expenses constituted 16.3%, 11.8% and 10.8% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Our sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of expenses for advertisement and promotion, and salary and benefits expenses, including share-based compensation expenses, of our sales and marketing personnel. Sales and marketing expenses increased to $128.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 compared to $60.6 million and $49.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. The increase was mainly because of higher advertising costs for the promotion of software applications for PCs and mobile devices as part of our initiative to develop our platform business, and higher advertising costs for the promotion of TLBB and new mobile games and an increase in salary and benefits expenses in 2013. Sales and marketing expenses constituted 17.5%, 9.7%, and 10.3% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

General and Administrative Expenses

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salary and benefits expenses, including share-based compensation expenses, for management, finance and administrative personnel, and professional service fees, such as audit fees and fees for tax consultation. General and administrative expenses increased to $57.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 compared to $33.5 million and $29.7million for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. This increase was primarily due to (i) an increase in headcount and related salary and benefits expenses in 2013; (ii) an increase in professional fees in 2013. General and administrative expenses constituted 7.8%, 5.4% and 6.1% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Goodwill impairment and impairment of intangibles via acquisitions of businesses

We did not incur any impairment loss for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to an impairment loss of $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, which primarily comprised impairment of intangibles via acquisitions of businesses, and an impairment loss of $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, which primarily comprised impairment of goodwill of $5.2 million arising from our acquisition of the cinema advertising business, and impairment of an acquired tradename of $0.2 million.

Share-based Compensation Expenses

Changyou share-based awards

Share-based compensation expenses for periods prior to the completion of our initial public offering included in our financial statements include an allocation to us of such expenses related to Sohu’s senior management who provide services for both Sohu and Changyou. Following completion of our initial public offering, Sohu’s management did not continue to provide these services and therefore our financial statements do not include such allocations for periods after the completion of the offering.

In March 2005, Sohu formed an indirect subsidiary to carry out game development, and granted to Tao Wang, who at the time was an employee of Sohu, a contingent right to receive a payment equal to 25% of the value of the subsidiary upon the occurrence of certain events. Sohu later agreed with Mr. Wang that his contingent right in the subsidiary would be modified to provide Mr. Wang an equity interest in us in lieu of the contingent right.

In January 2008, we communicated to and agreed with Mr. Wang that the equity interest we granted to him would consist of 7,000,000 of our ordinary shares and 8,000,000 restricted shares. The terms of the restricted shares included, as a condition of vesting, the completion of an initial public offering by us on an internationally recognized stock exchange, and also were subject to a vesting schedule. In addition, the terms of the restricted shares provided that Mr. Wang would not be entitled to participate in any distributions by us on his ordinary shares and restricted shares until the completion of our initial public offering. In April 2008, we modified the vesting conditions of the restricted shares to provide for vesting over a four-year period, subject to acceleration under certain circumstances, commencing on February 1, 2008, with no condition that an initial public offering be completed. There was no change, however, to the limitation on Mr. Wang’s right to participate in distributions declared by us prior to the completion of our initial public offering.

On December 31, 2008, we reserved 20,000,000 of our ordinary shares to be used as incentive compensation for our executive officers and key employees from time to time under our 2008 Share Incentive Plan.

On January 15, 2009, 7,000,000 Class B ordinary shares and 8,000,000 Class B restricted shares were issued to Mr. Wang out of Sohu’s equity interest. The difference between the fair values, or the Incremental Fair Value, of the 7,000,000 Class B ordinary shares and 8,000,000 Class B restricted shares granted to Mr. Wang and Mr. Wang’s contingent right in the Sohu subsidiary is accounted for by us as share-based compensation. Because the terms of the issuance of the ordinary shares and restricted shares had been approved by us and were communicated to and agreed with Mr. Wang as of January 2, 2008, that date was deemed as the grant date under U.S. GAAP and, accordingly, the Incremental Fair Value was determined as of that date. The portion of the Incremental Fair Value related to the 7,000,000 Class B ordinary shares, equal to $1.8 million, was recognized as share-based compensation expenses included in product development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2008. As a result of the modification of the vesting terms of the 8,000,000 Class B restricted shares on April 21, 2008, the portion of the Incremental Fair Value related to those shares, equal to $7.0 million, was determined as of that date and is accounted for by us as share-based compensation over the vesting period starting from the date of the modification, following the accelerated basis of attribution. Share-based compensation expense relating to the 8,000,000 Class B restricted shares, which was $nil for the year ended December 31, 2013, $41,000 for the year ended December 31, 2012 and $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, was included as share-based compensation expenses included in product development expenses. The Incremental Fair Values were determined using the discounted cash flow method.

In April 2008, our Board of Directors approved and we communicated to our executive officers other than the CEO and to certain employees, various grants of restricted shares and restricted share units. Pursuant to these approvals, on January 15, 2009, we issued to our executive officers other than the CEO an aggregate of 1,800,000 Class B restricted shares and we issued to certain of our key employees an aggregate of 940,000 restricted share units (settleable in Class B ordinary shares). On March 13, 2009, we exchanged the 1,800,000 Class B restricted shares held by executive officers other than the CEO for Class B restricted share units which have the same vesting and other terms as applied to the Class B restricted shares. The vesting of the restricted share units was contingent upon the completion of an initial public offering by us on an internationally recognized stock exchange, and is otherwise subject to vesting over a four-year period, subject to acceleration under certain circumstances, commencing February 1, 2008. As of December 31, 2013, of these 2,740,000 restricted share units granted 2,665,000 restricted share units were vested and settled and 75,000 restricted share units had been forfeited. The grant date fair value of the awards is recognized in our consolidated statements of operations starting from the date when the vesting conditions became probable, which occurred upon the completion of our initial public offering. The fair values of these awards, which total $5.4 million, were determined using the discounted cash flow method. Share-based compensation expense relating to these 2,740,000 restricted share units, which was $nil, $31,000 and $0.4 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, following the accelerated basis of attribution, were included in operating expenses.

On February 17, 2009, we granted an aggregate of 456,000 Class A restricted share units (settleable upon vesting in Class A ordinary shares) to certain of our employees. The fair value of these restricted share units, which is $3.6 million, was determined using our initial public offering price. The vesting of the restricted share units is contingent upon the completion of an initial public offering by us on an internationally recognized stock exchange, and such restricted shares are otherwise subject to vesting over a four-year period, subject to acceleration under certain circumstances, commencing on February 17, 2009. Share-based compensation expense relating to these restricted share units, which was negative $0.3 million, $0.3 million and $0.6 million, under an estimated forfeiture rate of 10%, for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, was included in operating expenses. The negative $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 represented our true-up of the share-based compensation expense for restricted share units forfeited in 2013. As of December 31, 2013, 88,128 Class A restricted share units of such 456,000 Class A restricted share units had been forfeited.

On April 21, 2009, we granted an aggregate of 1,200,000 Class A restricted share units (settleable upon vesting in Class A ordinary shares) to executive officers other than our CEO. The fair value of these restricted share units, which is $14.9 million, was determined using the grant-day market price as a key factor. These restricted shares are subject to vesting over a four-year period commencing on April 21, 2009. Share-based compensation expense relating to these restricted share units, which was $0.3 million, $1.3 million and $2.7 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, was included in operating expenses, following the accelerated basis of attribution.

As of December 31, 2013, we had granted an aggregate of 367,552 Class A restricted share units (settleable upon vesting in Class A ordinary shares) to certain of our employees. The fair value of these restricted share units, in an aggregate amount of $5.2 million, was determined using the grant-day market price as a key factor. These restricted shares are subject to vesting over a four-year period commencing on the grant date. Share-based compensation expense relating to these restricted share units for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 of $1.1 million, $1.5 million, and $0.8 million, respectively, based on an estimated forfeiture rate of 10%, was included in operating expenses following the accelerated basis of attribution. As of December 31, 2013, 24,150 Class A restricted share units of such 367,552 Class A restricted share units that had been granted had been forfeited.

For the year ended December 31, 2010 and 2011, we granted 40,000 and 20,000, respectively, Class A restricted share units (settleable upon vesting in Class A ordinary shares) to certain employees of the 17173 Business, which was then owned and operated by Sohu, for their involvement in the provision of certain online game links and advertising services to us on Sohu’s Websites. These Class A restricted share units are subject to vesting over a four-year period commencing on the grant date. Since we completed the acquisition from Sohu of certain assets associated with the 17173 Business in December, 2011, we have accounted for the Class A restricted share units granted to employees of the 17173 Business as share awards granted to our employees. Share-based compensation expense relating to these restricted share units for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 in the amount of $0.1 million, $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively, was included in operating expenses following the accelerated basis of attribution. As of December 31, 2013, 13,000 previously granted Class A restricted share units had been forfeited.

Share-based compensation expenses recorded for the year ended December 31, 2013 were $1.3 million compared to $3.7 million and $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, and include share-based compensation paid by us to our executive officers and other employees, allocated share-based compensation paid by Sohu to Sohu’s senior management who provided services to both Sohu and the 17173 Business prior to our acquisition of the 17173 Business, and share-based compensation related to options and restricted share units granted by Sohu to our employees. These share-based compensation expenses have been allocated to (i) cost of revenues, (ii) sales and marketing expenses, (iii) general and administrative expenses and (iv) product development expenses, depending on the responsibilities of the relevant employees.

As of December 31, 2013, there was no unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to the 8,000,000 unvested Class B restricted shares granted to our CEO in January 2009; no unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to the 1,800,000 unvested Class B restricted share units granted to our executive officers other than our CEO in April 2008 (whose Class B restricted shares were exchanged for Class B restricted share units (settleable in Class B ordinary shares) on March 13, 2009); no unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to the 940,000 unvested Class B restricted share units granted to certain of our key employees in April 2008; no unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to the 456,000 unvested Class A restricted share units granted to certain of our employees in February 2009; no unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to the 1,200,000 unvested Class A restricted share units granted to executive officers other than our CEO in April 2009; $1.2 million of unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to the 367,552 unvested Class A restricted share units granted to certain employees in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, net of estimated forfeitures; and $0.1 million of unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to the 60,000 unvested Class A restricted share units granted to employees of the 17173 Business in 2010 and 2011.

7Road share-based awards

On July 10, 2012, 7Road adopted a 2012 Share Incentive Plan (the “7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan”), which initially provided for the issuance to selected directors, officers, employees, consultants and advisors of 7Road of up to 5,100,000 ordinary shares of 7Road (amounting to 5.1% of the then outstanding 7Road shares on a fully-diluted basis). On November 2, 2012, 7Road’s Board of Directors and its shareholders approved an increase from 5,100,000 to 15,100,000 ordinary shares (amounting to 13.7% of the then outstanding 7Road shares on a fully-diluted basis) under the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan.

On May 1, 2013, Changyou entered into an agreement to acquire all of the outstanding ordinary shares of 7Road held by the non-controlling shareholders, representing 28.074% of the outstanding share capital of 7Road. The acquisition closed on June 5, 2013.

On June 28, 2013, 7Road’s Board of Directors approved the cancellation of the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan. 7Road concurrently offered to a total of 42 7Road employees holding an aggregate of 2,223,750 restricted share units which had been granted under the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan the right to exchange their restricted share units for, at each employee’s election, in each case subject to the employee’s continued employment by 7Road, either (i) the right to a cash payment of up to an aggregate of $2.90 per restricted share unit exchanged, vesting and payable at the rate of 40%, 30% and 30%, respectively, on the first, second and third anniversaries of July 18, 2012, which is the date when the surrendered restricted share units were granted under the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan, or (ii) the right to receive an annual cash bonus, over a seven-year period commencing July 1, 2013, based on adjusted annual cumulative net income of 7Road. All restricted share units held by these 42 holders under the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan as of June 28, 2013 were included in this exchange program.

As the original awards of restricted share units made under the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan included as a vesting condition the completion of an initial public offering, which is not considered probable under it occurs, no share-based compensation expense was recognized for the fair value of the original awards. As of the date of the modification resulting from the exchange program, incremental compensation expense, which is not classified as share-based compensation expense, will be the fair values of the two new compensation schemes included in the exchange program.

For Scheme I, the modification resulted in total incremental compensation expense of $5.7 million, which will be recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income ratably over the remaining vesting period of the awards for each tranche. For fiscal year 2013, compensation expense of $3.3 million was recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. In 2013, 7Road paid $1.6 million in cash bonuses under Scheme I.

For Scheme II, the incremental compensation expense varies depending on 7Road’s financial performance. In the third quarter of 2013, 7Road granted to an additional 48 7Road employees the right to receive an annual cash bonus under Scheme II with the same terms as described above. For the year ended December 31, 2013, compensation expense of $0.4 million was recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Taxation

Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, we are not subject to tax on income or capital gains. In addition, payment of dividends by us is not subject to withholding tax in the Cayman Islands.

Under the current Hong Kong Inland Revenue Ordinance, entities incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to 16.5% profit tax on their taxable income generated from operations in Hong Kong.

PRC Corporate Income Tax

On January 1, 2008, the CIT Law, which unifies the statutory income tax rate of enterprises in China to generally 25%, became effective. The CIT Law provides a up to five-year transitional period from years 2008 to 2012 for those enterprises which enjoyed a favorable income tax rate of less than 25% under the Previous Income Tax Laws and Rules and were established before March 16, 2007, to gradually raise their rates to 25%.

On April 14, 2008, relevant governmental regulatory authorities released qualification criteria, application procedures and assessment processes for NHTEs which will be entitled to a favorable statutory tax rate of 15%. On July 8, 2008, relevant governmental regulatory authorities further clarified that NHTEs previously qualified under the Previous Income Tax Laws and Rules as of December 31, 2007 could retain their previous status as an NHTE, and could enjoy a preferential tax rate under the CIT Law, on condition that they were re-approved for NHTE status under new regulations released on April 14, 2008 and on July 8, 2008. Both AmazGame and Gamease were approved as NHTEs, and each of them is therefore eligible for the preferential tax rate under the CIT Law. For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013, AmazGame and Gamease were entitled to a tax rate of 15%. In order to continue to enjoy the preferential tax rate applicable to NHTEs, both AmazGame and Gamease will be required to renew their NHTE status every three years and make record filings with the local tax bureau. Moreover, Gamespace qualified as a software enterprise and enjoyed an income tax exemption for the 2012 and 2013 fiscal years and will be entitled to a 50% tax reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the subsequent three years.

Pursuant to a circular issued by the Ministry of Finance of the PRC and the State Administration of Taxation of the PRC on February 22, 2008, AmazGame and Gamease qualified as software enterprises which were subject to a 50% tax reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the 2011 fiscal year. Shenzhen 7Road qualified as a software enterprise in 2009 and enjoyed a 50% tax reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the fiscal years 2011 through 2013. Shanghai ICE qualified as a software enterprise and enjoyed an income tax exemption for the 2011 fiscal year and was entitled, and will be entitled, to 50% tax reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the subsequent three years. ICE Information and 7Road Technology qualified as software enterprises entitled to an income tax exemption for two years beginning with their first profitable year and a 50% tax reduction for the subsequent three years, if they continue to maintain the qualifications. 7Road Technology was profitable in 2013 and enjoyed an income tax exemption for that year.

In addition, AmazGame qualified as a “Key National Software Enterprise” for 2013 and 2014, which entitles it to a further reduced preferential tax rate of 10% for those years, subject to approval of the relevant tax authority.

We are subject to withholding taxes on the initial license fees and ongoing revenue-based royalties received from our licensees in various jurisdictions outside of the PRC. We recognize such foreign withholding taxes as income tax expense when related revenue of initial license fees and ongoing revenue-based royalties are recognized. Income tax expense related to such withholding taxes was $2.1 million, $1.7 million and $1.5 million, respectively for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.

Under the CIT Law and its implementation rules, the profits of a foreign invested enterprise arising in 2008 and onwards which are distributed to its immediate holding company outside the PRC will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10%. A lower withholding tax rate will be applied if there is a tax treaty between the PRC and the jurisdiction of the foreign holding company. Holding companies in Hong Kong, for example, will be subject to a 5% withholding tax rate under the China-HK Tax Arrangement if such holding companies are considered non-PRC resident enterprises, and hold at least 25% of the equity interests in the foreign invested enterprises distributing the dividends, subject to approval of the PRC local tax authority. However, if the Hong Kong resident enterprise is not considered to be the beneficial owner of such dividends under applicable PRC tax regulations, such dividend may remain subject to withholding tax rate of 10%.

On April 1, 2009, AmazGame declared a dividend to Changyou HK, its immediate parent company in Hong Kong. We accrued a withholding tax of $5.0 million based on the 5% withholding tax rate. Such $5.0 million withholding tax was paid in the third quarter of 2009, based on the approval of the PRC local tax authority.

On October 27, 2009, the SAT issued Circular 601, which provides guidance on determining whether an enterprise is a beneficial owner under China’s tax treaties and tax arrangements. If any of our Hong Kong subsidiaries is, in the light of Circular 601, considered to be a non-beneficial owner for purposes of the China-HK Tax Arrangement, any dividends paid to it by any of our PRC subsidiaries would not qualify for the preferential dividend withholding tax rate of 5%, but rather would be subject to the usual CIT Law rate of 10%.

Our Board of Directors decided to cause one of our PRC subsidiaries to distribute 100% and 50% of its earnings for the year ended December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively, of its earnings to its overseas parent company, Changyou HK. Based on an assessment performed pursuant to requirements specified by PRC tax authorities, our management concluded that such distribution would be subject to a 5% withholding tax, and we accrued deferred tax liabilities in the amount $11.9 million and $6.9 million, respectively, for 2012 and 2013 for withholding taxes associated with this distribution plan.

We do not intend to cause any of our PRC subsidiaries to distribute any profits of such subsidiaries with respect to the years prior to 2014 to their direct overseas parent companies, but rather intend that such profits will be retained by such subsidiaries for their PRC operations.

Transition from PRC Business Tax to PRC Value Added Tax

The Pilot Program for transition from the imposition of Business Tax to the imposition of VAT for revenues from certain industries was launched in Shanghai on January 1, 2012. Beginning on September 1, 2012, the Pilot Program was expanded from Shanghai to eight other cities and provinces in China, including Beijing.

Cinema advertising revenues became subject to VAT on January 1, 2012 and online advertising revenues became subject to VAT on September 1, 2012, each at a rate of 6%. Effective December 1, 2012, revenues derived from Web game operations that were not developed in house became subject to VAT at a rate of 6%.

Business Tax and related Surcharges

Prior to the Pilot Program, the Changyou group was subject to a 5% Business Tax and 0.6% related surcharges on revenues from MMOG operations, our online advertising business in the PRC, and our cinema advertising business in the PRC. Business Tax and the related surcharges are recognized when the revenue is earned.

After the Pilot Program, revenues generated from our MMOG operations continue to be subject to Business Tax and related surcharges.

VAT

Prior to the Pilot Program, in addition to Business Tax and related surcharges, we were subject to VAT at an effective rate of 3% for the revenues from inter-company software sales in the PRC.

In 2011, with the consolidation of 7Road, VAT has been imposed on our in-house developed Web game revenues at a rate of 17%, with a 14% immediate tax refund, resulting in a net rate of 3%, plus a related surcharge of 2% on such revenues.

After the Pilot Program, our online advertising and cinema advertising revenues are now also subject to VAT at a rate of 6%.

There is an additional culture construction fee surcharge of 3% on revenues from our online advertising and cinema advertising businesses. In addition, our entities incorporated in Beijing were subject to a surcharge at the rate of 0.72% on their revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, appearing elsewhere in this annual report. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, mezzanine equity, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We have identified below the accounting policies that reflect our more significant estimates and judgments, and those that we believe are the most critical to fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial statements.

When reviewing our financial statements, you should consider (i) our selection of critical accounting policies, (ii) the judgment and other uncertainties affecting the application of such policies and (iii) the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis to reflect our financial position and results of operations in accordance with U.S. GAAP and on a going concern basis.

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Changyou.com Limited and its controlled operating entities, including subsidiaries and VIEs. All inter-company balances and transactions within the Changyou group have been eliminated on consolidation.

We have adopted the guidance of accounting for VIEs, which requires VIEs to be consolidated by the primary beneficiary of the entity. Our management made evaluations of the relationships between us and our VIEs and the economic benefit flow of contractual arrangements with the VIEs. In connection with such evaluation, management also took into account the fact that, as a result of such contractual arrangements, we control the shareholders’ voting interests in the VIEs. As a result of such evaluation, management concluded that Changyou.com Limited, through its indirect PRC subsidiaries, is the primary beneficiary of its VIEs. As a result, we consolidate all of our VIEs in our consolidated financial statements.

Because we and the 17173 Business are under common control by Sohu, in accordance with ASC subtopic 805-50 our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2011 were prepared as if the current corporate structure had been in existence throughout the periods presented.

Certain acquired assets of the combining entities and businesses were combined using the existing book values from the perspective of Sohu, the controlling party. No amount was recognized in consideration of goodwill or for the excess of our interest in the net fair value of the 17173 Business’s identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities over cost at the time of the common control combination, to the extent of the continuation of Sohu’s interest.

ASC subtopic 805-50 provides that consolidated statements of comprehensive income should include the results of each of the combining entities and businesses from the earliest date presented or, if more recent, from the date when the combining entities and businesses first came under common control, regardless of the date of the common control combination.

Online Game Revenues

MMOG operations

We earn revenue through providing MMOGs to players pursuant to the item-based revenue model. Under the item-based model, the basic game play functions are free of charge and players are charged for purchases of in-game virtual items.

Game operations revenues are collected by our VIEs through the sale of our prepaid cards, which we sell in both virtual and physical forms to third-party distributors and players. Proceeds received from sales of prepaid cards are initially recorded as receipts in advance from customers and, upon activation or charge of the prepaid cards, are transferred from receipts in advance from customers to deferred revenues. As we do not have control of, and generally do not know, the ultimate selling price of the prepaid cards sold by distributors, net proceeds from distributors form the basis of revenue recognition.

Under the item-based revenue model, revenue is recognized over the estimated lives of the virtual items purchased or as the virtual items are consumed. If different assumptions were used in deriving the estimated lives of the virtual items, the timing in which we record our revenues would be impacted.

Revenues are recorded net of business tax, discounts and rebates to distributors.

Prepaid cards will expire two years after the date of card production if they have never been activated. The proceeds from the expired game cards are recognized as revenue upon expiration of cards.

Once the prepaid cards are activated and credited to a player’s personal game account, they will not expire as long as the personal game account remains active. We are entitled to suspend and close a player’s personal game account if it has been inactive for a period of 180 consecutive days. The unused balances in an inactive player’s personal game account are recognized as revenues when the account is suspended and closed.

Web games

See “—Revenue Recognition—Web games”.

Overseas licensing

We enter into licensing arrangements with overseas licensees to operate our MMOGs in other countries or administrative regions. These licensing agreements provide two revenue streams, consisting of an initial license fee and a monthly revenue-based royalty fee based on monthly revenue and sales from ancillary products of the games. The initial license fee is based on both a fixed amount and additional amounts receivable upon the game’s achieving certain sales targets. Since we are obligated to provide post-sales services such as technical support and provision of updates and when-and-if-available upgrades to the licensees during the license period, the initial license fee from the licensing arrangement is recognized as revenue ratably over the license period. The fixed amount of the initial license fee is recognized ratably over the remaining license period from the launch of the game and the additional amount is recognized ratably over the remaining license period from the date such additional amount is certain. The monthly revenue-based royalty fee is recognized when relevant services are delivered, provided that collectability is reasonably assured.

Online Advertising Revenues

Our online advertising revenues are generated from the 17173 Business. A contract is signed to establish a fixed price and the advertising services to be provided. Based on the contracts, the 17173 Business provides advertisement placements on its Websites and/or in different formats, including, among other things, banners, links, logos, buttons, rich media and content integration.

To determine the method of recognition of online advertising revenue, prior to entering into contracts, management makes a credit assessment of the customer to assess the collectability of the contract. For those contracts for which collectability is determined to be reasonably assured, revenue is recognized ratably over the period during which the advertising services are provided and when all revenue recognition criteria are met. For those contracts for which collectability is determined to not be reasonably assured, revenue is recognized only when the cash is received and all other revenue recognition criteria are met.

The Pilot Program for transition from the imposition of Business Tax to the imposition of VAT for revenues from certain industries was launched in Shanghai on January 1, 2012. On September 1, 2012, the Pilot Program was expanded from Shanghai to eight other cities and provinces in China, including Beijing. Our online advertising revenues became subject to the Pilot Program on September 1, 2012 and are now subject to VAT, instead of Business Tax, at a rate of 6%. Online advertising revenues are recognized after deducting agent rebates and net of VAT and related surcharges.

IVAS Revenues

We offer Web games developed by third-party developers and generate revenues from the provision of IVAS, including promotion, access maintenance and payment services, to third-party developers. Under revenue-sharing agreements that we sign with third-party developers, we collect payments from the end users, keep a pre-agreed percentage of the proceeds and remit the balance to the third-party developers. Revenues from IVAS are recognized when our obligations under the agreements and all other revenue recognition criteria have been met. Revenues from IVAS are recognized under the gross method as we are the principal obligor with respect to provision of the services

Others Revenues

For cinema advertising revenues, a contract is signed with the advertiser to establish a fixed price and specify advertising services to be provided. Based on the contracts, we provide advertisement placements in advertising slots to be shown in theatres before the screening of movies. Revenue from cinema advertising is recognized when all the recognition criteria are met. Depending on the terms of a customer contract, fees for services performed can be recognized according to two principal methods, consisting of the proportional performance method and the straight-line method. Under the proportional performance method, fees are generally recognized based on a percentage of the advertising slots actually delivered where the fee is earned on a per-advertising slot placement basis. Under the straight-line method, fees are recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract period when the fee is not paid based on the number of advertising slots actually delivered.

Presentation of PRC Value Added Tax and Business Tax

Under ASC 605-45, the presentation of taxes on either a gross basis (included in revenues and costs) or a net basis (excluded from revenues) is an accounting policy decision determined by management.

As VAT imposed on online advertising and cinema advertising revenues and VAT imposed on 7Road’s revenues deemed to be from the sale of software are considered as substantially different in nature, we determined that it is reasonable to apply the guidance separately for these two types of VAT. VAT payable on online advertising and cinema advertising revenues is the difference between the output VAT (at a rate of 6%) and available input VAT amount (at the rate applicable to the supplier) which is the VAT paid to suppliers in relation to the cost for provision of online advertising and cinema advertising services. On the other hand, VAT is payable by 7Road at an effect effective rate of 3% of revenues deemed to be from the sale of software, irrespective of the availability of any input VAT, under preferential VAT treatment provided to 7Road by the local tax bureau.

We adopted the net presentation method for our MMOG revenues, online advertising revenues and cinema advertising revenues and adopted the gross presentation method for the revenues of 7Road deemed to be derived from the sale of software.

Under the net presentation method, the revenues were net of business tax (at a rate of 5%) or value added tax (at a rate of 6%), as applicable.

Under the gross presentation method, we present PRC VAT on a gross basis, by which VAT collected from customers at a rate of 17% is included in revenues, and the net VAT payment at the effective PRC VAT rate of 3% is included in cost of revenues, because we consider 7Road’s 17% VAT obligation and its entitlement to a 14% VAT refund as one integrated preferential VAT policy.

Share-Based Compensation Expenses

Share-based compensation expense is for share awards, including ordinary shares, share options, restricted shares and restricted share units, granted by us to our employees, directors and certain Sohu employees. Share-based compensation expense is recognized as costs and/or expenses in the financial statements based on the fair values of the related share-based awards on their grant dates.

In determining the fair value of our ordinary shares, restricted shares and restricted share units granted in January and April 2008, the income approach/discounted cash flow method with a discount for lack of marketability is applied given that the shares underlying the awards were not publicly traded at the time of the grant.

Determining the fair value of ordinary shares requires complex and subjective judgments regarding our projected financial and operating results, our unique business risks, the liquidity of our ordinary shares and our operating history and prospects at the time of the grants.

Because at the time of the grants our business was at a different stage of its product life cycle than that of the publicly listed companies in the online game industry, it was concluded that a market comparison approach would not have been meaningful in determining the fair value of our ordinary shares. As a result, we used the income approach/discounted cash flow method to derive the fair values. We applied the discounted cash flow, or DCF, analysis based on our projected cash flow using management’s best estimate as of the respective valuation dates. The projected cash flow estimate included, among other things, an analysis of projected revenue growth, gross margins, effective tax rates, capital expenditures and working capital requirements. The income approach involves applying appropriate discount rates, based on earnings forecasts, to estimated cash flows. The assumptions we used in deriving the fair value of our ordinary shares were consistent with the assumptions used in developing our MMORPG business plan, which included no material changes in the existing political, legal, fiscal and economic conditions in China; our ability to recruit and retain competent management, key personnel and technical staff to support our ongoing operations; and no material deviation in industry trends and market conditions from economic forecasts. These assumptions are inherently uncertain and subjective. The discount rates reflect the risks the management perceived as being associated with achieving the forecasts and are based on our estimated cost of capital, which was derived by using the capital asset pricing model, after taking into account systemic risks and company-specific risks. The capital asset pricing model is a model for pricing securities that adds an assumed risk premium rate of return to an assumed risk-free rate of return. Using this method, we determined the appropriate discount rates to be 22% as of the January 2008 valuation date and 23% as of the April 2008 valuation date.

We also applied a discount for lack of marketability, or DLOM, to reflect the fact that, at the time of the grants, we were a closely-held company and there was no public market for our ordinary shares. To determine the discount for lack of marketability, we used the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Pursuant to the Black-Scholes option pricing model, we used the cost of a put option, which can be used to hedge the price change before a privately held share can be sold, as the basis to determine the discount for lack of marketability. Based on the foregoing analysis, we used a DLOM of 19% to discount the value of our ordinary shares as of the January 2008 and April 2008 valuation dates.

Because there was no evidence to indicate that there would be a disproportionate return between majority and minority shareholders, we did not apply a minority discount. As a result, it was concluded that our fair value as a going concern was $136 million as of the January 2008 valuation date and $198 million as of the April 2008 valuation date.

In determining the fair value of our restricted share units granted in 2009 before our initial public offering, the fair value of the underlying shares was determined based on the offering price of ADSs in the offering. In determining the fair value of restricted share units granted after the initial public offering, the fair value was determined based on the market price of our ADSs on the grant dates.

In determining the fair value of share options granted by Sohu to our employees, we applied the Black-Scholes valuation model. Restricted share units granted by Sohu to our employees were measured based on the fair market value of the underlying stock on the dates of grants.

Share-based compensation expense for ordinary shares granted is fully recognized in the quarter during which these ordinary shares are granted. Share-based compensation expense for share options, restricted shares and restricted share units granted is recognized on an accelerated basis over the requisite service period. The number of share-based awards for which the service is not expected to be rendered over the requisite period is estimated, and the related compensation expense is not recorded for that number of awards.

The assumptions used in share-based compensation expense recognition represent management’s best estimates based on historical experience and consideration to developing expectations about the future. These estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment, however. If factors change or different assumptions are used, the share-based compensation expense could be materially different for any period. Moreover, the estimates of fair value are not intended to predict actual future events or the value that ultimately will be realized by employees who receive equity awards, and subsequent events are not indicative of the reasonableness of the original estimates of fair value made by us for accounting purposes.

For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, our share-based compensation expenses amounted to $1.3 million, $3.7 million and $6.1 million, respectively.

We have used a retrospective valuation for the determination of fair value of ordinary shares and RSUs granted by 7Road.com Limited, or 7Road, to its employees. We used the discounted cash flow, or DCF, method of the income approach to derive the fair value of 7Road’s ordinary shares. The determination of the fair value of 7Road’s ordinary shares required complex and subjective judgments to be made regarding its projected financial and operating results, its unique business risks, the liquidity of its shares and its operating history and prospects at the time of valuation. The income approach involves applying an appropriate discount rate to estimated cash flows that are based on earnings forecasts developed by 7Road. The assumptions used in deriving the forecasts were consistent with 7Road’s business plan.

Under the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan, 2,546,250 restricted share units had been granted as of December 31, 2012. Such restricted share units were not to be vested until 7Road’s completion of a firm commitment underwritten IPO of its shares resulting in a listing on an internationally recognized exchange and the expiration of all underwriters’ lockup periods applicable to the IPO. An IPO event is not considered to be probable until it is completed. Under ASC 718, compensation cost should not be accrued if it is not probable that the performance condition will be achieved. As a result, no share-based compensation expense relating to these restricted share units was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2012.

On June 28, 2013, 7Road’s Board of Directors approved the cancellation of the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan. See “—Operating Expenses—Share-based Compensation Expenses—7Road share-based awards.”

Determination of the Fair Value of Contingent Consideration

The acquisition of 7Road includes a contingent consideration arrangement that requires additional consideration to be paid by us based on the future financial performance of 7Road through December 31, 2012. The range of the undiscounted amounts we could pay under the contingent consideration agreement is between $nil and $32.76 million. The fair value of the contingent consideration of $28.05 million recognized on the acquisition date was estimated using the income approach. There were no indemnification assets involved. Based on 7Road’s performance having exceeded the milestone level for the year ended December 31, 2012, we recorded a change in fair value of the contingent consideration of $2.2 million in other expense.

The contingent consideration as at December 31, 2013 represents the fair value of potential payments under the contingent consideration arrangement for our acquisition of Doyo. The contingent consideration arrangement requires additional consideration to be paid by us based on the achievement by Doyo of specified performance milestones for the years 2013 to 2015. The fair value of the contingent consideration was recognized on the date of the acquisition, with the income approach applied.

The acquisition of the RaidCall Business includes a contingent consideration arrangement that gives us the right to acquire additional shares of TalkTalk if specified conditions occur through the 2014 fiscal year. The range of the additional shares of TalkTalk that we could acquire under this arrangement is between nil and 7.5% of the outstanding shares on a post-issuance, fully-diluted basis. The fair value of the contingent consideration of $nil was recognized on the acquisition date, as our management determined that it is unlikely that the specified conditions will occur.

Mezzanine Equity

On May 11, 2011, we, through Gamease, acquired 68.258% of the equity interests in 7Road and began to consolidate 7Road’s financial statements on June 1, 2011.

Mezzanine equity consists of non-controlling interest in 7Road and a put option pursuant to which the non-controlling shareholders will have the right to put their equity interests in 7Road to us at a pre-determined price if 7Road achieves specified performance milestones before the expiry of the put option and 7Road does not complete an initial public offering on NASDAQ, the New York Stock Exchange or the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong. The put option will expire in 2014. Since the occurrence of the put is not solely within our control, we classify the non-controlling interest as mezzanine equity instead of permanent equity in our consolidated financial statements.

In accordance with ASC subtopic 480-10, we calculate, on an accumulative basis from the acquisition date, (i) the amount of accretion that would increase the balance of non-controlling interest to its estimated redemption value over the period from the date of the 7Road acquisition to the earliest redemption date of the non-controlling interest and (ii) the amount of net profit attributable to non-controlling shareholders of 7Road based on their ownership percentage. The carrying value of the non-controlling interest as mezzanine equity will be adjusted by an accumulative amount equal to the higher of (i) and (ii).

On May 1, 2013, we entered into an agreement to acquire all of the ordinary shares of 7Road held by the non-controlling shareholders. The acquisition closed on June 5, 2013. Under ASC 810-10, changes in a parent’s ownership interest while the parent retains control of its subsidiary are accounted for as equity transactions, and do not impact net income or comprehensive income in the consolidated financial statements. Following the closing of the acquisition, $2.4 million, representing the excess of the amount of the mezzanine-classified non-controlling interest in 7Road over the purchase price as of the closing date, was recorded in our equity accounts.

For the year ended December 31, 2013, accretion charges of $17.8 million, compared to $11.2 million and $2.6 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, were recorded in our statements of comprehensive income as net income attributable to the mezzanine-classified non-controlling interest shareholders of 7Road.

Treasury Shares

On July 27, 2013, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to $100 million over a two-year period from July 27, 2013 to July 26, 2015. The timing and actual number of shares subject to repurchase are at the discretion of our management and contingent on market conditions and share prices, among other factors.

We account for repurchased ordinary shares under the cost method and include such repurchase ordinary shares in treasury shares as an offsetting component of the shareholders’ equity. Cancellation of treasury shares, if it incurs in the future, would be recorded as a reduction of ordinary shares and additional paid in capital/retained earnings, as applicable. In case of reissuance of treasury shares, the difference between the cost of treasury shares and cash received would be charged into additional paid in capital/retained earnings, as applicable.

As of December 31, 2013, we had repurchased 590,500 ADSs (equivalent to 1,181,000 Class A ordinary shares), which were recorded as treasury shares pending cancellation, for a total repurchase price amounting to approximately $17.3 million pursuant to the referenced share repurchase program.

Determination of Segment Aggregation

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, or the CODM, or a decision making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. Our CODM is our chief executive officer.

Before 2011, we principally engaged in the development, operation and licensing of MMOGs and operated and managed this business as a single segment. In 2011, we expanded our business by acquisitions in the Web game, online advertising and cinema advertising businesses, and generated revenues from the operations of such businesses. With the goal of optimizing the management of operations, our CODM separately reviewed key information of each of four operating segments, consisting of MMOG, Web game, online advertising and cinema advertising. We concluded that the MMOG and Web game segments have similar economic characteristics and meet all of the aggregation criteria that are required under ASC280 to aggregate identified operating segments. Hence we aggregated the MMOG and Web game segments as one reportable segment under online game.

Determination of Allowance of Doubtful Accounts

The carrying value of accounts receivable is reduced by an allowance that reflects our best estimate of the amounts that will not be collected. We make estimations of the collectability of accounts receivable. Many factors are considered in estimating the general allowance, including but not limited to reviewing delinquent accounts receivable, performing aging analyses and customer credit analyses, and analyzing historical bad debt records and current economic trends. Additional allowance for specific doubtful accounts might be made if our customers are unable to make payments due to their deteriorating financial conditions.

Income Tax and Valuation Allowance Against Deferred Tax Assets

We estimate income tax expense for each jurisdiction in which we operate and for each period presented, which includes estimating current tax exposure as well as assessing realizable deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities.

As of December 31, 2013, our deferred tax assets mainly comprised temporary differences arising from (1) net operating losses; (2) accrued but unpaid salaries and bonuses; and (3) the book and tax bases of intangible assets. We recorded an allowance against gross deferred tax assets based on uncertainty over the profitability of related subsidiaries and over whether temporary differences can be claimed. If events were to occur in the future that would allow us to realize more of our deferred tax assets than the presently recorded amount, an adjustment would be made to the deferred tax assets that would increase income for the period. If events were to occur in the future that would require us to realize less of our deferred tax assets than the presently recorded amount, an adjustment would be made to the valuation allowance against deferred tax assets that would decrease income for the period. Significant management judgment is required in determining income tax expense and deferred tax assets and liabilities. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, our net deferred tax assets were $5.7 million and $5.0 million, respectively, resulting from temporary differences between accounting and tax bases.

Assessment of Impairment for Long-lived Assets, Equity Investments and Goodwill

Our long-lived assets include intangible assets, fixed assets and other assets.

Intangible assets mainly comprise definite-lived intangible assets, including operating rights of licensed games, computer software purchased from unrelated third parties, developed technologies and cinema advertising slot rights, and indefinite-lived intangible assets, including trade names, which are separable from fixed assets. We amortize the cost of intangible assets over their expected future economic lives. Fixed assets mainly comprise office building, computer equipment (including servers) and leasehold improvements, and are depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the assets on a straight-line basis. Other assets mainly represent long-term loans to employees, accrued interest income and long-term deposits. Management’s judgment is required in the assessment of the economic lives of intangible assets and useful lives of the fixed assets and other assets. Based on the existence of one or more indicators of impairment, we measure any impairment of intangible assets, fixed assets and other assets based on a projected discounted cash flow method using a discount rate determined by our management which is commensurate with the risk inherent in our business model. An impairment charge would be recorded if we determined that the carrying value of intangible assets, fixed assets or other assets may not be recoverable. Our estimates of future cash flows require significant judgment based on our historical results and anticipated results and are subject to many factors. As of December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, our impairment charges for intangible assets were $17.2 million, $12.4 million and $3.8 million, respectively.

We continually review our investments in an investee to determine whether a decline in fair value below the carrying value is other than temporary. The primary factors we consider in our determination are the length of time that the fair value of the investment is below its carrying value; and the financial condition, operating performance and near-term prospects of the investee. The determination of whether a decline in value is other than temporary requires significant judgment. If the decline in fair value is deemed to be other than temporary, the carrying value of the investment is written down to fair value. Write-downs for equity method investments are included in equity in losses of affiliated companies. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, our impairment losses for equity investments were $0.9 million, $nil and $0.6 million, respectively.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities acquired as a result of our acquisitions of interests in our subsidiaries and VIEs.

We test goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis as of October 1, and between annual tests when an event occurs or circumstances change that could indicate that the asset might be impaired. Commencing in September 2011, in accordance with the FASB revised guidance on “Testing of Goodwill for Impairment,” a company first has the option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the company decides, as a result of its qualitative assessment, that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is mandatory. Otherwise, no further testing is required. The quantitative impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of goodwill with its carrying value. Application of a goodwill impairment test requires significant management judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assigning assets and liabilities to reporting units, assigning goodwill to reporting units, and determining the fair value of each reporting unit. The judgment in estimating the fair value of reporting units includes estimating future cash flows, determining appropriate discount rates and making other assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit.

If the carrying amount of reporting unit goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss should be recognized in an amount equal to that excess. The goodwill impairment losses for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 were $nil, $nil and $5.2 million, respectively.

Short-term Investments

In accordance with ASC 825, for investments in financial instruments with a variable interest rate indexed to the performance of underlying assets, we elected the fair value method at the date of initial recognition and carried these investments subsequently at fair value. Changes in the fair value are reflected in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. To estimate fair value, we refer to the quoted rate of return provided by banks at the end of each period using discounted cash flow method. We classify the valuation techniques that use these inputs as Level 2 of fair value measurement. Since these investments’ maturity dates are within one year, they are classified as short-term investments. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we recorded changes in the fair value of short-term investments in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income of $2.5 million, $1.5 million and $659,000, respectively.

Determination of Functional Currencies

Our reporting and functional currency is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of our subsidiaries and our VIEs in China is the RMB. The functional currency of our subsidiary in the United Kingdom is the British Pound, the functional currency of our subsidiary in Malaysia is the Malaysian Ringgit, the functional currency of our subsidiary in Korea is the Korean Won, the functional currency of our subsidiaries in Hong Kong and the United States of America is the U.S. dollar. An entity’s functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which it operates. Normally, that is the currency of the environment in which it primarily generates and expends cash. Management’s judgment is essential in the determination of the functional currency which is made by assessing various indicators, such as cash flows, sales price and market, expenses, financing and inter-company transactions and arrangements. Assets and liabilities of our subsidiaries and VIEs in China are translated into U.S. dollars, our reporting currency, at the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date and revenues and expenses are translated at the current exchange rate in effect during the reporting period. Foreign currency translation adjustments are not included in determining net income for the period but are accumulated in a separate component of consolidated equity on the balance sheet. The accumulated foreign currency translation adjustment as of December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 was a gain of $71.7 million, $38.1 million and $34.7 million, respectively.

Year to Year Comparisons

Year Ended December 31, 2013 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2012

Revenues. Total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013 increased by $114.5 million to $737.9 million, compared to $623.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012.

Online game revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013 increased by $98.9 million to $669.2 million, compared to $570.3 million year for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase was mainly due to increased revenues from TLBB and the growth of Wartune overseas revenues in 2013.

Online advertising revenues, which consist of revenues generated from the 17173 Business, for the year ended December 31, 2013 increased by $7.5 million to $50.0 million, compared to $42.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase was mainly due to an increase in advertising rates of the 17173.com Website and improved advertising sales in 2013.

IVAS revenues, which consist of revenues generated from the operation of third-party Web games by the 17173 Business, for the year ended December 31, 2013 increased by $1.1 million to $5.4 million, compared to $4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase was mainly due to more Web games and a larger number of users playing Web games operated by the 17173 Business in 2013.

Others revenues, which consist of cinema advertising revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2013 increased by $7.0 million to $13.3 million, compared to $6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase was mainly due to increased advertising sales in 2013 due to improvements in the sales function.

Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues increased by $21.9 million to $126.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $104.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase was primarily due to an increase in our salary and benefits expenses, which increased by $9.5 million to $38.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $28.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, our revenue-based royalty payments to game developers, which increased by $3.1 million to $9.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, our Business Tax and VAT cost, which increased by $4.4 million to $8.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $4.5 million for the period for the year ended December 31, 2012, our content and license costs, which increased by $2.3 million to $4.7 million, compared to $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 and our bandwidth leasing and communication costs, which increased by $1.6 million to $19.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $17.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. In addition, we incurred costs of $17.5 million for our cinema advertising business for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $20.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012.

Gross Profit. As a result of the foregoing, our gross profit increased by $92.5 million to $611.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $518.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. Our gross margin was 82.9% and 83.2%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. The decrease in gross margin was mainly due to an increase in salaries and benefits, higher bandwidth costs incurred and higher expenses related to licensed games in 2013.

Operating Expenses

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Product Development Expenses. Product development expenses increased by $46.1 million to $119.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $73.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase was primarily because salary and benefits expense increased by $32.0 million to $87.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 compared to $55.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, due to our hiring of more game engineers, content and license expenses increased by $7.0 million to $14.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $7.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, facilities expenses increased by $2.3 million to $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, and travel and entertainment expense increased by $1.5 million to $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012.

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Sales and Marketing Expenses. Sales and marketing expenses increased by $68.2 million to $128.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $60.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase was primarily due to an increase in advertising expense increased by $59.3 million to $101.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $42.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 and salary and benefits increased by $7.3 million to $20.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 due to the hiring of more sales and marketing professionals, compared to $13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012.

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General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by $23.7 million to $57.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $33.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase was primarily due to increases in salary and benefits expense, which increased by $13.3 million to $30.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $17.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 and professional expense, which increased by $7.3 million to $14.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012.

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Goodwill Impairment and Impairment of Intangibles via Acquisitions of Businesses. We did not incur any impairment loss for the year ended December 31, 2013.

Operating Profit. As a result of the foregoing, we had operating profit of $305.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to an operating profit of $348.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012.

Interest Income. For the year ended December 31, 2013 interest income was $28.5 million, compared to $15.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase was primarily due to an increase in our average cash balance for the year and increases in interest rates.

Foreign Currency Exchange Loss. For the year ended December 31, 2013, foreign currency exchange loss was $5.9 million, compared to $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2012.

Interest Expense. For the year ended December 31, 2013, interest expense was $8.8 million, compared to $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase was primarily due to an increase in the balance of the bank loans.

Other Income/(Expenses). For the year ended December 31, 2013, other income/(expense) represent other income of $3.6 million, compared to other expense of $ 0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense was $36.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $67.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease of statutory income tax rate as our main operating subsidiary obtained a preferential tax rate of 10% for the year ended December 31, 2013, as compared to 15% for the year ended December 31, 2012.

Net Income Attributable to Mezzanine Classified Non-controlling Interest. In accordance with ASC subtopic 480-10, we calculate, on an accumulative basis from the acquisition date, (i) the amount of accretion that would increase the balance of non-controlling interest to its estimated redemption value over the period from the date of the 7Road acquisition to the earliest redemption date of the non-controlling interest and (ii) the amount of net profit attributable to non-controlling shareholders of 7Road based on their ownership percentage. The carrying value of the non-controlling interest as mezzanine equity will be adjusted by an accumulative amount equal to the higher of (i) and (ii). For the year ended December 31, 2013, the accretion charge was $17.8 million, compared to $11.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012.

Net Income Attributable to Changyou.com Limited. As a result of the foregoing, we had net income attributable to Changyou.com Limited of $268.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to net income of $282.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012.

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Year Ended December 31, 2012 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2011

Revenues. Total revenues increased by $138.8 million to $623.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $484.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. The increase was mainly due to the ongoing popularity of our flagship game TLBB and Wartune in China in 2012, a full year’s revenue contribution from 7Road, and revenue growth of the 17173 Business.

Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues increased by $37.0 million to $104.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $67.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. The increase was primarily due to an increase in our salary and benefits expenses, which increased by $11.6 million to $28.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $17.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, our depreciation and amortization costs, which increased by $6.6 million to $14.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $8.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, our bandwidth leasing and communication costs, which increased by $5.5 million to $17.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $12.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, our revenue-based royalty payments to the game developers, which increased by $2.3 million to $6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, and 7Road’s net PRC VAT, which increased by $2.2 million to $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $0.6 million for the period between May 11, 2011 and December 31, 2011. In addition, we incurred costs of $20.0 million for our cinema advertising business for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $13.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2011.

Gross Profit. As a result of the foregoing, our gross profit increased by $101.8 million to $518.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $417.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. Our gross margin was 83.2% and 86.1%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011. The decrease in gross margin was mainly due to an increase in salaries and benefits, an increase in depreciation and amortization costs, higher bandwidth costs incurred and higher expenses related to licensed games in 2012, as well as a higher negative gross margin from our cinema advertising business in 2012.

Operating Expenses

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Product Development Expenses. Product development expenses increased by $21.6 million to $73.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $52.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. The increase was primarily because salary and benefits expense increased by $16.9 million to $55.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to $38.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, due to our hiring of more game engineers, content and license expenses increased by $2.1 million to $7.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, facilities expenses increased by $1.0 million to $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, and depreciation and amortization expense increased by $1.0 million to $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2011.

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Sales and Marketing Expenses. Sales and marketing expenses increased by $10.7 million to $60.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $49.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. The increase was primarily due to an increase in advertising expense increased by $8.9 million to $42.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $33.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, salary and benefits increased by $1.4 million to $13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 due to the hiring of more sales and marketing professionals, compared to $11.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, and facilities expense increased by $0.4 million to $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2011

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General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by $3.8 million to $33.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $29.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. The increase was primarily due to increases in salary and benefits expense, which increased by $2.6 million to $17.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $14.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, travelling and entertainment expense, which increased by $0.8 million to $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, and professional expense, which increased by $0.3 million to $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $6.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011.

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Goodwill Impairment and Impairment of Intangibles via Acquisitions of Businesses. We incurred an impairment loss of $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, which primarily comprised impairment of intangibles via acquisitions of businesses, which were fully impaired, compared to an impairment loss of $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, which primarily comprised impairment of goodwill in the amount of $5.2 million arising from our acquisition in the cinema advertising business, and impairment of an acquired trade name in the amount of $0.2 million.

Operating Profit. As a result of the foregoing, we had operating profit of $348.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to an operating profit of $279.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2011.

Interest Income. For the year ended December 31, 2012 interest income was $15.9 million, compared to $11.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. The increase was primarily due to an increase in our average cash balance for the year and increases in interest rates.

Foreign Currency Exchange Loss. For the year ended December 31, 2012, foreign currency exchange loss was $0.6 million, compared to $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2011.

Interest Expense. For the year ended December 31, 2012, interest expense was $2.2 million, compared to $7,000 for the year ended December 31, 2011. The increase was primarily due to interest expense on the bank loans of $2.1 million.

Other Income/(Expenses). For the year ended December 31, 2012, other income/(expense) represent other expense of $0.2 million, compared to other income of $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense was $67.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $43.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. The increase was in line with the increase in our profit before income tax and withholding tax for distribution of a cash dividend.

Net Income Attributable to Mezzanine Classified Non-controlling Interest. In accordance with ASC subtopic 480-10, we calculate, on an accumulative basis from the acquisition date, (i) the amount of accretion that would increase the balance of non-controlling interest to its estimated redemption value over the period from the date of the 7Road acquisition to the earliest redemption date of the non-controlling interest and (ii) the amount of net profit attributable to non-controlling shareholders of 7Road based on their ownership percentage. The carrying value of the non-controlling interest as mezzanine equity will be adjusted by an accumulative amount equal to the higher of (i) and (ii). For the year ended December 31, 2012, the accretion charge was $11.2 million, compared to $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2011.

Net Income Attributable to Changyou.com Limited. As a result of the foregoing, we had net income attributable to Changyou.com Limited of $282.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to net income of $245.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have financed our operations primarily through cash flows from equity contributions by Sohu and cash flows from operations. We also received loans in the amount of $5.0 million and $3.5 million, respectively, from Sohu.com Limited in September 2007 and December 2008. Such loans were repaid to Sohu in April 2009.

In April 2009, we received net proceeds of $54.7 million from our initial public offering.

On April 1, 2009, we declared a cash dividend of $96.8 million payable solely to Sohu.com (Game) Limited, which is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Sohu.com Inc. In the fourth quarter of 2009, after receiving approval from the PRC government, we paid the dividend to Sohu.com (Game) Limited. In connection with such dividend we also paid PRC withholding tax of $5.0 million.

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On August 6, 2012 our Board of Directors declared, and on September 21, 2012 we paid to our shareholders, a special one-time cash dividend in the total amount of $200.9 million, of which $136.3 million was paid to Sohu.com (Game) Limited.

During 2012 and 2013, we drew down loans from offshore banks in an aggregate amount of $410.3 million, which were secured by an equivalent or greater amount of RMB deposits in onshore branches of those banks, totaling $424.7 million. As of December 31, 2013, $370.0 million of the loan amount carried a floating rate of interest based on the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate and $103.3 million carried a fixed rate of interest.

As of December 31, 2013, we had cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of approximately $551.3 million. As of December 31, 2012, we had cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of approximately $418.4 million. Cash equivalents primarily consist of time deposits with maturities of three months or less.

We believe our current liquidity and capital resources are sufficient to meet anticipated working capital needs (net cash used in operating activities), commitments and capital expenditures over the next twelve months.

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2011			2012			2013
	($ in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities		276,602			340,436			358,643
Net cash used in investing activities		(316,649	)		(314,696	)		(322,693	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		—			8,739			130,102
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		19,431			1,749			15,793

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		(20,616	)		36,228			181,845
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year		351,027			330,411			366,639

Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year		330,411			366,639			548,484

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2013 was $358.6 million, which was primarily attributable to the following factors: (i) net income of $286.4 million, (ii) depreciation and amortization of $42.4 million (iii) change in current assets and liabilities of $21.0 million; and (iv) deferred tax expenses of $5.4 million.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2012 was $340.4 million, which was primarily attributable to (i) net income of $293.6 million, (ii) depreciation and amortization of $38.0 million, (iii) an increase in deferred tax expense of $9.7 million.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2011 was $276.6 million, which was primarily attributable to (i) net income of $248.0 million, (ii) depreciation and amortization of $28.8 million, (iii) an increase in receipts in advance and deferred revenue of $14.9 million.

Investing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2013, net cash used in investing activities was $322.7 million, which was primarily attributable to purchase of fixed assets of $61.6 million, purchase of intangible assets and other assets of $34.1 million, cash paid in relation to restricted time deposits of $168.6 million and cash paid for business acquisitions (net of cash acquired) of $109.7 million, partially offset by a cash inflow consisting of the proceeds from short-term investments of $51.2 million.

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For the year ended December 31, 2012, net cash used in investing activities was $314.7 million and was primarily attributable to cash paid in relation to restricted time deposits of $244.6 million, purchase of short-term investments of $32.6 million, purchase of intangible assets and other assets for $22.7 million, and purchase of fixed assets of $11.7 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2011, net cash used in investing activities was $316.6 million and was primarily attributable to our payment of the consideration for business acquisitions (net of cash acquired) of $216.6 million, prepayment of $62.8 million for an office building, purchase of fixed assets of $20.6 million, and purchase of intangible assets and other assets for $16.9 million.

Financing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2013, net cash used in financing activities was $130.1 million, which was primarily due to our receipt of the proceeds of loans from offshore banks of $167.0 million, payment of contingent consideration of $19.7 million, payment of $17.2 million for the repurchases under our share repurchase program.

For the year ended December 31, 2012, net cash provided by financing activities was $8.7 million, which was primarily due to our receipt of the proceeds of loans from offshore banks of $239.4 million, a dividend distribution to our shareholders of $200.9 million, repayment of promissory note of $16.0 million and payment of contingent consideration of $13.1 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2011, no net cash was (used in) provided by financing activities.

Restrictions on Cash Transfers to Us

To fund any cash requirements from time to time, we may need to rely on dividends, loans or advances made by our PRC subsidiaries. We conduct most of our operations in PRC through our VIEs Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE, which generate most of our operating revenues. As our VIEs are not owned by our subsidiaries, they are not able to make dividend payments to our subsidiaries. Instead, our subsidiaries AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information have entered into a number of contracts with their corresponding VIEs to provide services to such VIEs in return for cash payments. In order for us to receive any dividends, loans or advances from AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information, or to distribute any dividends to our shareholders and ADS holders from operating income sources, we will need to rely on these payments made from our VIEs to AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information. Depending on the nature of services provided by these PRC subsidiaries to their corresponding VIEs, certain of these payments are subject to PRC taxes, including business taxes and VAT, which effectively reduce the amount that a PRC subsidiary receives from its corresponding VIE. In addition, the PRC government could impose restrictions on such payments or change the tax rates applicable to such payments.

Regulations in the PRC currently permit payment of dividends of a PRC company, such as AmazGame, only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China. Each of our PRC subsidiaries is also required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profit, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards, each year to its general reserves until the cumulative amount reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends, or as loans or advances. A PRC company may also allocate a portion of its after-tax profits, as determined by its Board of Directors, to its staff welfare and bonus funds, which may not be distributed to us.

Furthermore, under regulations of the SAFE, the RMB is not convertible into foreign currencies for capital account items, such as loans, repatriation of investments and investments outside of China, unless the prior approval of the SAFE is obtained and prior registration with the SAFE is made.

Any dividends paid by any of our PRC subsidiaries to its direct holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to a withholding tax at a rate of at least 5% and could be as high as 10%, which will reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to us. See “Risk Factors—Risks related to Doing Business in China—There are significant uncertainties under the Corporate Income Tax Law of the PRC, or the CIT Law, regarding our PRC enterprise income tax liabilities, such as tax on dividends paid to us by our PRC subsidiaries. The CIT Law also contains uncertainties regarding possible PRC withholding tax on any dividends we pay to our overseas corporate shareholders and gains realized from the transfer of our shares by our overseas corporate shareholders.” in Item 3.

We do not expect any of such restrictions or taxes to have a material impact on our ability to meet our cash obligations.

We believe that our existing cash is sufficient to sustain our operations for at least the next twelve months.

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Capital Expenditures

Our capital expenditures include the purchase of fixed assets, intangible assets and other assets. Our capital expenditures were $95.7 million, $34.5 million and $100.3 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.

In August 2010, we entered into agreements with a property developer for the purchase of an office building to be built in Beijing at a price of approximately $162.4 million. Under the August 2010 agreements, the purchase price was adjusted based on the actual floor area built, the final unit price agreed to by the parties, and cost adjustments, which were agreed to be approximately $3.2 million, related to changes to the original design of the building. The office building serves as our headquarters and has an area of approximately 56,549 square meters. As of December 31, 2013, we had paid $165.2 million to the property developer.

Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

Our research and development efforts are primarily to keep pace with technological advances in order to make our online game development capabilities and our games competitive in the market. Moreover, we also focus on the improvement of our licensed games. We intend to further expand our internal game development capabilities and license more new games that are attractive to users in China.

Off-balance Sheet Arrangements

We have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of third parties. We have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our shares and classified as shareholder’s equity, or that are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or that engages in leasing, hedging or product development services with us.

Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2013 (in thousands):


	Total		Less than 1 Year		1-3 Years		More than 3 Years
Office rental		36,505		9,607		14,482		12,416
Bandwidth leasing charges		8,420		7,578		842		—
Fees for game development services and in-progress games		24,636		6,498		18,138		—
Expenditures for games with technological feasibility		15,214		9,264		5,950		—
Cinema advertisement slot rights		29,695		1,082		18,444		10,169
Others		396		396		—		—

Total		114,866		34,425		57,856		22,585

Other than the obligations set forth above, we did not have any material capital commitments, long-term debt obligations, operating lease obligations, purchase obligations or other long-term liabilities as of December 31, 2013.

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IMPACT OF RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

In March of 2013, the FASB issued guidance on “Foreign Currency Matters, Parent’s Accounting for the Cumulative Translation Adjustment upon Derecognition of Certain Subsidiaries or Groups of Assets within a Foreign Entity or of an Investment in a Foreign Entity.” The amendments clarify the applicable guidance for the de-recognition of all or a portion of a cumulative translation adjustment when an entity ceases to have a controlling financial interest in a subsidiary or group of assets that is a nonprofit activity or a business (other than a sale of in substance real estate or conveyance of oil and gas mineral rights) within a foreign entity or when other changes stipulated occur and involve a foreign entity. The amendments are effective prospectively for fiscal years (and interim reporting periods within those years) beginning after December 15, 2013. We are currently evaluating the impact on our consolidated financial statements of adopting this guidance.

In March of 2013, the FASB issued guidance on “Income Taxes—Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists.” The amendments clarify that an unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit, should be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss, similar tax loss, or tax credit carryforward, except as noted in the following sentence. To the extent a net operating loss, similar tax loss, or tax credit carryforward is not available at the reporting date under the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction to settle any additional income taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position or the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction does not require the entity to use, and the entity does not intend to use, the deferred tax asset for such a purpose, then under this exception the unrecognized tax benefit is to be presented in the financial statements as a liability and should not be combined with (netted with) the deferred tax asset(s). The assessment of whether a deferred tax asset is “available” is based on the unrecognized tax benefit and deferred tax asset amounts that exist at the reporting date and should be made presuming disallowance of the tax position at the reporting date. The amendments are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. We are currently evaluating the impact on our consolidated financial statements of adopting this guidance.

ITEM 6.

DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

Directors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report. The business address of each of our directors and executive officers is East Tower, Jing Yan Building, No. 29 Shijingshan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100043, People’s Republic of China.


Directors and Executive Officers	Age	Position
Charles Zhang	49	Chairman of the Board of Directors
Tao Wang	38	CEO and Director
Dewen Chen	38	President
Alex Ho (1)	39	Chief Financial Officer
Xiaojian Hong	36	Chief Operating Officer
Wendy Pan	46	Chief Information Officer
Dave De Yang (2)	48	Independent Director
Xiao Chen (2)	50	Independent Director
Charles Chan (2)	60	Independent Director

(1)	Mr. Alex Ho has resigned as our Chief Financial Officer, effective March 4, 2014. Ms. Erin Sheng, currently our finance director, will assume the role of interim chief financial officer following Mr. Ho’s departure. We are in the process of searching for a permanent chief financial officer.

(2)	Member of the audit committee of our Board of Directors.

Dr. Charles Zhang is the Chairman of our Board of Directors. Dr. Zhang is the founder of Sohu and has been Chairman of the Board and CEO of Sohu since August 1996. Prior to founding Sohu, Dr. Zhang worked for Internet Securities Inc., or ISI, and helped establish its China operations. Prior to joining ISI, he worked as Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s liaison officer with China. Dr. Zhang has a Ph.D. in Experimental Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a bachelor of science degree from Tsinghua University in Beijing.

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Tao Wang is our CEO and a director. Mr. Wang has over 16 years of experience in the computer game industry in China and was one of the principal founders of our online game business. Prior to our carve-out from Sohu, Mr. Wang served as Sohu’s Vice President of MMORPG business. Mr. Wang joined Sohu in December 2004 and was instrumental in the ramp up of our MMORPG business and played a key role in the success of TLBB. Prior to joining Sohu, Mr. Wang worked at Sina and was the Managing Technology Director for its iGAME development and operations. From 2001 to 2003, Mr. Wang served as the Vice President and Chief Technology Officer of Beijing Tian Ren Interactive Software Technologies Co. Ltd., a PRC games distributor and operator. From 1998 to 2001, Mr. Wang was a project manager at Object Software (Beijing) Limited, one of the pioneer games and multi-media software developers in China, responsible for its PC console games, Internet games and multi-media educational software development. From 1997 to 1998, Mr. Wang worked at Fuzhou Wai Xin Software Technologies Co. Ltd. as a software development engineer. Mr. Wang received a bachelor’s degree in Engineering from Hangzhou Industrial Electronics Institute.

Dewen Chen is our President and was one of the principal founders of our online game business. Mr. Chen joined Sohu in 2005 as a business manager, responsible for building our sales team for games products and starting May 2006, Mr. Chen was in charge of the overall marketing, promotion, sales and channel distribution of Sohu’s games products. Prior to our carve out from Sohu, Mr. Chen was the Director of Marketing & Operations of the MMORPG business of Sohu. From April 2000 to April 2005, Mr. Chen worked at Shanghai Hua Teng Software System Co. Ltd. as a pre-sale technology consultant and sale manager of its business with banks. Prior to that, Mr. Chen had worked with Fujian Shi Da Computer Group as a software engineer, project manager and later the Director of the Technology Department at its Shanghai branch office. Mr. Chen received a bachelor’s degree in Computer Engineering from Xi’an Jiaotong University.

Alex Ho is our Chief Financial Officer. Prior to our initial public offering, Mr. Ho was the Senior Finance Director of Sohu, which he joined in January 2005. Prior to joining Sohu, Mr. Ho worked at Arthur Andersen & Co. and PricewaterhouseCoopers in Hong Kong and Beijing, where he was a Senior Manager of Assurance and Business Advisory. With an extensive knowledge of and background in both U.S. and Chinese accounting principles and tax laws, financial management and SEC reporting, Mr. Ho has helped companies through executing mergers and acquisitions in Asia, restructuring businesses, completing the initial public offering process for international markets, as well as compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Mr. Ho received a bachelor’s degree in Finance and Accounting from the University of Hong Kong and an EMBA degree from Tsinghua University. Mr. Ho is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

Xiaojian Hong is our Chief Operating Officer and was one of the principal founders of our MMORPG business. Mr. Hong has significant experience in the security, efficiency and stability of online games software and operations. Prior to our carve-out from Sohu, Mr. Hong was a Senior Manager of Sohu and played a key role in building Sohu’s MMORPG software development division and was responsible for strategic planning for technology framework design and module development for our MMORPG business. From 2004 to 2005, Mr. Hong worked at Sina and was a research and development manager of its iGAME project. From 2001 to 2004, Mr. Hong was the Manager of Research and Development of Beijing Tian Ren Interactive Software Technologies Co. Ltd., responsible for in-house digital games design and development and introduction, distribution and localization of popular overseas games products. From 1999 to 2001, Mr. Hong was a project manager of Object Software (Beijing) Limited. Mr. Hong received a bachelor’s degree in Engineering from Beijing Technology University.

Wendy Pan is our Chief Information Officer. Ms. Pan joined us in January 2013 and is primarily responsible for leading the development of our operational performance management system and managing the implementation of our business strategies. Prior to joining us, from 1997 to 2012, Ms. Pan worked as a senior executive at Huawei Technology Co., Ltd., where she was mainly responsible for managing the execution of Huawei’s strategies in certain areas and for project management, as well as leading teams on transformational projects that included the implementation of IPD (integrated product development) and IFS (integrated financial services). She has experience in strategic decoding and planning and played a leading role in designing and implementing construction management systems. Prior to joining Huawei Technology Co., Ltd., Ms. Pan worked as a development engineer and a factory branch director in the Sichuan Posts and Telecommunications Equipment Factory from 1989 to 1997. Ms. Pan received her bachelor’s degree in automatic control from Haerbin College of Shipbuilding Engineering in 1989.

Dave De Yang has served as an independent director and a member of our audit committee since April 2009. Mr. Yang has been serving a role of CFO for Reckitt Benckiser North Asia region including China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan and Korea since September 2012. Prior to this role, Mr. Yang had worked for McDonald’s Corporation as a senior financial director, including an international assignment as the Corporate Controller of McDonald’s China for three and half years. Prior to such role, he served as acting controller of McDonald’s India and Indonesia and as a senior director of McDonald’s Corporation in Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa division where he oversaw the development and supervision of financial strategy and policy. Prior to joining McDonald’s Corporation, Mr. Yang worked in the U.S. business unit of Ernst & Young LLP for seven years in various positions, including as a group manager. During Mr. Yang’s tenure at Ernst & Young LLP, he focused on business risk management consultation, corporate M&A, restructuring of corporate internal management processes, internal audits, risk assessment, control system designs, and auditing of corporate financial statements, primarily for Fortune 500 companies. Mr. Yang has a master of business administration degree from the City University of New York, a master’s degree in Management and Engineering from the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, and a bachelor’s degree in Physics from the University of Science and Technology of China. Mr. Yang is a member of the U.S. Institute of Certified Internal Auditors, the Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Institute of Certified Management Accountants.

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Dr. Xiao Chen has served as an independent director and a member of our audit committee since August 2012. Dr. Chen is a professor in the Department of Accounting of the School of Economics and Management at Tsinghua University. For the past 15 years, he has been teaching and conducting academic research in the fields of accounting and taxation at Tsinghua University. He is a board member of the China Accounting Society and the China International Taxation Society. Since August 2007, Dr. Chen has served on the board of directors and as the chairman of the audit committee of Noah Education Holdings Ltd, a public company listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Since 2011, he has also served as an independent director of China First Chemical Holdings Ltd, a company listed on Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Prior to 2012, he served as an independent director of five public companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges. Dr. Chen received a bachelor’s degree in engineering from the Wuhan Institute of Chemical Engineering in 1983, a master’s degree in management from the University of Science and Technology of China in 1989, and a Ph.D. in economics from Tulane University in 1996.

Mr. Charles Chan has served as an independent director and a member of our audit committee since September 2013. Mr. Chan joined Arthur Andersen Canada in 1977 and was admitted to the AA Worldwide Partnership in 1988. Transferred to Arthur Andersen Hong Kong/China in 1994, Mr. Chan was Head of Audit and Business Advisory Service for Greater China. After Arthur Andersen merged with PricewaterhouseCoopers, or PwC, in 2002, Mr. Chan assumed management positions at PwC, including as a partner and as a member of various committees. Mr. Chan qualified as a Chartered Accountant in Canada in 1980 and as a Certified Public Accountant in Hong Kong in 1995.He has extensive experience in serving major clients listed in various major capital markets through the IPO process, conducting annual audits, providing business advice with respect to M&A activities and various types of capital and debt financing transactions. Mr. Chan has served as a member of professional, government and regulatory committees, including the Hong Kong Stock Exchange Listing Committee, the Selection Committee for the first Legislative Council of the Hong Kong SAR and the Hong Kong Society of Certified Public Accountants. For the Hong Kong Society of Certified Public Accountants, he served as a member of its council, accounting standards committee and auditing standards committee, and was chairman of its China technical committee. Mr. Chan retired from PwC on June 30, 2012.

Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers

For the year ended December 31, 2013, we paid an aggregate of approximately $9.1 million in cash compensation to our executive officers. We paid an aggregate of $0.2 million in cash compensation to our non-executive directors other than Dr. Charles Zhang. None of our directors have service contracts that provide for benefits upon termination of employment. For information regarding share-based compensation paid to officers and directors, see Item 6, “Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers—Share Incentive Plan.”

Employment Agreements with Executive Officers

We have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers. Under these agreements, we may terminate an executive officer’s employment for cause, at any time, for certain acts of such officer such as willful misconduct or gross negligence, repeated failure to perform substantially his duties, indictment or conviction for or confession of a felony, or any crime involving moral turpitude. In such case, such officer will not be entitled to receive payment of any severance benefits or other amounts by reason of termination other than accrued salary and vacation through the date of termination and such officer’s right to all other benefits will terminate, except as required by any applicable law.

We may also terminate our employment agreements with our executive officers without cause upon thirty-day advance written notice. In such case of termination by us and also in a case where an executive officer voluntarily terminates his employment with us upon thirty-days’ advance written notice for “good reasons,” we are required to provide him with severance benefits equal to an amount up to six (6) months of his monthly base salary, provided that such executive officer complies with the “employee non-competition, non-solicitation, confidential information and work product agreement” during the severance period and execute a release agreement in the form requested by us. “Good reasons” include (i) any significant change in the executive officer’s duties and responsibilities inconsistent in any material and adverse respect with his title and position, and (ii) any material breach of the employment agreement by us, including any reduction in the executive officer’s base salary or our failure to pay to him any portion of his compensation.

In addition, each of our executive officers has entered into an employee non-competition, non-solicitation, confidential information, and work product agreements with us. Under these agreements, each of our executive officers has agreed to be bound by (i) non-competition restrictions during his employment and for one year after the termination of his employment or for such longer period during which we pay him any severance benefits, and (ii) non-solicitation restrictions during the non-competition period. Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and after the termination or expiry of his employment agreement, in strict confidence and not to use, except as required in the performance of his or her duties in connection with the employment, any of our confidential information or trade secrets, any confidential information or trade secrets of our clients or customers, or the confidential or proprietary information of any third party held by us in confidence. The executive officers have also agreed to disclose to us all inventions which they conceive and develop during the employment and to assign all right, title and interest in them to us and agreed not to assert any such rights against us.

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Share Incentive Plan

Changyou.com Limited 2008 Share Incentive Plan

In December 2008, our Board of Directors and our shareholders adopted our 2008 Share Incentive Plan to attract, motivate and retain the best available personnel, provide additional incentives to our employees, directors and consultants and promote the success of our business. Our 2008 Share Incentive Plan provides for the issuance of up to 20,000,000 ordinary shares, of which 17,740,000 are Class B ordinary shares and 2,260,000 are Class A ordinary shares.

Plan Administration. Our Board of Directors or our compensation committee administers our share incentive plan and determines the terms and conditions of awards.

Types of Awards. The following is a summary of the awards that may be granted under our 2008 Share Incentive Plan.

•

Options. Provide for the right to purchase our ordinary shares at a specified exercise price subject to vesting, and generally will become exercisable in four equal annual installments beginning on the first anniversary of the date of grant.

•

Restricted Shares. A sale of ordinary shares at a price determined by our board or our compensation committee or a grant of our ordinary shares, in each case subject to vesting terms.

•

Restricted Share Units. Represent the right to receive our ordinary shares, subject to vesting. Restricted share units will generally be settled upon vesting, either by our delivery to the holder of the number of ordinary shares that equals the number of the vested restricted share units or by a cash payment to the holder that equals the then fair market value of the number of underlying ordinary shares. If any of the restricted share units that are settleable in Class B ordinary shares expire without settlement, such underlying Class B ordinary shares will be automatically converted into Class A ordinary shares and such Class A ordinary shares so converted will become available for future issuance under our 2008 Share Incentive Plan.

Award Document. Awards granted under our share incentive plan are evidenced by an award document that sets forth the terms and conditions applicable to each of these awards, as determined by our board or compensation committee in its sole discretion.

Termination of the Share Incentive Plan. Our share incentive plan will terminate in August 2018. Our Board of Directors may amend, suspend, or terminate our 2008 Share Incentive Plan at any time; provided, however, that our Board of Directors must first seek the approval of the participants of our share incentive plan if such amendment, suspension or termination would adversely affect the rights of participants with respect to any of their existing awards.

Conversion Cash Bonus Plan

On July 10, 2012, 7Road adopted the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan, which initially provided for the issuance of up to 5,100,000 Class A ordinary shares of 7Road (amounting to 5.1% of the then outstanding 7Road shares on a fully-diluted basis) to selected directors, officers, employees, consultants and advisors of 7Road. On November 2, 2012, the number of Class A ordinary shares available for issuance under the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan was increased to 15,100,000 shares

In July 2012, 7Road granted restricted share units settleable upon vesting by the issuance of an aggregate of 2,546,250 Class A ordinary shares of 7Road, with vesting in installments of 40%, 30% and 30%, respectively, on the first, second and third anniversaries of the grant date and vesting subject to the additional conditions that 7Road complete a firm commitment underwritten initial public offering of its Class A ordinary shares resulting in a listing on an internationally recognized exchange and all underwriters’ lockup periods applicable to such offering expire.

Employee Incentive Plans

On February 8, 2014, our Board of Directors approved three new employee incentive plans with terms of 10 years, under which we may pay compensation to employees based on our profits, or the profits of specified projects.

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Eligible employees will receive a cash award from the plans as a bonus based on the number of employee incentive instruments they hold in the plans. Under each of two of the plans, we will distribute to eligible employees who participate in the plans up to 5% of our annual adjusted net profits. Combined, these two plans will distribute up to 10% of our annual adjusted net profits. The third employee incentive plan is structured to allow eligible employees on a specified project to receive up to 20% of the adjusted net profits of the specified project.

Eligible employees will participate in these plans by paying an amount to purchase instruments that will entitle them, while they are employed by us, to receive annual compensation under the plan. After fulfilling certain conditions, employees will be entitled to sell their instruments to other employees at any time during their employment with us at a negotiated price or sell their instruments back to us, subject to certain conditions, at the principal amount when they leave the company.

The Company’s management believes the implementation of these plans will grant these employees a sense of ownership in the Company and encourage an entrepreneurial spirit, as well as provide additional incentive to participating employees to work toward strong results within their areas of responsibility.

Issuance of Restricted Shares and Restricted Share Units to Executive Officers

On January 15, 2009, 8,000,000 Class B restricted shares were issued out of Sohu.com (Game) Limited’s equity interest in us to Prominence Investments Ltd., or Prominence, a British Virgin Islands company beneficially owned by Tao Wang, our CEO. The restricted shares were subject to vesting over a four-year period commencing on February 1, 2008, and were subject to forfeiture to Sohu.com (Game) Limited if the vesting conditions were not met. All of such Class B restricted shares had been vested as of the date of this annual report. During the period from February 1, 2012 through January 31, 2015, however, Prominence may not, directly or indirectly, transfer, assign, pledge or otherwise dispose of the 2,000,000 Class B restricted shares that became vested on February 1 2012, and if during that period Mr. Wang breaches any of the non-competition, non-solicitation or non-infringement covenants contained in the share subscription agreement under which the Class B restricted shares were issued, such 2,000,000 shares will be forfeited to Sohu.com (Game) Limited. Also see “Operating And Financial Review And Prospects—Operating Expenses—Share-based Compensation Expenses” in Item 5.

On January 15, 2009, we issued to our executive officers other than Tao Wang an aggregate of 1,800,000 of our Class B restricted shares. On March 13, 2009, we exchanged these Class B restricted shares for restricted share units (settleable in Class B ordinary shares). The vesting of these restricted share units was contingent upon the completion of an initial public offering by us on an internationally recognized stock exchange, and the restricted share units are otherwise subject to vesting over a four-year period, subject to acceleration under certain circumstances, commencing February 1, 2008. On April 21, 2009, we granted to our executive officers other than Tao Wang an aggregate of 1,200,000 of our Class A restricted share units. These restricted share units are subject to vesting over a four-year period and will be forfeited to us if the vesting conditions are not met. See “Operating And Financial Review And Prospects—Operating Expenses—Share-based Compensation Expenses.”

As of December 31, 2013, we had granted the following restricted shares and restricted share units to our directors and executive officers pursuant to our 2008 Share Incentive Plan.

Directors and Executive Officers

Restricted
Shares and
Restricted
Share
Units

Date of Grant

End of Vesting
Period

Tao Wang

8,000,000

⁽¹⁾

January 15, 2009

February 1, 2012

Dewen Chen

750,000

⁽²⁾

January 15, 2009

February 1, 2012

500,000

⁽³⁾

April 21, 2009

April 21, 2013

Alex Ho

*⁽²⁾

January 15, 2009

February 1, 2012

*⁽³⁾

April 21, 2009

April 21, 2013

Xiaojian Hong

750,000

⁽²⁾

January 15, 2009

February 1, 2012

500,000

⁽³⁾

April 21, 2009

April 21, 2013

Wendy Pan

*⁽³⁾

January 7, 2013

(1)	Class B restricted shares. As of December 31, 2013, 8,000,000 of such Class B restricted shares have become vested and are no longer subject to forfeiture.

(2)	Restricted share units settleable in Class B ordinary shares, which have vested and are no longer subject to forfeiture.

(3)	Restricted share units settleable in Class A ordinary shares, which have vested and are no longer subject to forfeiture.

*	Less than 1% of our total outstanding voting securities.

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Board of Directors

Our Board of Directors currently consists of Dr. Charles Zhang, Tao Wang, Dave De Yang, Xiao Chen and Charles Chan. Our directors are elected by the holders of our ordinary shares and will hold office until our next annual general meeting of shareholders and until their successors are duly elected or appointed, or until their resignation or removal in accordance with the provisions of our memorandum and articles of association. Baoquan Zhang, who had been a member of our board of directors since April 2009, did not stand for re-election at our annual general meeting of shareholders held in September 2013 and Charles Chan was elected as a director by our shareholders at the meeting. A director is not required to hold any shares in our company by way of qualification. A director may vote with respect to any contract, proposed contract or arrangement in which he is materially interested provided that the nature of such interest is disclosed prior to any vote thereon. A director may exercise all the powers of our company to borrow money, mortgage or charge our undertakings, property and uncalled capital or any part thereof, and issue debentures or other securities whether outright or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of our company or of any third party.

A company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by a single entity is considered a “controlled company” under the NASDAQ Listing Rules. A controlled company need not comply with the applicable NASDAQ corporate governance rules requiring its Board of Directors to have a majority of independent directors and independent compensation and corporate governance and nominating committees. Because more than 50% of the voting power of our company is held by Sohu, we qualify as a “controlled company” under the NASDAQ Listing Rules, and we avail ourselves of the controlled company exception provided under those rules. In the event that we are no longer a controlled company, a majority of our Board of Directors will be required to be independent and it will be necessary for us to have compensation and corporate governance and nominating committees that are composed entirely of independent directors, subject to a phase-in period during the first year we cease to be a controlled company, unless we invoke the home country exception to such requirement available to foreign private issuers, such as us, under the NASDAQ Listing Rules.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Audit Committee. Our audit committee currently consists of Dave De Yang, Xiao Chen and Charles Chan. Dr Baoquan Zhang, who had been a member of our audit committee since April 2009, ceased to be a director and a member of our audit committee in September 2013 after his term expired and Mr. Chan, after his election as a director, was appointed by our board of directors to be a member of our audit committee to fill the vacancy created by Mr. Zhang’s departure. Our Board of Directors has determined that Dave De Yang, Xiao Chen and Charles Chan satisfy the independence requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 5605 of the NASDAQ Listing Rules. In addition, our Board of Directors has determined that Dave De Yang meets the criteria of an audit committee financial expert as set forth under the applicable SEC rules and Rule 5605(c)(2) of the NASDAQ Listing Rules. The full responsibilities of our audit committee are set forth in its charter, which will be reviewed and updated annually and approved by our board, and will be posted on our Website at www.changyou.com. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

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selecting the independent auditors and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independent auditors;

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overseeing our accounting and financial reporting processes and audits of the financial statements of our company;

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reviewing with the independent auditors any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response;

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reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions, as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act and in the NASDAQ Listing Rules;

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discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent auditors;

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reviewing major issues as to the adequacy of our internal controls over financial reporting and any special audit steps adopted in the light of any significant deficiencies or materially weakness in our internal controls; and

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meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent auditors.

Duties of Directors

Under Cayman Islands law, our directors have a common law duty to act honestly in good faith with a view to our best interests and for a proper purpose. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess with the care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association. A shareholder in our name may have the right to seek various remedies in our name if a duty owed by our directors is breached.

Terms of Directors and Officers

A director may be removed by ordinary resolution passed by a majority of our shareholders before the expiration of such director’s term. Officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors.

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Employees

As of December 31, 2011, 2012, and 2013, we had 3,297, 4,414 and 6,106 full-time employees, respectively. The following table sets forth the number of our employees by department as of December 31, 2013:


	As of December 31, 2013
	Number		Percentage
Product development		3,139		51.4	%
Game operations⁽¹⁾		953		15.6	%
Sales and marketing		857		14.0	%
Customer service		237		3.9	%
General and administration		920		15.1	%

Total		6,106		100	%

(1)	Includes technical support employees.

In addition, as of December 31, 2013, we had 109 part-time employees. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. None of our employees are represented under collective bargaining agreements.

Share Ownership

Refer to “Item 7: Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions” below for a description of the share ownership of our directors and senior executive officers.

ITEM 7.

MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Major Shareholders

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our shares as of February 21, 2014 by:

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each of our directors and executive officers; and

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each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5% of our shares.


	Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned⁽¹⁾
	Number			%
Directors and Executive Officers:
Charles Zhang			*			*
Tao Wang⁽²⁾		14,040,000			13.3	%
Dewen Chen			*			*
Alex Ho			*			*
Xiaojian Hong			*			*
Wendy Pan			*			*
Dave De Yang		—			—
Xiao Chen		—			—
Charles Chan		—			—
Principal Shareholder:
Sohu.com (Game) Ltd.⁽³⁾		71,750,000			67.9	%
Prominence Investments Ltd.⁽²⁾		14,040,000			13.3	%

*	Less than 1% of our total outstanding voting securities.

(1)

Includes the number of Class A ordinary shares and percentage ownership represented by Class A ordinary shares determined to be beneficially owned by a person or entity in accordance with rules of the SEC. Holders of Class B ordinary shares may convert their Class B ordinary shares into the same number of Class A ordinary shares at any time and, accordingly, are deemed to beneficially own such Class A ordinary shares. The number of Class A ordinary shares or Class B ordinary shares beneficially owned by a person or entity includes restricted share units that will vest within 60 days after February 28, 2014. Class A ordinary shares or Class B ordinary shares issuable upon the vesting of restricted share units are deemed outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage of outstanding Class A ordinary shares owned by that person or entity. Such Class A ordinary shares or Class B ordinary shares issuable upon such vesting are not deemed outstanding, however, for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person or entity.

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(2)

Consists of 12,240,000 Class B ordinary shares and 1,800,000 Class A ordinary shares held of record by Prominence. Prominence is a British Virgin Islands company which is ultimately owned by a trust of which Tao Wang, our CEO, is the primary beneficiary. The business address of Prominence Investments Ltd. is c/o Credit Suisse Trust, Singapore, 1 Raffles Link #05-02, Singapore. All of the shares beneficially held by Mr. Wang were vested as of the date of this annual report. The 12,240,000 Class B ordinary shares and 1,800,000 Class A ordinary shares held of record by Prominence represent approximately 14.6% of the voting power of all issued and outstanding ordinary shares of Changyou.

(3)

Consists of 1,500,000 Class A ordinary shares, which are represented by 750,000 ADSs, and 70,250,000 Class B ordinary shares held by Sohu.com (Game) Limited. Sohu.com (Game) Limited, a Cayman Islands corporation and an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Sohu.com Inc. The registered address of Sohu.com (Game) Limited is Floor 4, Willow House, Cricket Square, P O Box 2804, Grand Cayman KY1-1112 , Cayman Islands. The Class A ordinary shares (represented by ADSs) and the Class B ordinary shares held by Sohu.com (Game) Ltd. collectively represent approximately 83.0% of the voting power of all issued and outstanding ordinary shares of Changyou.

Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. With respect to matters requiring a shareholder vote, holders of Class A ordinary shares and holders of Class B ordinary shares vote together as one class. Each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to ten votes. We issued Class A ordinary shares represented by our ADSs in our initial public offering. Holders of Class B ordinary shares may choose to convert their Class B ordinary shares into the same number of Class A ordinary shares at any time. Class B ordinary shares are only transferable to an affiliate of the holder or to an affiliate of us.

All of 23,202,686 Class A ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of February 21, 2014, or approximately 22.0% of the combined total of our outstanding Class A and Class B ordinary shares, were held by a single holder of record in the United States, the Bank of New York Mellon, the depositary for our ADS program.

Related Party Transactions

As of February 21, 2014, Sohu held approximately 67.9% of the combined total of Changyou’s outstanding Class A and Class B ordinary shares and controlled approximately 83.0% of the total voting power in Changyou. As of December 31, 2013, Sohu continues to have the power acting alone to approve any action requiring a vote of the majority of our ordinary shares and to elect all our directors.

Contractual Arrangements with our VIEs and their Shareholders

PRC law currently restricts foreign ownership of online game businesses. To comply with PRC law, we conduct a significant part of our game operations and distribution businesses and the 17173 Business through contractual arrangements between our PRC subsidiaries AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace and ICE Information and their corresponding VIEs Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE and their respective shareholders. The equity interests in each of Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace are owned 60% by Tao Wang, our Chief Executive Officer, and 40% by Dewen Chen, our President. The equity interests in Shenzhen 7Road are owned 100% by our VIE Gamease, which is a PRC company. The equity interests in Shanghai ICE are owned by Runa Pi and Rong Qi, each of whom holds 50% of Shanghai ICE. The following is a summary of the agreements currently in effect:

Contractual Arrangements with Gamease and its Shareholders

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Loan Agreements, between AmazGame and Gamease shareholders. These loan agreements provide for loans of $906,000 to Tao Wang and of $604,000 to Dewen Chen for them to make contributions to the registered capital of Gamease in exchange for the 60% and 40% equity interests, respectively, in Gamease. The loans are interest free and are repayable on demand, but the shareholders can only repay the loans by transferring to AmazGame of their respective equity interests in Gamease.

•

Equity Interest Purchase Right Agreements, among AmazGame, Gamease and Gamease shareholders. Pursuant to these agreements, AmazGame and any third party designated by AmazGame have the right, exercisable at any time during the term of the agreement, if and when it is legal to do so under PRC law, to purchase from Tao Wang or Dewen Chen, as the case may be, all or any part of his or her equity interests in Gamease at a purchase price equal to their initial contributions to the registered capital of Gamease or the respective proportion of such initial contribution in the case of a partial purchase of such equity interests in Gamease.

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•

Equity Pledge Agreements, among AmazGame, Gamease and the shareholders of Gamease. Pursuant to these agreements, Tao Wang and Dewen Chen pledged to AmazGame their equity interests in Gamease to secure the performance of their respective obligations and Gamease’s obligations under the various VIE-related agreements. If any of the shareholders of Gamease breaches his or her respective obligations under any VIE-related agreements (Gamease’s breach of any of its obligations under the various VIE-related agreements will be treated as the shareholders’ breach of their respective obligations), including the Equity Pledge Agreement, AmazGame is entitled to exercise its rights as the beneficiary under the Equity Pledge Agreement, including all the rights such shareholder has as a shareholder of Gamease.

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Business Operation Agreement, among AmazGame, Gamease and the shareholders of Gamease. This agreement sets forth the rights of AmazGame to control the actions of the shareholders of Gamease.

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Powers of Attorney, executed by the shareholders of Gamease in favor of AmazGame. These powers of attorney give AmazGame the exclusive right to appoint nominees to act on behalf of each of the two Gamease shareholders in connection with all actions to be taken by Gamease.

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Technology Support and Utilization Agreement, between AmazGame and Gamease. Pursuant to this agreement, AmazGame has the exclusive right to provide certain product development and application services and technology support to Gamease for a fee equal to a predetermined percentage of Gamease’s revenues.

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Services and Maintenance Agreement, between AmazGame and Gamease. Pursuant to this agreement, AmazGame provides marketing, staffing, business operation and maintenance services to Gamease in exchange for a fee equal to the cost of providing such services plus a predetermined margin.

Contractual Arrangements with Shenzhen 7Road and its Sole Shareholder Gamease

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Amended and restated equity interest purchase right agreement among 7Road Technology, Shenzhen 7Road and Gamease, which is Shenzhen 7Road’s sole shareholder. Under this agreement, 7Road Technology and any third-party designated by 7Road Technology have the right, exercisable at any time during the term of the agreement, if and when it is legal to do so under PRC law, to purchase from Gamease all or any part of its shares in Shenzhen 7Road at a nominal purchase price. This agreement has a term of 10 years, is renewable by 7Road Technology for such term as it may determine and is terminable by 7Road Technology by notice to the other parties at any time when, under PRC law as then in effect, 7Road Technology cannot exercise its purchase right, and is also terminable if Shenzhen 7Road’s or 7Road’s existence is terminated, by mutual agreement of the parties or upon the written request of 7Road Technology. Neither Gamease nor Shenzhen 7Road has any power to terminate the agreement.

•

Amended and Restated Equity Interest Pledge Agreement among 7Road Technology, Shenzhen 7Road and Gamease. Under this agreement, Gamease agreed to pledge to 7Road Technology Gamease’s equity interests in Shenzhen 7Road to secure the performance of Gamease’s obligations and Shenzhen 7Road’s obligations under the various VIE-related agreements. If Gamease or Shenzhen 7Road breaches its obligations under any VIE-related agreements, 7Road Technology is entitled to exercise its rights as the beneficiary under the Equity Interest Pledge Agreements. This agreement terminates only after all of the obligations of Gamease and/or of Shenzhen 7Road under the various VIE-related agreements are no longer in effect.

•

Amended and Restated Business Operation Agreement among 7Road Technology, Shenzhen 7Road and Gamease. This agreement grants to 7Road Technology the right to control the actions of Shenzhen 7Road and to control the actions of Gamease in its capacity as the sole shareholder of Shenzhen 7Road. This agreement has an initial term of 10 years, is renewable by 7Road Technology for such term as it may determine and is terminable early if the existence of Shenzhen 7Road or 7Road Technology is terminated, or upon 30 days’ advance written notice of 7Road Technology to Shenzhen 7Road.

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Power of Attorney executed by Gamease in favor of 7Road Technology. This power of attorney gives 7Road Technology the exclusive right to appoint designees to act on behalf of Gamease in connection with all actions to be taken by Shenzhen 7Road requiring shareholder approval.

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Technology Development and Utilization Service Agreement between 7Road Technology and Shenzhen 7Road. Under this agreement, 7Road Technology has the exclusive right to provide product development and application services and technology support to Shenzhen 7Road for a fee based on Shenzhen 7Road’s revenues, that is not less than a majority of Shenzhen 7Road revenues for the contract period. The fee can be adjusted by 7Road Technology at any time in its sole discretion. This agreement will terminate if the existence of 7Road Technology or Shenzhen 7Road is terminated, by mutual agreement of the parties or upon failure to perform due to a force majeure event.

•

Services and Maintenance Agreement between 7Road Technology and Shenzhen 7Road. Pursuant to this agreement, 7Road Technology provides marketing and maintenance services to Shenzhen 7Road in exchange for a fee equal to the cost of providing such services plus a predetermined margin. This agreement will terminate if the existence of 7Road Technology or Shenzhen 7Road is terminated, by mutual agreement of the parties or upon failure to perform due to a force majeure event.

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Contractual Arrangements with Guanyou Gamespace and its Shareholders

•

Loan Agreements, between Gamespace and Guanyou Gamespace shareholders. These loan agreements provide for loans of $906,000 to Tao Wang and of $604,000 to the Dewen Chen for them to make contributions to the registered capital of Guanyou Gamespace in exchange for the 60% and 40% equity interests, respectively, in Guanyou Gamespace. The loans are interest free and are repayable on demand, but the shareholders can only repay the loans by transferring to Gamespace of their respective equity interests in Guanyou Gamespace.

•

Equity Interest Purchase Right Agreements, among Gamespace, Guanyou Gamespace and Guanyou Gamespace’s shareholders. Pursuant to these agreements, Gamespace and any third party designated by Guanyou have the right, exercisable at any time during the term of the agreement, if and when it is legal to do so under PRC law, to purchase from Tao Wang or Dewen Chen, as the case may be, all or any part of his or her equity interests in Guanyou Gamespace at a purchase price equal to their initial contributions to the registered capital of Guanyou Gamespace or the respective proportion of such initial contribution in the case of a partial purchase of such equity interests in Guanyou Gamespace.

•

Equity Pledge Agreements, among Gamespace, Guanyou Gamespace and the shareholders of Guanyou Gamespace. Pursuant to these agreements, Tao Wang and Dewen Chen pledged to Gamespace their equity interests in Guanyou Gamespace to secure the performance of their respective obligations and Guanyou Gamespace’s obligations under the various VIE-related agreements. If any of the shareholders of Guanyou Gamespace breaches his or her respective obligations under any VIE-related agreements (Guanyou Gamespace’s breach of any of its obligations under the various VIE-related agreements will be treated as the shareholders’ breach of their respective obligations), including the Equity Pledge Agreement, Gamespace is entitled to exercise its rights as the beneficiary under the Equity Pledge Agreement, including all the rights such shareholder has as a shareholder of Guanyou Gamespace.

•

Business Operation Agreement, among Gamespace, Guanyou Gamespace and the shareholders of Guanyou Gamespace. This agreement sets forth the rights of Gamespace to control the actions of the shareholders of Guanyou Gamespace.

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Powers of Attorney, executed by the shareholders of Guanyou Gamespace in favor of Gamespace. These powers of attorney give Gamespace the exclusive right to appoint nominees to act on behalf of each of the two Guanyou Gamespace shareholders in connection with all actions to be taken by Guanyou Gamespace.

•

Technology Support and Utilization Agreement, between Gamespace and Guanyou Gamespace. Pursuant to this agreement, Gamespace has the exclusive right to provide certain product development and application services and technology support to Guanyou Gamespace for a fee equal to a predetermined percentage of Guanyou Gamespace’s revenues.

•

Services and Maintenance Agreement, between Gamespace and Guanyou Gamespace. Pursuant to this agreement, Gamespace provides marketing, staffing, business operation and maintenance services to Guanyou Gamespace in exchange for a fee equal to the cost of providing such services plus a predetermined margin.

Contractual Arrangements with Shanghai ICE and its Shareholders

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Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement, between ICE Information and Shanghai ICE. This agreement sets forth the exclusive right of ICE Information to provide business support and technical services to Shanghai ICE.

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Exclusive Technology Consulting and Service Agreement, between ICE Information and Shanghai ICE. Provides to ICE Information the exclusive right to provide technical consultation and other related services to Shanghai ICE in exchange for a fee equal to the balance of Shanghai ICE’s gross income after deduction of related costs and expenses.

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Business Operation Agreement, among ICE Information, Shanghai ICE and the shareholders of Shanghai ICE. This agreement sets forth the right of ICE Information to control the actions of the shareholders of Shanghai ICE.

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•

Call Option Agreement, among ICE Information, Shanghai ICE and Shanghai ICE shareholders. Provides to ICE Information and any third party designated by ICE Information the right, exercisable at any time during the term of the agreement, if and when it is legal to do so under PRC law, to purchase from the shareholders all or any part of their shares in Shanghai ICE or purchase from Shanghai ICE all or part of its assets or business at the lowest purchase price permissible under PRC law. The agreement further provides that Shanghai ICE or its shareholders will transfer back to ICE Information any such purchase price they have received from ICE Information, upon the request of ICE Information, as and to the extent allowed under PRC law.

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Share Pledge Agreement, among ICE Information, Shanghai ICE and the shareholders of Shanghai ICE. Pledge by the shareholders to ICE Information of their equity interests in Shanghai ICE, to secure the performance of their obligations and Shanghai ICE’s obligations under the various VIE-related agreements. If Shanghai ICE or any of the shareholders of Shanghai ICE breaches its, his or her obligations under any VIE-related agreements, ICE Information is entitled to exercise its rights as pledgee of the equity interests.

Transactions and Agreements with Sohu in connection with the carve-out of our MMOG Business from Sohu

Expenses charged from Sohu for sales and marketing services and certain other services in connection with our business amounted to $13.4 million, $14.0 million and $6.0 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011. The amounts of these charges were agreed to by Sohu and us with reference to amounts charged for similar services by unrelated parties. Total corporate general administrative expenses allocated from Sohu were $12,000, $27,000 and $1.5 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.

During the years from 2009 to 2013, we continued to use the Sohu logo, to purchase banner advertisements from Sohu, and, before our acquisition of the 17173 Business from Sohu on December 15, 2011, to pay Sohu to include advertisements for and links to our MMOGs on the 17173.com Website. For each of such banner advertisement and link placements, we paid Sohu at the same rates as Sohu charges third parties for such placements. We also used Sohu’s PEAK online billing system and used Sohu to provide links to our MMOG Website on Sohu.com’s main Website, for which we paid Sohu at a rate comparable to the rates charged by third-party providers for similar services and placements. In 2014, for so long as Sohu remains as our controlling shareholder, we intend to enter into new agreements, or make amendments to existing agreements, between us and Sohu that involve significant expenditures or commitments with reference to the terms of similar agreements between unrelated third parties. We will also submit such agreements and amendments for review by the audit committee of our Board of Directors, which will assess such agreements and amendments for potential conflicts of interest in accordance with the NASDAQ Listing Rules, and seek to ensure that terms of such agreements and amendments are no less favorable than would be comparable agreements between us and an unrelated third party. We have adopted a policy for our audit committee setting forth the guidelines under which related party transactions, including transactions between Sohu and us, must be reviewed and approved or ratified by the audit committee. In assessing a related party transaction, the audit committee is required to consider such factors as (i) the benefits to us of the transaction; (ii) the commercial reasonableness of the terms of the related party transaction; (iii) the materiality of the transaction to us; and (iv) the extent of the related party’s interest in the transaction.

The following are summaries of a Master Transaction Agreement related to our carve-out from Sohu, an Amended and Restated Non-Competition Agreement, and an Amended and Restated Marketing Services Agreement between Sohu and us:

Master Transaction Agreement for Carve-out

The Master Transaction Agreement with respect to our carve-out from Sohu contains key provisions relating to our carve-out from Sohu. The agreement provides for cross-indemnities that generally will place the financial responsibility on us for all liabilities associated with the current and historical MMORPG business and operations transferred to us, and generally will place on Sohu the financial responsibility for liabilities associated with all of Sohu’s other current and historical businesses and operations, in each case regardless of the time those liabilities arise. The agreement also contains indemnification provisions under which we and Sohu indemnify each other with respect to breaches of the agreement or any related inter-company agreement.

In addition to our general indemnification obligations described above relating to the current and historical Sohu business and operations, we have agreed to indemnify Sohu against liabilities arising from misstatements or omissions in the prospectus for our initial public offering or the registration statement of which it is a part, except for misstatements or omissions relating to information that Sohu provided to us specifically for inclusion in the prospectus or the registration statement of which it forms a part. We also have agreed to indemnify Sohu against liabilities arising from any misstatements or omissions in our periodic SEC filings and from information we provide to Sohu specifically for inclusion in Sohu’s annual or quarterly reports, but only to the extent that the information pertains to us or our business or to the extent Sohu provides us prior written notice that the information will be included in its annual or quarterly reports and the liability does not result from the action or inaction of Sohu.

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In addition to Sohu’s general indemnification obligations described above relating to the current and historical Sohu business and operations, Sohu will indemnify us against liabilities arising from misstatements or omissions with respect to information that Sohu provided to us specifically for inclusion in the prospectus for our initial public offering or the registration statement of which it is a part. Sohu will also indemnify us against liabilities arising from information Sohu provides to us specifically for inclusion in our periodic SEC filings, but only to the extent that the information pertains to Sohu or Sohu’s business or to the extent we provide Sohu prior written notice that the information will be included in our periodic SEC filings and the liability does not result from our action or inaction.

For liabilities arising from events occurring on or before April 1, 2009, the Master Transaction Agreement with respect to our carve-out from Sohu contains a general release. Under this provision, we release Sohu and its subsidiaries, VIEs, successors and assigns, and Sohu will release us and our subsidiaries, VIE, successors and assigns, from any liabilities arising from events between us on the one hand, and Sohu on the other hand, occurring on or before the date of the prospectus, including in connection with the activities to implement our initial public offering. The general release does not apply to liabilities allocated between the parties under the Master Transaction Agreement with respect to our carve-out from Sohu or the other inter-company agreements or to specified ongoing contractual arrangements.

Furthermore, under the Master Transaction Agreement with respect to our carve-out from Sohu, we have agreed to use our reasonable best efforts to use the same independent certified public accounting firm selected by Sohu and to maintain the same fiscal year as Sohu until such time as Sohu no longer owns at least a majority of our voting securities. We also have agreed to use our reasonable best efforts to complete our audit and provide Sohu with all financial and other information on a timely basis so that Sohu may meet its deadlines for its filing annual and quarterly financial statements.

Amended and Restated Non-Competition Agreement

We are a party to a Non-Competition Agreement, effective as of January 1, 2011 and amended and restated as of November 29, 2011, pursuant to which Sohu has agreed that, (i) until the later of three years after Sohu no longer owns in the aggregate at least 10% of the voting power of our then outstanding voting securities and March 17, 2014, or the general non-competition period, Sohu will not compete with us in the MMORPG business anywhere in the world, and (ii) until December 15, 2016, or the 17173 non-competition period, Sohu will not compete with us in the 17173 Business anywhere in the world, except that Sohu may, during the 17173 non-competition period, continue to own and operate a Web site through the domain name “games.sohu.com,” for so long as content for and maintenance of such site is primarily provided by our staff. We have agreed during the general non-competition period not to compete with Sohu in the Internet portal, search, mobile value-added services and any other businesses conducted or contemplated to be conducted by Sohu as of April 1, 2009, except the MMORPG business and, after our acquisition of the 17173 Business on December 15, 2011, the 17173 Business. In addition, both parties have agreed not to solicit the employees of the other party.

Amended and Restated Marketing Services Agreement

We entered into a Marketing Services Agreement with Sohu, effective January 1, 2009, amended and restated as of January 1, 2010 and further amended as of January 1, 2011, pursuant to which Sohu provides certain rights and services to us, including marketing services and Sohu’s PEAK system for the distribution of our virtual prepaid game cards. The agreement further provides for the license from Sohu to us of certain domain names, permits us to co-brand our games with the Sohu name and logos, and allows us to identify ourselves as a member of the Sohu Group. The agreement will terminate upon the later of the date that is three years after the first date upon which Sohu ceases to own in the aggregate at least 10% of the voting power of the then outstanding securities of Changyou and the fifth anniversary of March 17, 2009. The amendment and restatement of the Marketing Services Agreement effective January 1, 2010 includes certain amendments to the original agreement, including clarifications and rate adjustments, and terms under which Sohu provides us with space on Sohu servers for the purpose of our display on Sohu Websites of banner ads and promotional material, continues to give us rights to use the Sohu brand and logo, certain Sohu domain names, Sohu Passport and the Sohu PEAK online payment system, and provides certain services to us, such as the construction and maintenance of a bulletin board system for some of our MMOGs.

Transaction Agreements for Our Purchase of the 17173 Business

17173 Transaction Agreement

On November 29, 2011, we entered into a Master Transaction Agreement with Sohu respect to our acquisition of the 17173 Business, or the 17173 Transaction Agreement. Under the 17173 Transaction Agreement, we acquired from Sohu certain assets and business operations associated with the 17173 Business for fixed cash consideration of $162.5 million. The parties agreed to customary representations, warranties, indemnities and covenants in the 17173 Transaction Agreement. Our acquisition of the 17173 Business closed on December 15, 2011. The 17173 Transaction Agreement provided for a brief transition period from December 16, 2011 through December 31, 2011, during which the net profits of $1.3 million generated from our operation of the 17173 Business were for Sohu’s benefit rather than ours.

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Amended and Restated Non-Competition Agreement

We and Sohu revised our existing non-competition agreement to provide Sohu’s agreement not to compete with us in the 17173 Business for a period of five years following the closing of our acquisition of the 17173 Business and to remove the prior prohibition on our competing with Sohu in the 17173 Business. See “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions—Transactions and Agreements with Sohu in connection with the carve-out of our MMORPG Business from Sohu—Amended and Restated Non-Competition Agreement” in Item 7 of this annual report.

Services Agreement and Online Links and Advertising Agreement

In addition, we and Sohu have entered into a services agreement and an online links and advertising agreement, referred to as the Services and Advertising Agreements, pursuant to which Sohu provides links and advertising space and technical support to us, including the provision and maintenance of user log-in, information management and virtual currency payment systems for the 17173 Business. The Services and Advertising Agreements provide for a term of twenty-five years for the virtual currency payment system services, and an initial term of three years for all the other services and links and advertising space, and involve aggregate fees payable by us to Sohu of approximately $30 million. Under the Services and Advertising Agreements, we may renew certain rights for a subsequent term of twenty-two years, and may obtain a perpetual software license in respect of the information management system and the user log-in system following the expiration of the three-year term, subject to our payment to Sohu of additional fees of up to approximately $5 million in the aggregate.

Audit Committee and Board Approval of Our Acquisition of the 17173 Business

Early in the course of discussions concerning a potential transaction regarding the 17173 Business between Sohu and us, we determined that, in view of Sohu’s status as our controlling shareholder and Dr. Charles Zhang’s positions as Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Sohu as well as our Chairman of the Board, such a transaction would be a related party transaction, and we determined to (i) retain separate U.S. and PRC legal counsel to advise us on the proposed transaction, conduct legal due diligence on the 17173 Business and assist us with negotiation of the 17173 Transaction Agreement and related agreements and the Services and Advertising Agreements and (ii) retain a separate Big Four accounting firm to assist us with financial due diligence of the 17173 Business. In addition, our management asked the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors to separately consider the fairness to us of the consideration to be paid by us under the 17173 Transaction Agreement and to determine whether to recommend to our full Board of Directors that it approve the 17173 Transaction Agreement. Dr. Zhang recused himself from participation in the negotiation of the 17173 Transaction Agreement and the Services and Advertising Agreements, did not participate in discussion of such agreements and transactions by our Board of Directors and abstained from voting on such agreements and transactions on our Board of Directors.

We engaged a financial advisor in connection with the 17173 Transaction Agreement to render a fairness opinion to our Board of Directors that the consideration to be paid by Changyou under the 17173 Transaction Agreement is fair, from a financial point of view, to Changyou. Our Audit Committee of the Boards of Directors determined that the consideration to be paid by us was fair to Changyou and recommended that our full Board of Directors approve the 17173 Transaction Agreement. The full Board of Directors, in reliance upon the Audit Committee’s recommendation and the fairness opinion of our financial advisor, determined that the consideration to be paid by Changyou was fair to Changyou and approved the 17173 Transaction Agreement.

The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors also recommended that our full Board of Directors approve the Services and Advertising Agreements, based on our management’s report that the consideration under the Services and Advertising Agreements was determined based on prevailing market rates for similar services and links and advertising space. In addition, in reliance, in part, on such reports, our Audit Committee and our full Board of Directors determined that the consideration to be paid under the Services and Advertising Agreements was fair to us, and the Board of Directors approved the Services and Advertising Agreements.

Amounts Due to/from Sohu

Intercompany receivables from Sohu, arising mainly from customer advances collected by Sohu on our behalf, were $0.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2013 and 2012. Prepaid expenses and non-current assets recorded in relation to services and advertising agreements we entered into with Sohu were $10.4 million as of December 31, 2013, compared to $20.2 million as of December 31, 2012. These balances are interest free and settleable on demand, and are measured at the amount of consideration established and agreed to by the related parties, which approximates amounts that would be charged to third parties.

Amounts Due to/from Chong Qing Zhong Ying Jin Dian Cinema Co., Ltd and Shi Dai Jin Dian Cinema Investing Co., Ltd (“Jin Dian”)

Intercompany payables to Jin Dian, arising mainly from our purchasing exclusive rights to place advertisements in pre-film screening cinema advertising slots in Jin Dian’s movie theatres, were $3.1 million as of September 27, 2013, compared to $4.2 million as of December 31, 2012. Jin Dian is controlled by Mr. Baoquan Zhang, who was a member of our Board of Directors until his resignation on September 27, 2013. Jin Dian was no longer considered to be our related party after Mr. Zhang’s resignation.

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Amounts Due to/from Shenzhen Zhou You Network Technology Ltd (“Zhou You”)

In January 2010, AmazGame acquired 30% of the equity interests in Zhou You and we have significant influence over Zhou You. As of December 31, 2013, intercompany payables to Zhou You were $0.3 million, arising mainly from royalty fees paid to Zhou You for a licensed game, compared to $0.3 million as of December 31, 2012.

Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

ITEM 8.

FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Consolidated Financial Statements

Please see Item 18 “Financial Statements” for our audited consolidated financial statements filed as a part of this annual report.

Legal Proceedings

Dividend Policy

In 2011 and 2013, we did not declare or pay any dividends. In August 2012, our Board of Directors declared a special one-time cash dividend of $1.90 per Class A ordinary shares or Class B ordinary share, or $3.80 per ADS (each representing two Class A ordinary shares). The total amount of the special cash dividend was approximately $200.9 million. In order to expedite the payment of the special cash dividend, we financed the payment through loans from offshore banks which are secured by an equivalent amount of RMB-denominated onshore bank deposits of our subsidiaries in China. The dividend was paid to our shareholders on September 21, 2012.

Future cash dividends, if any, will be declared at the sole discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors as our Board of Directors may deem relevant.

Holders of ADSs will be entitled to receive dividends, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, to the same extent as the holders of our ordinary shares, less the fees and expenses payable under the deposit agreement. Cash dividends will be paid by the depositary to holders of ADSs in U.S. dollars, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement. Other distributions, if any, will be paid by the depositary to holders of ADSs in any means it deems legal, fair and practical.

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ITEM 9.

THE OFFER AND LISTING

Our ADSs are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “CYOU.” Trading in our ADSs commenced on April 2, 2009.

The following table provides the high and low reported sale prices for our ADSs on the NASDAQ Global Select Market for (1) each quarter in the two most recent fiscal years, (2) the last five months in the two most recent fiscal years and (3) the most recent quarters.


	Trading Price ($)
	High		Low
2012
Full Year		29.52		17.00
First Quarter		29.52		21.77
Second Quarter		28.87		20.12
Third Quarter		27.74		17.00
Fourth Quarter		27.32		22.49
2013
Full Year		41.64		26.52
First Quarter		32.90		26.64
Second Quarter		32.49		27.07
Third Quarter		36.67		27.72
Fourth Quarter		41.64		26.52
August		33.55		27.72
September		36.67		28.21
October		41.64		27.51
November		29.98		26.52
December		32.09		27.34
2014
January		34.32		28.60
February (through February 21, 2014)		30.60		25.00

ITEM 10.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Memorandum and Articles of Association

We incorporate by reference into this annual report the description of our second amended and restated memorandum of association contained in our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-158061) originally filed with the SEC on March 17, 2009. Our shareholders adopted our second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association by a special resolution on March 16, 2009.

Differences in Corporate Law - Mergers and Similar Arrangements

Set forth below is a summary of the significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Law Cap. 22 (Law 3 of 1961, as consolidated and revised) of the Cayman Islands (the “Companies Law”) regarding mergers and similar arrangements that are applicable to us and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders.

Under the laws of the Cayman Islands, two or more companies may merge or consolidate in accordance with Part XVI of the Companies Law. Merger means the merging of two or more constituent companies into a sole remaining constituent company or surviving company and the vesting of the undertaking, property and liabilities of the constituent companies in the surviving company. Consolidation means the combination of two or more constituent companies into a new consolidated company and the vesting of the undertaking, property and liabilities of the constituent companies in the consolidated company. The directors of each constituent company must approve a written plan of merger or consolidation (the “Plan”). The Plan must contain certain prescribed information including the effective date of the merger or consolidation; the basis of cancelling the shares in a constituent company in exchange for the relevant consideration or converting the shares in each constituent company into shares of the consolidated company or surviving company and the rights attached thereto; any proposed amendments to the memorandum and articles of association of the surviving company in a merger or the proposed new memorandum and articles of association of the consolidated company in a consolidation; and details of all secured creditors.

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The Plan must be approved by each constituent company by way of (a) a special resolution of the shareholders; and (b) such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in such constituent company’s articles of association. Shareholders do not need to approve a merger between a Cayman Islands parent company and a Cayman Islands subsidiary. For this purpose a subsidiary is a company of which at least 90% of the issued shares entitled to vote are owned by the parent company.

The consent of each holder of a fixed or floating security interest over a constituent company is required unless this requirement is waived by a court in the Cayman Islands.

The Plan must be filed with the Registrar of Companies together with supporting documents including a declaration (a) of solvency (debts as they fall due); (b) that the merger or consolidation is bona fide and not intended to defraud unsecured creditors of the constituent companies; (c) of the assets and liabilities of each constituent company; (d) that no proceedings are outstanding and that no order has been made or resolution passed to wind up a constituent company or to appoint a receiver, trustee or administrator in any jurisdiction; (e) that no scheme, order, compromise or arrangement has been made in any jurisdiction whereby the rights of creditors have been suspended or restricted and an undertaking that a copy of the certificate of merger or consolidation will be given to members and creditors of the constituent company and notification of the merger or consolidation will be published in the Cayman Islands Gazette.

A certificate of merger or consolidation, which is prima facie evidence of compliance with all statutory requirements in respect of the merger or consolidation, is issued by the Registrar of Companies.

The effective date of a merger or consolidation is the date the Plan is registered by the Registrar of Companies, although the Plan may provide for an effective date up to 90 days after the date of registration.

Except under certain circumstances a dissenting shareholder of a Cayman Islands constituent company is entitled to payment of the fair value of his shares upon dissenting to a merger or consolidation The exercise of appraisal rights will preclude the exercise of any other rights except for the right to seek relief on the grounds that the merger or consolidation is void or unlawful.

The following procedure will otherwise apply:

•

The dissenting shareholder must give written notice of objection (“notice of objection”) to the constituent company before the vote to approve the merger or consolidation.

•

Within 20 days of the vote approving the merger or consolidation the constituent company must give written notice of the approval (“approval notice”) to all dissenting shareholders who served a notice of objection.

•

Within 20 days (“dissent period”) of the approval notice a dissenting shareholder must give a written notice of dissent (“notice of dissent”) to the constituent company demanding payment of the fair value of his shares.

•

Within 7 days of the expiry of the dissent period or within 7 days of the date on which the plan of merger or consolidation is filed with the Registrar of Companies (whichever is later) the constituent company, surviving company or consolidated company must make a written offer (“fair value offer”), to each dissenting shareholder to purchase their shares at a price determined by the company to be their fair value.

•

If the company and the dissenting shareholders fail to agree the price within 30 days of the fair value offer (“negotiation period”), then within 20 days of the expiry of the negotiation period the company must apply to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands to determine the fair value of the shares held by all dissenting shareholders who have served a notice of dissent and who have not agreed the fair value with the company.

All rights, benefits, immunities, privileges and property (including business and goodwill) of each of the constituent companies will vest in the surviving or consolidated company which will be liable for all debts, contracts, obligations, mortgages, charges, security interests and liabilities of each constituent company. Existing claims, proceedings, judgments, orders or rulings applicable to each constituent company will automatically apply to the surviving company or the consolidated company.

In addition, there are statutory provisions that facilitate the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies, provided that the scheme of arrangement is approved by a majority in number of each class of shareholders and creditors with whom the arrangement is to be made, and who must in addition represent three-fourths in value of each such class of shareholders or creditors, as the case may be, that are present and voting either in person or by proxy at a meeting, or meetings, convened for that purpose by order of the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. The arrangement must be sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. While a dissenting shareholder has the right to express to the court the view that the transaction ought not to be approved, the court can be expected to approve the arrangement if it determines that:

•

the statutory provisions as to the required vote have been met;

•

the shareholders have been fairly represented at the meeting in question and the statutory majority are acting bona fide without coercion of the minority;

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•

the arrangement is such that may be reasonably approved by an intelligent and honest man acting in respect of his interest in the relevant class; and

•

the arrangement is not one that would more properly be sanctioned under some other provision of the Companies Law.

When a take-over offer is made for all the shares or all the shares of a particular class and accepted by holders of 90% of the shares which are the subject of the offer within four months of the date of the offer, the offeror may, within a two month period commencing on the expiration of such four month period, require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer their shares on the terms of the offer. An objection can be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands but this is unlikely to succeed in the case of an offer which has been so approved unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith, or breach of the Companies Law.

If a scheme of arrangement or take-over offer is approved or accepted, the dissenting shareholder(s) are unlikely to have any rights comparable to appraisal rights, which would otherwise ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of United States corporations, providing rights to receive payment in cash for the judicially determined value of the shares.

Material Contracts

We have not entered into any material contracts within the past two fiscal years other than in the ordinary course of business, other than those listed in Item 19 “Exhibits” or described elsewhere in this annual report, or as described below.

Purchase of Office Building

On August 23, 2010, we entered into an agreement with a property developer to purchase an office building to be built in Beijing at a price of approximately $162.4 million to serve as our headquarters. The agreement provides for the developer to start construction in the first half of 2011, subject to necessary permits’ being obtained, and specifies that the developer was expected to complete construction and deliver the building to us by the end of 2012. The agreement states that building was expected to have an office and ancillary area of approximately 56,200 square meters. Since the area of the premises had not been pre-measured at the time of the signing of the Agreement, the area and the price contained in the agreement were estimates. The developer obtained an advance sale permit for the project in December 2011, which under PRC law allows the developer to sell the building to us in advance, before construction is completed. We then entered into an advance sale contract with respect to the purchase, specifying that the building was expected to have an area of approximately 56,549 square meters and that we were expected to pay up to 90% of the total purchase price to the developer upon the developer’s certifying completion of the building. Under the August 23, 2010 agreement and the advance sale contract, the remaining balance of the purchase price is to be adjusted based on the actual floor area built, the final unit price agreed to by the parties and cost adjustments, which have been agreed to be approximately $3.2 million, related to changes to the original design of the building. The developer certified completion of the building in January 2013. We had paid $165.2 million through December 31, 2013 pursuant to the August 23, 2010 agreement and the advance sale contract. Depreciation of the building commenced in January 2014.

Amended and Restated Market Services Agreement with Sohu

Please refer to “Related Party Transactions—Transactions and Agreements with Sohu in connection with the carve-out of our MMORPG Business from Sohu” in Item 7 of this annual report.

7Road Transactions

Share Transfer Framework Agreement with 7Road

On April 22, 2011, we entered into a Share Transfer Framework Agreement under which we, through our subsidiaries and Gamease, one of our VIEs, acquired 68.258% of the equity interests in Shenzhen 7Road, which is engaged in Web game operation (through third-party joint operators) and development in China. The purchase price consists of fixed cash consideration of approximately $68.26 million and additional variable cash consideration of up to a maximum of $32.76 million, contingent upon the achievement by 7Road of specified performance milestones through December 31, 2012. On and after the closing, four of the then shareholders of Shenzhen 7Road, who are also existing members of management of 7Road, or 7Road management shareholders, continued to hold 31.742% of the equity interests in Shenzhen 7Road and each entered into an employment agreement and a non-competition agreement with Shenzhen 7Road. Under the Share Transfer Framework Agreement, we have the right to designate three of the five directors of 7Road, including the chairman of the board. Also under the Share Transfer Framework Agreement, if 7Road achieves specified performance milestones through December 31, 2013 but there has not been an initial public offering for 7Road, then the 7Road management shareholders will have a right to sell all or a portion of their equity interests in 7Road to us, at a price determined based on 7Road’s net income. We completed the acquisition under the Share Transfer Framework Agreement on May 11, 2011. We completed the 7Road Reorganization, which was contemplated by the Share Transfer Framework Agreement, on June 26, 2012.

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See “Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company” in Item 4 of this annual report.

Acquisition Framework Agreement

On May 1, 2013, we entered into an Acquisition Framework Agreement pursuant which we acquired all of the ordinary shares of 7Road Cayman held by the non-controlling shareholders and through our VIE Gamease, all of the equity interests in Shenzhen 7Road held by shareholders other than Gamease, for aggregate cash consideration of approximately $78 million. Effective with our entering into the agreement, Mr. Dewen Chen, Changyou’s President, was appointed as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of 7Road. As a result of the acquisition, which was completed on June 5, 2013, 7Road became our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary and our VIE Gamease became the sole shareholder of our VIE Shenzhen 7Road. Also effective upon the closing of the acquisition, the former non-controlling shareholders’ existing non-compete covenants with us were terminated, and an agreement took effect under which the former non-controlling shareholders agreed, for a period of two years after the closing, to not solicit or hire existing employees of 7Road.

Transaction Agreements with Kalends Group

Investment Agreement

On November 19, 2013, we, through our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary Heroic, entered into an investment agreement with the Kalends Group. See “Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company” in Item 4 of this annual report.

Shareholder Agreement

In connection with the investment agreement, Heroic, the Kalends Group and TalkTalk entered into a shareholder agreement, effective upon the closing under the investment agreement on December 24, 2013, pursuant to which we will have the right to designate three of the five directors of TalkTalk, including the chairman of the board, and we will have customary rights of first refusal with respect to proposed transfers of equity interests in TalkTalk by the Kalends Group. The shareholder agreement also specifies that if TalkTalk fails to achieve specified performance milestones for the month of December 2014, then the Kalends Group, any key employees of TalkTalk who hold equity interests in TalkTalk, and, under certain circumstances, TalkTalk will be required to issue to us, without consideration, equity interests in TalkTalk in amounts sufficient to cause our equity interest to increase to 70% on a fully-diluted basis.

Exchange Controls

China’s government imposes control over the convertibility of RMB into foreign currencies. The conversion of RMB into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, has been based on rates announced by the People’s Bank of China. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the U.S. dollar. Under the new policy, the RMB is permitted to fluctuate within a narrow and managed band against a basket of certain foreign currencies. This change in policy has resulted in an approximately 0.25% appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar by the end of 2013. While the international reaction to the RMB revaluation has generally been positive, there remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to adopt an even more flexible currency policy, which could result in a further and more significant appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar.

Pursuant to the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations issued by the State Council on January 29, 1996, and effective as of April 1, 1996 (and amended on January 14, 1997 and August 5, 2008) and the Regulations on the Administration of Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange issued by the People’s Bank of China on June 20, 1996 and effective on July 1, 1996, or the FX Regulations, regarding the administration and control of foreign exchange, conversion of RMB into foreign exchange by foreign investment enterprises for current account items, including the distribution of dividends and profits to foreign investors of joint ventures, is permissible. Foreign investment enterprises are permitted to remit foreign exchange from their foreign exchange bank account in China on the basis of, inter alia, the terms of the relevant joint venture contracts and the board resolutions declaring the distribution of the dividend and payment of profits. On January 14, 1997, the State Council amended the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations and added, among other things, an important provision, as Article 5 provides that the State shall not impose restrictions on recurring international current account payments and transfers. Conversion of RMB into foreign currencies and remittance of foreign currencies for capital account items, including direct investment, loans, security investment, is still subject to the approval of the SAFE, in each such transaction.

Under the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, foreign investment enterprises are required to open and maintain separate foreign exchange accounts for capital account items (but not for other items). In addition, foreign investment enterprises may only buy, sell and/or remit foreign currencies at those banks authorized to conduct foreign exchange business upon the production of valid commercial documents and, in the case of capital account item transactions, document approval from the SAFE.

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Currently, foreign investment enterprises are required to apply to the SAFE for “foreign exchange registration certificates for foreign investment enterprises” (which are granted to foreign investment enterprises, upon fulfilling specified conditions and which are subject to review and renewal by the SAFE on an annual basis). With such foreign exchange registration certificates and required underlying transaction documents, or with approval documents from the SAFE if the transactions are under capital account (which are obtained on a transaction-by-transaction basis), foreign-invested enterprises may enter into foreign exchange transactions at banks authorized to conduct foreign exchange business to obtain foreign exchange for their needs.

Taxation

The following summary of the material Cayman Islands, PRC and United States federal income tax consequences of an investment in our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this annual report, all of which are subject to change. This summary does not discuss all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, such as the tax consequences under United States state, local and other tax laws.

Cayman Islands Taxation

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the Government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

PRC Taxation

PRC taxation of us and our corporate group

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and hold our equity interests in AmazGame, 7Road Technology, Gamespace, ICE Information and Changyou Raidcall, our PRC subsidiaries, indirectly through Changyou HK, 7Road HK and ICE HK, our Hong Kong subsidiaries. A significant portion of our business operations are conducted by these PRC subsidiaries through our VIEs Gamease, Shenzhen 7Road, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE. The CIT Law and its implementation rules provide that China-sourced income of foreign enterprises, such as dividends paid by a PRC subsidiary to its overseas parent that is not a PRC resident enterprise and has no establishment in the PRC, will normally be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of 10%, unless there are applicable tax treaties that reduce such rate. Under the China-HK Tax Arrangement, such dividend withholding tax rate may be reduced to 5% if a Hong Kong resident enterprise is considered a non-PRC tax resident enterprise and owns at least 25% of equity interests in the PRC company distributing the dividends, subject to approval of the PRC local tax authority. However, if the Hong Kong resident enterprise is not considered to be the beneficial owner of such dividends under applicable PRC tax regulations, such dividends may remain subject to withholding tax at a rate of 10%. On October 27, 2009, the SAT issued Circular 601, which provides guidance on determining whether an enterprise is a “beneficial owner” under China’s tax treaties and tax arrangements. Circular 601 Circular provides that, in order to be a beneficial owner, an entity generally must be engaged in substantive business activities, and that a company that is set up for the purpose of avoiding or reducing taxes or transferring or accumulating profits, will not be regarded as a beneficial owner and will not qualify for treaty benefits such as preferential dividend withholding tax rates. If any of our Hong Kong subsidiaries is, in the light of Circular 601, considered to be a non-beneficial owner for purposes of the China-HK Tax Arrangement, any dividends paid to it by any of our PRC subsidiaries would not qualify for the preferential dividend withholding tax rate of 5%, but rather would be subject to withholding tax at the usual CIT Law rate of 10%.

Under the CIT Law, enterprises established under the laws of jurisdictions outside China with their “de facto management bodies” located within China may be considered to be PRC tax resident enterprises for tax purposes. A substantial majority of the members of our management team as well as the management team of Changyou HK, 7Road HK and ICE HK are located in China. If we, Changyou HK, 7Road HK or ICE HK is considered a PRC tax resident enterprise under the above definition, then our global income will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25%.

PRC taxation of our overseas shareholders

The implementation rules of the CIT Law provide that, (i) if the enterprise that distributes dividends is domiciled in the PRC, or (ii) if gains are realized from transferring equity interests of enterprises domiciled in the PRC, then such dividends or capital gains are treated as China-sourced income. It is not clear how “domicile” may be interpreted under the CIT Law, and it may be interpreted as the jurisdiction where the enterprise is a tax resident. Therefore, if we and Changyou HK are considered as a PRC tax resident enterprise for tax purposes, any dividends we pay to our overseas shareholders or ADS holders as well as gains realized by such shareholders or ADS holders from the transfer of our shares or ADSs may be regarded as China-sourced income and as a result become subject to PRC withholding tax at the rate up to 10%. See “Risk Factors—There are significant uncertainties under the new corporate income tax law of the PRC, or the CIT Law, regarding our PRC enterprise income tax liabilities, such as tax on dividends paid to us by our PRC subsidiary. The CIT Law also contains uncertainties regarding possible PRC withholding tax on any dividends we pay to our overseas corporate shareholders and gains realized from the transfer of our shares by our overseas corporate shareholders.”

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United States Federal Income Taxation

The following is a general summary of the material United States federal income tax considerations related to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares by U.S. holders (as defined below). This summary applies only to U.S. holders that hold the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares as capital assets and that have the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. This discussion is based on the tax laws of the United States as in effect on the date of this annual report and on United States Treasury regulations in effect or, in some cases, proposed, as of the date of this annual report, as well as judicial and administrative interpretations thereof available on or before such date. All of the foregoing authorities are subject to change, which change could apply retroactively and could affect the tax consequences described below.

The following discussion does not describe all of the tax consequences that may be relevant to any particular investor or to persons in special tax situations such as:

•

certain financial institutions;

•

insurance companies;

•

broker dealers;

•

traders that elect to mark to market;

•

tax-exempt entities;

•

persons liable for alternative minimum tax;

•

persons holding ADSs or Class A ordinary shares as part of a straddle, hedging, conversion or integrated transaction;

•

persons that actually or constructively own 10% or more of our voting shares; or

•

persons holding ADSs or Class A ordinary shares through partnerships or other pass-through entities.

U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors about the application of the United States federal tax rules to their particular circumstances as well as the state, local and foreign tax consequences to them of the purchase, ownership and disposition of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares.

The discussion below of the United States federal income tax consequences to “U.S. holders” will apply to a beneficial owner of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares who is, for United States federal income tax purposes:

•

a citizen or individual resident of the United States;

•

a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes) organized under the laws of the United States, any state or the District of Columbia;

•

an estate whose income is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

•

a trust that (1) is subject to the supervision of a court within the United States and the control of one or more United States persons or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable United States Treasury regulations to be treated as a United States person.

The tax treatment of a partner in a partnership or other entity taxable as a partnership that holds ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, depends on the partner’s status and the activities of the partnership. U.S. holders that hold their ADSs or Class A ordinary shares through a partnership, limited liability company, or other entity taxable as a partnership should consult their tax advisers regarding their tax treatment.

The discussion below assumes that the representations contained in the Deposit Agreement are true and that the obligations in the Deposit Agreement and any related agreement will be complied with in accordance with their terms. Holders of ADSs will be treated as the holders of the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by those ADSs for United States federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, deposits of Class A ordinary shares in return for ADSs representing those shares, and surrender of ADSs in return for the underlying Class A ordinary shares, will not be subject to United States federal income tax.

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Taxation of Dividends and Other Distributions on ADSs or Class A Ordinary Shares

Subject to the passive foreign investment company rules discussed below, the gross amount of our distributions to a U.S. holder with respect to ADSs or Class A ordinary shares (including any amount withheld in respect of PRC taxes) generally will be included in a U.S. holder’s gross income as foreign source dividend income on the date of receipt by the depositary, in the case of ADSs, or by the U.S. holder, in the case of Class A ordinary shares, but only to the extent that the distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under United States federal income tax principles). To the extent, if any, that the amount of any such distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits, it will be treated first as a tax-free return of the U.S. holder’s tax basis in the ADSs or the Class A ordinary shares (thereby increasing the amount of any gain or decreasing the amount of any loss realized on the subsequent sale or disposition of such ADSs or Class A ordinary shares) and thereafter as capital gain. U.S holders should note that we do not intend to calculate our earnings and profits under United States federal income tax principles. Therefore, a U.S. holder should expect that a distribution generally will be reported as a dividend even if that distribution should be treated as a non-taxable return of capital or as capital gain under the rules described above. Further, the dividends will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction allowed to corporations in respect of dividends received from other United States corporations.

With respect to certain non-corporate U.S. holders, including individual U.S. holders, dividends may be taxed at a special rate (the applicable capital gains rate) that is applicable to “qualified dividend income” provided that (1) the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, (2) we are not treated as a passive foreign investment company with respect to the U.S. holder (as discussed below) for our taxable year in which the dividend was paid and we were not a passive foreign investment company in the preceding taxable year, and (3) certain holding period requirements are met. Under Internal Revenue Service authority, our Class A ordinary shares, or ADSs representing such shares, will be considered for the purpose of clause (1) above to be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States if they are listed (as our ADSs currently are) on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower rate for dividends paid with respect to our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. For foreign tax credit purposes, dividends paid on our Class A ordinary shares will generally constitute “passive category income” but could, in the case of certain U.S. holders, constitute “general category income.”

If PRC withholding taxes apply to dividends paid to a U.S. holder with respect to our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, subject to certain conditions and limitations, such PRC withholding taxes will be treated as foreign taxes eligible for credit against the U.S. holder’s United States federal income tax liability. The rules governing foreign tax credits are complex and, therefore, U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of a foreign tax credit in such U.S. holders’ particular circumstances.

Taxation of Disposition of Shares

Subject to the passive foreign investment company rules discussed below, a U.S. holder will recognize taxable gain or loss on any sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of an ADS or Class A ordinary share equal to the difference between the amount realized for the ADS or Class A ordinary share and the U.S. holder’s tax basis in the ADS or Class A ordinary share. The gain or loss will be capital gain or loss. A non-corporate U.S. holder, including an individual U.S. holder, who has held the ADS or Class A ordinary share for more than one year will be eligible for reduced capital gains tax rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Any such gain or loss that a U.S. holder recognizes will be treated as United States source income (or loss, in the case of losses, subject to certain limitations).

As described above under “Taxation—PRC Taxation,” any gain from the disposition of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares may be subject to PRC withholding tax. In such event, a U.S. holder that is eligible for the benefits of the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC may elect to treat the gain as PRC source income for foreign tax credit purposes. U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding their eligibility for benefits under the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC and their ability to credit any PRC tax withheld in respect of a sale of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares against their United States federal income tax liability.

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Passive Foreign Investment Company

We believe that we will not be treated as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our taxable year ending November 30, 2013. Our expectation is based on our current and anticipated operations and composition of our earnings and assets for the 2013 taxable year, including the current and expected valuation of our assets (including goodwill) based on the expected price of our ADSs in the market. However, because we currently hold, and expect to continue to hold a substantial amount of cash, and because the value of our other assets may be based in part on the market price of our ADSs, which has fluctuated and is likely to continue to fluctuate (and may fluctuate considerably given that market prices of Internet and online game companies historically have been especially volatile), our PFIC status may depend in large part on the market price of our ADSs. Accordingly, fluctuations in the market price of our ADSs may result in our being a PFIC for any taxable year. In addition, the composition of our income and assets will be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend our cash. Furthermore, it is not entirely clear how the contractual arrangements between us and our consolidated VIEs will be treated for purposes of the PFIC rules. If these contractual arrangements were found by PRC authorities with appropriate jurisdiction to be unenforceable, this could cause more than 75% of our gross income or more than 50% of our assets to be passive in the year that this finding was made or in subsequent years, which could cause us to be classified as a PFIC. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and PRC Law and Regulations—Our contractual arrangements with our VIEs and their shareholders may not be as effective in providing control over our VIEs as direct ownership of the VIEs and the shareholders of our VIEs may have conflicts of interest with us or with each other.” Also our actual PFIC status for any taxable year will depend upon the character of our income and assets and the value of our assets for such year, which will not be determinable until after the close of the taxable year. Accordingly, there is no guarantee that we will not be a PFIC for any taxable year.

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A non-U.S. corporation is considered a PFIC for any taxable year if either:

•

at least 75% of its gross income is passive income (the “income test”), or

•

at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during a taxable year) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”).

For the purposes of this determination, we will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the assets and earning our proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% (by value) of the shares.

We must make a separate determination each year as to whether we are a PFIC. As a result, our PFIC status may change.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder holds ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, such U.S. holder will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” that such U.S. holder receives and any gain that such U.S. holder realizes from a sale or other disposition (including a pledge) of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, unless the holder makes a “mark-to-market” election as discussed below. For purpose of these special rules, if we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. holder holds ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, we will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such U.S. holder for all succeeding years during which such U.S. holder holds ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. Under certain attribution rules, if we are a PFIC, a U.S. holder will be deemed to own such U.S. holder’s proportionate share of any subsidiaries or other entities that are PFICs in which we hold (directly or indirectly through other PFICs) an equity interest (“subsidiary PFICs”), and will generally be treated for purposes of the PFIC rules as if such U.S. holder directly held the shares of such subsidiary PFICs.

Under these special rules, distributions that a U.S. holder receives in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions that such U.S. holder received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or such U.S. holder’s holding period for the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares will be treated as an excess distribution. Under these special tax rules:

•

the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. holder’s holding period for the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares;

•

the amount allocated to the current taxable year, and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we became a PFIC, will be treated as ordinary income; and

•

the amount allocated to each other taxable year will be subject to the highest tax rate in effect for that taxable year and the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the resulting tax attributable to each such taxable year.

The tax liability for amounts allocated to years prior to the year of disposition or “excess distribution” cannot be offset by any net operating losses for such years, and gains (but not losses) realized on the sale of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares cannot be treated as capital, even if the U.S. holder holds the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares as capital assets. A U.S. holder will be subject to the same United States federal income tax rules as described above on indirect or constructive distributions that the U.S. holder is deemed to receive on shares of a subsidiary PFIC and on indirect or constructive dispositions of shares of subsidiary PFICs.

Alternatively, a U.S. holder of “marketable stock” (as defined below) in a PFIC may make a mark-to-market election for such stock of a PFIC to elect out of the tax treatment discussed in the two preceding paragraphs. A mark-to-market election will not be available, however, with respect to any subsidiary PFICs. If a U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election for the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, such U.S. holder will include in income each year an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares as of the close of such U.S. holder’s taxable year over such U.S. holder’s adjusted basis in such ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. The U.S. holder will be allowed a deduction for the excess, if any, of the adjusted basis of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares over their fair market value as of the close of the taxable year. However, deductions are allowable only to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains on the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares included in the U.S. holder’s income for prior taxable years. Amounts included in a U.S. holder’s income under a mark-to-market election, as well as gain on the actual sale or other disposition of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, will be treated as ordinary income. Ordinary loss treatment will also apply to the deductible portion of any mark-to-market loss on the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, as well as to any loss realized on the actual sale or disposition of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, to the extent that the amount of such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains previously included for such ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. A U.S. holder’s basis in the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares will be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss amounts. If the U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election, tax rules that apply to distributions by corporations which are not PFICs would apply to distributions by us (except that the lower applicable capital gains rate for “qualified dividend income” discussed above would not apply). The basis adjustment and income or loss inclusion described here under this alternate mark-to-market regime will only apply during years in which we are a PFIC.

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The mark-to-market election will only be available for “marketable stock” which is stock that is traded in more than de minimis quantities on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter on a qualified exchange or other market, as defined in applicable Treasury regulations. We expect that the ADSs will continue to be listed and regularly traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, which is a qualified exchange for these purposes, and, consequently, it can be expected that the mark-to-market election would be available to U.S. holders of our ADSs if we were to become a PFIC.

A third alternative taxation regime which may be available to some U.S. investors in PFICs, known as “qualified electing fund” (QEF) treatment, will not be available to U.S. holders of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. This is because QEF treatment requires the PFIC to supply annually certain information to U.S. holders of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, and we will not be supplying such information.

A U.S. holder of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares in any year in which we are a PFIC will be required to file Internal Revenue Service Form 8621 regarding distributions received on the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares and any gain realized on the disposition of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. In addition, if we are a PFIC for a taxable year in which we pay a dividend, or for the prior taxable year, the lower rate on “qualified dividend income” discussed above with respect to dividends paid to certain non-corporate U.S. holders would not apply.

U.S. holders and prospective holders of our ADSs are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to an investment in ADSs or Class A ordinary shares.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Dividend payments with respect to ADSs or Class A ordinary shares and proceeds from the sale, exchange or redemption of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares may be subject to information reporting to the Internal Revenue Service and possible United States backup withholding at a current rate of 28%. Backup withholding will not apply, however, to a U.S. holder who furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number and makes any other required certification or who is otherwise exempt from backup withholding. U.S. holders who are required to establish their exempt status must provide such certification on Internal Revenue Service Form W-9. U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the United States information reporting and backup withholding rules.

Individual U.S. holders, and certain entities that are U.S. holders, that own “specified foreign financial assets” with an aggregate value in excess of $50,000 are generally required to file an information statement along with their tax returns, currently on Form 8938, with respect to such assets. “Specified foreign financial assets” include any financial accounts held at a non-U.S. financial institution, as well as securities issued by a non-U.S. issuer (which would include our ADSs and Class A ordinary shares) that are not held in accounts maintained by financial institutions. Higher reporting thresholds apply to certain individuals living abroad and to certain married individuals. Regulations have been proposed that would extend this reporting requirement to certain entities that are treated as formed or availed of to hold direct or indirect interests in specified foreign financial assets based on certain objective criteria. U.S. holders who fail to report the required information could be subject to substantial penalties. Prospective investors should consult their own tax advisors concerning the application of these rules to their investment in our ADSs, including the application of the rules to their particular circumstances.

Available Additional Information

We are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Under the Exchange Act, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC.

Copies of reports and other information, when so filed, may be inspected without charge and may be obtained at prescribed rates at the public reference facilities maintained by the Securities and Exchange Commission at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information regarding the Washington, D.C. Public Reference Room by calling the Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains a Website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

As permitted under NASDAQ Stock Market Rule 5250(d)(1)(C), we will post our annual reports filed with the SEC on our Web site at http://www.changyou.com. We will not furnish hard copies of such reports to holders of our ADSs unless we are requested to do so in writing by a holder. Upon receipt of such a request, we will provide a hard copy of such reports to such requesting holder free of charge.

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ITEM 11.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

While our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, to date the majority of our revenues and costs are denominated in RMB and a significant portion of our assets and liabilities are denominated in RMB. As a result, we are exposed to foreign exchange risk as our revenues and results of operations may be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between U.S. dollar and RMB. If the RMB depreciates against the U.S. dollar, the value of our RMB revenues and assets as expressed in our U.S. dollar financial statements will decline. For example, as reported in our U.S. dollar financial statements included in this annual report, our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013 were $737.9 million and our total assets as of December 31, 2013 were $1.6 billion, representing revenues of RMB 4.6 billion and total assets of RMB 9.7 billion at the noon buying rate of RMB 6.0969 to $1.00 on December 31, 2013. If the value of the RMB were to depreciate by approximately 10% to RMB 6.7066 to $1.00, the value of the same amount of RMB-denominated revenue and total assets in U.S. dollars would be $670.8 million and $1.4 billion, respectively. We do not hold any derivative or other financial instruments that expose us to substantial market risk. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Fluctuation in the value of the RMB may have an adverse effect on our shareholders’ investment.” in Item 3.

The RMB is currently freely convertible under the “current account,” which includes dividends, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not under the “capital account,” which includes foreign direct investment. In addition, commencing on July 21, 2005, China reformed its exchange rate regime by changing to a managed floating exchange rate regime based on market supply and demand with reference to a basket of currencies. Provisions on Administration of Foreign Exchange, as amended in August 2008, further changed China’s exchange regime to a managed floating exchange rate regime based on market supply and demand. Under the managed floating exchange rate regime, the RMB is no longer pegged to the U.S. dollar. The exchange rate of the RMB against the U.S. dollar was adjusted to RMB 8.11 per U.S. dollar as of July 22, 2005, representing an appreciation of about 2%. The People’s Bank of China will announce the closing prices of foreign currencies such as the U.S. dollar traded against the RMB in the inter-bank foreign exchange market after the closing of the market on each business day, and will make such prices the central parity for trading against the RMB on the following business day. On May 19, 2007, the People’s Bank of China announced a policy to expand the maximum daily floating range of RMB trading prices against the U.S. dollar in the inter-bank spot foreign exchange market from 0.3% to 0.5%. While the international reactions to the RMB revaluation and widening of the RMB’s daily trading band have generally been positive, with the increased floating range of the RMB’s value against foreign currencies, the RMB may appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar or other foreign currencies in the long term, depending on the fluctuation of the basket of currencies against which it is currently valued. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to successfully hedge our exposure. Accordingly, we may incur economic losses in the future due to foreign exchange rate fluctuations, which could have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

The following table sets forth a summary of our foreign currency sensitive financial instruments as of December 31, 2013, which consisted of cash and cash equivalents, restricted time deposits, accounts receivable, short term investments, prepaid and other current assets, short-term bank loans, other current liabilities, long-term accounts payables, long-term bank loans and long-term contingent consideration. The book value of those financial instruments approximated their fair value.


	Denominated in
	US$		RMB		Others		Total
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	99,292	$	440,697	$	8,495	$	548,484
Restricted time deposits		—		424,674		—		424,674
Accounts receivable, net		1,359		34,280		357		35,996
Short-term investments		—		2,827		—		2,827
Prepaid and other current assets		722		63,103		632		64,457
Short-term bank loans		307,000		103,331		—		410,331
Other current liabilities		4,770		227,234		6,613		238,617
Long-term accounts payable		—		6,252		—		6,252

Inflation Rate Risk

According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the change in the consumer price index in China was 2.6%, 2.6% and 5.4% in 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. If inflation rises, it may materially and adversely affect our business.

Interest Rate Risk

Our investment policy limits our investments of excess cash in high-quality corporate securities and limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. We protect and preserve our invested funds by limiting default, market and reinvestment risk.

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During 2013, we drew down loans from the offshore branches of certain banks, which were secured by an equivalent or greater amount of RMB deposits by us in the onshore branches of such banks. As of December 31, 2013, the total amount of the loans was $410.3 million, of which $307.0 million carried a floating rate of interest based on the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, and $103.3 million carried a fixed rate of interest. The fair value of our fixed interest rate loans will fluctuate with movements of market interest rates, increasing in periods of declining rates of interest and declining in periods of increasing rates of interest. Based upon the prevailing interest rates in the market, the fair value of our loans was $410.3 million at December 31, 2013.

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ITEM 12.

DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

The following table summarizes the fees and charges that a holder of our ADSs may have to pay, directly or indirectly, pursuant to the Deposit Agreement, which was filed as an exhibit to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on March 17, 2009 (File No. 333-158061), and the types of services and the amount of the fees or charges paid therefore:


*Persons depositing or withdrawing shares or ADS holders must pay:*		*For:*

$5.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs (or portion of 100 ADSs)		• Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of shares or rights or other property

		• Cancellation of ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the Deposit Agreement terminates

$.02 (or less) per ADS		• Any cash distribution to ADS holders

A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to you had been shares and the shares had been deposited for issuance of ADSs		• Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities which are distributed by the depositary to ADS holders

$.02 (or less) per ADSs per calendar year		• Depositary services

Registration or transfer fees		• Transfer and registration of shares on our share register to or from the name of the depositary or its agent when you deposit or withdraw shares

Expenses of the depositary		• Cable, telex and facsimile transmissions (when expressly provided in the Deposit Agreement)

		• converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars

Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian have to pay on any ADS or share underlying an ADS, for example, stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes		• As necessary

Any charges incurred by the depositary or its agents for servicing the deposited securities		• As necessary

Pursuant to an agreement dated April 1, 2009, as amended in June 4, 2010, between us and the Bank of New York Mellon, the depositary for our ADSs, the depositary reimbursed us in May of each of 2009, 2010 ,2011, 2012 and 2013 for our expenses, including investor relations expenses, legal fees, accounting fees, NASDAQ listing application and listing fees and related expenses, of $1,087,000, $6,000, $9,000, $6,000 and $6,000, respectively, which is net of U.S. withholding tax, related to the establishment of an American depositary receipt facility.

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PART II

ITEM 13.

DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

Not Applicable.

ITEM 14.

MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Use of Proceeds

On April 1, 2009, our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-158061), as amended, was declared effective by the SEC for our initial public offering, pursuant to which we and Sohu.com (Game) Limited, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Sohu and the selling shareholder in the offering, offered and sold a total of 8,625,000 ADSs at the public offering price of $16.00 per ADS. The offering was completed on April 7, 2009.

We sold 3,750,000 ADSs and the selling shareholder sold 4,875,000 ADSs in our initial public offering. We received net proceeds of approximately $54.7 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $4.2 million and other expenses of approximately $1.1 million. None of the underwriting discounts and commissions or other expenses were paid directly or indirectly to any director, officer, or general partner of ours or to their associates, persons owning ten percent or more of any class of our equity securities, or to any of our affiliates. We did not receive any proceeds from the sale of our ADSs by the selling shareholder. Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated were the managing underwriters for the offering.

As of December 31, 2013, we had not used any of the net proceeds to us from our initial public offering. Proceeds from the offering have been deposited in banks.

ITEM 15.

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this annual report, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined and required under Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Based upon that evaluation, they have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer also concluded that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in by the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and regulations.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of any of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based upon criteria established in the “Internal Control—Integrated Framework (1992)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on this assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2013.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report included on page F-2.

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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 that occurred during the period covered by this annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 16A.

AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

Our Board of Directors has determined that Dave De Yang is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined under the applicable SEC rules and Rule 5605(c)(2) of the NASDAQ Listing Rules. Our Board of Directors has determined that all three members of our audit committee are “independent” under Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 5605 of the NASDAQ Listing Rules.

ITEM 16B.

CODE OF ETHICS

Our Board of Directors adopted a code of ethics and conduct that is applicable to all of our directors, officers and employees. A copy of our code of ethics and conduct was filed as an exhibit to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-158061) originally filed with the SEC on March 17, 2009, and is also posted on our Website at http://www.changyou.com under the “Investor Relations—Corporate Governance.”

ITEM 16C.

PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP, our principal external auditors, for the periods indicated below.


	For the year ended December 31,
	2012		2013
	US$		US$
	(in thousands)
Audit fees⁽¹⁾	$	1,562	$	1,977
Audit related fees⁽²⁾		719		65
Tax fees⁽³⁾		630		835
All other fees		2		131

Total	$	2,913	$	3,008

(1)	“Audit fees” means the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for the audit of our annual financial statements and our internal controls over financial reporting.

(2)

“Audit-related fees” means the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors related to the audit of our financial statements and our internal controls over financial reporting that are not reported under “Audit Fees” and consultation on accounting standards or transactions.

(3)	“Tax fees” means the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for tax compliance and tax advice.

Audit Committee Pre-approval Policies and Procedures

Our audit committee has adopted procedures which set forth the manner in which the committee will review and approve all audit and non-audit services to be provided by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP before that firm is retained for such services. The pre-approval procedures are as follows:

•

Any audit or non-audit service to be provided to us by the independent accountant must be submitted to the audit committee for review and approval, with a description of the services to be performed and the fees to be charged.

•

The audit committee in its sole discretion then approves or disapproves the proposed services and documents such approval, if given, through written resolutions or in the minutes of meetings, as the case may be.

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ITEM 16D.

EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

Not Applicable.

ITEM 16E.

PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

On July 29, 2013, we announced that our board of directors had authorized a share repurchase program of up to US$100 million of our outstanding American depositary shares, or ADSs, over a two-year period from July 27, 2013 to July 26, 2015. The ADSs may be purchased from time to time at management’s discretion at prevailing market prices in the open market in accordance with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Changyou’s management will determine the timing and amount of any purchases of Changyou ADSs based on their evaluation of market conditions, the trading price of our ADSs and other factors. The purchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time. As of December 31, 2013, we had repurchased an aggregate of 590,500 ADSs, representing 1,181,000 Class A ordinary shares, for an aggregate purchase price of $17.25 million (equivalent to an average price of $29.2 per ADS, or $14.6 per Class A ordinary share). All ADSs repurchased by us during 2013 were made pursuant to our publicly announced share repurchase program. We financed the share repurchase program through U.S. dollar-denominated loans from offshore banks which are secured by an equivalent amount of RMB-denominated onshore bank deposits of our subsidiaries in China.

The table below provides additional information on our repurchases of ADSs for each month of 2013 after the commencement of the program:


2013 Month	Number of ADSs Purchased		Purchase Price (US$)*		Average Price Paid Per ADS (US$)*		Average Price Paid Per Ordinary Share (US$)*
August (from August 9 to August 21)		227,500		6,796,182		29.87		14.94
September (from September 3 to September 6)		78,300		2,258,222		28.84		14.42
October (from October 28 to October 30)		284,700		8,197,604		28.79		14.40

Total		590,500		17,252,008		29.22		14.61

*	Cost and average price data includes trading commissions. Some numbers may not add due to rounding.

ITEM 16F.

CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

Not Applicable.

ITEM 16G.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Because Sohu owns more than 50% of the total voting power of our ordinary shares, we are a “controlled company” under the NASDAQ Listing Rules. We intend to rely on certain exemptions that are available to controlled companies from NASDAQ corporate governance requirements, including the requirements:

•

that we have a corporate governance and nominating committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities;

•

that we have a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities; and

•

for an annual performance evaluation of the nominating and governance committee and compensation committee.

We are not required to and will not voluntarily meet these requirements. As a result of our use of the “controlled company” exemptions, our investors will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of NASDAQ’s corporate governance requirements.

ITEM 16H.

MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not Applicable.

136

PART III

ITEM 17.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.

ITEM 18.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The consolidated financial statements of Changyou and its subsidiaries and VIEs are included at the end of this annual report.

137

ITEM 19.

EXHIBITS


Exhibit Number		Description of Document

1.1		Second Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

2.1		Registrant’s Specimen American Depositary Receipt (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

2.2		Registrant’s Specimen Certificate for Class A ordinary shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

2.3		Form of Deposit Agreement among the Registrant, the depositary and all registered holders and beneficial owners of the American Depositary Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.1		2008 Share Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.2		Form of Indemnification Agreement with the Registrant’s directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.3		Form of Executive Employment Agreement with Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.4		Form of Executive Employee Non-Competition, Non-Solicitation Agreement, Confidential Information and Work Product Agreement with Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.5		Share Subscription Agreement between Registrant and Prominence Investments Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.6		Form of Restricted Share Unit Agreement with Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.7		Form of Restricted Share Unit Agreement between Registrant and certain executive officers and employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.8		English translation of Form of Loan Agreements, dated August 20, 2008, between Beijing AmazGame Age Internet Technology Co., Ltd (or AmazGame) and Tao Wang and between AmazGame and a Changyou employee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.9		English translation of Form of Equity Interest Purchase Right Agreements, dated August 20, 2008, between AmazGame and Tao Wang and between AmazGame and a Changyou employee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.10		English translation of Form of Equity Pledge Agreements, dated August 20, 2008, between AmazGame and Tao Wang and between AmazGame and a Changyou employee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.11		English translation of Form of Powers of Attorney, dated August 20, 2008, by Tao Wang in favor of AmazGame and by a Changyou employee in favor of AmazGame (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

138


Exhibit Number		Description of Document

4.12		English translation of Business Operation Agreement, dated August 20, 2008, between AmazGame and Gamease, Tao Wang and a Changyou employee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.13		English translation of Services and Maintenance Agreement, dated November 30, 2007, between AmazGame and Gamease (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.14		English translation of Technology Support and Utilization Agreement, dated August 20, 2008, between AmazGame and Gamease (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.15		Master Transaction Agreement, dated January 1, 2009, by and between Sohu.com Inc. and Changyou.com Limited (or Changyou) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.16		Non-Competition Agreement, dated January 1, 2009, between Sohu.com Inc. and Changyou (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.17		Marketing Services Agreement, dated January 1, 2009, between Sohu.com Inc. and Changyou (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.18		English translation of Asset Transfer Agreement, dated November 23, 2007, between Beijing Sohu New Era Information Technology Co., Ltd. (or Sohu Era) and AmazGame (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.19		English translation of Asset Transfer Agreement, dated November 23, 2007, between Sohu Era and Gamease (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.20		English translation of Service Transfer Agreement, effective as of December 1, 2007, between Sohu Era and Gamease (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.21		English translation of Technology Transfer Agreement, dated November 10, 2007, between Beijing Fire Fox Digital Technology Co. Ltd. (or Beijing Fire Fox) and Gamease (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.22		English translation of Trademark Assignment Agreement, dated November 28, 2007, between Beijing Fire Fox and Gamease (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.23		TLBB License Agreement, dated March 30, 2007, among Beijing Sohu Internet Information Service Co., Ltd. (or Sohu Internet), Beijing Fire Fox and FPT Telecom (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)†

4.23.1		Supplement to Game License Agreement, dated December 1, 2007, among Sohu Internet, Beijing Fire Fox, Gamease and FPT Telecom (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23.1 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.24		English translation of Operation Agreement effective as of August 23, 2007 between Gamease and Beijing Pixel Software Technology Co. Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.25		English translation of Trademark License Agreement, effective as of August 23, 2007, between Gamease and Beijing Pixel Software Technology Co. Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

139


Exhibit Number		Description of Document

4.26		English Translation of LAW Game Software License Agreement, dated December 3, 2007, between Gamease and Guangzhou No. 9 Art Network Technology Co. Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)†

4.27		English Translation of TLBB License Agreement (Taiwan), dated December 25, 2007, between Gamease and (Taiwan) Zhi Guan Technology Co. Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)†

4.28		English Translation of TLBB License Agreement (Hong Kong and Macau), dated December 5, 2007, between Gamease and Zhi Ao Online Games Group Co. Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009) †

4.29		English Translation of License Agreement regarding Immortal Faith, dated July 21, 2008, between Gamease and Beijing Game Top Software Co. Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009) †

4.30		English Translation of License Agreement between Gamease and Louis Cha regarding TLBB (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)†

4.31		English Translation of License Agreement between Gamease and Louis Cha regarding DMD (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)†

4.32		English Translation of License Agreement between Gamease and Louis Cha regarding TLBB (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009) †

4.33		English Translation of Premises Lease Agreement, dated October 16, 2007, between AmazGame and Beijing Jing Yan Hotel Co. Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

4.34		English Translation of Zhong Hua Ying Xiong License Agreement, dated September 30, 2009, between AmazGame and Dragon Online (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd. † (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.34 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2010) †

4.35		English Translation of Real Estate Purchase Agreement, dated August 8, 2009, between AmazGame and Beijing Yinhe Wanda Real Estate Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.35 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2010)

4.36		English Translation of Project Cooperation Agreement, dated August 23, 2010, between AmazGame and Beijing Raycom Jingyuan Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.36 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2011)

4.37		Amended and Restated Marketing Services Agreement, dated January 1, 2010, between Changyou and Sohu(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.37 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2011)

4.38		English translation of Form of Loan Agreements, dated September 1, 2010, between Beijing Changyou Gamespace Software Technology Co., Ltd (or Gamespace) and Tao Wang and between Gamespace and Dewen Chen(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.38 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2011)

4.39		English translation of Form of Equity Interest Purchase Right Agreements, dated September 1, 2010, among Gamespace, Beijing Guanyou Gamespace Digital Technology Co., Ltd. (or Guanyou Gamespace) and Tao Wang and among Gamespace, Guanyou Gamespace and Dewen Chen(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.39 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2011)

140


Exhibit Number		Description of Document

4.40		English translation of Form of Equity Pledge Agreements, dated September 1, 2010, among Gamespace, Guanyou Gamespace and Tao Wang and among Gamespace, Guanyou Gamespace and Dewen Chen (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.40 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2011)

4.41		English translation of Form of Powers of Attorney, dated September 1, 2010, by Tao Wang in favor of Gamespace and by Dewen Chen in favor of Gamespace (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.41 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2011)

4.42		English translation of Business Operation Agreement, dated September 1, 2011, between Gamespace and Guanyou Gamespace, Tao Wang and Dewen Chen (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.42 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2011)

4.43		English translation of Services and Maintenance Agreement, dated September 1, 2010, between Gamespace and Guanyou Gamespace (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.43 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2011)

4.44		English translation of Technology Support and Utilization Agreement, dated September 1, 2010, between Gamespace and Guanyou Gamespace (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.44 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2011)

4.45		English translation of Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement, dated September 11, 2007, between ICE Information Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd (or ICE Information) and Shanghai ICE Information Technology Co., Ltd.(or Shanghai ICE) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.45 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2011)

4.46		English translation of Exclusive Technology Consulting and Service Agreement, dated September 11, 2007, between ICE Information and Shanghai ICE (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.46 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2011)

4.47		English translation of Business Operation Agreement, among ICE Information, Shanghai ICE and the shareholders of Shanghai ICE (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.47 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2011)

4.48		English translation of Call Option Agreement, among ICE Information, Shanghai ICE and the shareholders of Shanghai ICE (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.48 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2011)

4.49		English translation of Form of Share Pledge Agreement, among ICE Information, Shanghai ICE and the shareholders of Shanghai ICE(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.49 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2011)

4.50		English translation of Share Transfer Framework Agreement, between, on the one hand, Gamease and Changyou, and, on the other hand, 7Road and its shareholders, relating to the transfer of 68.258% equity interests in each of 7Road and its overseas affiliate, dated April 22, 2011(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.50 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2012)

4.51		Master Transaction Agreement, dated as of November 29, 2011, between, on the one hand, Sohu.com Inc., Sohu.com Limited, Beijing Sohu Internet Information Service Co., Ltd., Beijing Sohu New Era Information Technology Co., Ltd., and Beijing Sohu New Media Information Technology Co., Ltd., and, on the other hand, Changyou.com Limited, Changyou.com HK Limited, and Beijing Changyou Gamespace Software Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing Guanyou Gamespace Digital Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.51 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2012)

4.52		Amended and Restated Non-Competition Agreement, dated as of November 29, 2011, by and between Sohu.com Inc. and Changyou.com Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.52 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2012)

4.53		Services Agreement, dated as of November 29, 2011, by and between Beijing Changyou Gamespace Software Technology Co., Ltd. and Beijing Sohu New Media Information Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.53 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2012)

141


Exhibit Number		Description of Document

4.54		Online Links and Advertising Agreement, dated as of November 29, 2011, by and between Beijing Guanyou Gamespace Digital Technology Co., Ltd. and Beijing Sohu New Media Information Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.54 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2012)

4.55		Form of Executive Employment Agreement dated as of January 1, 2012 with Executive Officers(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.55 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2012)

4.56		Form of Executive Employee Non-Competition, Non-Solicitation Agreement, Confidential Information and Work Product Agreement dated January 1, 2012 with Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.56 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2012)

4.57		English Translation of Form of Beijing Commercial Property Advance Sale Contract between AmazGame and Beijing Raycom Jingyuan Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.57 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2012)

4.58		English Translation of Loan Assignment and Equity Interest Transfer Agreement, dated June 23, 2010, between AmazGame, Gamease, Yaobin Wang, Dewen Chen and Tao Wang

4.59		English translation of Loan Agreement, dated June 23, 2010, between AmazGame and Dewen Chen

4.60		English translation of Equity Interest Purchase Right Agreement, dated June 23, 2010, among AmazGame, Gamease and Dewen Chen

4.61		English translation of Equity Interest Pledge Agreement, dated June 23, 2010, between AmazGame, Gamease and Dewen Chen

4.62		English translation of Form of Powers of Attorney, dated June 23, 2010, by Tao Wang in favor of AmazGame and by Dewen Chen in favor of AmazGame

4.63		English translation of Business Operation Agreement, dated June 23, 2010, between AmazGame and Gamease, Tao Wang and Dewen Chen

4.64		7Road.com Limited 2012 Share Incentive Plan, as amended and restated on November 2, 2012

4.65		Form of Equity Interest Purchase Right Agreements, dated June 26, 2012, among 7Road Technology, Shenzhen 7Road and each of the shareholders of Shenzhen 7Road (English Translation)

4.66		Form of Equity Interest Pledge Agreements, dated June 26, 2012, among 7Road Technology, Shenzhen 7Road and each of the shareholders of Shenzhen 7Road (English Translation)

4.67		Form of Power of Attorney, dated June 26, 2012, by each of the shareholders of Shenzhen 7Road in favor of 7Road Technology (English Translation)

4.68		Form of Spousal Consent, dated June 26, 2012, by the spouse of each of the shareholders of Shenzhen 7Road who is a married individual (English Translation)

4.69		Business Operation Agreement, dated June 26, 2012, among 7Road Technology, Shenzhen 7Road, Beijing Gamease Age Digital Technology Co., Ltd and four individual shareholders of Shenzhen 7Road (English Translation)†

4.70		Technology Development and Utilization Service Agreement, dated June 26, 2012, between 7Road Technology and Shenzhen 7Road (English Translation)

4.71		Services and Maintenance Agreement, dated June 26, 2012, between 7Road Technology and Shenzhen 7Road (English Translation)

4.72		Loan Facility Letter, dated July 4, 2012, between Hang Seng Bank Limited and Changyou.com HK Limited

4.73		Loan Facility Letter, dated July 12, 2012, between the Bank of East Asia, Limited and Changyou.com HK Limited

4.74		Loan Facility Letter, dated August 7, 2012, between the Bank of Communications Co., Ltd. Hong Kong Branch and Changyou.com HK Limited

142


Exhibit Number		Description of Document

4.75		Loan Facility Letter amendment, dated August 3, 2012, between Hang Seng Bank Limited and Changyou.com HK Limited

4.76		Executive Employment Agreement with Wendy Pan, dated as of February 20, 2013

4.77		Executive Employee Non-Competition, Non-Solicitation Agreement, Confidential Information and Work Product Agreement with Wendy Pan, dated as of February 20, 2013

4.78*		Acquisition Framework Agreement, between Changyou, 7Road and its shareholders, relating to the transfer of 31.742% equity interests in Shenzhen 7Road and all of the ordinary shares of 7Road Cayman held by the non-controlling shareholders, representing 28.074% of the outstanding share capital of 7Road Cayman, dated May 1, 2013 (English translation) †

4.79*		Amended and Restated Equity Interest Purchase Right Agreement, dated June 5, 2013, among 7Road Technology, Shenzhen 7Road and Gamease (English Translation)

4.80*		Amended and Restated Equity Interest Pledge Agreement, dated June 5, 2013, among 7Road Technology, Shenzhen 7Road and Gamease (English Translation)

4.81*		Power of Attorney, dated June 5, 2013, by Gamease in favor of 7Road Technology (English Translation)

4.82*		Amended and Restated Business Operation Agreement, dated June 5, 2013, among 7Road Technology, Shenzhen 7Road and Gamease (English Translation)

4.83*		Supplemental Agreement (to the Technology Development and Utilization Service Agreement) dated June 5, 2013, between 7Road Technology and Shenzhen 7Road (English Translation)

4.84*		Supplemental Agreement ( to the Services and Maintenance Agreement) dated June 5, 2013, between 7Road Technology and Shenzhen 7Road (English Translation)

4.85*		Loan Facility Letter, dated August 13, 2013, among Hang Seng Bank Limited,Changyou.com HK Limited and Changyou.com Limited

4.86*		Loan Facility Letter, dated July 26, 2013, between the Bank of East Asia, Limited and Changyou.com Limited

4.87*		Loan Facility Letter, dated May 8, 2013, among Hang Seng Bank Limited , Changyou.com HK Limited and Changyou.com Limited

4.88*		Investment Agreement, dated November 19, 2013, among Koram Games Limited, Heroic Vision Holdings Limited, Beijing Kunlun Tech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Kunlun Online Information Tech Co., Ltd. and Kunlun Korea Co., Ltd (English Translation) †

4.89*		Supplementary Agreement to Investment Agreement, dated December 24, 2013, among Koram Games Limited, Heroic Vision Holdings Limited, Beijing Kunlun Tech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Kunlun Online Information Tech Co., Ltd. and Kunlun Korea Co., Ltd (English Translation) †

4.90*		Shareholder Agreement, dated November 19, 2013, between Koram Games Limited, Heroic Vision Holdings Limited and TalkTalk Limited (English Translation) †

8.1*		Subsidiaries of the Registrant

11.1		Code of Ethics and Conduct for Directors, Officers and Employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1(file no. 333-158061) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009)

12.1*		Certification of Chief Executive Officer Required by Rule 13a-14(a)

12.2*		Certification of Chief Financial Officer Required by Rule 13a-14(a)

13.1*		Certification of Chief Executive Officer Required by Rule 13a-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code

13.2*		Certification of Chief Financial Officer Required by Rule 13a-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code

15.1*		Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm

15.2*		Consent of Haiwen & Partners

143


Exhibit Number		Description of Document

101.INS*		XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

†	Portions of these exhibits have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment, and the omitted information has been filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

*	Filed or furnished with this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

144

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing its annual report on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.


CHANGYOU.COM LIMITED

By		/S/ TAO WANG
Name:		Tao Wang
Title:		Chief Executive Officer

By		/S/ ALEX HO
Name:		Alex Ho
Title:		Chief Financial Officer

Date: February 28, 2014

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


	Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		F-2

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2012 and 2013		F-3

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013		F-5

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013		F-6

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013		F-7

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		F-8

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To Board of Directors and Shareholders of Changyou.com Limited:

In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity and consolidated statements of cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Changyou.com Limited (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2013 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting appearing under Item 15 of the accompanying Form 20-F. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP

Beijing, the People’s Republic of China

February 28, 2014

F-2

CHANGYOU.COM LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2012 and 2013

(In thousands, except par value)


			As of December 31,
	Notes		2012		2013
			US$		US$
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents				366,639		548,484
Short-term investments		4(g)		51,720		2,827
Accounts receivable, net		8		23,364		35,996
Prepaid and other current assets (including $10,101 and $10,104, respectively, of short-term prepayment to a related party)		9		29,045		64,457
Due from Sohu		26		495		393
Restricted time deposits		4(e), 7		116,140		393,019

Total current assets				587,403		1,045,176

Non-current assets:
Fixed assets, net		10		64,828		246,674
Intangible assets, net		11		54,249		73,395
Equity investments		12		850		—
Goodwill		13		134,921		180,252
Restricted time deposits		4(e), 7		130,459		31,655
Other assets, net (including $10,138 and $259, respectively, of long-term prepayment to a related party)		14		141,803		8,060

Total assets				1,114,513		1,585,212

Liabilities, mezzanine equity and shareholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable (including $2,223 and $332, respectively, of accounts payable to a related party and accounts payable of consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”) without recourse to the Company of $8,677 and $25,986, respectively)				32,750		57,438
Receipts in advance and deferred revenue (including receipts in advance and deferred revenue of consolidated VIEs without recourse to the Company of $43,027 and $43,252, respectively)		16		43,659		43,842
Accrued salary and benefits (including accrued salary and benefits of consolidated VIEs without recourse to the Company of $3,474 and $2,316, respectively)				33,824		49,450
Accrued liabilities to suppliers (including accrued liabilities to suppliers of consolidated VIEs without recourse to the Company of $6,555 and $9,314, respectively)				12,863		22,987
Tax payables (including tax payables of consolidated VIEs without recourse to the Company of $9,923 and $1,453, respectively)				17,825		31,214
Short-term bank loans		4(e), 7		113,000		410,331
Other accrued liabilities (including other accrued liabilities of consolidated VIEs without recourse to the Company of $28,004 and $9,530, respectively)		17		32,159		14,872
Deferred tax liabilities				11,878		18,814

Total current liabilities				297,958		648,948

Long-term liabilities:
Long-term accounts payable (including $2,290 and $nil, respectively, of long-term accounts payable to a related party)				12,683		6,252
Long-term bank loans		4(e), 7		126,353		—
Long-term deferred tax liabilities (including long-term deferred tax liabilities of consolidated VIEs without recourse to the Company of $3,846 and $3,777, respectively)				7,824		12,334
Long-term contingent consideration (including long-term contingent consideration of consolidated VIEs without recourse to the Company of $nil and $4,162, respectively)		4(n)		—		4,162

Total liabilities				444,818		671,696

Commitments and contingencies		27
Mezzanine equity
Total mezzanine equity		19		61,810		—

F-3


			As of December 31,
	Notes		2012		2013
			US$		US$
Shareholders’ equity:
Class A ordinary shares par value $0.01, 200,000 authorized; 21,494 and 23,184, respectively, issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2012 and 2013				215		244
Class B ordinary shares par value $0.01, 97,740 authorized; 84,290 and 82,490, respectively, issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2012 and 2013				843		825
Additional paid-in capital				88,626		92,066
Treasury shares (nil and 1,181 shares, respectively, as of December 31, 2012 and 2013)		25		—		(17,240	)
Statutory reserves		22		9,351		9,367
Retained earnings				470,717		739,343
Accumulated other comprehensive income				38,133		71,733

Total Changyou.com Limited shareholders’ equity				607,885		896,338
Non-controlling interest				—		17,178

Total shareholders’ equity				607,885		913,516

Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and shareholders’ equity				1,114,513		1,585,212

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-4

CHANGYOU.COM LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013

(In thousands, except per share or per ADS data)


			For the Year Ended December 31
	Note		2011			2012			2013
			US$			US$			US$
Revenues:
Online game				435,512			570,346			669,168
Online advertising				36,349			42,525			49,998
IVAS				1,862			4,307			5,402
Others				10,853			6,251			13,307

Total revenues				484,576			623,429			737,875
Cost of revenues:
Online game				49,837			76,432			93,306
Online advertising (including transactions with a related party of $37, $50 and $373, respectively)				3,892			6,535			13,827
IVAS				—			1,509			1,786
Others (including transactions with a related party of $763, $1,552 and $1,310, respectively)				13,783			20,046			17,518

Total cost of revenues				67,512			104,522			126,437

Gross profit				417,064			518,907			611,438
Operating expenses:
Product development				52,238			73,755			119,909
Sales and marketing (including transactions with a related party of $6,002, $14,026 and $13,390, respectively)				49,893			60,639			128,830
General and administrative (including transactions with a related party of $1,483, $27 and $12, respectively)				29,684			33,514			57,191
Goodwill impairment and impairment of acquired intangibles via acquisition of businesses				5,420			2,906			—

Total operating expenses				137,235			170,814			305,930

Operating profit				279,829			348,093			305,508
Interest income				11,933			15,882			28,455
Foreign currency exchange loss				(618	)		(558	)		(5,936	)
Interest expense				(7	)		(2,243	)		(8,835	)
Other income (expense)				457			(173	)		3,613

Income before income tax expense				291,594			361,001			322,805
Income tax expense		20		43,580			67,405			36,383

Net income				248,014			293,596			286,422
Less: Net income attributable to the mezzanine classified non-controlling interest				2,558			11,196			17,780

Net income attributable to Changyou.com Limited				245,456			282,400			268,642

Net income				248,014			293,596			286,422
Other comprehensive income: Foreign currency translation adjustment				21,867			3,385			33,600

Comprehensive income				269,881			296,981			320,022
Comprehensive income attributable to the mezzanine classified non-controlling interest				2,558			11,196			17,780

Comprehensive income attributable to Changyou.com Limited				267,323			285,785			302,242

Basic net income per share		23		2.34			2.67			2.53
Diluted net income per share		23		2.30			2.64			2.52
Basic net income per ADS				4.68			5.35			5.06
Diluted net income per ADS				4.61			5.29			5.04
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding, basic				104,854			105,656			106,252
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding, diluted				106,600			106,792			106,676
Weighted average number of ADS outstanding, basic				52,427			52,828			53,126
Weighted average number of ADS outstanding, diluted				53,300			53,396			53,338
Total share-based compensation cost included in:
Cost of revenues				230			306			101
Product development				2,399			1,854			475
Sales and marketing				960			326			74
General and administrative				2,528			1,183			624

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

CHANGYOU.COM LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013

(In thousands)


	Ordinary shares
	Number of				Additional paid-in			Treasury			Statutory		Retained			Accumulated other comprehensive		Non- controlling		Total shareholders’
	shares		Amount		capital			shares			reserves		earnings			income		interest		equity
			US$		US$			US$			US$		US$			US$		US$		US$
Balance as of December 31, 2010		104,078		1,041		83,609			—			5,748		324,227			12,881		—		427,506
Issuance of ordinary shares upon vesting and settlement of restricted share units		945		9		(9	)		—			—		—			—		—		—
Share-based compensation		—		—		5,547			—			—		—			—		—		5,547
Share-based compensation allocated from Sohu		—		—		570			—			—		—			—		—		570
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—		—		—			—			—		—			21,867		—		21,867
Appropriation to statutory reserves		—		—		—			—			3,603		(3,603	)		—		—		—
Net income attributable to Changyou.com Limited		—		—		—			—			—		245,456			—		—		245,456
Deemed dividend distribution to Sohu (related to the 17173 Business)*		—		—		(11,589	)		—			—		(30,116	)		—		—		(41,705	)
Deemed dividend distribution to Sohu		—		—		—			—			—		(141,996	)		—		—		(141,996	)
Transaction costs related to acquisition of the 17173 Business		—		—		—			—			—		(2,384	)		—		—		(2,384	)

Balance as of December 31, 2011		105,023		1,050		78,128			—			9,351		391,584			34,748		—		514,861

Issuance of ordinary shares upon vesting and settlement of restricted share units		761		8		(8	)		—			—		—			—		—		—
Share-based compensation		—		—		3,366			—			—		—			—		—		3,366
Share-based compensation allocated from Sohu		—		—		303			—			—		—			—		—		303
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—		—		—			—			—		—			3,385		—		3,385
Net income attributable to Changyou.com Limited		—		—		—			—			—		282,400			—		—		282,400
Dividend distribution to shareholders		—		—		—			—			—		(200,875	)		—		—		(200,875	)
Contribution from mezzanine equity holder (see Note 19)		—		—		6,837			—			—		—			—		—		6,837
Deemed dividend distribution to Sohu (related to the 17173 Business)**		—		—		—			—			—		(2,392	)		—		—		(2,392	)


Balance as of December 31, 2012		105,784		1,058		88,626			—			9,351		470,717			38,133		—		607,885

Issuance of ordinary shares upon vesting and settlement of restricted share units		1,071		11		(11	)		—			—		—			—		—		—
Share-based compensation		—		—		1,117			—			—		—			—		—		1,117
Share-based compensation allocated from Sohu		—		—		77			—			—		—			—		—		77
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—		—		—			—			—		—			33,600		—		33,600
Net income attributable to Changyou.com Limited		—		—		—			—			—		268,642			—		—		268,642
Appropriation for statutory reserves		—		—		—			—			16		(16	)		—		—		—
Gain from acquisition of minority interest in 7Road***		—		—		2,409			—			—		—			—		—		2,409
Transaction costs for acquisition of minority interest in 7Road		—		—		(152	)		—			—		—			—		—		(152	)
Repurchase of common stock		—		—		—			(17,240	)		—		—			—		—		(17,240	)
Acquisition of majority interest in Raidcall Business****		—		—		—			—			—		—			—		17,178		17,178

Balance as of December 31, 2013		106,855		1,069		92,066			(17,240	)		9,367		739,343			71,733		17,178		913,516

*	The Group acquired from Sohu certain, but not all, assets and liabilities associated with the 17173 Business. Current assets and liabilities associated with the 17173 Business as of December 15, 2011 that were not transferred to the Group are accounted for as a deemed dividend distribution to Sohu.

**	Represents revenues of the 17173 Business recognized in 2012, for which the related cash was received and retained by Sohu before the 17173 Business was acquired from Sohu in December 2011.

***	The gain represents the excess of the carrying value of the non-controlling interest over the consideration for the Group’s acquisition of the minority interests in 7Road.

****

The Group acquired 62.5% of the equity interests, on a fully-diluted basis, in TalkTalk on December 24, 2013. Beijing Kunlun Tech Co., Ltd. and certain of its affiliates (collectively, the “Kalends Group”) continued to hold 22.5% of the equity interests in TalkTalk on a fully-diluted basis. The non-controlling interest consists primarily of the interests in TalkTalk held by the Kalends Group.

F-6

CHANGYOU.COM LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2011, 2012 AND 2013

(In thousands)


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2011			2012			2013
	US$			US$			US$
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income		248,014			293,596			286,422
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Bad debt provision		1,897			1,108			(300	)
Depreciation		11,140			14,557			15,583
Amortization of intangible assets		17,652			23,416			26,790
Impairment loss of goodwill and intangible assets		6,524			8,647			3,624
Share-based compensation allocated from Sohu		570			303			77
Share-based compensation expense		5,547			3,366			1,197
Loss from equity investments		994			—			850
Disposal loss of fixed assets and intangible assets		596			330			128
Deferred tax (credits) expenses		(1,462	)		9,718			5,382
Change of contingent consideration		822			2,195			167
Interest income		—			(1,609	)		(2,292	)
Others		—			737			—
Changes in current assets and liabilities, net of acquisition:
Accounts receivable, net		(2,355	)		(12,989	)		(11,843	)
Prepaid and other current assets		7,794			(12,047	)		(29,964	)
Due from Sohu		(47,492	)		(495	)		102
Other assets, net		(772	)		(11,293	)		4,209
Accounts payable		(615	)		7,369			22,751
Receipts in advance and deferred revenue		14,931			(9,651	)		1,003
Due to Sohu		15,053			(4,962	)		—
Accrued salary and benefits		4,233			8,567			15,825
Accrued liabilities to suppliers		(2,047	)		3,830			5,922
Tax payables		(1,570	)		8,079			13,352
Other accrued liabilities		(2,852	)		7,664			(342	)

Net cash provided by operating activities		276,602			340,436			358,643

Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of fixed assets		(20,620	)		(11,716	)		(61,582	)
Purchase of intangible assets and other assets		(16,857	)		(22,740	)		(34,141	)
Cash paid relating to restricted time deposits		—			(244,609	)		(168,635	)
Prepayment for an office building		(62,848	)		—			—
Cash paid for business acquisition, net of cash acquired		(216,611	)		(945	)		(109,695	)
Investment in equity investees		(350	)		(500	)		—
Purchase of /proceeds from short-term investments, net		637			(32,617	)		51,185
Other activities relating to investing activities		—			(1,569	)		175

Net cash used in investing activities		(316,649	)		(314,696	)		(322,693	)

Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds of loans from offshore banks		—			239,353			167,000
Payment of contingent consideration		—			(13,106	)		(19,658	)
Payment for repurchase of shares		—			—			(17,240	)
Dividend distributed to shareholders		—			(200,875	)		—
Repayment of note payable to Sohu		—			(16,000	)		—
Other cash payments relating to financing activities		—			(633	)		—

Net cash provided by financing activities		—			8,739			130,102

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		19,431			1,749			15,793

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		(20,616	)		36,228			181,845
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year		351,027			330,411			366,639

Cash and cash equivalents, end of year		330,411			366,639			548,484

Supplemental disclosures of cash flow
Cash paid for income taxes		(38,116	)		(52,976	)		(48,590	)
Cash paid for interest expense		—			(1,992	)		(8,812	)
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing activity
Consideration payable for the acquisition of 7Road		29,810			—			—
Consideration payable for the purchase of non-controlling interest in 7Road		—			—			2,000
Consideration payable for the acquisition of Doyo		—			—			4,952
Notes payable to Sohu		16,007			—			—
Changes in government grant in prepaid and other current assets		—			2,378			1,355
Purchase of fixed assets with proceeds released from restricted cash account		—			1,583			—
Supplemental schedule of non-cash financing activity
Deemed dividend to Sohu related to the 17173 Business		41,705			2,392			—
Accrued professional fees in relation to initial public offering of 7Road		—			1,037			—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-7

CHANGYOU.COM LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF OPERATIONS

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Changyou.com Limited (the “Company” or “Changyou”) and its subsidiaries and variable interest entities (“VIEs”). The Company was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on August 6, 2007. The Company and its subsidiaries and VIEs are collectively referred to as the “Group”. The major subsidiaries and VIEs through which the Company conducts its business operations as of December 31, 2013 are described below:


Name of entity	Place and date of incorporation or acquisition	Effective interest held
Controlled entities:
Changyou.com (HK) Limited (“Changyou HK”)	Hong Kong, China, August 13, 2007		100	%
Beijing AmazGame Age Internet Technology Co., Ltd. (“AmazGame”)	Beijing, China, September 26, 2007		100	%
Changyou.com (US), LLC. (“Changyou US”)	Delaware, United States of America, January 26, 2009		100	%
Changyou.com (UK) Co., Ltd. (“Changyou UK”)	London, United Kingdom of Great Britain, July 3, 2009		100	%
Changyou My Sdn. Bhd (“Changyou Malaysia”)	Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, September 10, 2009		100	%
Beijing Changyou Gamespace Software Technology Co., Ltd. (“Gamespace”)	Beijing, China, October 29, 2009		100	%
Changyou.com Korea Limited (“Changyou Korea”)	Seoul, Korea, January 7, 2010		100	%
Beijing Yang Fan Jing He Information Consulting Co., Ltd. (“Yang Fan Jing He”)	Beijing, China, April 22 , 2010		100	%
Changyou.com India Private Limited (“Changyou India”)	Maharashtra, India, March 11, 2011		100	%
Changyou IT Services Trade Limited (“Changyou Turkey”)	Turkey, September 29, 2011		100	%
ICE Entertainment (HK) Limited (“ICE HK”)	Hong Kong, China, acquired on May 28, 2010		100	%
ICE Information Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (“ICE Information”)	Shanghai, China, acquired on May 28, 2010		100	%
Shanghai Jing Mao Culture Communication Co., Ltd (“Shanghai Jingmao”)	Shanghai, China, acquired on January 25, 2011		100	%
Beijing Changyou Jingmao Film & Culture Communication Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Jingmao”)	Beijing, China, acquired on January 25, 2011		100	%
Shanghai Hejin Data Consulting Co., Ltd (“Shanghai Hejin”)	Shanghai, China, acquired on January 25, 2011		100	%
Changyou.com Gamepower (HK) Limited (“Gamepower HK”)	Hong Kong, China, September 8, 2011		100	%
Changyou.com Webgames (HK) Limited (“Webgames HK”)	Hong Kong, China, September 21, 2011		100	%
7Road.com Limited (“7Road Cayman”)	Cayman Islands, incorporated on June 15, 2011		100	%
7Road.com HK Limited (“7Road HK”)	Hong Kong, China, incorporated on July 6, 2011		100	%
Shenzhen 7Road Network Technologies Co., Ltd. (“7Road Technology”)	Shenzhen, China, incorporated on December 1, 2011		100	%
Kylie Enterprises Limited (“Kylie”)	British Virgin Islands, acquired on December 15, 2011		100	%
Changyou.com Gamestar (HK) Limited (“Gamestar HK”)	Hong Kong, China, July 12, 2013		100	%
Mobogarden Enterprises Limited (“Mobogarden”)	British Virgin Islands, incorporated on September 25, 2013		100	%
Heroic Vision Holdings Limited (“Heroic”)	British Virgin Islands, incorporated on October 23, 2013		100	%
TalkTalk Limited (“TalkTalk”)	British Virgin Islands, acquired on December 24, 2013		73.5	%

F-8


Name of entity	Place and date of incorporation or acquisition	Effective interest held
RaidCall (HK) Limited (“ RaidCall HK”)	Hong Kong, China, incorporated on November 26, 2013		73.5	%
Beijing Changyou RaidCall Internet Technology Co., Ltd.(“Changyou RaidCall”)	Beijing, China, incorporated on December 9, 2013		73.5	%

VIEs:
Beijing Gamease Age Digital Technology Co., Ltd. (“Gamease”)	Beijing, China, incorporated on August 23, 2007		100	%
Shanghai ICE Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai ICE”)	Shanghai, China, acquired on May 28, 2010		100	%
Beijing Guanyou Gamespace Digital Technology Co., Ltd. (“Guanyou Gamespace”)	Beijing, China, incorporated on August 5, 2010		100	%
Shenzhen 7Road Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen 7Road”)	Shenzhen, China, acquired on May 11, 2011		100	%

Beijing Doyo Internet Technology Co., Ltd.(“Doyo”)	Beijing, China, acquired on November 26, 2013		100	%
Beijing Changyou e-pay Co. Ltd. (“Changyou e-pay”)	Beijing, China, incorporated on December 19, 2013		100	%

The Group principally engages in the development, operation and licensing of massively multi-player online games (“MMOGs”) ,Web games and mobile games. The Group also engages in the online advertising business through its ownership and operation of a game information portal on the 17173.com Website. The Group’s principal operations and geographic market are in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”).

On April 7, 2009, the Company completed an initial public offering on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. In the offering, 8,625,000 American depositary shares (“ADSs”), representing 17,250,000 Class A ordinary shares, were sold to the public at a price of $16.00 per ADS. Of these, 3,750,000 ADSs, representing 7,500,000 Class A ordinary shares, were sold by the Company; and 4,875,000 ADSs, representing 9,750,000 Class A ordinary shares, were sold by an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Sohu.com Inc. (“Sohu.com”). The net proceeds to the Company from the initial public offering, after deducting commissions and offering expenses, were approximately $54.7 million.

2. REORGANIZATION, SHARE SPLIT AND ACQUISITIONS

a. Reorganization

In August 2007, Sohu.com, which is the Company’s ultimate parent company, undertook a restructuring and reorganization (the “Reorganization”). Sohu.com and its subsidiaries and VIEs, excluding the Company and its subsidiaries and VIEs, are collectively referred to as “Sohu.” Sohu.com and its subsidiaries and VIEs, including the Company and its subsidiaries and VIEs, are collectively referred to as the “Sohu Group.” The Reorganization was effected in connection with a contemplated initial public offering by the Company on the NASDAQ Global Select Market.

Prior to the establishment of the Group, the operation and licensing of MMOGs were carried out by various companies owned or controlled by Sohu.com (the “Predecessor Operations”). In connection with the Reorganization, the Predecessor Operations, which include all operating assets and liabilities relating to the operation of massively multi-player online role-playing games (“MMORPGs”) (which are a subset of MMOGs), were transferred to the Group with legal effect as of December 1, 2007.

b. Share Split and Issuances

(i) In May 2008, the Company effected a share split of each $1.00 par value share into 100 shares of $0.01 par value each, resulting in 5,000,000 ordinary shares authorized, issued and outstanding.

In May 2008, the Company’s authorized share capital was increased from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 ordinary shares with a par value of $0.01 per ordinary share, and in June 2008 the Company issued to Sohu.com (Game) Limited an additional 3,500,000 ordinary shares, such that Sohu.com (Game) Limited then held an aggregate of 8,500,000 ordinary shares, then representing 100% of the outstanding share capital of the Company.

(ii) In December 2008, the Company effected the following transactions: (a) Sohu.com (Game) Limited transferred 8,500,000 ordinary shares to the Company for cancellation; (b) the Company increased its authorized ordinary shares from 10,000,000 to 109,774,000 ordinary shares, par value $0.01 per share, with 100,000,000 of such shares designated as Class A ordinary shares and 9,774,000 of such shares designated as Class B ordinary shares; and (c) the Company issued 8,000,000 Class B ordinary shares to Sohu.com (Game) Limited.

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(iii) On March 16, 2009, the Company increased its authorized ordinary shares from 109,774,000 to 297,740,000 ordinary shares, par value $0.01 per share, with 200,000,000 of such shares designated as Class A ordinary shares and 97,740,000 of such shares designated as Class B ordinary shares, and effected a ten-for-one split of outstanding Class B ordinary shares by way of a bonus share issuance of nine Class B ordinary shares for each Class B ordinary share then outstanding.

The impact of the share splits and issuances is accounted for retroactively in the periods presented herein.

c. Acquisition of the 17173 Business

On December 15, 2011, the Group completed the acquisition from Sohu of certain assets and business operations associated with the online game information portal 17173.com Website (the “17173 Business”) for fixed cash consideration of approximately $162.5 million. Under the acquisition agreement, the net profit of $1.3 million generated from the Group’s operation of the 17173 Business during the transition period from December 16, 2011 through December 31, 2011 (the “Transition Period”) was for the benefit of Sohu. The Company accounted for this $1.3 million as part of the consideration for the acquisition. See Note 6 – “BUSINESS COMBINATIONS –Acquisition of the 17173 Business” and Note 26 – “RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS.”

Because Changyou and the 17173 Business are under common control by Sohu, in accordance with ASC subtopic 805-50 the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31 2011 have been prepared as if the current corporate structure had been in existence throughout the periods presented.

d. Acquisition and Restructuring of 7Road

On May 11, 2011, the Group, through its VIE Gamease, acquired 68.258% of the equity interests of Shenzhen 7Road and began to consolidate Shenzhen 7Road’s financial statements on June 1, 2011. Effective June 26, 2012, Shenzhen 7Road was reorganized into a Cayman Islands holding company structure (the “7Road Reorganization”) where Changyou holds a direct ownership interest in 7Road Cayman (together with its subsidiaries and variable interest entity, “7Road”) through the Group’s subsidiary Webgames HK and Shenzhen 7Road is a VIE of 7Road. As the reorganization did not result in any change in the ultimate beneficial ownership of Shenzhen 7Road’s business, assets and results of operations, the Group’s management believes that the reorganization should be viewed as a non-substantive transaction and treated as if it had been effective upon the Group’s acquisition of 68.258% of the equity interests in Shenzhen 7Road.

On June 21, 2012, 7Road Cayman’s then Chief Executive Officer surrendered to 7Road Cayman, without consideration, ordinary shares of 7Road Cayman representing 5.1% of the then outstanding ordinary shares of 7Road Cayman, with the intention that these shares would be added to the shares reserved by 7Road Cayman for grants of equity incentive awards under the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan, without dilution of the other shareholders of 7Road Cayman. As a result, the non-controlling interest decreased to 28.074% of 7Road Cayman and the Group’s interest in 7Road Cayman increased to 71.926%. See Note 19 – “MEZZANINE EQUITY.”

On May 1, 2013, Changyou entered into an agreement to acquire all of the ordinary shares of 7Road Cayman held by the non-controlling shareholders, representing 28.074% of the outstanding share capital of 7Road Cayman, and all of the equity interests in Shenzhen 7Road held by shareholders other than Gamease, for aggregate cash consideration of approximately $78 million. Upon the closing of the acquisition on June 5, 2013, 7Road Cayman became an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Changyou, and Changyou’s VIE Gamease became the sole shareholder of 7Road’s VIE Shenzhen 7Road. As of December 31, 2013, Changyou had paid $76 million of the total cash consideration. The remaining $2 million will be settled in June 2014.

e. Acquisition of Doyo

Beijing Doyo Internet Technology Co., Ltd, which is primarily engaged in the online advertising and traffic monetization business, was acquired by Guanyou Gamespace on November 26, 2013 for fixed cash consideration of approximately $6.5 million and contingent consideration of up to $7.3 million. As of December 31, 2013, the registered capital of Doyo was $1.6 million and Guanyou Gamespace held 100% of the equity interests of Doyo.

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f. Acquisition of the RaidCall Business

On November 19, 2013, the Company entered into an investment agreement with the Kalends Group, pursuant to which TalkTalk was incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and initially wholly-owned by the Kalends Group, RaidCall HK was incorporated in Hong Kong as a wholly-owned subsidiary of TalkTalk, and Changyou RaidCall was incorporated in the PRC as a wholly-owned subsidiary of RaidCall HK. The Kalends Group then transferred to RaidCall HK and Changyou RaidCall all of the assets associated with a free social communication software platform, which is specifically designed for online gaming and music-related value-added services, that the Kalends Group operated through a series of Websites (the “RaidCall Business”). On December 24, 2013, pursuant to the investment agreement, the Company acquired 62.5% of the equity interests, on a fully-diluted basis, in TalkTalk for cash consideration of $ 47.6 million. Of the total consideration, $27.6 million was paid to purchase from the Kalends Group a portion of the ordinary shares of TalkTalk held by the Kalends Group, and $20 million was injected for newly-issued ordinary shares of TalkTalk. Also effective upon the closing of the transaction, 15% of the equity interests of TalkTalk on a fully-diluted basis were reserved for grants of equity incentive awards to key employees of the RaidCall Business and the Kalends Group continued to hold the remaining 22.5% of the equity interests on a fully-diluted basis.

At the closing of the transaction, the parties entered into a shareholder agreement pursuant to which the Company has the right to designate three of the five directors of TalkTalk, including the chairman of the board, and the Company has customary rights of first refusal with respect to proposed transfers of equity interests in TalkTalk by the Kalends Group. The shareholder agreement also specifies that if TalkTalk fails to achieve specified performance milestones for the month of December 2014, then the Kalends Group, any key employees of the RaidCall Business who hold equity interests in TalkTalk, and, under certain circumstances, TalkTalk will be required to transfer to the Company, without consideration, equity interests in TalkTalk in amounts sufficient to cause the Company’s equity interests to increase to 70% on a fully-diluted basis.

3. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

Consolidated VIEs

Basic Information

PRC law and regulations prohibit or restrict foreign ownership of companies that operate online games and internet content services. Consequently, the Group operates its online game business and online advertising business through the VIEs. Both Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace are directly owned by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Dewen Chen, the Company’s President (the “President”), who hold 60% and 40%, respectively, of each of these entities. Shanghai ICE is owned by two Changyou employees, Runa Pi and Rong Qi, each of whom holds 50% of Shanghai ICE. Capital for the VIEs is funded by the Company through loans provided to the Company’s CEO and President and Ms. Pi and Ms. Qi, and the loans are initially recorded as loans to related parties. Guanyou Gamespace owns 100% of the equity interests of Doyo.

The loans to the shareholders of Gamease, Guanyou Gamespace, and Shanghai ICE and the capital of the VIEs are eliminated for accounting purposes during consolidation.

Under contractual agreements with the Company, shareholders of Gamease, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE are required to transfer their ownership in Gamease, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE to the Company, if permitted by PRC law and regulations, or, if not so permitted, to designees of the Company at any time to repay the loans outstanding. All voting rights of Gamease, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE are assigned to the Company; the Company has the right to designate all directors and senior management personnel of Gamease, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE. The Company’s CEO and President and the two Changyou employees have pledged their shares in Gamease, Guanyou Gamespace and Shanghai ICE as collateral for the loans. As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, the aggregate amount of these loans was $3,802,000 and $3,920,000, respectively.

Effective upon the completion of the 7Road Reorganization, Shenzhen 7Road became a VIE of 7Road Cayman, of which approximately 71.926% was owned by Changyou through Webgames HK. Shenzhen 7Road was directly owned by Changyou’s VIE Gamease, which held 68.258%, and by the other shareholders of Shenzhen 7Road, who held 31.742%. On June 5, 2013, Changyou, through Webgames HK, acquired all of the ordinary shares of 7Road Cayman held by the non-controlling shareholders of 7Road Cayman and, through Gamease, acquired all of the equity interests in Shenzhen 7Road held by shareholders other than Gamease. See Note 2.d “–Acquisition and Restructuring of 7Road.” The Company is a primary beneficiary of Shenzhen 7Road, as a result of contractual arrangements among Shenzhen 7Road, 7Road Technology and Gamease.

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The Group has adopted the guidance of accounting for variable interest entities, which requires certain variable interest entities to be consolidated by the primary beneficiary of the entity. The Group’s management evaluated the relationships between the Company, AmazGame and Gamease, the relationships between the Company, Gamespace and Guanyou Gamespace, the relationships between the Company, ICE Information and Shanghai ICE, the relationship between the Company, 7Road Technology and Shenzhen 7Road, and the economic benefit flow of the applicable contractual arrangements. In connection with such evaluation, management also took into account the fact that AmazGame, Gamespace, ICE Information and 7Road Technology, as a result of the above contractual arrangements, control 100% of the shareholders’ voting interests in Gamease, Guanyou Gamespace, Shanghai ICE and Shenzhen 7Road and the fact that Guanyou Gamespace, in turn, holds and controls 100% of the shareholder’s voting interests in Doyo. The Group concluded that each of Gamease, Guanyou Gamespace, Shanghai ICE, Shenzhen 7Road, Doyo and Changyou e-pay is a variable interest entity of the Company, of which the Company is the primary beneficiary. As a result, Gamease’s, Guanyou Gamespace’s, Shanghai ICE’s, Shenzhen 7Road’s, Doyo’s and Changyou e-pay’s results of operations, assets and liabilities have been included in the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

Financial Information

The following combined financial information of the Group’s VIEs was included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Group as follows:


	As of December 31, (in thousands)
	2012		2013
ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	57,517	$	107,356
Short-term investments		51,720		—
Accounts receivable, net		21,610		31,245
Prepaid expense		782		1,659
Other receivable		26,061		19,843
Due from affiliates		102,300		223,485
Due from Sohu Group		431		392
Others		2,219		1,826

Total current assets		262,640		385,806

Goodwill		116,992		128,139
Deferred tax assets and provision		777		479
Other non-current assets		49,956		91,929

Total assets	$	430,365	$	606,353

LIABILITIES:
Accounts payable	$	8,677	$	25,986
Accrued and other short-term liabilities		38,033		21,160
Due to affiliates		36,446		226,510
Receipts in advance and deferred revenue		43,027		43,252
Tax payable		9,923		1,453

Total current liabilities		136,106		318,361

Other long-term liabilities		3,846		7,939

Total liabilities	$	139,952	$	326,300


	For the Year ended December 31, (in thousands)
	2011			2012			2013
Net revenue	$	434,018		$	613,629		$	719,253
Net income (loss)		50,683			99,276			(1,170	)

	For the Year ended December 31, (in thousands)
	2011			2012			2013
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	56,622		$	66,739		$	102,086
Net cash used in investing activities		(80,971	)		(43,087	)		(53,925	)
Net cash used in financing activities		—			(13,106	)		—

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Under contractual arrangements with the VIEs, the Company has the power to direct activities of the VIEs, and can have assets transferred freely out of the VIEs without any restrictions. Therefore, the Company considers that there is no asset of the consolidated VIEs that can be used only to settle obligations of the VIEs, except for registered capital and PRC statutory reserves of the VIEs. As of December 31, 2013, the registered capital and PRC statutory reserves of the VIEs totaled $12.8 million. As the consolidated VIEs are incorporated as limited liability companies under the PRC Company Law, creditors of the consolidated VIEs do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company for any of the liabilities of such VIEs.

Currently there is no contractual arrangement that requires the Company to provide additional financial support to the VIEs. As the Company is conducting its online game business and online advertising business mainly through the VIEs, the Company may provide such support on a discretionary basis in the future, which could expose the Company to a loss.

Summary of significant agreements currently in effect

Agreements between VIEs and Nominee Shareholders

Loan agreements and equity pledge agreements between AmazGame and the shareholders of Gamease and between Gamespace and the shareholders of Guanyou Gamespace. The loan agreements provide for loans to the respective shareholders of Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace for the shareholders to make contributions to the registered capital of Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace in exchange for the equity interests in Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace. Under the equity pledge agreements, the respective shareholders of Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace pledge to AmazGame and Gamespace, their equity interests in Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace to secure the performance of their obligations under the loan agreements and Gamease’s and Guanyou Gamespace’s obligations to AmazGame and Gamespace under the various VIE-related agreements. The loans are interest free and are repayable on demand, but the shareholders can only repay the loans by transferring to AmazGame and Gamespace, as the case may be, their equity interests in Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace.

Equity interest purchase right agreements between AmazGame and the shareholders of Gamease and between Gamespace and the shareholders of Guanyou Gamespace. Pursuant to these agreements, AmazGame and Gamespace have the right, exercisable at any time when it becomes legal to do so under PRC law, to purchase from the respective shareholders of Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace all or any part of their equity interests at a purchase price equal to their initial contributions to registered capital.

Powers of attorney executed by the shareholders of Gamease in favor of AmazGame and by the shareholders of Guanyou Gamespace in favor of Gamespace, with a term of 10 years. These powers of attorney give AmazGame and Gamespace the exclusive right to appoint nominees to act on behalf of their respective shareholders in connection with all actions to be taken by Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace.

Business operation agreements between AmazGame and the shareholders of Gamease and between Gamespace and the shareholders of Guanyou Gamespace. These agreements set forth the right of AmazGame and Gamespace, to control the actions of the respective shareholders of Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace. Each agreement has a term of 10 years.

Call option agreement among ICE Information, Shanghai ICE and Shanghai ICE shareholders. This agreement provides to ICE Information and any third party designated by ICE Information the right, exercisable at any time when it becomes legal to do so under PRC law, to purchase from the shareholders all or any part of their shares in Shanghai ICE or purchase from Shanghai ICE all or part of its assets or business at the lowest purchase price permissible under PRC law. The agreement further provides that Shanghai ICE or its shareholders will transfer back to ICE Information any such purchase price they have received from ICE Information, upon the request of ICE Information, as and to the extent allowed under PRC law. The agreement is terminable only if ICE Information is dissolved.

Share pledge agreement among ICE Information, Shanghai ICE and the shareholders of Shanghai ICE. Under this agreement the shareholders pledge to ICE Information their equity interests in Shanghai ICE to secure the performance of their obligations under the call option agreement and to secure Shanghai ICE’s obligations to ICE Information under their VIE-related agreements.

Business operation agreement among ICE Information, Shanghai ICE and the shareholders of Shanghai ICE. This agreement sets forth the right of ICE Information to control the actions of the shareholders of Shanghai ICE. The agreement is terminable only if ICE Information is dissolved.

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Amended and restated equity interest pledge agreement among 7Road Technology, Shenzhen 7Road and Gamease. Under this agreement, Gamease agreed to pledge to 7Road Technology its equity interests in Shenzhen 7Road to secure the performance of Gamease’s obligations and Shenzhen 7Road’s obligations under the various VIE-related agreements. If Gamease or Shenzhen 7Road breaches its obligations under any VIE-related agreements, 7Road Technology is entitled to exercise its rights as the beneficiary under the Equity Interest Pledge Agreements. This agreement terminates only after all of the obligations of Gamease and of Shenzhen 7Road under the various VIE-related agreements are no longer in effect.

Amended and restated business operation agreement among 7Road Technology, Shenzhen 7Road and Gamease. This agreement grants to 7Road Technology the right to control the actions of Shenzhen 7Road and to control the actions of Gamease in its capacity as the sole shareholder of Shenzhen 7Road. This agreement has a term of 10 years, is renewable by 7Road Technology for such term as it may determine and is terminable early if the existence of Shenzhen 7Road or 7Road Technology is terminated or upon 30 days’ advance written notice of 7Road Technology to Shenzhen 7Road.

Powers of attorney executed by Gamease in favor of 7Road Technology. This power of attorney gives 7Road Technology the exclusive right to appoint designees to act on behalf of Gamease in connection with all actions to be taken by Shenzhen 7Road requiring shareholder approval.

Business Arrangements Between WFOEs and VIEs

Technology support and utilization agreements between AmazGame and Gamease and between Gamespace and Guanyou Gamespace. Pursuant to these agreements, AmazGame and Gamespace have the exclusive right to provide certain product development and application services and technology support to Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace, respectively, for a fee equal to a predetermined percentage, subject to adjustment by AmazGame or Gamespace at any time, of Gamease’s and Guanyou Gamespace’s respective revenues. Each agreement terminates only when AmazGame or Gamespace is dissolved.

Services and maintenance agreements between AmazGame and Gamease between Gamespace and Guanyou Gamespace. Pursuant to these agreements, AmazGame and Gamespace, respectively, provide marketing, staffing, business operation and maintenance services to Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace, respectively, in exchange for a fee equal to the cost of providing such services plus a predetermined margin. Each agreement terminates only when AmazGame or Gamespace, as the case may be, is dissolved.

Exclusive business cooperation agreement between ICE Information and Shanghai ICE. This agreement sets forth the exclusive right of ICE Information to provide business support and technical services to Shanghai ICE. The agreement terminates only when ICE Information is dissolved.

Exclusive technology consulting and services agreement between ICE Information and Shanghai ICE. This agreement provides to ICE Information the exclusive right to provide technical consultation and other related services to Shanghai ICE in exchange for a fee equal to the balance of Shanghai ICE’s gross income after deduction of related costs and expenses. The agreement terminates only when ICE Information is dissolved.

Technology development and utilization agreement between 7Road Technology and Shenzhen 7Road. Under this agreement, 7Road Technology has the exclusive right to provide product development and application services and technology support to Shenzhen 7Road for a fee based on Shenzhen 7Road’s revenues, which fee can be adjusted by 7Road Technology at any time in its sole discretion. The fee is eliminated upon consolidation. This agreement will terminate if the existence of 7Road Technology or Shenzhen 7Road is terminated, by mutual agreement of the parties or upon failure to perform due to a force majeure event.

Services and maintenance agreement between 7Road Technology and Shenzhen 7Road. Pursuant to this agreement, 7Road Technology provides marketing and maintenance services to Shenzhen 7Road in exchange for a fee equal to the cost of providing such services plus a predetermined margin. This agreement will terminate if the existence of 7Road Technology or Shenzhen 7Road is terminated, by mutual agreement of the parties or upon failure to perform due to a force majeure event.

Certain of the agreements described above between the VIEs and the corresponding wholly-owned subsidiaries, or WFOEs, of the Company do not have renewal terms. However, because the VIEs are controlled by their corresponding WFOEs through their respective business operation agreements and through the powers of attorney granted to the WFOEs by the shareholders of the VIEs, such agreements can be, and are expected to be, renewed at the election of the WFOEs.

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VIE-Related Risks

It is possible that the Group’s conduct of certain of its operations and businesses through VIEs could be found by PRC authorities to be in violation of PRC law and regulations prohibiting or restricting foreign ownership of companies that engage in such operations and businesses. If such a finding were made, regulatory authorities with jurisdiction over the licensing and operation of such operations and businesses would have broad discretion in dealing with such a violation, including levying fines, confiscating the Group’s income, revoking the business or operating licenses of the affected businesses, requiring the Group to restructure its ownership structure or operations, or requiring the Group to discontinue all or any portion of its operations. Any of these actions could cause significant disruption to the Group’s business operations, and have an adverse impact on the Group’s cash flows, financial position and operating performance. The Group’s management considers the possibility of such a finding by PRC regulatory authorities to be remote.

In addition, it is possible that the contracts among the Group, the Group’s VIEs and shareholders of its VIEs would not be enforceable in China if PRC government authorities or courts were to find that such contracts contravene PRC law and regulations or are otherwise not enforceable for public policy reasons. In the event that the Group was unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, the Group would not be able to exert effective control over the affected VIEs. Consequently, such VIE’s results of operations, assets and liabilities would not be included in the Group’s consolidated financial statements. If such were the case, the Group’s cash flows, financial position and operating performance would be impaired. The Group’s contractual arrangements with respect to its consolidated VIEs are approved and in place. The Group’s management believes that such contracts are enforceable, and considers the possibility remote that PRC regulatory authorities with jurisdiction over the Group’s operations and contractual relationships would find the contracts to be unenforceable.

Variable interest entities not consolidated within the Group

In 2010, in order to diversify the Company’s marketing channels for its games, the Company acquired a 50% equity interest in Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate. Although following the acquisition Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate were variable interest entities of the Company under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), the Company was not the primary beneficiary of Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate because the Company was not able to direct their activities. Accordingly, the Company did not consolidate the financial statements of Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate prior to February 1, 2011 and the Company’s investment in them was accounted for under the equity method of accounting. In January 2011, the Company acquired the remaining 50% of the equity interests in each of Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate, resulting in the Company’s having control of 100% of the voting equity interests. Accordingly, the Company began to consolidate the financial statements of Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate on February 1, 2011.

4. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

a. Basis of presentation and consolidation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis to reflect the financial position and results of operations of the Company in accordance with U.S. GAAP and on a going concern basis.

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its controlled operating entities including the subsidiaries and the VIEs. All inter-company balances and transactions within the Group have been eliminated on consolidation.

The Company has adopted the guidance of accounting for VIEs, which requires VIEs to be consolidated by the primary beneficiary of the entity. The Company’s management made evaluations of the relationships between the Company and its VIEs and the economic benefit flow of contractual arrangements with the VIEs. In connection with such evaluation, management also took into account the fact that, as a result of such contractual arrangements, the Group controls the shareholders’ voting interests in the VIEs. As a result of such evaluation, management concluded that the Group is the primary beneficiary of its VIEs. As a result, the Company consolidates all of its VIEs in its consolidated financial statements. Please refer to Note 3 – “VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES” for more details.

Because of the Company’s acquisition on December 15, 2011 of the 17173 Business, which is under common control by Sohu with the Company, the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2011 incorporate the results of operations of the combining entities and businesses as to which the common control combination occurred as if the combining entities and businesses had been combined from the date when they first came under the control of Sohu, the controlling party.

Certain acquired assets of the combining entities and businesses were combined using the existing book values from the perspective of Sohu, the controlling party. No amount was recognized in consideration of goodwill or for the excess of Changyou’s interest in the net fair value of the 17173 Business’s identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities over cost at the time of the common control combination, to the extent of the continuation of Sohu’s interest.

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ASC subtopic 805-50 provides that the consolidated statements of comprehensive income should include the results of each of the combining entities and businesses from the earliest date presented or, if more recent, from the date when the combining entities and businesses first came under common control, regardless of the date of the common control combination.

Reclassification of revenues and costs related to Changyou Internet value-added services (“IVAS”)

Commencing January 1, 2013, in order to provide a better foundation for understanding the Group’s performance, both revenues and costs generated from the operation of third-party Web games by the 17173 Business were reclassified from the online game business and the online advertising business to IVAS business. To conform to the current period presentations, the relevant amounts for prior periods have been reclassified accordingly. Such reclassifications amounted to $4.3 million and $1.9 million, respectively, for revenues and $nil and $1.5 million, respectively, for costs for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012.

b. Use of estimates

The preparation of these financial statements requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, the Company evaluates its estimates based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Significant judgments and estimates include accounting for the basis of consolidation, the recognition of revenues, the determination of share-based compensation expense, the determination of the fair value of identifiable assets and liabilities acquired through business combination, the determination of the fair value of contingent consideration, the determination of the fair value of mezzanine equity, the determination of segment aggregation, assessment of income tax and valuation allowances against deferred tax assets, determination of allowance of doubtful accounts, assessment of impairment of intangible assets, fixed assets, other assets, equity investments and goodwill and the determination of functional currencies.

c. Fair value measurement

The Company’s financial instruments include cash equivalents, restricted time deposits, accounts receivable, short-term investments, prepaid and other current assets, long-term prepayment and other non-current assets, short-term and long-term accounts payable, receipts in advance and deferred revenue, accrued liabilities to suppliers, short-term and long-term bank loans and other accrued liabilities. For fair value measurement, U.S. GAAP establishes a three-tier hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value:

Level 1—observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2—other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3—unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity.

The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

d. Cash and cash equivalents

The Company’s cash equivalents mainly consist of time deposits placed with banks with an original maturity of three months or less.

e. Restricted time deposits - Loans from offshore banks, secured by time deposits

The loans from the offshore branches of the lending banks are classified as short-term bank loans or long-term bank loans based on their repayment periods. The rates of interest under the loan agreements with the lending banks were determined based on the prevailing interest rates in the market. The RMB onshore deposits securing the offshore loans are treated as restricted time deposits on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Restricted time deposits are valued based on the prevailing interest rates in the market.

f. Accounts receivable, net

The carrying value of accounts receivable is reduced by an allowance that reflects the Company’s best estimate of the amounts that will not be collected. The Company makes estimates of the collectability of accounts receivable. Many factors are considered in estimating the general allowance, including reviewing delinquent accounts receivable, performing aging analyses and customer credit analyses, and analyzing historical bad debt records and current economic trends. Additional allowance for specific doubtful accounts might be made if the Company’s customers are unable to make payments due to their deteriorating financial conditions. As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, the provision for bad debts was $3.1 million and $2.7 million, respectively.

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g. Short-term investments

In accordance with ASC 825, for investments in financial instruments with a variable interest rate indexed to the performance of underlying assets, the Company elected the fair value method at the date of initial recognition and carried these investments subsequently at fair value. Changes in the fair value are reflected in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. To estimate fair value, the Company refers to the quoted rate of return provided by banks at the end of each period using the discounted cash flow method. Since these investments’ maturity dates are within one year, they are classified as short-term investments. For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, the Company recorded changes in the fair value of short-term investments in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income of $659,000, $1.5 million and $2.5 million, respectively.

h. Fixed assets and depreciation

Fixed assets, comprising office buildings, computer equipment (including servers), and leasehold improvements are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment. Fixed assets are depreciated at rates sufficient to write off their costs less impairment, if any, over the estimated useful lives of the assets on a straight-line basis, with no residual value. The estimated useful lives are as follows:


		Estimated useful life
Office building		36-47 years
Computer equipment (including servers)		4 years
Leasehold improvements		Lesser of the term of the lease or the estimated useful lives of the assets
Building improvements		10 years
Office furniture		5 years
Vehicles		4-10 years

Expenditure for maintenance and repairs is expensed as incurred.

The gain or loss on the disposal of fixed assets is the difference between the net sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the relevant assets and is recognized in operating expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, the original costs of fully depreciated assets which are still in use were $15.0 million and $20.9 million, respectively.

i. Intangible assets

Intangible assets, comprising operating rights for licensed games, computer software purchased from unrelated third parties, developed technologies, trademarks and domain names, cinema advertising slot rights and other finite-lived intangible assets, which are separable from the fixed assets, are stated at cost less accumulated amortization. Amortization is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.

j. Equity investments

Investments in entities over which the Company does not have significant influence are recorded as equity investments and are accounted for by the cost method. Investments in entities over which the Company has significant influence but does not control are also recorded as equity investments and are accounted for by the equity method. Under the equity method, the Company’s share of the post-acquisition profits or losses of the equity investment is recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income; and the Company’s share of post-acquisition movements in equity investments is recognized in equity in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Unrealized gains on transactions between the Company and its equity investments are eliminated to the extent of the Company’s interest in the equity investments. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. When the Company’s share of losses in an equity investment equals or exceeds its interest in the equity investment, the Company does not recognize further losses, unless the Company has incurred obligations or made payments on behalf of the equity investee.

k. Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities acquired as a result of the Company’s acquisitions of interests in its subsidiaries and VIEs.

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The Company tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis as of October 1, and between annual tests when an event occurs or circumstances change that could indicate that the asset might be impaired. Commencing in September 2011, in accordance with the FASB revised guidance on “Testing of Goodwill for Impairment,” a company first has the option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the company decides, as a result of its qualitative assessment, that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is mandatory. Otherwise, no further testing is required. The quantitative impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of goodwill with its carrying value. Application of a goodwill impairment test requires significant management judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assigning assets and liabilities to reporting units, assigning goodwill to reporting units, and determining the fair value of each reporting unit. The judgment in estimating the fair value of reporting units includes estimating future cash flows, determining appropriate discount rates and making other assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit.

The Company acquired Doyo and the Raidcall Business in November and December 2013. Management was not aware of any significant events or circumstances that would be more likely than not to reduce the fair values of the reporting units below their carrying values.

If the carrying amount of reporting unit goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss should be recognized in an amount equal to that excess. The goodwill impairment losses for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were $5.2 million, $nil and $nil, respectively.

l. Impairment of long-lived assets and intangible assets

The carrying amounts of long-lived assets and intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is evaluated by a comparison of the carrying amount of assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amounts of the assets exceed the fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. The Company tests impairment of long-lived assets and intangible assets at the reporting unit level when impairment indicator appeared and recognizes impairment in the event that the carrying value exceeds the fair value of each reporting unit. The impairment charges for intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were $1.3 million, $8.6 million, and $3.6 million, respectively.

m. Receipts in advance and deferred revenues

For the Company’s online games business, proceeds received from sales of prepaid game cards form the basis of the revenues and are initially recorded as receipts in advance from players and are transferred from receipts in advance to deferred revenues when the prepaid cards are activated or charged by the players to their respective personal game accounts. For games that the Company licenses to third-party operators, deferred revenues represent the unamortized balance of initial license fees paid by overseas licensees.

Deferred revenues from Web game operations mainly represent the unamortized balance of initial license fees paid by third-party joint operators of the Company’s Web games and unrecognized revenue-sharing related to virtual items that are not consumed. In cases where the joint operation agreement with joint operator requires the Company to set up and maintain the servers to host the Web games for the users, the Company is obliged to provide on-going services to users and the Company recognizes revenue when virtual items are consumed. For a discussion of revenue recognition with respect to the Company’s Web game operations, see “Web games” in Note 4(s).

For the online advertising business, cash payments, which are received in advance of the delivery of online advertising services pursuant to applicable advertising contracts, are recorded as receipts in advance.

n. Contingent Consideration

The acquisition of 7Road includes a contingent consideration arrangement that requires additional consideration to be paid by the Group based on the future financial performance of 7Road through December 31, 2012. The range of the undiscounted amounts the Company could pay under the contingent consideration agreement is between $nil and $32.76 million. The fair value of the contingent consideration of $28.05 million recognized on the acquisition date was estimated by an independent valuation firm, with the income approach applied. There were no indemnification assets involved. As of the end of 2012, 7Road had exceeded the financial performance milestones and as a result changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration of $2.2 million were recognized in other expense for the year ended December 31, 2012.

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The acquisition of Doyo includes a contingent consideration arrangement that requires additional consideration to be paid by the Group based on the future financial performance of Doyo for the fiscal years 2013 through 2015. The range of the undiscounted amounts the Group could pay under the contingent consideration agreement is between $nil and $7.3 million. The fair value of the contingent consideration, in the amount of $4.8 million, was recognized on the acquisition date using the income approach/ discounted cash flow method with a scenario analysis applied. There were no indemnification assets involved. As of the end of 2013 Doyo had exceeded the financial performance milestones for 2013 and as a result changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration of $0.1 million were recognized in other expenses for the year ended December 31, 2013.

The acquisition of the RaidCall Business includes a contingent consideration arrangement that gives the Group the right to acquire additional shares of TalkTalk if specified conditions occur through the 2014 fiscal year. The range of the additional shares of TalkTalk that the Group could acquire under the contingent consideration agreement is between nil and 7.5% of the outstanding shares on a post-issuance, fully-diluted basis. The fair value of the contingent consideration of $nil was recognized on the acquisition date, as management determined that it is unlikely that the specified conditions will occur and that as a result the fair value and the financial impact on recognition of the non-controlling interest was zero.

o. Mezzanine Equity

Mezzanine Equity consists of non-controlling interest in 7Road and a put option pursuant to which the non-controlling shareholders will have the right to put their equity interests in 7Road to the Company at a pre-determined price if 7Road achieves specified performance milestones before the expiry of the put option and 7Road does not complete an initial public offering on NASDAQ, the New York Stock Exchange or The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong. The put option will expire in 2014. Since the occurrence of the put is not solely within the control of the Company, the Company classifies the non-controlling interest as mezzanine equity instead of permanent equity in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In accordance with ASC subtopic 480-10, the Company calculates, on an accumulative basis from the acquisition date, (i) the amount of accretion that would increase the balance of non-controlling interest to its estimated redemption value over the period from the date of the 7Road acquisition to the earliest redemption date of the non-controlling interest and (ii) the amount of net profit attributable to non-controlling shareholders of 7Road based on their ownership percentage. The carrying value of the non-controlling interest as mezzanine equity will be adjusted by an accumulative amount equal to the higher of (i) and (ii). See Note 19 – “MEZZANINE EQUITY.”

On May 1, 2013, Changyou entered into an agreement to acquire all of the ordinary shares of 7Road Cayman held by the non-controlling shareholders and all of the equity interests in Shenzhen 7Road held by shareholders other than Gamease. The acquisition closed on June 5, 2013. Under ASC 810-10, changes in a parent’s ownership interest while the parent retains control of its subsidiary are accounted for as equity transactions, and do not impact net income or comprehensive income in the consolidated financial statements. Following the closing of the acquisition, $2.4 million, representing the excess of the amount of the mezzanine-classified non-controlling interest in 7Road Cayman over the purchase price as of the closing date, was recorded in the Group’s equity accounts.

p. Non-controlling interest

Non-controlling interests are recognized to reflect the portion of the equity of majority-owned subsidiaries and VIEs which is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the controlling shareholder. Currently, the non-controlling interests in the Company’s consolidated financial statements primarily consist of non-controlling interests for TalkTalk.

q. Treasury Shares

On July 27, 2013, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to $100 million of the outstanding ADSs of Changyou over a two-year period from July 27, 2013 to July 26, 2015. The Company accounted for those shares repurchased as treasury shares at cost in accordance with ASC 505-30, and the treasury shares acquired are shown separately in the shareholders’ equity as the Company has not yet decided on the ultimate disposition of those shares. If and when the Company cancels the treasury shares, the difference between the original issuance price and the repurchase price will be debited into additional paid-in capital. See Note 25 – “TREASURY SHARES”.

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r. Foreign currency translation

The Company’s functional and reporting currency is the United States dollar (“U.S. dollar”). The functional currency of the Company’s subsidiaries and VIEs in China is the Renminbi (“RMB”). The functional currency of the Company’s subsidiary in the United Kingdom is the British Pound, the functional currency of the Company’s subsidiary in Malaysia is the Malaysian Ringgit, the functional currency of the Company’s subsidiary in Korea is the South Korean Won, the functional currency of the Company’s subsidiaries in the British Virgin Islands, Hong Kong and the United States of America is the U.S. dollar. Accordingly, assets and liabilities of the China subsidiaries and VIEs are translated at the current exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date, and revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates for RMB to U.S. dollars in effect during the reporting period. Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency translation to reporting currency are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income in the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity for the years presented.

Foreign currency transactions are translated at the applicable rates quoted by the People’s Bank of China (“PBOC”) prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the balance sheet date are re-measured at the applicable rates of exchange in effect at that date. Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency re-measurement are included in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

s. Revenue recognition

Online Game Revenues

MMOGs

The Group earns revenue through providing MMOGs to players pursuant to the item-based revenue model. Under the item-based model, the basic game play functions are free of charge and players are charged for purchases of in-game virtual items.

Game operations revenues are collected by the Company’s VIEs through the sale of the Group’s prepaid cards, which the Group sells in both virtual and physical forms to third-party distributors and players. Proceeds received from sales of prepaid cards are initially recorded as receipts in advance from customers and, upon activation or charge of the prepaid cards, are transferred from receipts in advance from customers to deferred revenues. As the Group does not have control of, and generally does not know, the ultimate selling price of the prepaid cards sold by distributors, net proceeds from distributors form the basis of revenue recognition.

Revenues are recorded net of business tax, discounts and rebates to distributors.

Prepaid cards will expire two years after the date of card production if they have never been activated. The proceeds from the expired game cards are recognized as revenue upon expiration of cards.

Once the prepaid cards are activated and credited to a player’s personal game account, they will not expire as long as the personal game account remains active. The Group is entitled to suspend and close a player’s personal game account if it has been inactive for a period of 180 consecutive days. The unused balances in an inactive player’s personal game account are recognized as revenues when the account is suspended and closed.

For the years ended December 2011, 2012 and 2013, the Group recognized revenues in connection with expired un-activated prepaid cards and unused balances in inactive accounts of approximately $964,000, $627,000, and $951,000 respectively.

Web games

The Group began generating Web game revenues upon its acquisition of a controlling interest in 7Road in May 2011.

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Revenues from Web games were derived mainly from revenue-sharing payments from third-party joint operators of the Group’s games and license fees from certain of these joint operators. The Group also derives revenues from direct operation of Wartune and DDTank on its own Websites for the games. Web games are operated primarily under the item-based revenue model, in which game players can access the games free of charge, but may purchase consumable virtual items, including those with a predetermined expiration time, or perpetual virtual items, such as certain costumes that stay bound to a game player throughout the life of the game. In certain of the joint operation arrangements for Web games, the Group provides the games and related services to a third-party joint operator at no upfront fee. In these arrangements, the Group is entitled to a single stream of revenue-sharing payments from the joint operator when game players convert the joint operator’s virtual currency into game coins or purchase the Group’s game coins directly through such operator’s Website or game platform. Certain of the joint operators pay the Group license fees for the exclusive right to operate its games in specified geographic areas or upon achievement of certain performance milestones from the joint operators’ operation of the games. Certain of the joint operators also pay the Group license fees for the right to be among a selected few who will have the initial right ahead of other operators to jointly operate the games in China during a specified period after their launch.

When the Group’s Web games are jointly operated through the Websites or platforms of third-party joint operators, the Group views the third-party joint operators as its customers and recognizes revenues on a net basis as the Group does not have the primary responsibility for fulfillment and acceptability of the game services. The games may be hosted either on the third-party operators’ servers or on servers that the Group owns or leases from Internet data centers. For arrangements where the game is hosted on the joint operators’ servers, the game is delivered to the joint operators at the commencement of the joint operation period. The amount of revenue is recognized at the time of conversion, using a usage-based model under ASC 985-605, “Software—Revenue Recognition” and is measured based on the portion to which the Group is entitled of the amount of game players’ purchase of the Group’s game coins through the joint operators’ Websites or game platforms. For arrangements where the game is hosted on the Group’s servers, the Group accounts for multiple elements under ASC 605-25, “Revenue Recognition—Multiple Element Arrangements,” as the joint operators have the right to obtain the games’ software without penalty, and it is technically feasible for them to host the software. There are two separate units of accounting identified as (i) the game and related service elements and (ii) the hosting service element. The game and related service elements are accounted for under ASC 985-605 and for the hosting services which are accounted for under ASC 605, revenue is recognized over the implicit service period during which the Group is obligated to provide access to the server for the game players of the joint operators’ platforms to be able to consume virtual items.

For the Group’s direct operation of its Web games Wartune and DDTank through its Website for the game, the Group recognizes revenues on a gross basis as the Group has the primary responsibility for fulfillment and acceptability of the game services. The Group is obligated to provide on-going services to the game players, and such obligation is not deemed to be inconsequential and perfunctory after game players purchase its game coins directly through its Website for Wartune and DDTank. Therefore, the Group’s revenues from direct operation of Wartune and DDTank on its Website for the game are first recorded as deferred revenues and subsequently recognized as revenue over the service period during which the Group is obligated to provide services to the game players to enable them to consume their virtual items.

License revenues from operators who have been granted the exclusive right to operate the Group’s games in specified geographic areas where the Group does not provide hosting services are accounted for under ASC 985-605, “Software—Revenue Recognition.” Since the Group is required to provide when-and-if-available updates and upgrades to the Joint Operators during the contract terms for which the Group does not have vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value, such license fees are initially recorded as deferred revenues and then recognized as revenues ratably over the contract periods from the date the game is launched, or in the case of license fees contingent upon achievement of performance milestones, over the remaining contract periods commencing from the date on which such milestones are achieved. License revenues from operators who have been granted the right to be among a selected few who will have the initial right ahead of other operators to jointly operate the Group’s games in China during a specified period after their launch are recognized ratably over the specified exclusive operation period.

Most of the Group’s revenues from the joint operation of its Web games within China, which are generated through Shenzhen 7Road, are subject to 17% PRC VAT, and Shenzhen 7Road, as a “software enterprise,” is entitled to a 14% VAT refund immediately upon the filing of its VAT returns, with the result that Shenzhen 7Road’s net effective PRC VAT rate is 3%. The amount of PRC VAT included in the Group’s revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013 was $9.3 million, compared to $8.8 million and $ 1.9 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2012 and 2011.

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Games licensed to third-party operators

The Group enters into licensing arrangements with third-party operators to operate the Group’s MMOGs in other countries or regions. These licensing agreements provide two revenue streams, consisting of an initial license fee and a monthly revenue-based royalty fee based on monthly revenue and sales from ancillary products of the games. The initial license fee is based on both a fixed amount and additional amounts receivable upon the game’s achieving certain sales targets. Since the Group is obligated to provide post-sales services such as technical support and provision of updates and when-and-if-available upgrades to the licensees during the license period, the initial license fee from the licensing arrangement is recognized as revenue ratably over the license period. The fixed amount of the initial license fee is recognized ratably over the remaining license period from the launch of the game and the additional amount is recognized ratably over the remaining license period from the date such additional amount is certain. The monthly revenue-based royalty fee is recognized when relevant services are delivered, provided that collectability is reasonably assured.

Online Advertising Revenues

The Group’s online advertising revenues are generated from the 17173 Business. A contract is signed to establish a fixed price and the advertising services to be provided. Based on the contracts, the 17173 Business provides advertisement placements on its Websites and/or in different formats, including, among other things, banners, links, logos, buttons, rich media and content integration.

To determine the method of recognition of online advertising revenue, prior to entering into contracts, management makes a credit assessment of the customer to assess the collectability of the contract. For those contracts for which collectability is determined to be reasonably assured, revenue is recognized ratably over the period during which the advertising services are provided and when all revenue recognition criteria are met. For those contracts for which collectability is determined to not be reasonably assured, revenue is recognized only when the cash is received and all other revenue recognition criteria are met.

A pilot program for transition from the imposition of Business Tax to the imposition of VAT for revenues from certain industries (the “Pilot Program”) was launched in Shanghai on January 1, 2012. Effective September 1, 2012, the Pilot Program was expanded from Shanghai to eight other cities and provinces in China, including Beijing. Online advertising revenues became subject to VAT on September 1, 2012, at a rate of 6%. Online advertising revenues are recognized after deducting agent rebates and net of VAT and related surcharges.

IVAS Revenues

The Group offers Web games developed by third-party developers and generate revenues from the provision of IVAS, including promotion, access maintenance and payment services, to third-party developers. Under revenue-sharing agreements that the Group signs with third-party developers, the Group collects payments from the end users, keeps a pre-agreed percentage of the proceeds and remits the balance to the third-party developers. Revenues from IVAS are recognized when the Group’s obligations under the agreements and all other revenue recognition criteria have been met. Revenues from IVAS are recognized using the gross method as the Group is the principal obligor with respect to provision of the services.

Others Revenues

For cinema advertising revenues, a contract is signed with the advertiser to establish a fixed price and specify advertising services to be provided. Based on the contracts, the Group provides advertisement placements in advertising slots to be shown in theatres before the screening of movies. Revenue from cinema advertising is recognized when all the recognition criteria are met. Depending on the terms of a customer contract, fees for services performed can be recognized according to two principal methods, consisting of the proportional performance method and the straight-line method. Under the proportional performance method, fees are generally recognized based on a percentage of the advertising slots actually delivered where the fee is earned on a per-advertising slot placement basis. Under the straight-line method, fees are recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract period when the fee is not paid based on the number of advertising slots actually delivered.

F-22

Presentation of PRC Value Added Tax and Business Tax

As VAT imposed on online advertising and cinema advertising revenues and VAT imposed on 7Road’s revenues deemed to be from the sale of software are considered as substantially different in nature, the Group determined that it is reasonable to apply the guidance separately for these two types of VAT. VAT payable on online advertising and cinema advertising revenues is the difference between the output VAT (at a rate of 6%) and available input VAT amount (at the rate applicable to the supplier) which is the VAT paid to suppliers in relation to the cost for provision of online advertising and cinema advertising services. On the other hand, VAT is payable by 7Road at an effect effective rate of 3% of revenues deemed to be from the sale of software, irrespective of the availability of any input VAT, under preferential VAT treatment provided to 7Road by the local tax bureau.

The Group adopted the net presentation method for its MMOG revenues, online advertising revenues and cinema advertising revenues and adopted the gross presentation method for the revenues of 7Road deemed to be derived from the sale of software. Under net presentation methods, revenues are net of business tax (at a rate of 5%) or value added tax (at a rate of 6%).

Under gross presentation methods, the Company presents PRC VAT on a gross basis, by which VAT collected from customers at the rate of 17% is included in revenues, and the net VAT payment at the effective PRC VAT rate of 3% is included in cost of revenues, because the Company considers 7Road’s 17% VAT obligation and its entitlement to a 14% VAT refund as one integrated preferential VAT policy.

t. Cost of revenues

Cost of online game revenues mainly consists of salary and benefits, revenue-based royalty payments to the game developers, bandwidth leasing charges, amortization of licensing fees, depreciation expenses, business tax and value-added tax which primarily arise from the revenue that AmazGame and Gamespace derive from their contractual arrangements with Gamease and Guanyou Gamespace, respectively, and other direct costs.

Cost of online advertising revenues mainly consists of salary and benefit, bandwidth leasing costs, depreciation expenses, and advertising design cost.

Cost of IVAS mainly consists of revenue-sharing arrangements with developers.

Other cost of revenues mainly consists of payments to theatres and film production companies for pre-film screening advertising slots and charges for impairment of intangible assets.

u. Product development expenses

Costs incurred for the development of online games and the 17173.com Website and other platform channels prior to the establishment of technological feasibility and costs incurred for maintenance after the online games and platform channels are available for marketing are expensed when incurred and are included in product development expenses.

During the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, the Company did not capitalize any product development expense.

v. Government Grant

A government grant is recognized when the grant is received and the relevant requirements have been complied with. Government grants are generally recorded as other income, and grants for which the government stipulates specified uses are recorded as a reduction in operating expenses and cost of revenues. For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, awards from the PRC government recorded in other income were $16,000, $3,422,000 and $2,632,000, respectively, awards recorded as a reduction in operating expenses were $126,000, $158,000 and $398,000 respectively, and awards recorded as a reduction in cost of revenues were $nil, $nil, and $507,000, respectively.

w. Advertising expense

Advertising expenses, which generally represent the cost of promotions to create or stimulate a positive image of the Company or a desire to buy the Company’s products and services, are expensed as incurred. Included in sales and marketing expense are advertising costs of $33.4 million, $42.3 million and $101.6 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013. Advertising expenses charged from Sohu were $6.0 million, $14.0 million and $13.4 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013.

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x. Operating leases

Leases for which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of assets remain with the leasing company are accounted for as operating leases. Payments made under operating leases net of any incentives received by the Company from the leasing company are charged to the consolidated statements of comprehensive income on a straight-line basis over the lease periods.

y. Share-based compensation expense

Share-based compensation expense is for share awards, including ordinary shares, share options, restricted shares and restricted share units, granted by the Company to employees and directors. Share-based compensation expense of employees is recognized as costs and/or expenses in the financial statements based on the fair values of the related share-based awards on their grant dates.

Changyou has an incentive plan for the granting of share-based awards, including share options, restricted shares and restricted share units, to their employees and directors. 7Road’s 2012 Share Incentive Plan was cancelled effective June 28, 2013. See Note 18 “SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION—Share Awards Granted after Initial Public Offering—7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan.”

For share-based awards, in determining the fair value of ordinary shares, restricted shares and restricted share units granted before the shares underlying the awards were publicly traded, the income approach/discounted cash flow method with a discount for lack of marketability was applied. In determining the fair value of restricted share units granted shortly before Changyou’s initial public offering, the fair value of the underlying shares was determined based on the offering price in the initial public offering. In determining the fair value of restricted share units granted after Changyou’s initial public offering, the public market price of the underlying shares on the grant dates is applied. In determining the fair value of share options granted by Sohu to employees of Changyou prior to its initial public offering, the Company applied the Black-Scholes valuation model.

Determining the fair value of the ordinary shares not publicly traded required complex and subjective judgments regarding the Company’s projected financial and operating results, its unique business risks, the liquidity of its ordinary shares and its operating history and prospects at the time the grants were made. The assumptions used in share-based compensation expense recognition represent management’s best estimates based on historical experience and consideration to developing expectations about the future. However, these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. If factors change or different assumptions are used, the share-based compensation expense could be materially different for any period. Moreover, the estimates of fair value are not intended to predict actual future events or the value that ultimately will be realized by employees who receive equity awards, and subsequent events are not indicative of the reasonableness of the original estimates of fair value made by the Company for accounting purposes.

Share-based compensation expense for share options, restricted shares and restricted share units granted is recognized on an accelerated basis over the requisite service period. The number of share-based awards for which the service is not expected to be rendered over the requisite period is estimated, and the related compensation expense is not recorded for that number of awards.

z. Income taxes

Current income taxes are provided on the basis of income for financial reporting purposes, adjusted for income and expense items which are not assessable or deductible for income tax purposes, in accordance with the regulations of the relevant tax jurisdictions. Deferred income taxes are provided using the liability method. Under this method, deferred income taxes are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the currently enacted tax rates and laws. The deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is considered based on available evidence more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax liability is not recognized for undistributed earnings of PRC subsidiaries if the subsidiary has invested or will invest the undistributed earnings indefinitely.

aa. Uncertain tax positions

In order to assess uncertain tax positions, the Company applies a more likely than not threshold and a two-step approach for the tax position measurement and financial statement recognition. For the two-step approach, the first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon settlement.

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ab. Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares and, if dilutive, potential ordinary shares outstanding during the year. Potential ordinary shares consist of shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options and shares issuable upon the settlement of restricted share units. Potential ordinary shares are accounted for in the computation of diluted earnings per share using the treasury share method. Potential ordinary shares are not included in the denominator of the diluted earnings per share calculation when inclusion of such shares would be anti-dilutive, such as in a period in which a net loss is recorded. Earnings per share is computed on Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares together, because both classes have the same dividend rights and the same participation rights in the Company’s undistributed earnings.

ac. Comprehensive income

Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity of a company during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances excluding transactions resulting from investments from owners and distributions to owners. Accumulated other comprehensive income, as presented on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, consists of the cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment.

ad. Segment reporting

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), or a decision making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s CODM is its Chief Executive Officer.

The Company’s organizational structure is based on a number of factors that the CODM uses to evaluate, view and run the Company’s business operations, which include, but are not limited to, customer base, homogeneity of products and technology. The Company’s operating segments are based on its organizational structure and information reviewed by the Company’s CODM to evaluate the operating segment results.

The Company has determined that the business segments that constitute its primary reportable segments are the online game segment, which consists of MMOGs and Web games, and the 17173 Business segment, which consists of the online advertising business and the IVAS business.

Before 2011, the Group principally engaged in the development, operation and licensing of MMOGs and operated and managed this business as a single segment. In 2011, Changyou expanded its business by acquisitions in the Web game, online advertising and cinema advertising businesses, and generated revenues from the operations of such businesses. With the goal of optimizing the management of operations, the Company’s CODM separately reviewed key information of each of four operating segments consisting of MMOG, Web game, the 17173 Business and cinema advertising. The Company concluded that the MMOG and Web game have similar economic characteristics and meet all of the aggregation criteria that are required under ASC280 to aggregate identified operating segments. Hence the Company aggregated MMOG and Web game as one reportable segment under online game. In addition, cinema advertising is not deemed significant enough to qualify as a separate, reportable segment and therefore is included in the “others.”

ae. Recently issued accounting standards

In March of 2013, the FASB issued guidance on “Foreign Currency Matters, Parent’s Accounting for the Cumulative Translation Adjustment upon Derecognition of Certain Subsidiaries or Groups of Assets within a Foreign Entity or of an Investment in a Foreign Entity.” The amendments clarify the applicable guidance for the de-recognition of all or a portion of a cumulative translation adjustment when an entity ceases to have a controlling financial interest in a subsidiary or group of assets that is a nonprofit activity or a business (other than a sale of in substance real estate or conveyance of oil and gas mineral rights) within a foreign entity or when other changes stipulated occur and involve a foreign entity. The amendments are effective prospectively for fiscal years (and interim reporting periods within those years) beginning after December 15, 2013. The Group is currently evaluating the impact on its consolidated financial statements of adopting this guidance.

F-25

In March of 2013, the FASB issued guidance on “Income Taxes - Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists.” The amendments clarify that an unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit, should be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss, similar tax loss, or tax credit carryforward, except as noted in the following sentence. To the extent a net operating loss, similar tax loss, or tax credit carryforward is not available at the reporting date under the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction to settle any additional income taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position or the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction does not require the entity to use, and the entity does not intend to use, the deferred tax asset for such a purpose, then under this exception the unrecognized tax benefit is to be presented in the financial statements as a liability and should not be combined with (netted with) the deferred tax asset(s). The assessment of whether a deferred tax asset is “available” is based on the unrecognized tax benefit and deferred tax asset amounts that exist at the reporting date and should be made presuming disallowance of the tax position at the reporting date. The amendments are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. The Group is currently evaluating the impact on its consolidated financial statements of adopting this guidance.

5. CONCENTRATION OF RISKS

There are no revenues from distributors that individually represent exceeding 10% of the total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 or 2013.

Approximately 74%, 68% and 64%, respectively, of the Group’s net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were derived from a single MMORPG, Tian Long Ba Bu, which was launched in May 2007.

Approximately 96%, 95% and 91%, respectively, of the Group’s net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were derived from domestic operations.

Substantially all the Company’s long-lived assets are located in the PRC.

A majority of the Group’s sales and expenses transactions are denominated in RMB and a significant portion of the Group’s assets and liabilities is denominated in RMB. The RMB is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. In the PRC, certain foreign exchange transactions are required by law to be transacted only by authorized financial institutions at exchange rates set by the PBOC. Remittances in currencies other than RMB by the Group in China must be processed through the PBOC or other China foreign exchange regulatory bodies, which require certain supporting documentation in order to affect the remittance. Total cash and cash equivalents in currencies other than RMB held at financial institutions in mainland China were $2.2 million and $4,000, respectively, as of December 31, 2012 and 2013.

The Group holds its cash and bank deposits at Chinese financial institutions that are among the largest and most respected in the PRC and at international financial institutions with high ratings from internationally-recognized rating agencies. The Company’s management chooses these institutions because of their reputations and track records for stability, and their known large cash reserves, and management periodically reviews these institutions’ reputations, track records, and reported reserves. Management expects that any additional institutions that the Group uses for its cash and bank deposits will be chosen with similar criteria for soundness. As a further means of managing its credit risk, the Group held its cash and bank deposits in approximately 21 and 22 different financial institutions as of December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively, and held no more than approximately 36% and 32%, of its total cash at any single institution as of December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively.

Under PRC law, it is generally required that a commercial bank in the PRC that holds third party cash deposits protect the depositors’ rights over and interests in their deposited money; PRC banks are subject to a series of risk control regulatory standards; and PRC bank regulatory authorities are empowered to take over the operation and management of any PRC bank that faces a material credit crisis.

F-26

6. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS

Acquisition of Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate

In May 2010, in order to diversify the Group’s marketing channels for its games, the Group acquired 50% of the equity interests in each of Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate, which are primarily engaged in the cinema advertising business in China. The investment was accounted for under the equity method of accounting due to the group’s inability to control Shanghai Jingmao. In January 2011, the Group acquired the remaining 50% of the equity interests in each of Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate for total consideration of approximately $3.0 million. Payments for $1.0 million of the total consideration are contingent upon occurrence of certain specified events and management considers the possibility of the Group making gains due to the non-occurrence of the specified events to be remote. With unilateral control of 100% of the voting equity interests of Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate, the Company started to consolidate Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate’s financial statements on February 1, 2011. On the acquisition date, the allocation of the consideration of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values was as follows:


	As of February 1, 2011 (in thousands)
Fair value of previously held 50% equity interests	$	2,704
Consideration for the remaining 50% equity interests		3,036

Total consideration		5,740

Tangible assets		9,514
Identifiable intangible assets acquired		10,101
Goodwill		5,147
Liabilities assumed		(19,022	)

Total	$	5,740

In accordance with ASC805 in a business combination achieved in stages, the Group re-measured its previously held equity interests in Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate as at their acquisition-date fair value using the discounted cash flow method and recognized a total loss of $613,000 in other expenses in the first quarter of 2011. The Group hired an independent valuation firm to perform fair valuation of the previously held equity interests in Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate upon the acquisition date.

The excess of the purchase price over tangible assets, identifiable intangible assets acquired, and liabilities assumed was recorded as goodwill relating to the others business segment. The acquired identifiable intangible assets were valued by various approaches, including the income approach and the replacement cost approach, as appropriate. As of December 31, 2013, no measurement period adjustment had been recorded.

Prior to the acquisition, Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate did not prepare financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company determined that the cost of reconstructing the financial statements of Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate for the periods prior to the acquisition outweighed the benefits. Based on an assessment of the financial performance of all companies acquired by the Group and a comparison of Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate’s and the Group’s financial performance for the fiscal year prior to the acquisition, the Company did not consider Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate on their own to be material to the Group. Thus the Company’s management believes the presentation of pro forma financial information with respect to the results of operations of the Group for the business combination is not necessary.

Total identifiable intangible assets acquired upon acquisition mainly include cinema advertising slot rights of $8,330,000, partnership relationship of $1,035,000, trade name of $502,000, non-compete agreement of $126,000, and customer list of $108,000. Except for trade name, which is expected to have an indefinite useful life, other identifiable intangible assets acquired have an estimated average weighted useful life of two years. Under ASC350, intangible assets with an indefinite useful life are not amortized and their remaining useful life is evaluated at each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite life. Charges for acquired intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were $0.2 million, $1.2 million, and $nil respectively. Goodwill primarily represents the expected synergies from combining operations of Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate with those of the Group, which are complementary to each other. In accordance with ASC350, goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment and is not deductible for tax purposes. For the year ended December 31, 2011, a full impairment loss of $5.2 million on Shanghai Jingmao’s goodwill was recognized.

F-27

Acquisition of 7Road

On May 11, 2011, the Group acquired 68.258% of the equity interests of Shenzhen 7Road for fixed cash consideration of approximately $68.26 million, plus additional variable cash consideration of up to a maximum of $32.76 million that is contingent upon the achievement of specified performance milestones through December 31, 2012. Shenzhen 7Road is primarily engaged in Web game operations, through third party joint operators, and development. The Company began to consolidate Shenzhen 7Road’s financial statements on June 1, 2011. The purpose of the acquisition was to accelerate the Group’s position in China’s online games industry and add a new category of games to the Group’s growing product portfolio. On the acquisition date, the allocation of the consideration of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair value was as follows:


	As of June 1, 2011 (in thousands)
Cash consideration	$	68,258
Contingent consideration		28,051

Total consideration		96,309

Receivables		7,440
Other tangible assets		22,213
Completed game		20,837
Games under development		3,561
Other identifiable intangible assets acquired		986
Goodwill		103,366
Liabilities assumed		(8,983	)
Fair value of non-controlling interest and put option		(53,111	)

Total	$	96,309

The excess of the purchase price over tangible assets, identifiable intangible assets acquired, and liabilities assumed was recorded as goodwill relating to the online game segment. Charges for impairment of acquired intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were $nil, $0.6 million and $nil, respectively. The acquired identifiable intangible assets were valued by various approaches, including the income approach and the replacement cost approach, as appropriate. As of December 31, 2013, no measurement period adjustment had been recorded.

Prior to the acquisition, Shenzhen 7Road did not prepare its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company determined that the cost of reconstructing the financial statements of Shenzhen 7Road for the periods prior to the acquisition outweighed the benefits. Based on an assessment of the financial performance of all companies acquired by the Group and a comparison of Shenzhen 7Road’s and the Group’s financial performance for the fiscal year prior to the acquisition, the Company did not consider Shenzhen 7Road on its own to be material to the Group. Thus the Company’s management believes the presentation of pro forma financial information with respect to the results of operations of the Group for the business combination is not necessary.

The fair value of non-controlling interest in Shenzhen 7Road was determined mainly based on the number of shares held by non-controlling shareholders and the equity value close to the acquisition date, taking into consideration other factors, as appropriate. If Shenzhen 7Road achieved specified performance milestones and 7Road (after the 7Road Reorganization) did not complete an initial public offering on NASDAQ, the New York Stock Exchange or The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong, the non-controlling shareholders had the right to put their equity interests in 7Road to the Group at a predetermined price agreed upon at the acquisition date (“the put option”). In accordance with ASC480, the Company measured this non-controlling interest and a put option at their acquisition-date fair value. An independent valuation firm was hired to determine the fair value upon the acquisition date.

F-28

The agreement for the acquisition of Shenzhen 7Road included a contingent consideration arrangement that required additional consideration to be paid by the Group based on the financial performance of Shenzhen 7Road over a period through December 31, 2012. The range of the undiscounted amounts the Company could have paid under the contingent consideration provisions of the agreement was between $nil and $32.76 million. The fair value of the contingent consideration recognized on the acquisition date of $28.05 million was estimated by an independent valuation firm, with the income approach applied. There were no indemnification assets involved. As of the end of 2012, 7Road had exceeded the financial performance milestones and as a result changes in fair value of the contingent consideration of $2.2 million were recognized in other expense for the year ended December 31, 2012. Total identifiable intangible assets acquired upon acquisition mainly included completed game, games under development and other identifiable intangible assets acquired, including non-compete agreement of $179,000, and relationship with operators of $807,000. The games under development will be subject to amortization after completion. Completed game and other identifiable intangible assets acquired are amortized over an estimated average weighted useful life of five years. Total goodwill of $103.4 million primarily represents the expected synergies from combining operations of Shenzhen 7Road with those of the Group, which were expected to be complementary to each other. In accordance with ASC350, goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment and is not deductible for tax purposes.

On May 1, 2013, Changyou entered into an agreement to acquire all of the ordinary shares of 7Road Cayman held by the non-controlling shareholders, representing 28.074% of the outstanding share capital of 7Road, and all of the equity interests in Shenzhen 7Road held by shareholders other than Gamease, for aggregate cash consideration of approximately $78 million. The acquisition closed on June 5, 2013. Effective with the closing, 7Road Cayman became an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Changyou, and Changyou’s VIE Gamease became the sole shareholder of 7Road’s VIE Shenzhen 7Road. As of December 31, 2013, Changyou had paid $76 million of the total cash consideration. The remaining $2 million will be settled in June 2014.

Acquisition of the 17173 Business

On December 15, 2011, the Group completed the acquisition from Sohu of certain assets and business operations associated with the 17173 Business for fixed cash consideration of approximately $162.5 million. Under the acquisition agreement, the net profit of $1.3 million generated from the Group’s operation of the 17173 Business during the Transition Period from December 16, 2011 through December 31, 2011 was for the benefit of Sohu. The Company accounted for this $1.3 million as part of the consideration for the acquisition. Since Changyou and the 17173 Business were controlled by Sohu both before and after the acquisition, this transaction was accounted for as a business combination under common control by Sohu. Therefore, in accordance with ASC subtopic 805-50, the consolidated financial statements of the Company include the acquired assets and liabilities of the 17173 Business at their historical carrying amounts of approximately $22.0 million. In addition, the Group’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2011 were prepared as if the current corporate structure had been in existence.

The allocation of the consideration of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their historical carrying amounts was as follows:


	As of December 31, 2011 (in thousands)
Cash consideration	$	162,500
Net profit for the Transition Period		1,284

Total consideration		163,784

Inventory		534
Fixed assets		2,737
Intangible assets		632
Goodwill		17,885
Deemed dividend to Sohu		141,996

Total	$	163,784

Changyou and Sohu separately entered into a services agreement and an online links and advertising agreement (collectively, the “Services and Advertising Agreements”), pursuant to which Sohu provide links and advertising space and technical support to the Company, including the provision and maintenance of user log-in, information management and virtual currency payment systems the 17173 Business. The Services and Advertising Agreements provide for a term of twenty-five years for the virtual currency payment system services, and an initial term of three years for all the other relevant services and links and advertising space, and involve aggregate fees to Sohu of approximately $30 million. Under the Services and Advertising Agreements, the Company may renew certain rights for a subsequent term of twenty-two years, and may obtain a perpetual software license in respect of the information management system and the user log-in system following the expiration of the three-year term, subject to the Company’s payment to Sohu of additional fees of up to approximately $5 million in the aggregate.

F-29

Acquisition of Doyo

In November 2013, the Group acquired 100% of the equity interests in Doyo, a game resources portal, for fixed cash consideration of approximately $6.5 million, and variable cash consideration up to a maximum of $7.3 million. Since Changyou has exclusive control of 100% of the voting equity interests of the Doyo, the Company began to consolidate Doyo’s financial statements commencing with the acquisition. The Company views the acquisition of Doyo as an integral piece of the Company’s strategy to enrich its application coverage in China.

The allocation of the consideration for assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their historical carrying amounts was as follows:


	As of November 29, 2013 (in thousands)
Cash Consideration	$	6,521
Contingent Consideration		4,785

Total consideration		11,306

Tangible assets		1,324
Identifiable intangible assets acquired		3,620
Goodwill		7,626
Liabilities assumed		(1,264	)

Total	$	11,306

Since Doyo is primarily engaged in online advertising and traffic monetization businesses, which have similar economic characteristics to the 17173 Business, Doyo is aggregated into the 17173 Business as a reporting unit and the excess of the purchase price over the tangible assets, identifiable intangible assets (mainly user base and domain names) acquired and liabilities assumed was recorded as goodwill relating to the 17173 Business. The acquired identifiable intangible assets were valued by various approaches, including the income approach, as appropriate. Total goodwill of $7.6 million primarily represents the expected synergies from combining operations of the Company and Doyo, which are complementary to each other. In accordance with ASC350, goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment and is not deductible for tax purposes. As of December 31, 2013, no measurement period adjustment had been recorded.

Prior to the acquisition, Doyo did not prepare its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Group determined that the cost of reconstructing the financial statements of Doyo for the periods prior to the acquisition outweighed the benefits. Based on an assessment of the financial performance of all companies acquired by the Group and a comparison of Doyo’s and the Group’s financial performance for the fiscal year prior to the acquisition, the Group did not consider Doyo on its own to be material to the Group. Thus the Group’s management believes the presentation of pro forma financial information with respect to the results of operations of the Group for the business combination is not necessary.

Acquisition of the RaidCall Business

In December 2013, the Group acquired 62.5% of the equity interests, on a fully-diluted basis, in TalkTalk for cash consideration of $47.6 million. Of the total consideration, $27.6 million was paid by the Company to the Kalends Group for a portion of the ordinary shares of TalkTalk held by the Kalends Group, and $20 million was injected for newly issued ordinary shares of TalkTalk. See Note 2.f “Acquisition of the RaidCall Business.” On the acquisition date, the allocation of the consideration for assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values was as follows:


	As of December 24, 2013 (in thousands)
Cash Consideration	$	47,627

Tangible assets		20,016
Identifiable intangible assets acquired		17,888
Goodwill		33,740
Fair value of non-controlling interest		(17,172	)
Liability assumed		(6,845	)

Total	$	47,627

F-30

The excess of the purchase price over the tangible assets, identifiable intangible assets (consisting primarily of software technology and domain name) acquired and liabilities assumed was recorded as goodwill relating to the online game segment. Charges for impairment of acquired intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2013 were $nil. The acquired identifiable intangible assets were valued by the income approach. Total goodwill of $33.7 million primarily represents synergies between the Company’s existing online game business and the RaidCall Business that are expected to result from an enhancement of game players’ experience through the Company’s offering of the RaidCall communications tool with the Company’s online games. In accordance with ASC350, goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment and is not deductible for tax purposes.

As of December 31, 2013, no measurement period adjustment had been recorded.

Prior to the acquisition, the RaidCall Business did not prepare its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Group determined that the cost of reconstructing the financial statements of the RaidCall Business for the periods prior to the acquisition outweighed the benefits. Based on an assessment of the financial performance of all companies acquired by the Group and a comparison of the Raidcall Business’s and the Group’s financial performance for the fiscal year prior to the acquisition, the Group did not consider the Raidcall Business on its own to be material to the Group. Thus the Group’s management believes the presentation of pro forma financial information with respect to the results of operations of the Group for the business combination is not necessary.

7. BANK LOANS AND RESTRICTED TIME DEPOSITS

In 2012 and 2013, Changyou drew down loans from offshore branches of certain banks for the purposes of expediting the payment of a special one-time cash dividend to its shareholders, providing working capital to support its overseas operations, and funding the Company’s acquisitions and the Company’s share repurchase program. These bank loans were secured by an equivalent or greater amount of RMB deposits by Changyou in the onshore branches of such banks. The loans from the offshore branches of the lending banks are classified as short-term bank loans or long-term bank loans based on their payment terms.

As of December 31, 2013, the total amount of the bank loans was $410.3 million, of which $307.0 million carried a floating rate of interest based on the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and $103.3 million carried a fixed rate of interest. For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013, interest income from the restricted time deposits securing the loans was $4.1 million and $13.0 million, respectively, and interest expense on the bank loans was $2.1 million and $8.8 million, respectively.

8. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NET

The carrying amounts of accounts receivable of the Group are stated are as follows:


	As of December 31, (in thousands)
	2012			2013
Accounts receivable	$	26,462		$	38,673
Less: provision for bad debts		(3,098	)		(2,677	)

Net Book Value	$	23,364		$	35,996

9. PREPAID AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS


	As of December 31, (in thousands)
	2012		2013
Refundable corporate income tax	$	—	$	20,835
Accrued interest income		2,013		10,589
Prepayment for Sohu services		10,101		10,104
Rental deposits		2,307		4,305
Employee advance		1,252		3,430
Restricted cash		795		2,149
VAT refund receivables		2,355		2,118
Capitalized transaction cost		1,670		—
Deferred tax assets		2,229		4,743
Others		6,323		6,184

Total	$	29,045	$	64,457

F-31

10. FIXED ASSETS, NET:


	As of December 31, (in thousands)
	2012			2013
Office building	$	36,261		$	207,987
Computer equipment (including servers)		52,349			56,852
Leasehold and building improvements		15,121			31,598
Office furniture		1,610			2,300
Vehicles		1,286			1,453

Total		106,627			300,190
Less: accumulated depreciation		(41,799	)		(53,516	)

Net book value	$	64,828		$	246,674

The depreciation expense for fixed assets was $11.1 million, $14.6 million and $15.6 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013. The balance of office building increased by $171.7 million as the Company’s headoffice in Beijing has been put into use in December 2013.

11. INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET

The following table summarizes the Company’s intangible assets, net:


	As of December 31, 2013 (in thousands)
	Gross								Net
	Carrying		Accumulated						Carrying
Items	Amount		Amortization			Impairment			Amount
Operating rights for licensed games	$	25,588	$	(8,083	)	$	(7,244	)	$	10,261
Computer software		5,379		(2,672	)		(260	)		2,447
Developed technologies		36,698		(12,870	)		(3,432	)		20,396
Trademarks and domain names		18,048		(3,939	)		(543	)		13,566
Cinema advertising slot rights		87,210		(61,314	)		(4,115	)		21,781
Others		7,406		(867	)		(1,595	)		4,944

Total	$	180,329	$	(89,745	)	$	(17,189	)	$	73,395


	As of December 31, 2012 (in thousands)
	Gross								Net
	Carrying		Accumulated						Carrying
Items	Amount		Amortization			Impairment			Amount
Operating rights for licensed games	$	14,092	$	(4,871	)	$	(4,223	)	$	4,998
Computer software		3,151		(1,589	)		(260	)		1,302
Developed technologies		27,289		(7,569	)		(2,476	)		17,244
Trademarks and domain names		9,215		(3,132	)		(527	)		5,556
Cinema advertising slot rights		71,064		(42,620	)		(3,992	)		24,452
Others		2,347		(714	)		(936	)		697

Total	$	127,158	$	(60,495	)	$	(12,414	)	$	54,249

The amortization expense for intangible assets was $17.7 million, $23.4 million and $26.8 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013.

F-32

As of December 31, 2013, amortization expense of intangible assets for future years is expected to be as follows:


	Amortization expense of intangible assets (in thousands)
2014	$	32,327
2015		17,592
2016		8,507
2017		2,483
2018		2,427
Thereafter		10,059

Total expected amortization expense	$	73,395

12. EQUITY INVESTMENTS

In January 2010, AmazGame acquired 30% of the equity interests in Shenzhen Zhou You Network Technology Ltd (“Zhou You”). Zhou You is primarily engaged in the online game development business.

In May 2010, AmazGame, through its wholly-owned subsidiary Yang Fan Jing He, acquired 50% of the equity interests of Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate. Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate are primarily engaged in the cinema advertising business. The Company had significant influence over Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate. Therefore, the equity investments were accounted for using the equity method.

In January 2011, the Group acquired the remaining 50% of the equity interests in each of Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate. With control of 100% of the voting equity interests of Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate, the Company started to consolidate Shanghai Jingmao and its affiliate’s financial statements on February 1, 2011.

In August 2011, the Group acquired 10% of the equity interests of JCR Soft Company Limited for fixed cash consideration of $350,000. As the Group does not have significant influence over JCR Soft, the Group accounts for the equity investment using the cost method. The Group’s management reviewed the Group’s equity investments for impairment in accordance with ASC 320 Investments-Debt and Equity Securities (ASC 320), 320-10-35, Subsequent Measurement, and concluded that the estimated fair value of the investment in JSR Soft is significantly less than its carrying value and, therefore, the Group provided for an impairment loss of $350,000 to reduce the carrying value of this investment to $nil.

In 2012, the Group acquired 10% of the equity interests of Bridea Corporation for fixed cash consideration of $500,000. As the Group does not have significant influence over Bridea Corporation, the Group accounts for the equity investment using the cost method. We recorded a full impairment of our investment in Bridea for the year ended December 31, 2013.

13. GOODWILL

In 2013, for the reporting units of the MMOG business, the Web game business, the 17173 Business and the cinema advertising business, the Company qualitatively assessed whether it is more likely than not that the fair values of these reporting units were less than their carrying amounts. The MMOG business and the Web game business are aggregated and presented as the online game business reporting unit.

F-33

The changes in the carrying value of goodwill are as follows:


	Online Game (in thousands)		17173 Business (in thousands)		Others (in thousands)			Total (in thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2012
Goodwill	$	116,992	$	17,929	$	5,201		$	140,122
Accumulated impairment losses		—		—		(5,201	)		(5,201	)

	$	116,992	$	17,929	$	—		$	134,921

Transactions in 2013
Acquisitions	$	33,740	$	7,626	$	—		$	41,366
Foreign exchange		3,363		602		—			3,965
Balance as of December 31, 2013
Goodwill	$	154,095	$	26,157	$	5,201		$	185,453
Accumulated impairment losses		—		—		(5,201	)		(5,201	)

	$	154,095	$	26,157	$	—		$	180,252

For the qualitative analysis performed for the MMOG business, the Web game business and the online advertising business, the Company took into consideration all the events and circumstances listed in ASC350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, in addition to other entity specific factors. Based on the assessment, the Company determined that it was not necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test for the MMOG business, the Web game business and the online advertising business. In addition, Doyo and the RaidCall Business were acquired in November and December 2013, respectively. Since Doyo primarily engages in the online advertising and traffic monetization business, which has similar economic characteristics to the 17173 Business, the 17173 Business and Doyo are aggregated as a reporting unit. The RaidCall Business will be aggregated with the Company’s online game segment as one reporting unit, since the RaidCall Business’s communications tool is expected to enhance playing experience of the Company’s game players.

After completing its annual impairment reviews for each reporting unit on an annual basis as of October 1, 2013, the Company concluded that goodwill was not impaired. Management is not aware of the occurrence any significant events or changes in circumstances from the assessment date to December 31, 2013 that would be more likely than not to reduce the fair values of the reporting units below their carrying values.

14. OTHER ASSETS, NET:


	As of December 31, (in thousands)
	2012		2013
Prepayment for an office building	$	126,004	$	—
Prepayment for Sohu services		10,138		259
Deferred tax assets, net		2,771		958
Employee advance		—		4,796
Accrued interest income		2,229		1,132
Others		661		915

Total	$	141,803	$	8,060

In August 2010, the Group entered into a contract for the purchase and development of an office building of approximately 56,549 square meters in Beijing to serve as its headquarters. In accordance with the contract, the Group had paid $126.0 million to the property developer through December 31, 2012. The Group put the office building in service in December 2013.

F-34

15. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT

The following table sets forth the financial instruments, measured at fair value, by level within the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2012 and 2013:


			Fair value measurement at reporting date using (in thousands)
Items	As of December 31, 2013		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash equivalents	$	10,388	$	—	$	10,388	$	—
Restricted time deposits		424,674		—		424,674		—
Short-term investments		2,827		—		2,827		—

Total	$	437,889	$	—	$	437,889	$	—


			Fair value measurement at reporting date using (in thousands)
Items	As of December 31, 2012		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash equivalents	$	178,059	$	—	$	178,059	$	—
Restricted time deposits		246,599		—		246,599		—
Short-term investments		51,720		—		51,720		—

Total	$	476,378	$	—	$	476,378	$	—

Cash equivalents

The Company’s cash equivalents include time deposits with maturities of three months or less. These time deposits are classified within Level 2, because there generally were no quoted prices as of the reporting dates in active markets for identical time deposits and therefore, in order to determine their fair value, the Company had to use the discounted cash flow method and observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that were observable or could be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, the Company’s cash equivalents included time deposits with maturities of three months or less amounting to $178.1 million and $10.4 million, respectively.

Restricted time deposits

Restricted time deposits are valued based on the prevailing interest rates in the market using the discounted cash flow method. The Company classifies the valuation techniques that use these inputs as Level 2 of fair value measurements.

Short-term investments

To estimate the fair value of investments in financial instruments with a variable interest rate indexed to the performance of underlying assets, the Company refers to the quoted rate of return provided by banks at the end of each period using the discounted cash flow method. The Company classifies the valuation techniques that use these inputs as Level 2 of fair value measurement.

As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, the Company’s investments in financial instruments were approximately $51.7 million and $2.8 million, respectively. The financial instruments are issued by commercial banks in China with a variable interest rate indexed to the performance of underlying assets. Since the maturity dates of these financial instruments are within one year, the investments are classified as short-term investments.

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The following are other financial instruments not measured at fair value in the balance sheets but for which the fair value is estimated for disclosure purposes.

Short-term receivables and payables

Accounts receivable and prepaid and other current assets are financial assets with carrying values that approximate fair value due to their short term nature. Short-term accounts payable, receipts in advance and deferred revenue, short-term bank loans and accrued liabilities are financial liabilities with carrying values that approximate fair value due to their short term nature. The rates of interest under the loan agreements with the lending banks were determined based on the prevailing interest rates in the market. The Company classifies the valuation techniques that use these inputs as Level 2 of fair value measurements of short-term bank loans. The Company estimated fair values of other short-term receivables and payables using the discounted cash flow method. The Company classifies the valuation technique as Level 3 of fair value measurement, as it uses estimated cash flow input which is unobservable in the market.

Long-term prepayment and other non-current assets and long-term payables

Long-term prepayment and other non-current assets are financial assets with carrying values that approximate fair value due to the change in fair value after considering the discount rate, being immaterial. Long-term account payable are financial liabilities with carrying values that approximate fair value due to the change in fair value after considering the discount rate, being immaterial. The rates of interest under the Company’s loan agreements with the lending banks were determined based on the prevailing interest rates in the market. The Company classifies the valuation techniques that use these inputs as Level 2 of fair value measurements of long-term bank loans. The Company estimated fair values of long-term prepayment in non-current assets and long-term account payable using the discounted cash flow method. The Company classifies the valuation technique as Level 3 of fair value measurement, as it uses estimated cash flow input which is unobservable in the market.

16. RECEIPTS IN ADVANCE AND DEFERRED REVENUE


	As of December 31, (in thousands)
	2012		2013
Receipts in advance	$	15,074	$	13,142
Deferred revenue		28,585		30,700

Total	$	43,659	$	43,842

17. OTHER ACCRUED LIABILITIES


	As of December 31, (in thousands)
	2012		2013
Consideration payable for business acquisitions	$	19,658	$	2,820
Customer deposits		5,258		3,807
Advance from government grants		3,007		3,479
Accrued transaction costs for acquisition of the 17173 Business		1,541		1,670
Others		2,695		3,096

Total	$	32,159	$	14,872

18. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

Share Awards Granted before Initial Public Offering

Share-based compensation allocated from Sohu to the Company

The 2000 Stock Incentive Plan of the Company’s ultimate parent company, Sohu.com, provides for the issuance of stock options and restricted stock units to purchase up to 9,500,000 shares of common stock to qualified employees. The maximum term of any issued stock right is ten years from the grant date.

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In determining the fair value of share options granted by Sohu to employees of Changyou, the Company applied the Black-Scholes valuation model. Restricted share units granted by Sohu to employees of Changyou were measured based on the fair market value of the underlying stock on the dates of grants.

There was no grant of stock options by Sohu to Changyou employees during 2011, 2012 or 2013.

A summary of option activity, relating to options held by employees of the Predecessor Operations under Sohu’s 2000 Stock Incentive Plan as of December 31, 2013 and changes during the year then ended, is presented below:


Options	Number of Shares (in thousands)			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding at January 1, 2013		5			19.12		2.31		141
Exercised		(2	)		21.63

Outstanding at December 31, 2013		3			17.71		1.46		177

Vested at December 31, 2013		3			17.71		1.46		177

Exercisable at December 31, 2013		3			17.71		1.46		177

The aggregate intrinsic value in the preceding table represents the total intrinsic value based on the closing price on December 31, 2013 of shares of Sohu.com Inc. common stock on NASDAQ of $72.93

The total fair values of options expensed during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were $ nil, $nil and $nil, respectively. The total intrinsic values of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were $173,000, $110,000 and $74,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2013, there was no unrecognized compensation expense for options because the requisite service periods for the remaining options had been satisfied on or prior to that date.

As of December 31, 2013, there was $nil of unrecognized compensation expenses related to unvested restricted stock units, net of estimated forfeitures. The total fair values of restricted stock units expensed during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were $31,000, $130,000 and $nil, respectively.

The total fair value of vested restricted stock units on their respective vesting dates during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were $88,000, $57,000 and $nil, respectively.

There were no capitalized share-based compensation costs during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013.

The maximum term of any issued stock right under the Sohu 2000 Stock Incentive Plan is ten years from the grant date. The Sohu 2000 Stock Incentive Plan expired on January 24, 2010 and a new plan was adopted on July 2, 2010. As of the expiration date, 9,128,724 shares of common stock had been issued or were subject to issuance upon the vesting and exercise of share options or the vesting and settlement of restricted share units granted under the plan.

Share-based compensation allocated from Sohu to the 17173 Business

A summary of option activity, relating to options held by employees of the 17173 Business under Sohu’s 2000 Stock Incentive Plan as of December 31, 2013, and changes during the year then ended, is presented below:


Options	Number of Shares (in thousands)			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding at January 1, 2013		7			20.30		2.13		198
Exercised		(4	)		22.41

Outstanding at December 31, 2013		3			17.61		1.36		178

Vested at December 31, 2013		3			17.61		1.36		178

Exercisable at December 31, 2013		3			17.61		1.36		178

The aggregate intrinsic value in the preceding table represents the total intrinsic value based on the closing price on December 31, 2013 of shares of Sohu.com common stock on NASDAQ of $72.93. The total intrinsic value of share options exercised for the year ended December 31, 2013 was $171,000.

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No options have been granted under Sohu’s 2000 Stock Incentive Plan since 2006. For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, no share-based compensation expense was recognized for share options because the requisite service periods for share options had ended by the end of 2009.

A summary of restricted stock unit activity, relating to restricted stock units held by employees of the 17173 Business under Sohu’s 2000 Stock Incentive Plan as of December 31, 2013, and changes during the year then ended, is presented below:


Restricted Share Units	Number of Units (in thousands)			Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Unvested at January 1, 2013		8		$	61.27
Vested		(4	)		61.27
Forfeited		(1	)		61.27

Unvested at December 31, 2013		3			61.27

Expected to vest thereafter		2			61.27

As of December 31, 2013, there was $4,000 of unrecognized compensation expenses related to unvested restricted stock units, net of estimated forfeitures. This amount is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.25 years. The total fair values of restricted stock units granted to employees expensed during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were $321,000, $173,000 and $76,000, respectively.

The total fair value of vested restricted stock units on their respective vesting dates during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were $405,000, $353,000 and $182,000, respectively.

The total fair values of options and restricted stock units expenses relating to Sohu’s senior management allocated to the 17173 Business during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were $218,000, $ nil and $nil, respectively.

There were no capitalized share-based compensation costs during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013.

Changyou 2008 Share Incentive Plan

On December 31, 2008, the Company reserved 2,000,000 of its ordinary shares, which included 1,774,000 Class B ordinary shares and 226,000 Class A ordinary shares, for issuance to certain of its executive officers and employees as incentive compensation under the Company’s 2008 Share Incentive Plan (the “Changyou 2008 Share Incentive Plan”).

The Company’s ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares and holders of Class B ordinary shares have the same rights in the Company, with the exception of voting and conversion rights. Each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote on all matters subject to a shareholder vote, and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to ten votes on all matters subject to a shareholder vote. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time at the election of the holder. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances.

In March 2009, the 2,000,000 reserved ordinary shares were subject to a ten-for-one share split and became 20,000,000 ordinary shares.

Through December 31, 2013, the Company had granted under the Changyou 2008 Share Incentive Plan 15,000,000 Class B ordinary shares to Tao Wang, Chief Executive Officer of Changyou, through Prominence Investments Ltd. (“Prominence”) and 4,823,552 Class A and/or Class B restricted share units (settleable by issuance of Class A ordinary shares or Class B ordinary shares, respectively) to certain of its executive officers other than Tao Wang and to certain of its employees and certain Sohu employees. Prominence is an entity that may deemed under applicable rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) to be beneficially owned by Tao Wang.

In determining the fair value of ordinary shares, restricted shares and restricted share units granted by the Company in January and April 2008, the income approach/discounted cash flow method with a discount for lack of marketability was applied given that the shares underlying the awards were not publicly traded at the time of grant.

Determining the fair value of the ordinary shares of the Company required complex and subjective judgments regarding its projected financial and operating results, its unique business risks, the liquidity of its ordinary shares and its operating history and prospects at the time the grants were made.

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Because at the time of the grants the Company’s business was at a different stage of its product life cycle than that of the publicly listed companies in the online game industry, it was concluded that a market comparison approach would not have been meaningful in determining the fair value of the Company’s ordinary shares. As a result, the Company used the income approach/discounted cash flow method to derive the fair values. The Company applied the discounted cash flow, or DCF, analysis based on the Company’s projected cash flow using management’s best estimate as of the respective valuation dates. The projected cash flow estimate included, among other things, an analysis of projected revenue growth, gross margins, effective tax rates, capital expenditures and working capital requirements. The income approach involves applying appropriate discount rates, based on earnings forecasts, to estimated cash flows. The assumptions the Company used in deriving the fair value of its ordinary shares were consistent with the assumptions used in developing its MMORPG business plan, which included no material changes in the existing political, legal, fiscal and economic conditions in China; its ability to recruit and retain competent management, key personnel and technical staff to support its ongoing operations; and no material deviation in industry trends and market conditions from economic forecasts. These assumptions are inherently uncertain and subjective. The discount rates reflect the risks the management perceived as being associated with achieving the forecasts and are based on the Company’s estimated cost of capital, which was derived by using the capital asset pricing model, after taking into account systemic risks and company-specific risks. The capital asset pricing model is a model for pricing securities that adds an assumed risk premium rate of return to an assumed risk-free rate of return. Using this method, the Company determined the appropriate discount rates to be 22% as of the January 2008 valuation date and 23% as of the April 2008 valuation date.

The Company also applied a discount for lack of marketability, or DLOM, to reflect the fact that, at the time of the grants, Changyou.com Limited was a closely-held company and there was no public market for its ordinary shares. To determine the discount for lack of marketability, the Company used the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Pursuant to the Black-Scholes option pricing model, the Company used the cost of a put option, which can be used to hedge the price change before a privately held share can be sold, as the basis to determine the discount for lack of marketability. Based on the foregoing analysis, the Company used a DLOM of 19% to discount the value of the Changyou’s ordinary shares as of the January 2008 and April 2008 valuation dates.

Because there was no evidence to indicate that there would be a disproportionate return between majority and minority shareholders, the Company did not apply a minority discount. As a result, it was concluded that the fair value of Changyou.com Limited as a going concern was $136 million as of the January 2008 valuation date and $198 million as of the April 2008 valuation date.

In determining the fair value of restricted share units granted in 2009 before the Company’s initial public offering, the fair value of the underlying shares was determined based on the offering price of ADSs in the offering. In determining the fair value of restricted share units granted after the initial public offering, the fair value is determined based on the market price of the Company’s ADSs on the grant dates.

For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, total share-based compensation expense recognized for awards under the Changyou 2008 Share Incentive Plan was $5.5 million, $3.4 million and $1.2 million, respectively.

For Changyou restricted shares granted to Tao Wang and restricted share units granted to senior management and certain key employees before Changyou’s initial public offering, there was no unrecognized share-based compensation expense as of December 31, 2013, as these awards were fully vested in 2012.

Share awards to other employees

On February 17, 2009, the Company granted an aggregate of 456,000 Class A restricted share units to certain of its employees. These restricted share units are subject to vesting over a four-year period commencing upon the completion of the listing of the Company’s Class A ordinary shares in an initial public offering.

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A summary of restricted share units activity as of and for the year ended December 31, 2013, is presented below:


Restricted Share Units	Number of Units (in thousands)			Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Unvested at January 1, 2013		81		$	8.00
Vested		(81	)		8.00

Unvested at December 31, 2013		—

Expected to vest thereafter		—

Share-based compensation expense relating to the 456,000 Class A restricted share units for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 was $0.6 million, $0.3 million and negative $0.3 million, respectively. The negative $0.3 million represents Changyou’s true-up of the share-based compensation expense for restricted share units forfeited in 2013. As of December 31, 2013, there was no unrecognized compensation expense related to 456,000 Class A restricted share units of the Company granted to employees before the initial public offering.

The total fair values of restricted stock units vested on their respective vesting dates during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were $1.6 million, $1.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively.

Share Awards Granted after Initial Public Offering

Changyou 2008 Share Incentive Plan

Share-based compensation to senior management and Changyou employees

On April 21, 2009, the Company granted an aggregate of 1,200,000 Class A restricted share units (settleable upon vesting in Class A ordinary shares) to executive officers other than the CEO. These Class A restricted share units are subject to vesting over a four-year period commencing on April 21, 2009. The fair value as of April 21, 2009, the grant date of restricted share units, was determined based on the Company’s share price on the grant date.

As of December 31, 2013, the Company had granted an aggregate of 367,552 Class A restricted share units (settleable upon vesting in Class A ordinary shares) to certain employees. These Class A restricted share units are subject to vesting over a four-year period commencing on grant dates. The fair values as of grant dates of restricted share units were determined based on the Company’s share price on the grant dates.

A summary of restricted share unit activity with respect to grants under the Changyou 2008 Share Incentive Plan as of and for the year ended December 31, 2013 is presented below:


Restricted Share Units	Number of Units (in thousands)			Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Unvested at January 1, 2013		502		$	13.08
Granted		78			14.40
Vested		(365	)		12.73
Forfeited		(10	)		12.11

Unvested at December 31, 2013		205			14.26

Expected to vest thereafter		193			14.26

Share-based compensation expense recognized for restricted share units for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 under the Changyou 2008 Share Incentive Plan was $3.5 million, $2.8 million and $1.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2013, there was $1.2 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested restricted share units. The expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.06 years.

The total fair values of restricted stock units vested on their respective vesting dates during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were $6.1 million, $4.6 million and $5.3 million, respectively.

Share Awards to Employees of the 17173 Business

On October 24, 2010 and January 29, 2011, the Company granted 40,000 and 20,000 Class A restricted share units (settleable upon vesting in Class A ordinary shares), respectively, to certain employees of the 17173 Business, which was then owned and operated by Sohu, for their involvement in the provision of certain online game links and advertising services to the Company on its Websites.

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These Class A restricted share units are subject to vesting over a four-year period commencing on the grant date. Since its acquisition of the 17173 Business on December 15, 2011, the Company has accounted for the Class A restricted share units to employees of the 17173 Business as if they were employees of the Company from the beginning of the period. The fair values of these share awards were determined based on the Company’s share price on the grant dates.

A summary of restricted share units to employees of the 17173 Business as of and for the year ended December 31, 2013 is presented below:


Restricted Share Units	Number of Units (in thousands)			Weighted-Average Fair Value
Unvested at January 1, 2013		24		$	17.75
Vested		(10	)		17.80
Forfeited		(1	)		18.00

Unvested at December 31, 2013		13			17.68

Expected to vest thereafter		12			17.68

Share-based compensation expense relating to these 60,000 Class A restricted share units for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 was $0.5 million, $0.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2013, there was $61,000 of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested restricted share units. The expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.58 years.

The total fair values of restricted share units vested on their respective vesting dates during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were $0.2million, $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively.

7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan

On July 10, 2012, 7Road Cayman adopted a 2012 Share Incentive Plan (the “7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan”), which initially provided for the issuance to selected directors, officers, employees, consultants and advisors of 7Road of up to 5,100,000 ordinary shares of 7Road Cayman (amounting to 5.1% of the then outstanding 7Road Cayman shares on a fully-diluted basis). On November 2, 2012, 7Road Cayman’s Board of Directors and its shareholders approved an increase from 5,100,000 to 15,100,000 ordinary shares (amounting to 13.7% of the then outstanding 7Road Cayman shares on a fully-diluted basis) under the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan.

On May 1, 2013, Changyou entered into an agreement to acquire all of the outstanding ordinary shares of 7Road Cayman held by non-controlling shareholders. The acquisition closed on June 5, 2013.

On June 28, 2013, 7Road Cayman’s Board of Directors approved the cancellation of the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan. 7Road Cayman concurrently offered to a total of 42 7Road employees holding an aggregate of 2,223,750 restricted share units which had been granted under the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan the right to exchange their restricted share units for, at each employee’s election, in each case subject to the employee’s continued employment by 7Road, either (i) Scheme I: the right to a cash payment of up to an aggregate of $2.90 per restricted share unit exchanged, vesting and payable at the rate of 40%, 30% and 30%, respectively, on the first, second and third anniversaries of July 18, 2012, which is the date when the surrendered restricted share units were granted under the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan, or (ii) Scheme II: the right to receive an annual cash bonus, over a seven-year period commencing July 1, 2013, based on adjusted annual cumulative net income of 7Road. All restricted share units held by these 42 holders under the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan as of June 28, 2013 were included in this exchange program.

As the original awards of restricted share units made under the 7Road 2012 Share Incentive Plan included as a vesting condition the completion of an IPO, which is not considered probable under it occurs, no share-based compensation expense was recognized for the fair value of the original awards. As of the date of the modification resulting from the exchange program, incremental compensation expense, which is not classified as share-based compensation expense, will be the fair values of the two new compensation schemes included in the exchange program.

For Scheme I, the modification resulted in total incremental compensation expense of $5.7 million, which will be recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income ratably over the remaining vesting period of the awards for each tranche. For fiscal year 2013, compensation expense of $3.3 million was recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. As of December 31, 2013, 7Road paid $1.6 million in cash bonuses under Scheme I.

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For Scheme II, the incremental compensation expense varies depending on 7Road’s financial performance. In the third quarter of 2013, 7Road granted to an additional 48 7Road employees the right to receive an annual cash bonus under Scheme II with the same terms as described above. For the fiscal year 2013, compensation expense of $0.4 million was recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

19. MEZZANINE EQUITY

On May 11, 2011, the Company, through Gamease, acquired 68.258% of the equity interests of 7Road and began to consolidate 7Road’s financial statements on June 1, 2011.

Mezzanine Equity consists of non-controlling interest in 7Road and a put option pursuant to which the non-controlling shareholders will have the right to put their equity interests in 7Road to the Company at a pre-determined price if 7Road achieves specified performance milestones before the expiry of the put option and 7Road does not complete an initial public offering on NASDAQ, the New York Stock Exchange or The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong. The put option will expire in 2014. Since the occurrence of the sale is not solely within the control of the Company, the Company classifies the non-controlling interest as mezzanine equity instead of permanent equity in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

On May 1, 2013, Changyou entered into an agreement to acquire all of the ordinary shares of 7Road Cayman held by the non-controlling shareholders. The acquisition closed on June 5, 2013. Under ASC 810-10, changes in a parent’s ownership interest while the parent retains control of its subsidiary are accounted for as equity transactions, and do not impact net income or comprehensive income in the consolidated financial statements. Following the closing of the acquisition, $2.4 million, representing the excess of the amount of the mezzanine-classified non-controlling interest in 7Road Cayman over the purchase price as of the closing date, was recorded in the equity accounts.

For the year ended December 31, 2013, an accretion charge of $17.8 million, compared to $11.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, was recorded as net income attributable to the mezzanine classified non-controlling interest shareholders in the statements of comprehensive income.

20. TAXATION

a. Transition from PRC Business Tax to PRC Value Added Tax

The Pilot Program for transition from the imposition of Business Tax to the imposition of VAT for revenues from certain industries was launched in Shanghai on January 1, 2012. Effective September 1, 2012, the Pilot Program was expanded from Shanghai to eight other cities and provinces in China, including Beijing.

Cinema advertising revenues became subject to VAT on January 1, 2012 and online advertising revenues became subject to VAT on September 1, 2012, at a rate of 6%.

Effective December 1 2012, revenues derived from the operation of Web games that were not developed in-house became subject to VAT at a rate of 6%.

b. Business Tax and related Surcharges

Prior to the Pilot Program, the Group was subject to a 5% Business Tax and 0.6% in related surcharges on revenues from MMOG operations, the online advertising business in the PRC, and the cinema advertising business in the PRC. Business Tax and the related surcharges are recognized when the revenue is earned.

After the Pilot Program, the Company’s MMOG operations remain subject to Business Tax and the related surcharges.

c. VAT

Prior to the Pilot Program, in addition to Business Tax and related surcharges, the Group was subject to VAT at an effective rate of 3% for revenues from intra group software sales in the PRC. In 2011, with the consolidation of 7Road, VAT was imposed on its in-house-developed Web game revenue at a rate of 17%, with a 14% immediate tax refund, resulting in a net rate of 3% plus a related surcharge of 2% on such revenue.

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After the Pilot Program, the Group’s online advertising and cinema advertising revenues are subject to VAT at a rate of 6%.

There is an additional culture construction fee surcharge of 3% on revenues from the online advertising and cinema advertising businesses. In addition, entities incorporated in Beijing were subject to a surcharge of 0.72% on their revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013.

d. Income tax

Cayman Islands

Under the current tax laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on its income or capital gains. In addition, upon payment of dividends by the Company to its shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

Hong Kong

Entities incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to profits tax in Hong Kong at the rate of 16.5% for each of the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013.

China

The Company’s subsidiaries and VIEs in China are governed by the Corporate Income Tax Law (“CIT Law”), which became effective on January 1, 2008. Pursuant to the CIT Law and its implementation rules, enterprises in China are generally subject to tax at a statutory rate of 25%, certain High and New Technology Enterprises are entitled to a favorable statutory tax rate of 15%, and Software Enterprises can enjoy an income tax exemption for two years beginning with their first profitable year and a 50% tax reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the subsequent three years. Both AmazGame and Gamease are qualified as software enterprises and were subject to a 50% tax reduction to a rate of 12.5% from fiscal year 2009 to fiscal year 2011. Both AmazGame and Gamease were approved as High and New Technology Enterprises in September 2011 and enjoyed a preferential income tax rate of 15% for 2012 and 2013. In addition, AmazGame is qualified as a “Key National Software Enterprise” for 2013 and 2014 and will enjoy a further reduced preferential tax rate of 10% for those years. Gamespace qualified as a software enterprise and was entitled to an income tax exemption for the fiscal years 2012 and 2013 and will be entitled to a 50% tax reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the subsequent three years.

Shenzhen 7Road is qualified as a software enterprise and was entitled to an income tax exemption for the fiscal years 2009 and 2010 and a 50% tax reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the subsequent three years. Shanghai ICE is qualified as a software enterprise and was entitled to an income tax exemption for the fiscal years 2010 and 2011 and a 50% tax reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the subsequent three years. ICE Information and 7Road Technology are qualified as software enterprises and are entitled to an income tax exemption for two years beginning with their first profitable year and a 50% tax reduction for the subsequent three years, if they continue to maintain the qualifications. 7Road Technology was profitable in 2013 and enjoyed an income tax exemption for that year.

The license fees and royalties received from licensees in various jurisdictions outside of the PRC are subject to foreign withholding taxes. The Group recognizes such foreign withholding taxes as income tax expense when the related license fee and royalty revenue is recognized.

Under the CIT Law and its implementation rules, the profits of a foreign invested enterprise arising in 2008 and onwards which are distributed to its immediate holding company outside the PRC will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10%. A lower withholding tax rate will be applied if there is a tax treaty between the PRC and the jurisdiction of the foreign holding company. A holding company in Hong Kong, for example, will be subject to a 5% withholding tax rate under the Arrangement Between the PRC and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital (the “China-HK Tax Arrangement”) if such holding companies is considered a non-PRC resident enterprises and holds at least 25% of the equity interests in the PRC foreign invested enterprise distributing the dividends, subject to approval of the PRC local tax authority. However, if the Hong Kong holding company is not considered to be the beneficial owner of such dividends under applicable PRC tax regulations, such dividend may remain subject to withholding tax rate of 10%.

F-43

On October 27, 2009, the PRC State Administration of Taxation issued Circular 601, which provides guidance on determining whether an enterprise is a beneficial owner under China’s tax treaties and tax arrangements. If any of the Company’s Hong Kong subsidiaries is, in the light of Circular 601, to be considered a non-beneficial owner for purpose of the China-HK Tax Arrangement, any dividends paid to it by any of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries would not qualify for the preferential dividend withholding tax rate of 5%, but rather would be subject to the usual New CIT Law rate of 10%. In order to fund the distribution of a dividend to the Company’s shareholders, the Company’s board of directors determined to cause one of the Group’s PRC subsidiaries to declare and distribute a cash dividend of all of its stand-alone 2012 earnings and half of its stand-alone 2013 earnings to its direct overseas parent company, Changyou HK. The Company does not intend to cause any of its PRC subsidiaries to distribute any profits of such subsidiaries with respect to years prior to 2012 to their direct overseas parent companies, but rather intends that such profits will be retained by such subsidiaries for their PRC operations. Under the corporate income tax law and relevant rules, such dividend out of earnings generated after January 1, 2012 is subject to a 5% withholding tax. Therefore, withholding tax associated with this distribution plan was accrued and recorded as deferred tax liabilities in the amount of $18.8 million as of December 31, 2013.

For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, the Company did not have any material interest or penalties associated with tax positions nor did the Company have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions.

Composition of income tax expense

The current and deferred portions of income tax expense included in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income are as follows:


	For the year ended December 31, (in thousands)
	2011			2012			2013
Loss from foreign entities	$	(13,211	)	$	(17,283	)	$	(35,175	)
Income from PRC entities		304,805			378,284			357,980

Income before income tax expenses	$	291,594		$	361,001		$	322,805
Current income tax expense	$	43,548		$	55,995		$	28,909
Deferred tax		(1,462	)		9,718			5,382

Income tax expenses applicable to PRC entities	$	42,086		$	65,713		$	34,291
Foreign withholding tax expense		1,494			1,692			2,092

Income tax expense	$	43,580		$	67,405		$	36,383

Reconciliation between the statutory CIT rate and the Group’s effective tax rate is as follows:


	For the year ended December 31,
	2011			2012			2013
Statutory CIT rate		25.0	%		25.0	%		25.0	%
Effect of tax holidays		(16.1	)%		(10.9	)%		(19.5	)%
Effect of withholding taxes		0.5	%		3.7	%		2.7	%
Changes in valuation allowance		3.2	%		2.6	%		2.4	%
Other permanent book-tax differences		2.3	%		(1.7	)%		0.7	%

Effective CIT rate		14.9	%		18.7	%		11.3	%

The combined effects of the income tax expense exemption and reduction available to the Group are as follows (in thousands, except per share data):


	For the year ended December 31,
	2011		2012		2013
Tax holiday effect	$	46,910	$	39,451	$	62,893
Basic earnings per share	$	0.45	$	0.37	$	0.59

F-44

e. Deferred tax assets and liabilities

Significant components of the Group’s deferred tax assets consist of the following:


	As of December 31, (in thousands)
	2012			2013
Deferred tax assets
Net operating loss from operations	$	25,571		$	33,830
Intangible assets		3,183			2,775
Accrued salary and benefits		4,538			5,366
Others		2,335			2,194

Total deferred tax assets		35,627			44,165
Less: Valuation allowance		(30,627	)		(38,464	)

Net deferred tax assets	$	5,000		$	5,701

Deferred tax liability
Related to acquired intangible assets	$	3,846		$	8,301
Withholding tax related to distribution of dividend		11,878			18,814
VAT refund		3,978			4,033

Net deferred tax liabilities	$	19,702		$	31,148

As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, the Group has made a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets to the extent such deferred tax assets are not expected to be realized by certain subsidiaries and VIEs. The Group evaluated a variety of factors in determining the amount of the valuation allowance, including the Group’s limited operating history and uncertainty as to the success of the Group’s businesses due to intense competition in the industries in which the Group operates its businesses.

21. CHINA CONTRIBUTION PLAN

The Company’s subsidiaries and VIEs in the PRC participate in a government-mandated multi-employer defined contribution plan pursuant to which certain retirement, medical and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. Chinese labor regulations require the Company’s subsidiaries and VIEs in the PRC to pay to the local labor bureau a monthly contribution at a stated contribution rate based on the monthly compensation of qualified employees. The relevant local labor bureau is responsible for meeting all retirement benefit obligations; the Group has no further commitments beyond its monthly contribution. During the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, the Group contributed approximately a total of $14.4 million, $20.5 million and $30.1 million, respectively, to these funds.

22. STATUTORY RESERVES

The Company’s China-based subsidiaries and VIEs are required to make appropriations to certain non-distributable reserve funds.

Pursuant to the China Foreign Investment Enterprises laws, some of the Company’s China-based subsidiaries, which are called wholly foreign-owned enterprises (“WFOEs”), have to make appropriations from their after-tax profit as determined under generally accepted accounting principles in the PRC (the “after-tax-profit under PRC GAAP”) to non-distributable reserve funds, including (i) general reserve fund, (ii) enterprise expansion fund, and (iii) staff bonus and welfare fund. Each year, at least 10% of the after-tax-profit under PRC GAAP is required to be set aside as general reserve fund until such appropriations for the fund equal 50% of the paid-in capital of the applicable entity. The appropriation for the other two reserve funds is at the Company’s discretion as determined by the Board of Directors of each entity.

Pursuant to the China Company Laws, some of the Company’s China-based subsidiaries, which are called domestically funded enterprises, as well as the Company’s VIEs, have to make appropriations from their after-tax-profit under PRC GAAP to non-distributable reserve funds, including a statutory surplus fund and a discretionary surplus fund. Each year, at least 10% of the after-tax-profit under PRC GAAP is required to be set aside as a statutory surplus fund until such appropriations for the fund equal 50% of the registered capital of the applicable entity. The appropriation for the discretionary surplus fund is at the Company’s discretion as determined by the Board of Directors of each entity.

F-45

Upon certain regulatory approvals and subject to certain limitations, the general reserve fund and the statutory surplus fund can be used to offset prior year losses, if any, and can be converted into paid-in capital of the applicable entity.

For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, profit appropriation to the statutory surplus fund was approximately $3.6 million, $nil and $16,000, respectively, and there was no profit appropriation to the general reserve fund for any of those years.

23. EARNINGS PER SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share for the years indicated (in thousands except per share data):


	For the year ended December 31,
	2011		2012		2013
Numerator:
Net income attributable to Changyou.com Limited	$	245,456	$	282,400	$	268,642
Numerator for basic earnings per share		245,456		282,400		268,642
Numerator for diluted earnings per share		245,456		282,400		268,642
Denominator:
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding—basic		104,854		105,656		106,252
Incremental shares from treasury share method—restricted share units		1,746		1,136		424

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding—diluted		106,600		106,792		106,676

Basic net income per share	$	2.34	$	2.67	$	2.53
Diluted net income per share	$	2.30	$	2.64	$	2.52

There were no potential ordinary shares that were anti-dilutive and excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share for any of the years presented.

F-46

24. SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Group has determined that it currently operates in the following principal reportable segments: (1) online game and (2) the 17173 Business. Others consists of cinema advertising only.

Year Ended December 31, 2013

(in thousands)


	Online game			17173 Business			Others			Eliminations and adjustments			Consolidated
Revenues(1):
Online game		669,168			—			—			—			669,168
Online advertising		—			54,882			—			(4,884	)		49,998
IVAS		—			5,402			—			—			5,402
Others		—			—			25,031			(11,724	)		13,307

Total revenues		669,168			60,284			25,031			(16,608	)		737,875
Cost of revenues:
Online game		93,048			—			—			187			93,235
Online advertising		—			13,797			—			—			13,797
IVAS		—			1,860			—			(74	)		1,786
Others		—			—			17,518			—			17,518
SBC (2) in cost of revenues		71			30			—			—			101

Total cost of revenues		93,119			15,687			17,518			113			126,437

Gross profit		576,049			44,597			7,513			(16,721	)		611,438
Operating expenses:
Product development		109,964			9,470			—			—			119,434
Sales and marketing		122,452			14,722			7,143			(15,561	)		128,756
General and administrative		52,622			3,375			570			—			56,567
Goodwill impairment and impairment of acquired intangibles via acquisition of businesses		—			—			—			—			—
SBC (2) in operating expenses		1,129			44			—			—			1,173

Total operating expenses		286,167			27,611			7,713			(15,561	)		305,930

Operating profit (loss)		289,882			16,986			(200	)		(1,160	)		305,508
Interest income		28,419			23			13			—			28,455
Foreign currency exchange loss		(5,935	)		—			(1	)		—			(5,936	)
Interest expense		(8,835	)		—			—			—			(8,835	)
Other income (expense)		3,187			(169	)		113			482			3,613

Income before income tax expense		306,718			16,840			(75	)		(678	)		322,805
Income tax expense (credit)		35,988			(15	)		410			—			36,383

Net income		270,730			16,855			(485	)		(678	)		286,422
Less: Net income attributable to the mezzanine classified non-controlling interest		17,780			—			—			—			17,780

Net income attributable to Changyou.com Limited		252,950			16,855			(485	)		(678	)		268,642

F-47

Year Ended December 31, 2012

(in thousands)


	Online game			17173 Business		Others			Eliminations and adjustments			Consolidated
Revenues(1):
Online game		570,533			—		—			(187	)		570,346
Online advertising		—			45,727		—			(3,202	)		42,525
IVAS		—			4,307		—			—			4,307
Others		—			—		6,251			—			6,251

Total revenues		570,533			50,034		6,251			(3,389	)		623,429
Cost of revenues:
Online game		76,193			—		—			—			76,193
Online advertising		—			6,468		—			—			6,468
IVAS		—			1,696		—			(187	)		1,509
Others		—			—		20,046			—			20,046
SBC (2) in cost of revenues		239			67		—			—			306

Total cost of revenues		76,432			8,231		20,046			(187	)		104,522

Gross profit		494,101			41,803		(13,795	)		(3,202	)		518,907
Operating expenses:
Product development		70,386			1,378		137			—			71,901
Sales and marketing		51,584			6,629		5,302			(3,202	)		60,313
General and administrative		30,013			995		1,323			—			32,331
Goodwill impairment and impairment of acquired intangibles via acquisition of businesses		1,670			—		1,236			—			2,906
SBC (2) in operating expenses		3,258			105		—			—			3,363

Total operating expenses		156,911			9,107		7,998			(3,202	)		170,814

Operating profit (loss)		337,190			32,696		(21,793	)		—			348,093
Interest income		15,855			11		16			—			15,882
Foreign currency exchange loss		(558	)		—		—			—			(558	)
Interest expense		(2,243	)		—		—			—			(2,243	)
Other expense		(51	)		—		(122	)		—			(173	)

Income before income tax expense		350,193			32,707		(21,899	)		—			361,001
Income tax expense (credit)		67,748			—		(343	)		—			67,405

Net income		282,445			32,707		(21,556	)		—			293,596
Less: Net income attributable to the mezzanine classified non-controlling interest		11,196			—		—			—			11,196

Net income attributable to Changyou.com Limited		271,249			32,707		(21,556	)		—			282,400

F-48

Year Ended December 31, 2011

(in thousands)


	Online game			17173 Business		Others			Eliminations and adjustments			Consolidated
Revenues(1)	$	435,512		$	44,981	$	10,853		$	(6,770	)	$	484,576
Segment cost of revenues		49,735			3,764		13,783			—			67,282
SBC (2) in cost of revenues		102			128		—			—			230

Total cost of revenues		49,837			3,892		13,783			—			67,512

Gross profit (loss)		385,675			41,089		(2,930	)		(6,770	)		417,064
Operating expenses:
Product development		47,234			2,139		466			—			49,839
Sales and marketing		48,241			2,015		5,447			(6,770	)		48,933
General and administrative		23,149			2,394		1,613			—			27,156
Goodwill impairment and impairment of acquired intangibles via acquisition of businesses		—			—		5,420			—			5,420
SBC (2) in operating expenses		5,354			411		—			122			5,887

Total operating expenses		123,978			6,959		12,946			(6,648	)		137,235

Operating profit (loss)		261,697			34,130		(15,876	)		(122	)		279,829
Interest income		11,916			—		17			—			11,933
Foreign currency exchange loss		(618	)		—		—			—			(618	)
Interest expense		(7	)		—		—			—			(7	)
Other income		267			2		188			—			457

Income before income tax expense		273,255			34,132		(15,671	)		(122	)		291,594
Income tax expense (credit)		40,965			2,732		(117	)		—			43,580

Net income		232,290			31,400		(15,554	)		(122	)		248,014
Less: Net income attributable to the mezzanine classified non-controlling interest		2,558			—		—			—			2,558

Net income attributable to Changyou.com Limited	$	229,732		$	31,400	$	(15,554	)	$	(122	)	$	245,456

Note (1):

The intercompany elimination for segment revenues mainly consists of sales and marketing services provided by the 17173 Business and the others business to the online game segment.

Note (2):

“SBC” stands for share-based compensation expense.


	As of December 31, 2013 (in thousands)
	Online game		17173 Business		Others		Intercompany Eliminations		Consolidated
Cash and cash equivalents	$	535,659	$	6,882	$	5,943	$	—	$	548,484
Restricted time deposits		424,674		—		—		—		424,674
Accounts receivable, net		21,477		10,926		3,593		—		35,996
Fixed assets, net		241,853		4,207		614		—		246,674
Intangible assets, net		47,776		3,820		21,799		—		73,395
Goodwill		154,095		26,157		—		—		180,252

Total assets (1)	$	1,486,070	$	76,361	$	198	$	22,583	$	1,585,212

F-49


	As of December 31, 2012 (in thousands)
	Online game		17173 Business		Others		Intercompany Eliminations		Consolidated
Cash and cash equivalents	$	360,377	$	2,449	$	3,813	$	—	$	366,639
Restricted time deposits		246,599		—		—		—		246,599
Accounts receivable, net		14,558		7,617		1,189		—		23,364
Fixed assets, net		62,019		2,253		556		—		64,828
Intangible assets, net		29,575		188		24,486		—		54,249
Goodwill		116,992		17,929		—		—		134,921

Total assets (1)	$	1,020,899	$	44,480	$	5,602	$	43,532	$	1,114,513

Note (1):

The intercompany elimination for segment assets mainly consists of an operating funds loan to and long term investment in the others.

25. TREASURY SHARES

On July 27, 2013, the Company’s board of directors approved a share repurchase program (the “Share Repurchase Program”), pursuant to which the Company may repurchase from time to time at management’s discretion, at prevailing market prices in the open market in accordance with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, up to $100 million of the Company’s outstanding ADSs over a two-year period from July 27, 2013 to July 26, 2015. As of December 31, 2013, the Company had repurchased under the Share Repurchase Program an aggregate of 590,500 ADSs, representing 1,181,000 Class A ordinary shares at an average price of $29.2 per ADS, or $14.6 per Class A ordinary share, for aggregate consideration of $17.24 million. These shares were recorded at their historical purchase cost of $17.24 million and were not canceled.

26. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

The table below sets forth major related parties and their relationships with the Group.


Company name		Relationship with the Group
Sohu		Under common control of Sohu.com
Zhou You		An equity investee of the Company
Jin Dian		A controlled company by a member of board

Jin Dian is controlled by Mr. Baoquan Zhang, who was a former member of our Board of Directors until his resignation on September 27, 2013. Jin Dian was no longer a related party of the Group after Mr. Zhang’s resignation.

F-50

On November 29, 2011, the Group and Sohu separately entered into a services agreement and an online links and advertising agreement (together, the “Services and Advertising Agreements”), pursuant to which Sohu provide links and advertising space and technical support to the Group, including the provision and maintenance of user log-in, information management and virtual currency payment systems of the 17173 Business. The Services and Advertising Agreements provide for a term of twenty-five years for the virtual currency payment system services, and an initial term of three years for all the other relevant services and links and advertising space, and involve aggregate fees to Sohu of approximately $30 million. Under the Services and Advertising Agreements, the Group may renew certain rights for a subsequent term of twenty-two years, and may obtain a perpetual software license in respect of the information management system and the user log-in system following the expiration of the three-year term, subject to the Group’s payment to Sohu of additional fees of up to approximately $5 million in the aggregate. During the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, significant related party transactions were as follows:


	For the year ended December 31, (in thousands)
Transactions with Sohu	2011		2012		2013
Services provided by Sohu
Sales and marketing services provided by Sohu	$	6,002	$	14,026	$	13,390
Corporate expenses		1,483		27		12
Other service provided by Sohu		37		50		373
Acquisition of the 17173 Business
Acquisition of the 17173 Business from Sohu		163,784		—		—

	For the year ended December 31, (in thousands)
Transactions with Jin Dian	2011		2012		2013
Advertising slots provided by Shi Dai Jin Dian Cinema Investing Co., Ltd, or Jin Dian	$	763	$	1,552	$	1,310

As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, the amounts due to related parties were as follows:


	As of December 31, (in thousands)
	2012		2013
Due to Jin Dian	$	4,191	$	—
Due to Zhou You (royalty fees payable to Zhou You)		322		332

As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, amounts due from and prepayment to related parties were as follows:


	As of December 31, (in thousands)
	2012		2013
Due from Sohu (mainly arising from customer advances collected by Sohu on behalf of the Group)	$	495	$	393
Short-term and long-term prepayments to Sohu under services and advertising agreements		20,239		10,363

The transactions are measured at the amount of consideration established and agreed to by the related parties, which approximates amounts charged to third parties. These balances are interest free and settleable on demand.

F-51

27. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The Group has future rental commitments related to its bandwidth leasing charges, office rental, services and advertising agreements with Sohu, fees for game development services performed by third parties and purchase fees for in-progress online games developed by third-parties recorded in operating expenses and certain other services as follows:


	Bandwidth leasing (in thousands)		Office rental (in thousands)		Fees for game development services and in-progress games (in thousands)		Others (in thousands)
2014	$	7,578	$	9,607	$	6,498	$	396
2015		715		8,058		4,726		—
2016 and thereafter		127		18,840		13,412		—

Total minimum payments required	$	8,420	$	36,505	$	24,636	$	396

Rental expenses, including bandwidth leasing charges and office rental, were approximately $17.7 million, $23.1 million, and $30.2 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 and were charged to the statement of comprehensive income as incurred.

The Group estimated the future capital commitments related to expenditures for games with technological feasibility and cinema advertising slot rights to be as follows:


	Expenditures for games with technological feasibility (in thousands)		Cinema advertising slot rights (in thousands)
2014	$	9,264	$	1,082
2015		4,550		8,931
2016 and thereafter		1,400		19,682

Total minimum payments required	$	15,214	$	29,695

The Group did not have any other significant capital and other commitments or guarantees as of December 31, 2013.

The Group did not have any material interest or penalties associated with tax positions nor did the Company have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2013.

The Group is not currently a party to any legal proceeding, investigation or claim which, in the opinion of the Group’s management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition or results of operations.

The Group has not recorded any legal contingencies as of December 31, 2013.

28. RESTRICTED NET ASSETS

Relevant PRC law and regulations permit payment of dividends by PRC-based operating entities, such as AmazGame, Gamease, Gamespace, Guanyou Gamespace, 7Road Technology, Shenzhen 7Road, Yan Fan Jing He, ICE Information, Shanghai ICE and Changyou RaidCall, only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a PRC-based operating entity is required to annually appropriate 10% of net after-tax income to the statutory surplus reserve fund (see Note 22) prior to payment of any dividends, unless such reserve funds have reached 50% of the entity’s registered capital. As a result of these and other restrictions under PRC law and regulations, PRC-based operating entities are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the Company either in the form of dividends, loans or advances. Even though the Company currently does not require any such dividends, loans or advances from PRC-based operating entities for working capital and other funding purposes, the Company may in the future require additional cash resources from PRC-based operating entities due to changes in business conditions, to fund future acquisitions and development, or to declare and pay dividends to or distribution to its shareholders.

29. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On February 8, 2014, the Company’s board of directors approved three new employee incentive plans, effective January 1, 2014, each with a term of 10 years, with payments to eligible employees under the plans to be based on adjusted net profits of the Group or adjusted net profits of certain specified projects. The Group will distribute an aggregate of up to 10% of the annual adjusted net profits of the Group and up to 20% of the adjusted net profits of the specified projects to eligible employees who participate in the plans.

F-52

The Company has performed an evaluation of subsequent events through February 28, 2014, which is the date the financial statements were issued, with no other material events or transactions needing recognition or disclosure found.

30. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION—CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The condensed financial statements of Changyou.com Limited have been prepared in accordance with SEC Regulation S-X Rule 5-04 and Rule 12-04.

The Company records its investments in subsidiaries under the equity method of accounting. Such investments and long-term loans to subsidiaries are presented on the balance sheet as “Interests in subsidiaries and variable interest entities” and the profit of the subsidiaries is presented as “Share of profit of subsidiaries and variable interest entities” in the statement of comprehensive income.

For the VIEs, where the Company is the primary beneficiary, the amount of the Company’s investment is included in the balance sheet as “Interests in subsidiaries and variable interest entities” and the profit or loss of the VIEs is included in “Share of profit of subsidiaries and variable interest entities” in the statement of comprehensive income.

The footnote disclosures contain supplemental information relating to the operations of the Company and, as such, these financial statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted.

As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, there were no material contingencies, significant provisions for long-term obligations, or guarantees of the Company, except for those, if any, which have been separately disclosed in the consolidated financial statements.

F-53

Financial information of Changyou.com Limited

Condensed Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except par value)


	As of December 31,
	2012		2013
	US$		US$
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		10,674		17,579
Prepaid and other current assets		19		20

Total current assets		10,693		17,599
Interests in subsidiaries and variable interest entities		809,956		1,232,687

Total assets		820,649		1,250,286

Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
Short-term bank loans		113,000		353,331
Accrued liabilities		411		617

Total current liabilities		113,411		353,948
Long-term bank loans		99,353		—

Total liabilities		212,764		353,948

Shareholders’ equity
Class A ordinary shares par value $0.01, 200,000 authorized; 21,494 and 23,184 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively		215		244
Class B ordinary shares par value $0.01, 97,740 authorized; 84,290 and 82,490 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively		843		825
Additional paid-in capital		88,626		92,066
Treasury shares (nil and 1,181 shares, respectively as of December 31, 2012 and 2013)		—		(17,240	)
Statutory reserves		9,351		9,367
Retained earnings		470,717		739,343
Accumulated other comprehensive income		38,133		71,733

Total shareholders’ equity		607,885		896,338

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity		820,649		1,250,286

Financial information of Changyou.com Limited

Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income

(In thousands)

For the year ended
December 31,

2011

2012

2013

US$

Operating expenses:

General and administrative

1,969

3,195

3,552

Total operating expenses

1,969

3,195

3,552

Operating loss

(1,969

)

(3,195

)

(3,552

)

Share of profit of subsidiaries and variable interest entities

247,399

287,251

283,436

Interest income (expense), net

(1,656

)

(11,242

)

Income before income tax expense

245,456

282,400

268,642

Net income

245,456

282,400

268,642

Other comprehensive income: Foreign currency translation adjustment

21,867

3,385

33,600

Comprehensive income

267,323

285,785

302,242

F-54

Condensed Statement of Cash Flows

(In thousands)


	For the year ended December 31,
	2011			2012			2013
	US$			US$			US$
Net cash used in operating activities		(1,937	)		(4,893	)		(14,668	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Shareholder loans to subsidiaries		(13,014	)		(5,574	)		(102,165	)

Net cash used in investing activities		(13,014	)		(5,574	)		(102,165	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds of loans from offshore banks		—			212,353			140,978
Dividend distributed to shareholders		—			(200,875	)		—
Payment for repurchase of shares		—			—			(17,240	)

Net cash provided by financing activities		—			11,478			123,738

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		(14,951	)		1,011			6,905

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		24,614			9,663			10,674

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year		9,663			10,674			17,579

F-55