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As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 31, 2018
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 20-F
| ☐ | REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
OR
| ☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the Fiscal year ended March 31, 2018
OR
| ☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the transition period from to
| ☐ | SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
Date of event requiring this shell company report
Commission file number: 001-32294
TATA MOTORS LIMITED
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
| Republic of India | Bombay House 24, Homi Mody Street Mumbai 400 001, India | |
| (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (Address of principal executive offices) |
H.K. Sethna
Tel.: +91 22 6665 7219
Facsimile: +91 22 6665 7790
Email:hks@tatamotors.com
Address:
Bombay House
24, Homi Mody Street
Mumbai 400 001, India
(Name, Telephone, Facsimile number, Email and Address of company contact person)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class |
Name of Each Exchange On Which Registered | |
| Ordinary Shares, par value Rs.2 per share* | New York Stock Exchange |
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
(Title of Class)
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:
‘A’ Ordinary Shares, par value Rs.2 per share
(Title of Class)
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report. — 2,887,348,694 Ordinary Shares and 508,502,371 ‘A’ Ordinary Shares, including 437,024,750 Ordinary Shares represented by 87,400,498 American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, outstanding as at March 31, 2018. Each ADS represents five (5) Ordinary Shares as at March 31, 2018.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☒ Yes ☐ No
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ☐ Yes ☒ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards1 provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. N/A
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing.
| U.S. GAAP ☐ |
International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☒ | Other ☐ |
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No
| * | Not for trading, but only in connection with listed American Depositary Shares, each representing five Ordinary Shares. |
| 1 | The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012. |
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In this annual report on Form 20-F:
| • | References to “we”, “our” and “us” are to Tata Motors Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries, except as the context otherwise requires; |
| • | References to “dollar”, “U.S. dollar” and “US$” are to the lawful currency of the United States of America; references to “Indian rupees” and “Rs.” are to the lawful currency of India; references to “JPY” are to the lawful currency of Japan; references to “GBP” are to the lawful currency of the United Kingdom; references to “Euro” are to the currency introduced at the start of the third stage of European Economic and Monetary Union pursuant to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, as amended; references to “Russian Ruble” are to the lawful currency of Russia; references to “RMB” and “Chinese Renminbi” are to the lawful currency of China and references to “KRW” and “Korean won” are to the lawful currency of the Republic of Korea; |
| • | References to “Indian GAAP” are to accounting principles generally accepted in India; references to “IFRS” are to International Financial Reporting Standards and its interpretations as issued by International Accounting Standards Board; and references to “IndAS” are to Indian Accounting Standards; |
| • | References to an “ADS” are to an American Depositary Share, each of which represents five of our Ordinary Shares of Rs.2 each, and references to an “ADR” are to an American Depositary Receipt evidencing one or more ADSs; |
| • | References to “Shares” are to the Ordinary Shares and the ‘A’ Ordinary Shares of Tata Motors Limited unless stated otherwise; |
| • | Passenger Cars are vehicles that have a seating capacity of up to five persons, including the driver, that are further classified into the following market categories: |
| i. | Micro — length of up to 3,200 mm; |
| ii. | Mini — length of between 3,200 mm and 3,600 mm; |
| iii. | Compact — length of between 3,600 mm and 4,000 mm; |
| iv. | Super Compact — length of between 4,000 mm and 4,250 mm; |
| v. | Mid-size — length of between 4,250 mm and 4,500 mm; |
| vi. | Executive — length of between 4,500 mm and 4,700 mm; |
| vii. | Premium — length of between 4,700 mm and 5,000 mm; and |
| viii. | Luxury — length of above 5,000 mm; |
| • | Utility Vehicles, or UVs, are vehicles that have a seating capacity of five to ten persons, including the driver, which includes sports utility vehicles, or SUVs, multi-purpose vehicles and vans; |
| • | Passenger Vehicles refers to Passenger Cars or Utility Vehicles; |
| • | Medium and Heavy Commercial Vehicles, or MHCVs, are vehicles that have a gross vehicle weight, or GVW, of over 12 metric Tons; |
| • | Intermediate Light Commercial Vehicles or ILCVs, are vehicles that have a GVW between 3.5 metric tons and 12 metric tons; |
| • | Small Commercial Vehicles & Pickups or SCVs & Pickups are vehicles that have a GVW of up to 3.5 tons; |
| • | Commercial Vehicle Passenger or CV Passengers, are passenger carriers in Commercial vehicle segment; |
| • | For our Jaguar Land Rover business, references to premium cars and luxury performance sports utility vehicles refer to a defined list of premium competitor cars and sports utility vehicles; |
| • | Unless otherwise stated, comparative and empirical Indian industry data in this annual report on Form 20-F have been derived from published reports of the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, or SIAM; |
| • | References to a particular “Fiscal” year, such as “Fiscal 2018”, are to our Fiscal year ended on March 31 of that year; |
| • | “Millimeters” or “mm” are equal to 1/1000 of a meter. A meter is equal to approximately 39.37 inches and a millimeter is equal to approximately 0.039 inch; |
| • | “Kilograms” or “kg” are each equal to approximately 2.2 pounds, and “metric tons” or “tons” are equal to 1,000 kilograms or approximately 2,200 pounds; |
| • | “Liters” are equivalent to 61.02 cubic inches of volume, or approximately 1.057 U.S. quarts of liquid measure; |
| • | “Revenue” refers to Total Revenue net of excise duty unless stated otherwise; |
| • | “Companies Act” refers to the Indian Companies Act, 2013, as amended from time to time, unless stated otherwise; and |
| • | Figures in tables may not add up to totals due to rounding. |
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Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-looking Statements
This annual report on Form 20-F contains certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements are generally identifiable by use of forward-looking terminology such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “potential”, “intend”, “expect”, “seek”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “believe”, “could”, “plan”, “project”, “predict”, “continue”, “future”, “forecast”, “target”, “guideline” or other similar words or expressions. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance and are based on certain assumptions, discuss future expectations, describe plans and strategies, contain projections of results of operations or of financial condition or state other forward-looking information. Our ability to predict results or the actual effect of plans or strategies is inherently uncertain, particularly given the economic environment. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, our actual results and performance could differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements and you should not unduly rely on these statements. These forward-looking statements involve risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results in future periods to differ materially from those forward-looking statements.
Information regarding important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in our forward-looking statements appear in a number of places in this annual report on Form 20-F and the documents incorporated by reference into this annual report on Form 20-F, and include, but are not limited to:
| • | changes in general economic, business, political, social, fiscal or other conditions in India, the United States, the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe, Russia, China or in any of the other countries where we operate; |
| • | fluctuations in the currency exchange rate against the functional currency of the respective consolidated entities; |
| • | accidents and natural disasters; |
| • | terms on which we finance our working capital and capital and product development expenditures and investment requirements; |
| • | implementation of new projects, including mergers and acquisitions, planned by management; |
| • | contractual arrangements with suppliers; |
| • | government policies including those specifically regarding the automotive industry, including industrial licensing, environmental regulations, safety regulations, import restrictions and duties, excise duties, sales taxes, value added taxes, product range restrictions, diesel and gasoline prices and road network enhancement projects; |
| • | movements in the prices of key inputs such as steel, aluminum, rubber and plastics; and |
| • | other factors beyond our control. |
All forward-looking statements included herein are based upon information available to us on the date hereof and we are under no duty to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date hereof to conform these statements to actual results.
Non-IFRS Measures
We use the following non-IFRS performance indicators to monitor financial performance:
Earnings before other income, interest and tax
Earnings before other income, interest and tax is Earnings before share of profit/(loss) of equity accounted investees (net), assets written off/loss on sale of assets and others (net), other income/(loss) (net), foreign exchange gains/(loss) (net), interest income, interest expense (net) and income tax expense. It is monitored by management for the purposes of performance of income earned by our operations. Earnings before other income, interest and tax is presented because management believes this gives earnings earned by the business of the Company. Reconciliation of our consolidated earnings before other income, interest and tax to our consolidated net income is provided in Item 5.A “—Operating Results —Overview”.
Free Cash Flow
Free cash flow is measured as cash flow from operating activities, less payments for property, plant and equipment and intangible assets. It is monitored by management for the purposes of quantifying ongoing needs for investments in plant and machinery, products and technologies. Free cash flow is presented because management believes this provides investors with a relevant measure of cash available to address our debts, pay dividends and fund capital expenditures and other strategic initiatives. Reconciliation of our free cash flow to cash flow from operating activites is provided in Item 5.A “—Operating Results —Overview”.
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Ratio of Net Debt to Shareholders’ Equity
Ratio of net debt to shareholders’ equity is measured as (Total debt less cash and cash equivalent and mutual funds) divided by equity (including minority interest). It is monitored by management because it helps assess our debt commitments. Ratio of net debt to shareholders’ equity is presented because management believes it is a relevant financial measure for investors to understand the leverage employed in our operations and of our ability to obtain financing. Reconciliation of our ratio of net debt to shareholders’ equity is provided in Item 5.A “—Operating Results —Overview”.
The non-IFRS measures used herein should not be considered in isolation and are not measures of our financial performance or liquidity under IFRS. They may not be indicative of our results of operations, and should not be construed as alternatives for any IFRS measures. Additionally, the non-IFRS measures may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures used by other companies.
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| Item 1. |
1 | |||||||||
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| Item 4. |
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| Item 4A. |
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| Item 5. |
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| Item 6. |
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| Item 10. |
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| Item 11. |
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| Item 12. |
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| Item 13. |
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| Item 14. |
Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds |
148 | ||||||||
| Item 15. |
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| Item 16A. |
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| Item 16B. |
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| Item 16C. |
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| Item 16D. |
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| Item 16E. |
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers |
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| Item 16F. |
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| Item 16G. |
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| Item 16H. |
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| Item 17. |
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| Item 18. |
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| Item 19. |
155 |
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| Item 1. | Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers |
A. Directors and Senior Management
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
| Item 2. | Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable |
Not applicable.
B. Method and Expected Timetable
Not applicable.
| Item 3. | Key Information |
The following tables set forth selected financial data, including selected historical financial information as at and for each of the Fiscal years ended March 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IFRS.
The selected IFRS consolidated financial data as at March 31, 2018 and 2017 and for each of Fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 are derived from our audited IFRS consolidated financial statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F. The selected IFRS consolidated financial data as at March 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 and for Fiscal 2015 and 2014 are derived from our audited IFRS consolidated financial statements not included in this annual report on Form 20-F.
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You should read our selected financial data in conjunction with Item 5 “—Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”
Selected Financial Data Prepared in Accordance with IFRS
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||
| (In US$ millions, except share and per share amounts) |
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| (in Rs. millions, except share and per share amounts) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues |
43,834.4 | 2,856,910.8 | 2,632,176.8 | 2,682,793.8 | 2,626,297.8 | 2,325,150.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Finance revenues |
399.5 | 26,040.3 | 24,318.3 | 22,318.8 | 22,630.8 | 29,875.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Total revenues |
44,233.9 | 2,882,951.1 | 2,656,495.1 | 2,705,112.6 | 2,648,928.6 | 2,355,026.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Change in inventories of finished goods and work-in-progress |
(314.0 | ) | (20,465.8 | ) | (73,751.2 | ) | (27,540.1 | ) | (29,610.9 | ) | (28,317.3 | ) | ||||||||||||
| Purchase of products for sale |
2,440.2 | 159,039.9 | 139,245.3 | 128,494.6 | 130,803.8 | 109,691.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Raw materials, components and consumables |
26,360.2 | 1,718,028.0 | 1,593,803.1 | 1,536,255.1 | 1,515,835.7 | 1,366,066.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Employee cost |
4,643.2 | 302,624.8 | 283,588.0 | 288,117.4 | 250,401.2 | 213,903.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Defined benefit pension plan amendment |
(553.7 | ) | (36,090.1 | ) | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization |
3,219.3 | 209,818.2 | 182,405.4 | 168,074.9 | 134,495.8 | 110,462.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other expenses |
9,662.5 | 629,755.4 | 608,461.6 | 585,321.4 | 545,909.5 | 498,777.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Provision/(Reversal) for loss of inventory (net of insurance recoveries) |
(1.7 | ) | (111.9 | ) | (13,301.0 | ) | 16,383.9 | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| Expenditure capitalized |
(2,852.0 | ) | (185,882.0 | ) | (168,768.8 | ) | (166,783.2 | ) | (153,217.5 | ) | (135,246.8 | ) | ||||||||||||
| Assets written off/loss on sale of assets and others (net) |
447.2 | 29,148.6 | 11,418.6 | 9,477.4 | 3,512.2 | 294.1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other (income)/loss (net) |
(734.5 | ) | (47,873.3 | ) | (39,590.1 | ) | (12,613.0 | ) | (15,020.6 | ) | (8,026.7 | ) | ||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange (gain)/loss (net) |
42.3 | 2,758.8 | 13,284.8 | 20,588.0 | 20,371.3 | (8,332.8 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest income |
(109.3 | ) | (7,122.4 | ) | (5,640.7 | ) | (7,186.6 | ) | (6,763.9 | ) | (6,656.7 | ) | ||||||||||||
| Interest expense (net) |
711.4 | 46,365.0 | 42,365.7 | 47,912.6 | 52,231.6 | 53,094.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Impairment in an equity accounted investee |
— | — | — | — | — | 8,033.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Share of (profit)/loss of equity accounted investees (net) |
(349.6 | ) | (22,782.6 | ) | (14,930.0 | ) | (5,774.7 | ) | 1,748.3 | 1,877.6 | ||||||||||||||
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| Net income before tax |
1,622.4 | 105,740.5 | 97,904.4 | 124,384.9 | 198,232.1 | 179,405.1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense |
(583.9 | ) | (38,058.5 | ) | (35,670.0 | ) | (27,512.7 | ) | (69,149.7 | ) | (48,226.5 | ) | ||||||||||||
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| Net income after tax |
1,038.5 | 67,682.0 | 62,234.4 | 96,872.2 | 129,082.4 | 131,178.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||
| (In US$ millions, except share and per share amounts) |
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| (in Rs. millions, except share and per share amounts) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income/(loss) attributable to equity holders |
1,022.8 | 66,660.8 | 61,210.5 | 95,883.4 | 128,291.2 | 130,717.1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net income/(loss) attributable to non-controlling interest |
15.7 | 1,021.2 | 1,023.9 | 988.8 | 791.2 | 461.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends per share Ordinary Shares |
US$ | — | Rs. — | Rs.0.2 | Rs. — | Rs. 2.0 | Rs. 2.0 | |||||||||||||||||
| Dividends per share ‘A’ Ordinary Shares |
US$ | — | Rs. — | Rs.0.3 | Rs. — | Rs. 2.1 | Rs. 2.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average Ordinary shares outstanding: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic |
2,887,348,357 | 2,887,218,310 | 2,873,188,838 | 2,765,339,619 | 2,760,961,457 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted |
2,887,842,826 | 2,887,818,076 | 2,873,809,883 | 2,765,824,089 | 2,761,450,718 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average ‘A’ Ordinary shares outstanding: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic |
508,502,336 | 508,483,714 | 506,063,234 | 487,445,041 | 487,440,271 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted |
508,736,110 | 508,736,110 | 506,320,979 | 487,684,611 | 487,684,558 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic |
US$ | 0.3 | Rs. 19.6 | Rs. 18.0 | Rs. 28.4 | Rs. 39.4 | Rs. 40.2 | |||||||||||||||||
| Diluted |
US$ | 0.3 | Rs. 19.6 | Rs. 18.0 | Rs. 28.4 | Rs. 39.4 | Rs. 40.2 | |||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share of ‘A’ Ordinary Shares: |
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| Basic |
US$ | 0.3 | Rs. 19.7 | Rs. 18.1 | Rs. 28.5 | Rs. 39.5 | Rs. 40.3 | |||||||||||||||||
| Diluted |
US$ | 0.3 | Rs. 19.7 | Rs. 18.1 | Rs. 28.5 | Rs. 39.5 | Rs. 40.3 | |||||||||||||||||
As described in Note 2(n) of our audited IFRS consolidated financial statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F, during Fiscal 2018, we changed our presentation of assets written off/loss on sale of assets and others (net) in the consolidated income statement. The change in presentation has been retrospectively applied to prior year comparatives. The change in the presentation does not affect Net income, Total comprehensive income and earnings per share in any of the periods presented.
As described in Note 2(u) of our audited IFRS consolidated financial statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F, during Fiscal 2017, we changed our presentation of foreign exchange gain/(loss) in the consolidated income statement. The change in presentation has been retrospectively applied to prior year comparatives. There has been no impact on net income for the years ended March 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014.
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In Fiscal 2016, we conducted a renounceable rights offer of 150,644,759 new Ordinary Shares, including Ordinary Shares represented by ADSs, and 26,530,290 new ‘A’ Ordinary Shares of Rs.2 each to qualifying shareholders recorded in the shareholders register at the close of business on April 8, 2015, at a subscription price of Rs.450 each for new Ordinary Shares and Rs.271 each for new ‘A’ Ordinary Shares, in the ratio of six rights to subscribe to Shares for every 109 Shares held. The rights offer was fully subscribed and the shareholders received the new shares on May 13, 2015. As described in Note 39 to our audited consolidated financial statements for Fiscal 2016, the earliest period presented in the consolidated financial statement for each of Fiscal 2015 and 2014, basic and diluted earnings per share have been retrospectively adjusted for the bonus element of the rights offer attributable to the difference between the exercise price of the rights and the prevailing market price of the Shares.
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||
| (in US$ millions, except number of shares) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in Rs. millions, except number of shares) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance Sheet Data |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Assets |
49,650.1 | 3,235,937.2 | 2,666,646.0 | 2,619,981.3 | 2,345,643.4 | 2,184,775.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Long term debt, net of current portion |
9,381.2 | 611,419.4 | 605,644.5 | 504,511.3 | 544,862.5 | 454,138.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total shareholders’ equity |
14,023.2 | 913,947.3 | 538,842.2 | 768,036.7 | 539,351.8 | 631,696.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Number of Equity shares outstanding |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| -Ordinary Shares |
2,887,348,694 | 2,887,348,428 | 2,887,203,602 | 2,736,713,122 | 2,736,713,122 | |||||||||||||||||||
| -‘A’ Ordinary Shares |
508,502,371 | 508,502,291 | 508,476,704 | 481,966,945 | 481,966,945 | |||||||||||||||||||
Exchange Rate Information
For convenience, some of the financial amounts presented in this annual report on Form 20-F have been translated from Indian rupee amounts into U.S. dollar amounts at the rate of Rs.65.18 = US$1.00, based on the fixing rate in the city of Mumbai as published by the Foreign Exchange Dealers’ Association of India on March 31, 2018.
The following table sets forth information with respect to the exchange rate between the Indian rupee and the U.S. dollar (Rs. per U.S. dollar) as published by Bloomberg L.P. for Fiscal 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014.
| Year ended March 31, |
Period End | Period Average |
High | Low | ||||||||||||
| 2018 |
65.18 | 64.46 | 65.71 | 63.37 | ||||||||||||
| 2017 |
64.85 | 67.08 | 68.78 | 64.85 | ||||||||||||
| 2016 |
66.25 | 65.45 | 68.71 | 62.19 | ||||||||||||
| 2015 |
62.50 | 61.16 | 63.68 | 58.46 | ||||||||||||
| 2014 |
59.89 | 60.47 | 68.83 | 53.81 | ||||||||||||
The following table sets forth information with respect to the exchange rate between the Indian rupee and the U.S. dollar (Rs. per U.S. dollar) for the previous six months as published by Bloomberg L.P.
| Month |
Period End | Period Average |
High | Low | ||||||||||||
| January 2018 |
63.59 | 63.65 | 64.04 | 63.37 | ||||||||||||
| February 2018 |
65.18 | 64.45 | 65.17 | 63.91 | ||||||||||||
| March 2018 |
65.18 | 65.04 | 65.21 | 64.84 | ||||||||||||
| April 2018 |
64.25 | 64.50 | 65.02 | 64.11 | ||||||||||||
| May 2018 |
67.40 | 65.38 | 68.42 | 63.37 | ||||||||||||
| June 2018 |
68.47 | 67.79 | 68.79 | 66.92 | ||||||||||||
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As at July 2018 (through July 30, 2018), the value of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar was Rs 68.68 per US$1.00, as published by Bloomberg L.P.
B. Capitalization and Indebtedness
Not applicable.
C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
This section describes the risks that we currently believe may materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The factors below should be considered in connection with any forward-looking statements in this annual report on Form 20-F and the cautionary statements on page ii. Although we will be making reasonable efforts to mitigate or minimize these risks, one or more of a combination of these risks could materially and adversely impact our business, revenues, sales, net assets, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital resources and prospects.
Risks Associated with Our Business and the Automotive Industry
Deterioration in global economic conditions could have a material adverse impact on our sales and results of operations.
The Indian automotive industry could be affected materially by the general economic conditions in India and around the world. The automotive industry, in general, is cyclical, and economic slowdowns in the recent past have affected the manufacturing sector in India, including automotive and related industries. Deterioration of key economic metrics, such as the growth rate, interest rates and inflation, reduced availability of financing for vehicles at competitive rates, implementation of burdensome environmental and tax policies and increase in freight rates and fuel prices could materially and adversely affect our automotive sales and results of operations.
In addition, investors’ reactions to economic developments or a loss of investor confidence in the financial systems of other countries may cause volatility in Indian financial markets and, indirectly, in the Indian economy. Any worldwide financial instability, including increased protectionist measures and withdrawal from trade pacts by countries in which we operate, could also have a negative impact on the Indian economy, including the movement of exchange rates and interest rates in India. In the event global economic recovery is slower than expected, or if there is any significant financial disruption, this could have a material adverse effect on our cost of funding, portfolio of financing loans, business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition and the trading price of our Shares and ADSs.
Our Jaguar Land Rover business has significant operations in the United Kingdom, North America, continental Europe and China as well as sales operations in markets across the globe. Conditions in automotive markets were generally more challenging in Fiscal 2018 with industry volumes down significantly year-on-year in the United Kingdom (11%) reflecting a sharp decline in diesel-based vehicle sales (26.2%), and down slightly in the US (1.1%), but up modestly in China 1.3% and in Europe 3.8%. Conditions remained challenging in emerging markets such as Brazil, Russia and South Africa. Jaguar Land Rover’s growth plans may not quite materialize as expected which could have a significant adverse impact on our financial performance. If automotive demand softens because of lower or negative economic growth in key markets or due to other factors, Jaguar Land Rover’s operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected as a result. In addition, the current U.S. presidential administration could seek to introduce changes to laws and policies governing international trade and impose additional tariffs and duties on foreign vehicle imports, which could have a material adverse effect on Jaguar Land Rover’s sales in the United States.
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Deterioration in key economic factors, such as those mentioned above, in countries where Jaguar Land Rover has sales operations may result in a decrease in demand for Jaguar Land Rover automobiles. A decrease in demand would, in turn, cause automobile prices and manufacturing capacity utilization rates to fall. Such circumstances have in the past materially affected, and could in the future, materially affect, our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The United Kingdom’s contemplated exit from the European Union may adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In a non-binding referendum on the United Kingdom’s membership in the European Union in June 2016, a majority of the electorate voted for the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union. Pursuant to its invocation of Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, the United Kingdom is currently negotiating its exit from the European Union. Substantial uncertainty remains regarding the outcome of the negotiations, the United Kingdom’s future relationship with the European Union, the economic and political future of the United Kingdom, the legal structure applicable to companies doing business in the United Kingdom as well as the scope and duration of a transitionary period, if any, following the expiration of the Article 50 period in December 2020. This uncertainty, along with any real or perceived impact of Brexit, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Depending on the outcome of the negotiations, the United Kingdom could lose its present rights or terms of access to the single European Union market and European Union customs area and to the global trade deals negotiated by the European Union on behalf of its members. New or modified trading arrangements between the United Kingdom and other countries may have a material adverse effect on our business. A decline in trade could also affect the attractiveness of the United Kingdom as a global investment center and, as a result, could have a detrimental impact on the level of investment in United Kingdom companies, including our Jaguar Land Rover business. Customer behavior may change as a result of global economic uncertainty, which may cause Jaguar Land Rover’s customers to re-evaluate when and to what extent they are willing to spend on our products and services. The uncertainty concerning the terms of Brexit could also have a negative impact on the growth of the United Kingdom economy and cause greater volatility in the British pound against foreign currencies in which Jaguar Land Rover conducts business, particularly the U.S. dollar, the Euro and the Chinese yuan.
There also exists significant uncertainty with respect to the laws and regulations that will apply as the United Kingdom determines which European Union-derived laws to replace or replicate. This uncertainty may adversely affect business activity and economic conditions in the United Kingdom and the Eurozone. In particular, changes in taxes, tariffs and other fiscal policies could have a significant impact on Jaguar Land Rover business; 21.7% of its retail sales volume in Fiscal 2018 were to customers based in the European Union (excluding the United Kingdom) and a substantial portion of its suppliers are situated there. The economic outlook could be further adversely affected by the risk of a greater push for independence by Scotland or Northern Ireland or the risk that the Euro as the single currency of the European Union could cease to exist. Changes to the United Kingdom’s border and immigration policy could likewise occur as a result of Brexit, affecting our business’s ability to recruit and retain employees from outside the United Kingdom. Any of the foregoing factors and other factors relating to Brexit that we cannot predict may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Intensifying competition could materially and adversely affect our sales, financial condition and results of operations.
The global automotive industry is highly competitive and competition is likely to further intensify in light of continuing globalization and consolidation. Competition is especially likely to increase in the premium automotive categories as each market participant intensifies its efforts to retain its position in established markets while also expanding in emerging markets, such as China, India, Russia, Brazil and parts of Asia. Factors affecting competition include product quality and features, innovation and the development time for introduction of new products, cost control, pricing, reliability, safety, fuel economy, environmental impact and perception thereof, customer service and financing terms. Some of our competitors based in the European Union may gain a competitive advantage that would enable them to benefit from their access to the European Union single market post-Brexit. There can be no assurance that we will be able to compete successfully in the global automotive industry in the future.
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We also face strong competition in the Indian market from domestic and foreign automobile manufacturers. Improving infrastructure and growth prospects, compared to those of other mature markets, have attracted a number of international companies to India either through joint ventures with local partners or through independently owned operations in India. International competitors bring with them decades of international experience, global scale, advanced technology and significant financial resources. Consequently, domestic competition is likely to further intensify in the future. There can be no assurance that we will be able to implement our future strategies in a way that will mitigate the effects of increased competition on the Indian automotive industry.
Designing, manufacturing and selling vehicles is capital intensive and requires substantial investments in manufacturing, machinery, research and development, product design, engineering, technology and marketing in order to meet both consumer preferences and regulatory requirements. If our competitors consolidate or enter into other strategic agreements such as alliances, they may be able to take better advantage of economies of scale. We believe that competitors may be able to benefit from the cost savings offered by consolidation or alliances, which could adversely affect our competitiveness with respect to those competitors. Competitors could use consolidation or alliances as a means of enhancing their competitiveness (including through the acquisition of technology), which could also materially adversely affect our business. Further, our growth strategy relies on the expansion of our operations in less mature markets abroad, where we may face significant competition and higher than expected costs to enter and establish ourselves.
The electric vehicle market may not evolve as anticipated.
We intend to develop electric vehicles as more car manufacturers consider various opportunities to expand their electric vehicle product range and stringent emissions norms push OEMs increasingly in the direction of adopting zero emissions technology. However, sales of electric vehicles are hard to predict as consumer demand may fail to shift in favor of electric vehicles and this market segment may remain small relative to the overall market for years to come. Consumers may remain reluctant to adopt electric vehicles due to the lack of fully developed charging infrastructure or long charging times. If the value proposition of electric vehicles fails to fully materialize, this could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
If we are unable to effectively implement or manage our growth strategy, our operating results and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
As part of our growth strategy, we may open new manufacturing, research or engineering facilities, expand existing facilities, add additional product lines or expand our businesses into new geographical markets. There is a range of risks inherent in such a strategy that could adversely affect our ability to achieve these objectives, including, but not limited to, the following: the potential disruption of our business; the uncertainty that new product lines will generate anticipated sales; the uncertainty that we may not be able to meet or anticipate consumer demand; the uncertainty that a new business will achieve anticipated operating results; the diversion of resources and management’s time; our cost reduction efforts, which may not be successful; the difficulty of managing the operations of a larger company; and the difficulty of competing for growth opportunities with companies having greater financial resources than we have.
More specifically, our international businesses face a range of risks and challenges, including, but not limited to, the following: language barriers, cultural differences, difficulties in staffing and managing overseas operations, inherent difficulties and delays in contract enforcement and the collection of receivables under the legal systems of foreign countries, the risk of non-tariff barriers, regulatory and legal requirements affecting our ability to enter new markets through joint ventures with local entities, difficulties in obtaining regulatory approvals, environmental permits and other similar types of governmental consents, difficulties in negotiating effective contracts, obtaining the necessary facility sites or marketing outlets or securing essential local financing, liquidity, trade financing or cash management facilities, export and import restrictions, multiple tax regimes (including regulations relating to transfer pricing and withholding and other taxes on remittances and other payments from subsidiaries), foreign investment restrictions, foreign exchange controls and restrictions on repatriation of funds, other restrictions on foreign trade or investment sanctions, and the burdens of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws and regulations. Furthermore, as part of our global activities, as we may engage with third-party dealers and distributors, whom we do not control but who could nevertheless take actions that could have a material adverse impact on our reputation and business; we cannot assure you that we will not be held responsible for any activities undertaken by such third parties. If we are unable to manage risks related to our expansion and growth in other parts of the world and therefore fail to establish a strong presence in those higher growth markets, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected or our investments could be lost.
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Furthermore, we are subject to risks associated with growing our business through mergers and acquisitions. We believe that our acquisitions provide us opportunities to grow significantly in the global automobile markets by offering premium brands and products. Our acquisitions have provided us with access to technology and additional capabilities while also offering potential synergies. However, the scale, scope and nature of the integration required in connection with our acquisitions present significant challenges, and we may be unable to integrate the relevant subsidiaries, divisions and facilities effectively within our expected schedule. An acquisition may not meet our expectations and the realization of the anticipated benefits may be blocked, delayed or reduced as a result of numerous factors, some of which are outside our control.
For example, we acquired the Jaguar Land Rover business from Ford in June 2008, and since then Jaguar Land Rover has become a significant part of our business, accounting for 76.8% of our total revenues in Fiscal 2018. As a result of the acquisition, we are responsible for, among other things, the obligations and liabilities associated with the legacy business of Jaguar Land Rover. There can be no assurances that any legacy issues at Jaguar Land Rover or any other acquisition we have undertaken in the past or will undertake in the future would not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as our reputation and prospects.
We will continue to evaluate growth opportunities through suitable mergers and acquisitions in the future. Growth through mergers and acquisitions involves business risks, including unforeseen contingent risks or latent business liabilities that may only become apparent after the merger or acquisition is completed. The key success factors are seamless integration, effective management of the merged and/or acquired entity, retention of key personnel, cash flow generation from synergies in engineering and sourcing, joint sales and marketing efforts, and management of a larger business. If any of these factors fails to materialize or if we are unable to manage any of the associated risks successfully, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Our future success depends on our ability to satisfy changing customer demands by offering innovative products in a timely manner and maintaining such products’ competitiveness and quality.
Customer preferences, especially in many of the more mature markets, have trended towards smaller and more fuel-efficient and environmentally-friendly vehicles. Climate change concerns, increases in fuel prices, certain government regulations (such as CO2 emissions limits and higher taxes on SUVs) and the promotion of new technologies encourages customers to look beyond standard purchasing factors (such as price, design, performance, brand image and features) to differentiation of the technology used in the vehicle or the manufacturer or provider of this technology. Such consumer preferences could materially affect our ability to sell premium passenger cars and large or medium-sized all-terrain vehicles at current or targeted volume levels, and could have a material adverse effect on our general business activity, net assets, financial position and results of operations.
Our operations may be significantly impacted if we fail to develop, or experience delays in developing, fuel-efficient vehicles that reflect changing customer preferences and meet the specific requirements of government regulations. Our competitors may gain significant advantages if they are able to offer products satisfying customer needs earlier than we are able to, which could adversely impact our sales, results of operations and financial condition. Delays or cost overruns in implementing new product launches, expansion plans or capacity enhancements could also materially and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.
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As a result of the public discourse on climate change and volatile fuel prices, we face more stringent government regulations, including imposition of speed limits and higher taxes on sports utility vehicles or premium automobiles. We endeavor to take account of these factors, and we are focused on researching, developing and producing new drive technologies, such as hybrid engines and electric cars. We are also investing in development programs to reduce fuel consumption through the use of lightweight materials, reducing parasitic losses through the driveline and improving aerodynamics. Coupled with consumer preferences, a failure to achieve our planned objectives or delays in developing fuel efficient products could materially affect our ability to sell premium passenger cars and large or medium-sized all-terrain vehicles at current or targeted volumes and could have a material adverse effect on our general business activity, net assets, financial position and results of operations. In addition, deterioration in the quality of our vehicles could force us to incur substantial costs and damage our reputation. There is a risk that competitors or joint ventures set up by competitors will develop better solutions and will be able to manufacture the resulting products more rapidly, in larger quantities, with a higher quality and/or at a lower cost. It is possible that we could then be compelled to make new investments in researching and developing other technologies to maintain our existing market share or to win back the market share lost to competitors. Finally, our manufacturing operations and sales may be subject to potential physical impacts of climate change, including changes in weather patterns and an increased potential for extreme weather events, which could affect the manufacture and distribution of our products and the cost and availability of raw materials and components.
Private and commercial users of transportation increasingly use modes of transportation other than the automobile. The reasons for this include the rising costs of automotive transport, increasing traffic density in major cities and environmental awareness. Furthermore, the increased use of car-sharing concepts and other innovative mobility initiatives facilitates access to other methods of transport, thereby reducing dependency on private automobiles. Furthermore, non-traditional market participants and/or unexpected disruptive innovations may eliminate dependency on the private automobile altogether. A shift in consumer preferences away from private automobiles would have a material adverse effect on our general business activity and on our sales, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
To stimulate demand, competitors in the automotive industry have offered customers and dealers price reductions on vehicles and services, which has led to increased price pressures and sharpened competition within the industry. As a provider of numerous high-volume models, our profitability and cash flows are significantly affected by the risk of rising competitive price pressures. Special sales incentives and increased price pressures in the new car business also influence price levels in the used car market, with a negative effect on vehicle resale values. This could have a negative impact on the profitability of the used car business in our dealer organization.
There can be no assurance that our new models will meet our sales expectations, in which case we may be unable to realize the intended economic benefits of our investments, which would in turn materially affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, there is a risk that our quality standards can be maintained only by incurring substantial costs for monitoring and quality assurance. For our customers, one of the determining factors in purchasing our vehicles is the high quality of the products. A decrease in the quality of our vehicles (or if the public were to have the impression that such a decrease in quality had occurred) could damage our image and reputation as a premium automobile manufacturer and in turn materially affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, product development cycles can be lengthy, and there is no assurance that new designs will lead to revenues from vehicle sales, or that we will be able to accurately forecast demand for our vehicles, potentially leading to inefficient use of our production capacity. Additionally, our high proportion of fixed costs, due to our significant investment in property, plant and equipment, further exacerbates the risks associated with incorrectly assessing demand for our vehicles.
We are more vulnerable to reduced demand for premium performance cars and all-terrain vehicles than automobile manufacturers with a more diversified product range.
Jaguar Land Rover operates in the premium performance car and all-terrain vehicle segments, which are very specific segments of the premium passenger car market, and it has a more limited range of models than some of its competitors. Accordingly, its performance is linked to market conditions and consumer demand in those market segments. Furthermore, some other premium performance vehicle manufacturers operate in a relatively broader spectrum of market segments, which makes them comparatively less vulnerable to reduced demand for any specific segment. Any downturn or reduction in the demand for premium passenger cars and all-terrain vehicles, or any reduced demand for Jaguar Land Rover’s most popular models in the geographic markets in which it operates could have a substantial adverse effect on its performance and earnings.
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We are subject to risks associated with product liability, warranty and recall.
We are subject to risks and costs associated with product liability, warranties and recalls in connection with performance, compliance or safety-related issues affecting our products which may, in turn, cause our customers to question the safety or reliability of our vehicles and thus result in a materially adverse effect on our business, impacting our reputation, results from operations and financial condition. Such events could also require us to expend considerable resources to remediate, and we may also be subject to class actions or other large-scale product liability or other lawsuits in various jurisdictions where we conduct business. In May 2016, an industry-wide passenger airbag safety recall was announced in the United States by the National Highway Traffic System Administration or NHTSA, in respect of airbags from Takata Corporation or Takata, a supplier of airbags. Certain front-passenger airbags supplied by Takata were installed in vehicles sold by Jaguar Land Rover. The Company considered the cost associated with the recall and recognized an additional provision of GBP67.4 million for the estimated cost of repairs in our income statement for Fiscal 2016. We expect to utilize the provision over the next one to four years as the mandated repairing are fulfilled.
Furthermore, we may also be subject to class actions or other large-scale product liability or other lawsuits in various jurisdictions in which we have a significant presence. The use of shared components in vehicle production increases this risk because individual components are deployed in a number of different models across our brands. Any costs incurred or lost sales caused by product liability, warranties and recalls could materially adversely affect our business.
We are exposed to the risks of new drive and other technologies being developed and the resulting effects on the automobile market.
Over the past few years, the global market for automobiles, particularly in established markets, has been characterized by increasing demand for more environmentally-friendly vehicles and technologies. This is related, in particular, to the public debate on global warming and climate protection. We endeavor to take account of climate protection and the ever more-stringent laws and regulations that have been and are likely to be adopted. We are focusing on researching, developing and producing new drive technologies, such as hybrid engines and electric cars. Jaguar Land Rover is also investing in development programs to reduce fuel consumption through the use of lightweight materials, reducing parasitic losses through the driveline and improvements in aerodynamics. Recently, several jurisdictions, such as Norway, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, India and China, have announced the intention to eliminate the sale of conventionally fueled vehicles in their markets in the coming decades.
Diesel technologies have also become the focus of legislators in the United States and European Union as a result of emissions levels. This has led various carmakers to announce programs to retrofit diesel vehicles with software that will allow them to reduce emissions which may require us to undertake increased R&D spending. There is a risk that these R&D activities, including retrofit software upgrades, will not achieve their planned objectives or that competitors or joint ventures set up by competitors will develop better solutions and will be able to manufacture the resulting products more rapidly, in larger quantities, with a higher quality and/or at a lower cost. This could lead to increased demand for the products of such competitors and result in a loss of market share for us There is also a risk that the money invested in researching and developing new technologies, including autonomous, connected and electrification technologies, or money invested in mobility solutions to overcome and address future travel and transport challenges, will, to a considerable extent, have been spent in vain, because the technologies developed or the products derived therefrom are unsuccessful in the market or because competitors have developed better or less expensive products. It is possible that we could then be compelled to make new investments in researching and developing other technologies to maintain its existing market share or to win back the market share lost to competitors.
In addition, climate change concerns and the promotion of new technologies encourages customers to look beyond standard factors (such as price, design, performance, brand image or comfort/features) to differentiation of the technology used in the vehicle or the manufacturer or provider of this technology. This could lead to shifts in demand and the value-added parameters in the automotive industry at the expense of our products.
Our competitors may be able to benefit from the cost savings offered by industry consolidation or alliances.
As part of our growth strategy, it may open new manufacturing, research or engineering facilities, expand existing facilities, add additional product lines or expand our businesses into new geographical markets. There is a range of risks inherent in such a strategy that could adversely affect the Company’s ability to achieve these objectives, including, but not limited to, the following: the potential disruption of the our business; the uncertainty that new product lines will generate anticipated sales; the uncertainty that it may not be able to meet or anticipate consumer demand; the uncertainty that a new business will achieve anticipated operating results; the diversion of resources and management’s time; our cost reduction efforts may not be successful; the difficulty of managing the operations of a larger company; and the difficulty of competing for growth opportunities with companies having greater financial resources than we have.
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Any disruption in the supply of automobile components could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.
Adverse economic conditions, a decline in automobile demand and lack of access to sufficient financing arrangements, among others, could have a negative financial impact on our suppliers, thereby impairing timely availability of components to us or causing increase in the costs of components. In addition, if one or more of the other global automotive manufacturers were to become insolvent, this would have an adverse effect on our supply chains and may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
We have also entered into supply agreements with Ford and certain other third parties for critical components and remain reliant upon Ford and the Ford-PSA joint venture for a portion of our engines. However, following the launch of the Engine Manufacturing Centre (EMC) in Wolverhampton, we now also manufacture our own ‘‘in-house’’ engines. We may not be able to manufacture certain types of engines or find a suitable replacement supplier in a timely manner in the event of any disruption in the supply of engines, or parts of engines, and other hardware or services provided to us by Ford or the Ford-PSA joint venture and such disruption could have a material adverse impact on our operations, business and/or financial condition.
A change in requirements under long-term supply arrangements committing Jaguar Land Rover to purchase minimum or fixed quantities of certain parts, or to pay a minimum amount to the seller, could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operations. We have entered into a number of long-term supply contracts that require Jaguar Land Rover to purchase a fixed quantity of parts to be used in the production of Jaguar Land Rover vehicles (e.g., ‘‘take-or-pay’’ contracts). If the need for any of these parts were to lessen, Jaguar Land Rover could still be required to purchase a specified quantity of the part or pay a minimum amount to the seller pursuant to the take-or-pay contract, which could have a substantial adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
Increases in input prices may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
In Fiscal 2018 and 2017, the consumption of raw materials, components aggregates and purchase of products for sale (including changes in inventory) constituted 64.4% and 62.5%, respectively, of our revenues. Prices of commodity items used in manufacturing automobiles, including steel, aluminum, copper, zinc, rubber, platinum, palladium and rhodium, have become increasingly volatile in recent years. Further price movements depend on the evolving economic scenarios across the globe. Most of these inputs are priced in U.S. dollars on international markets. While we continue to pursue cost reduction initiatives, an increase in price of input materials could severely impact our profitability to the extent such increase cannot be absorbed by the market through price increases and/or could also have a negative impact on demand.
In addition, an increased price and supply risk could arise from the need for rare and frequently sought-after raw materials for which demand is high, such as rare earth metals, which are predominantly found in China. Rare earth metal prices and supply remain uncertain. In the past, China has limited the export of rare earths from time to time. Due to intense price competition and our high level of fixed costs, we may not be able to adequately address changes in commodity prices even if they are foreseeable. Increases in fuel costs also pose a significant challenge, especially in the commercial and premium vehicle categories where increased fuel prices have an impact on demand. If we are unable to find substitutes for supplies of raw materials or pass price increases on to customers, or to safeguard the supply of scarce raw materials, our vehicle production, business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. We are also exposed to supply chain risks relating to lithium-ion cells which are critical for our electric vehicle production. Any disruption in the supply of battery cells from such suppliers could disrupt production of our vehicles. The severity of this risk is likely to increase as we and other manufacturers increase electric vehicle production.
We manage these risks through the use of fixed supply contracts with tenor up to 12 months and the use of financial derivatives pursuant to a defined hedging policy. We enter into a variety of foreign currency, interest rates and commodity forward contracts and options to manage our exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, interest rates and commodity price risk. These financial exposures are managed in accordance with our risk management policies and procedures. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to hedge risks associated with foreign currency fluctuations relating to highly probable forecast transactions. We also enter into interest rate swaps and interest rate currency swap agreements, mainly to manage exposure on our fixed rate or variable rate debt. We further use interest rate derivatives or currency swaps to hedge exposure to exchange rate fluctuations on principal and interest payments for borrowings denominated in foreign currencies. Specific transactional risks include risks like liquidity and pricing risks, interest rate and exchange rate fluctuation risks, volatility risks, counterparty risks, settlement risks and gearing risks. However, the hedging transactions may not adequately protect us against these risks. In addition, if markets move adversely, we may incur financial losses on such hedging transactions, the financial condition and results of operations may be adversely impacted.
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Any inability to implement our growth strategy by entering new markets may adversely affect our results of operations.
Our growth strategy relies on the expansion of our operations in emerging markets such as ASEAN, SAARC Latin American countries, north and west Africa as well as other parts of the world which feature higher growth potential than many of the more mature automotive markets in developed countries. The costs associated with entering and establishing ourselves in new markets, and expanding such operations may, however, be higher than expected, and we may face significant competition in those regions. In addition, our international business faces a range of risks and challenges, including language barriers, cultural differences, difficulties in staffing and managing overseas operations, inherent difficulties and delays in contract enforcement and the collection of receivables under the legal systems of foreign countries, the risk of non-tariff barriers, regulatory and legal requirements affecting our ability to enter new markets through joint ventures with local entities, difficulties in obtaining regulatory approvals, environmental permits and other similar types of governmental consents, difficulties in negotiating effective contracts, obtaining the necessary facility sites or marketing outlets or securing essential local financing, liquidity, trade financing or cash management facilities, export and import restrictions, multiple tax regimes (including regulations relating to transfer pricing and withholding and other taxes on remittances and other payments from subsidiaries), foreign investment restrictions (including restrictions on incentives offered by foreign governments for investment in their jurisdictions), foreign exchange controls and restrictions on repatriation of funds, other restrictions on foreign trade or investment sanctions, and the burdens of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws and regulations. If we are unable to manage risks related to our expansion and growth in other parts of the world and therefore fail to establish a strong presence in those higher growth markets, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected or our investments could be lost.
A significant reliance on key markets by both TML and Jaguar Land Rover increases the risk of negative impact of reduced customer demand in those countries.
TML and Jaguar Land Rover rely on the United Kingdom, Chinese, North American, continental European, Indian and other overseas markets. Any decline in demand for our and Jaguar Land Rover’s vehicles in these major markets may in the future significantly impair our and Jaguar Land Rover’s business, financial position and results of operations. Further, decreased demand for our and Jaguar Land Rover’s products may not be sufficiently mitigated by new product launches and expansion into growing markets, which could have a significant adverse impact on our and Jaguar Land Rover’s financial performance.
We are exposed to liquidity risks.
Our main sources of liquidity are cash generated from operations, existing notes, external debt in the form of factoring discount facilities and other revolving credit facilities. However, adverse changes in the global economic and financial environment may result in lower consumer demand for vehicles, and prevailing conditions in credit markets may adversely affect both consumer demand and the cost and availability of finance for our business and operations. If the global economy goes back into recession and consumer demand for our vehicles drops, as a result of higher oil prices, excessive public debt or for any other reasons, and the supply of external financing becomes limited, we may again face significant liquidity risks. See Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Loan Covenants.”
We are also subject to various types of restrictions or impediments on the ability of our companies in certain countries to transfer cash across our companies through loans or interim dividends. These restrictions or impediments are caused by exchange controls, withholding taxes on dividends and distributions and other similar restrictions in the markets in which we operate. The cash in some of these jurisdictions is subject to certain restrictions on cash pooling, intercompany loan arrangements or interim dividends.
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Changes in our credit rating could adversely affect the value of our debt securities, finance costs and our ability to obtain future financing
Any credit ratings assigned to us or our debt securities may not reflect the potential impact of all risks related to structure, market, additional risk factors discussed and other factors that may affect the value of our debt securities. A credit rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities. Credit rating agencies continually review the ratings they have assigned and their ratings may be subject to revision, suspension or withdrawal by the rating agency at any time. A downgrade in our credit rating may negatively affect our ability to obtain future financing to fund our operations and capital needs, which may affect our liquidity. It may also increase our financing costs by increasing the interest rates of our outstanding debt or the interest rates at which we are able to refinance existing debt or incur additional debt.
Exchange rate and interest rate fluctuations could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our and Jaguar Land Rover’s operations are subject to risks arising from fluctuations in exchange rates with reference to countries in which we operate. We import capital equipment, raw materials and components from, manufacture vehicles in, and sell vehicles into, various countries, and therefore, our revenues and costs have significant exposure to the relative movements of the GBP, the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Russian Ruble, the Chinese Renminbi, the Singapore dollar, the Japanese Yen, the Australian dollar, the South African rand, the Thai baht, the Korean won and the Indian rupee. With respect to Jaguar Land Rover, the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union could also have a negative impact on the growth of the United Kingdom economy and cause greater volatility in the GBP. This could directly impact our sales volumes and financial results, as we derive the majority of our revenues from overseas markets and source significant levels of raw materials and components from Europe, which may result in a decrease in profits to the extent non-GBP costs are not fully mitigated by non-GBP sales. The pound sterling appreciated significantly relative to the Indian rupee and U.S. dollar in Fiscal 2018. As published by Bloomberg L.P., the exchange rate as at March 31, 2017 expressed in Indian rupees per GBP1.00, was Rs.80.92 compared to Rs.91.60 as at March 31, 2018 and Rs.90.03 as at June 30, 2018 and the rate expressed in US$ per GBP1.00, was US$1.25 as at March 31, 2017 compared to US$1.40 as at March 31, 2018 and US$1.32 as at June 30, 2018.
Moreover, we have outstanding foreign currency-denominated debt and are sensitive to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We have experienced and could in the future experience foreign exchange losses on obligations denominated in foreign currencies in respect of our borrowings and foreign currency assets and liabilities due to currency fluctuations.
We are exposed to changes in interest rates, as we have both interest-bearing assets (including cash balances) and interest-bearing liabilities, which bear interest at variable rates. Although we engage in managing our interest and foreign exchange exposure through use of financial hedging instruments, such as forward contracts, swap agreements and option contracts, higher interest rates and a weakening of the Indian rupee against major foreign currencies could significantly increase our cost of borrowing, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. Please see note 35(d)(i) – (b) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F for further detail on our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates.
Appropriate hedging lines for the type of risk exposures we are subject to may not be available at a reasonable cost, particularly during volatile rate movements, or at all. Moreover, there are risks associated with the use of such hedging instruments. While hedging instruments may mitigate our exposure to fluctuations in currency exchange rates to a certain extent, we potentially forego benefits that might result from market fluctuations in currency exposures. These hedging transactions can also result in substantial losses. Such losses could occur under various circumstances, including, without limitation, any circumstances in which a counterparty does not perform its obligations under the applicable hedging arrangement (despite having International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) agreements in place with each of our hedging counterparties), there are currency fluctuations, the arrangement is imperfect or ineffective, or our internal hedging policies and procedures are not followed or do not work as planned. In addition, because our potential obligations under the financial hedging instruments are marked to market, we may experience quarterly and annual volatility in our operating results and cash flows attributable to our financial hedging activities.
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A decline in retail customers’ purchasing power or consumer confidence or in corporate customers’ financial condition and willingness to invest could materially and adversely affect our business.
Demand for vehicles for personal use generally depends on consumers’ net purchasing power, their confidence in future economic developments and changes in fashion and trends, while demand for vehicles for commercial use by corporate customers (including fleet customers) primarily depends on the customers’ financial condition, their willingness to invest (motivated by expected future business prospects) and available financing. A decrease in potential customers’ disposable income or their financial flexibility or an increase in the cost of financing will generally have a negative impact on demand for our products. A weak macroeconomic environment, combined with restrictive lending and a low level of consumer sentiment generally, may reduce consumers’ net purchasing power and lead existing and potential customers to refrain from purchasing a new vehicle, to defer a purchase further or to purchase a smaller model with less equipment at a lower price. A deteriorating macroeconomic environment may disproportionately reduce demand for luxury vehicles. It also leads to reluctance by corporate customers to invest in vehicles for commercial use and/or to lease vehicles, resulting in a postponement of fleet renewal contracts.
To stimulate demand, the automotive industry has offered customers and dealers price reductions on vehicles and services, which has led to increased price pressures and sharpened competition within the industry. As a provider of numerous high-volume models, our profitability and cash flows are significantly affected by the risk of rising competitive and price pressures.
Special sales incentives and increased price pressures in the new car business also influence price levels in the used car market, with a negative effect on vehicle resale values. This may have a negative impact on the profitability of the used car business in our dealer organization.
We are subject to risks associated with the automobile financing business.
The sale of our commercial and passenger vehicles is heavily dependent on funding availability for our customers. Rising delinquencies and early defaults have contributed to a reduction in automobile financing, which, in turn, has had an adverse effect on funding availability for potential customers. This reduction in available financing may continue in the future and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Default by our customers or inability to repay installments as due could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, any downgrade in our credit ratings may increase our borrowing costs and restrict our access to the debt markets. Over time, and particularly in the event of any credit rating downgrade, market volatility, market disruption, regulatory changes or otherwise, we may need to reduce the amount of financing receivables we originate, which could severely disrupt our ability to support the sale of our vehicles.
Jaguar Land Rover has consumer finance arrangements in place with Lloyds Black Horse in the United Kingdom, FCA Bank S.p.A. in European markets and Chase Auto Finance in North America and has similar arrangements with local providers in a number of other key markets. Any reduction in the supply of available consumer financing for the purchase of new vehicles or an increase in the cost thereof would make it more difficult for some of its customers to purchase its vehicles, which could put Jaguar Land Rover under commercial pressure to offer new (or expand existing) retail or dealer incentives to maintain demand for its vehicles, thereby materially and adversely affecting our sales and results of operations. For example, during the global financial crisis, several providers of customer finance reduced their supply of consumer financing for the purchase of new vehicles. Additionally, base interest rates in developed economies are at historic lows. An increase in interest rates due to tightening monetary policy or for any other reason would result in increased costs for consumers.
Furthermore, Jaguar Land Rover offers residual value guarantees on the purchase of certain leases in some markets. The value of these guarantees is dependent on used car valuations in those markets at the end of the lease, which is subject to change. Consequently, we may be adversely affected by movements in used car valuations in these markets.
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Underperformance of our suppliers and distribution channels could have a material adverse effect on our sales and results of operations.
We rely on third parties for sourcing raw materials, parts and components used in the manufacture of our products. At the local level, we are exposed to reliance on smaller enterprises where the risk of insolvency is greater. Furthermore, for some parts and components, we are dependent on a single source. Our ability to procure supplies in a cost-effective and timely manner or at all is subject to various factors, some of which are not within our control. For instance, the outcome of the Brexit negotiations could lead to reduced access to the European Union single market and to the global trade deals negotiated by the European Union on behalf of its members, which could affect the imports of raw materials, parts and components and disrupt Jaguar Land Rover supplies. Furthermore, there is the risk that manufacturing capacity does not meet, or exceeds, sales demand thereby compromising business performance and without any near term remedy given the time frames and investments required for any change. While we manage our supply chain as part of our supplier management process, any significant problems with our supply chain or shortages of essential raw materials in the future could affect our results of operations in an adverse manner.
Our products are sold and serviced through a network of authorized dealers and service centers across India and through a network of distributors and local dealers in international markets. We monitor the performance of our dealers and distributors and provide them with support to enable them to perform to our expectations. There can be no assurance, however, that our expectations will be met. Any underperformance by or a deterioration in the financial condition of our dealers or distributors could materially and adversely affect our sales and results of operations.
If dealers or importers encounter financial difficulties and our products and services cannot be sold or can be sold only in limited numbers, this would have a direct effect on the sales of such dealers and importers. Additionally, if we cannot replace the affected dealers or importers with other franchises, the financial difficulties experienced by such dealers or importers could have an indirect effect on our vehicle deliveries.
Consequently, we could be compelled to provide additional support for dealers and importers and, under certain circumstances, may even take over their obligations to customers, which would adversely affect our financial position and results of operations in the short term.
Deterioration in the performance of any of our subsidiaries, joint ventures and affiliates could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
We have made and may continue to make capital commitments to our subsidiaries, joint ventures and affiliates, and if the business or operations of any of these subsidiaries, joint ventures and affiliates deteriorates, the value of our investments may decline substantially. Operating a business as a joint venture often requires additional organizational formalities and a requirement of information sharing. We are also subject to risks associated with joint ventures and affiliates wherein we retain only partial or joint control. Our partners may be unable, or unwilling, to fulfill their obligations, or the strategies of our joint ventures or affiliates may not be implemented successfully, any of which may significantly reduce the value of our investments or relationship with the co-owner may be deteriorated, and, which could, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial position or results of operations.
We may be adversely impacted by political instability, wars, terrorism, multinational conflicts, countries resorting to protectionism, natural disasters, fuel shortages/prices, epidemics and labor strikes.
Our products are exported to a number of geographical markets and we plan to further expand our international operations in the future. For example, we have manufacturing facilities and design and engineering centers in India, the United Kingdom, China, South Korea, Thailand, South Africa, Brazil and Indonesia. Consequently, our operations in markets abroad may be subject to political instability, wars, terrorism, regional or multinational conflicts, natural disasters and extreme weather, fuel shortages, epidemics and labor strikes. Any disruption of the operations of our manufacturing, design, engineering, sales, corporate and other facilities could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of these events were to occur, there can be no assurance that we would be able to shift our manufacturing, design, engineering, sales, corporate and other operations to alternate sites in a timely manner or at all. In addition, conducting business internationally, especially in emerging markets, exposes us to additional risks, including adverse changes in economic and government policies, unpredictable shifts in regulation, inconsistent application of existing laws, applicability of retrospective taxes, sanctions programs, unclear regulatory and taxation systems and divergent commercial and employment practices and procedures. Any deterioration in international relations, especially between India and its neighboring countries, may result in investor concern regarding regional stability. Any significant or prolonged disruption or delay in our operations related to these risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Terrorist attacks, civil disturbances, regional conflicts and other acts of violence, particularly in India, may disrupt or otherwise adversely affect the markets in which we operate, our business and our profitability. India has from time to time experienced social and civil unrest and hostilities and adverse social, economic or political events, including terrorist attacks and local civil disturbances, riots and armed conflict with neighboring countries. Events of this nature in the future could influence the Indian economy and could have a material adverse effect on our business, as well as the market for securities of Indian companies, including our Shares and ADSs. Such incidents could also create a greater perception that investment in Indian companies involves a higher degree of risk and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition, and also the market price of our Shares and ADSs.
We are vulnerable to supply chain disruptions resulting from natural disasters or man-made accidents. For example, on August 12, 2015, there was an explosion in the city port of Tianjin, one of three major ports in China through which we import our vehicles. Approximately 5,800 of our vehicles were stored at various locations in Tianjin at the time of the explosion, and, as a result, we recognized an exceptional charge of GBP245 million in the three months ended September 30, 2015. Subsequently, GBP274 million of net insurance proceeds and other recoveries have been received till March 31, 2018, including GBP35 million related to other costs associated with Tianjin including lost and discounted vehicle revenue. A significant delay or sustained interruption in the supply of key inputs sourced from areas affected by disasters or accidents could materially and adversely affect our ability to maintain our current and expected levels of production, and therefore negatively affect our revenues and increase our operating expenses.
We are a global organization, and are therefore vulnerable to shifts in global trade and economic policies and outlook. Policies that result in countries withdrawing from trade pacts, increasing protectionism and undermining free trade could substantially affect our ability to operate as a global business. In particular, the current U.S. presidential administration could seek to introduce changes to laws and policies governing international trade and impose additional tariffs and duties on foreign vehicle imports, which could have a material adverse effect on our sales in the United States. Additionally, negative sentiments towards foreign companies among our overseas customers and employees could adversely affect our sales as well as our ability to hire and retain talented people. A negative shift in either policies or sentiment with respect to global trade and foreign businesses could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our business is seasonal in nature and a substantial decrease in our sales during certain quarters could have a material adverse impact on our financial performance.
The sales volumes and prices for our vehicles are influenced by the cyclicality and seasonality of demand for these products. The automotive industry has been cyclical in the past, and we expect this cyclicality to continue.
In the Indian market, demand for our vehicles generally peaks between January and March, although there is a decrease in demand in February just before release of the Indian fiscal budget. Demand is usually lean from April to July and picks up again in the festival season from September onwards, with a decline in December due to year-end as customers defer purchases to the new year.
Our Jaguar Land Rover business is impacted by the bi-annual registration of vehicles in the United Kingdom where the vehicle registration number changes every March and September, which leads to an increase in sales during these months, and, in turn, has an impact on the resale value of vehicles. This leads to an increase in sales during the period when the aforementioned change occurs. Most other markets, such as the United States, are influenced by the introduction of new-model-year products, which typically occurs in the autumn of each year. Furthermore, in the United States, there is some seasonality in the purchasing pattern of vehicles in the northern states for Jaguar when there is a concentration of vehicle sales in the spring and summer months and for Land Rover, where the trend for purchasing 4x4 vehicles is concentrated in the autumn and winter months. Markets in China tend to experience higher demand for vehicles around the Lunar New Year holiday in either January or February, the Chinese National Day holiday and the Golden Week holiday in October. In addition, demand in Western European automotive markets tends to be softer during the summer and winter holidays. Jaguar Land Rover’s cash flows are impacted by the temporary shutdown of four of their manufacturing plants in the United Kingdom (including the Engine Manufacturing Centre at Wolverhampton) during the summer and winter holidays. Sales in the automotive industry have been cyclical in the past and we expect this cyclicality to continue.
Restrictive covenants in our financing agreements could limit our operations and financial flexibility and materially and adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Some of our financing agreements and debt arrangements set limits on
and/or require us to obtain lender consent before, among other things, pledging assets as security. In addition, certain financial covenants may limit our ability to borrow additional funds or to incur additional liens. In the past, we have been
able to obtain required lender consent for such activities. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain such consents in the future. If our liquidity needs or growth plans require such consents and such consents are not
obtained, we may be forced to forego or alter our plans, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
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In the event we breach these covenants, the outstanding amounts due under such financing agreements could become due and payable immediately and/or result in increased costs. A default under one of these financing agreements may also result in cross-defaults under other financing agreements and result in the outstanding amounts under such other financing agreements becoming due and payable immediately. Defaults under one or more of our financing agreements could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We rely on licensing arrangements with Tata Sons Limited to use the “Tata” brand. Any improper use of the associated trademarks by our licensor or any other third parties could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our rights to our trade names and trademarks are a crucial factor in marketing our products. Establishment of the “Tata” word mark and logo mark in and outside India is material to our operations. We have licensed the use of the “Tata” brand from our Promoter, Tata Sons Limited, or Tata Sons. If Tata Sons, or any of its subsidiaries or affiliated entities, or any third party uses the trade name “Tata” in ways that adversely affect such trade name or trademark, our reputation could suffer damage, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Inability to protect or preserve our intellectual property could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We own or otherwise have rights in respect of a number of patents relating to the products we manufacture. In connection with the design and engineering of new vehicles and the enhancement of existing models, we seek to regularly develop new intellectual property. We also use technical designs, which are the intellectual property of third parties with such third parties’ consent. These patents and trademarks have been of value in the growth of our business and may continue to be of value in the future. Although we do not regard any of our businesses as being dependent upon any single patent or related group of patents, an inability to protect this intellectual property generally, or the illegal breach of some or a large group of our intellectual property rights, would have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may also be affected by restrictions on the use of intellectual property rights held by third parties and we may be held legally liable for the infringement of the intellectual property rights of others in our products.
Impairment of intangible assets may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
Designing, manufacturing and selling vehicles is capital intensive and requires substantial investments in intangible assets such as research and development, product design and engineering technology. We review the value of our intangible assets to assess on an annual basis whether the carrying amount matches the recoverable amount for the asset concerned based on underlying cash-generating units. We may have to take an impairment loss as at a current balance sheet date or future balance sheet date, if the carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and the results of operations.
We may be adversely affected by labor unrest.
All of our permanent employees in India, other than officers and managers, and most of our permanent employees in South Korea and the United Kingdom, including certain officers and managers, in relation to our automotive business, are members of labor unions and are covered by our wage agreements, where applicable, with those labor unions.
In general, we consider our labor relations with all of our employees to be good. However, in the future we may be subject to labor unrest, which may delay or disrupt our operations in the affected regions, including the acquisition of raw materials and parts, the manufacture, sales and distribution of products and the provision of services. If work stoppages or lock-outs at our facilities or at the facilities of our major vendors occur or continue for a long period of time, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. During Fiscal 2018, we faced two standalone incidents of labor unrest in India, one at our Jamshedpur plant and the other at our Sanand plant. Although these particular issues were amicably resolved, there is no assurance that additional labor issues could not occur, or that any future labor issues will be amicably resolved.
Our business and prospects could suffer if we lose one or more key personnel or if we are unable to attract and retain our employees.
Our business and future growth depend largely on the skills of our workforce, including executives and officers, and automotive designers and engineers. The loss of the services of one or more of our personnel could impair our ability to implement our business strategy. In view of intense competition, any inability to continue to attract, retain and motivate our workforce could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
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Future pension obligations may prove more costly than currently anticipated and the market value of assets in our pension plans could decline.
We provide post-retirement and pension benefits to our employees, including defined benefit plans. Our pension liabilities are generally funded. However, lower returns on pension fund assets, changes in market conditions, interest rates or inflation rates, and adverse changes in other critical actuarial assumptions, may impact our pension liabilities or assets and consequently increase funding requirements, which could materially decrease our net income and cash flows. Jaguar Land Rover provides post-retirement and pension benefits to its employees, some of which are defined benefit plans. As part of Jaguar Land Rover’s Strategic Business Review process, it closed the Jaguar Land Rover defined benefit pension plan to new joiners as at April 19, 2010. All new Jaguar Land Rover employees from April 19, 2010 join a new defined contribution pension plan. Under the arrangements with the trustees of the defined benefit pension schemes, an actuarial valuation of the assets and liabilities of the schemes is undertaken every three years. The most recent valuation, as at April 2015, indicated a shortfall in the assets of the schemes as at that date, versus the actuarially determined liabilities as at that date of £789 million (compared to £702 million as at April 2012). The 2018 valuation process is underway and will be completed during 2019. As at March 31, 2018, Jaguar Land Rover’s UK defined benefit pension accounted deficit had decreased to £438 million, as compared to £1,461 million as at March 31, 2017. This decrease was primarily due to Jaguar Land Rover approving and communicating, on April 3, 2017, its defined benefit schemes’ members that the defined benefit schemes’ rules were to be amended with effect from April 6, 2017 so that, among other changes, retirement benefits will be calculated on a career average basis rather than based upon a member’s final salary at retirement. As a result of the remeasurement of the schemes’ liabilities, a past service credit of £437 million has arisen and has been recognized in Fiscal 2018.
Lower return on pension fund assets, changes in market conditions, changes in interest rates, changes in inflation rates and adverse changes in other critical actuarial assumptions, may impact our pension liabilities or assets and consequently increase funding requirements, which will adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We are exposed to operational risks, including cybersecurity risks, in connection with our use of information technology.
Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. This includes, among other things, losses that are caused by a lack of controls within internal procedures, violation of internal policies by employees, disruption or malfunction of IT systems, computer networks and telecommunications systems, mechanical or equipment failures, human error, natural disasters, security breaches or malicious acts by third parties (including, for example, hackers). We are generally exposed to risks in the field of information technology, since unauthorized access to or misuse of data processed on our IT systems, human errors associated therewith or technological failures of any kind could disrupt our operations, including the manufacturing, design and engineering processes. In particular, as vehicles become more technologically advanced and connected to the internet, our vehicles may become more susceptible to unauthorized access to their systems. Like any other business with complex manufacturing, research, procurement, sales and marketing and financing operations, we are exposed to a variety of operational risks and, if the protection measures put in place prove insufficient, our results of operations and financial condition can be materially adversely affected. In addition, we would likely experience negative press and reputational impacts.
Some of our vehicles will make use of lithium-ion battery cells, which have been observed in some non-automotive applications to catch fire or vent smoke and flames, and such events have raised concerns, and future events may lead to additional concerns, about the batteries used in automotive applications.
The battery packs that we use in our electric vehicles make use of lithium-ion cells. On rare occasions, lithium-ion cells can rapidly release the energy they contain by venting smoke and flames in a manner that can ignite nearby materials as well as other lithium-ion cells. While we have designed the battery pack to passively contain any single cell’s release of energy without spreading to neighboring cells, there can be no assurance that a field or testing failure of our vehicles will not occur, which could subject us to lawsuits, product recalls, redesign efforts and/or serious reputational harm, all of which would be time consuming and expensive. Negative public perceptions regarding the suitability of lithium-ion cells for automotive applications, or any future incident involving lithium-ion cells such as a vehicle fire, even if such incident does not involve our vehicles, could seriously harm our business. In addition, we store a significant number of lithium-ion cells at our manufacturing facilities. Any mishandling of battery cells may cause disruption to the operation of our facilities. While we have implemented safety procedures related to the handling of the cells, there can be no assurance that a safety issue related to the cells would not disrupt our operations. Such damage or injury could lead to adverse publicity, manufacturing issues and potentially a safety recall. Moreover, any failure of a competitor’s electric vehicle may cause indirect adverse publicity for our electric vehicle products. All of the above issues could harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
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We may be materially and adversely affected by the divulgence of confidential information.
Although we have implemented policies and procedures to protect confidential information, such as key contractual provisions, future projects, financial information and customer records, such information may be divulged, including as a result of internal leaks, hacking, other threats from cyberspace or other factors. If this occurs, we could be subject to claims by affected parties, negative publicity and loss of proprietary information, all of which could have an adverse and material impact on our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Any failures or weaknesses in our internal controls could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
As discussed in Item 15, “Controls and Procedures,” upon an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our internal controls, we concluded that there was a material weakness such that our internal controls over financial reporting were not effective as at March 31, 2018. Although we have instituted remedial measures to address the material weakness identified and continually review and evaluate our internal control systems to allow management to report on the sufficiency of our internal controls, we cannot assure you that we will not discover additional weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting. Further, management continually improves, simplifies and rationalizes the Company’s internal control framework where possible within the constraints of existing IT systems. However, any additional weaknesses or failure to adequately remediate the existing weakness could materially and adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
Our insurance coverage may not be adequate to protect us against all potential losses to which we may be subject, and this may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
While we believe that the insurance coverage we maintain is reasonably adequate to cover all normal risks associated with the operation of our business, there can be no assurance that our insurance coverage will be sufficient, that any claim under our insurance policies will be honored fully or in a timely manner, or that our insurance premiums will not increase substantially. There can be no assurance that any claim under our insurance policies will be honored fully or timely, our insurance coverage will be sufficient in any respect or our insurance premiums will not change substantially. Accordingly, to the extent that we suffer loss or damage that is not covered by insurance or that exceeds our insurance coverage, or are required to pay higher insurance premiums, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Our business could be negatively affected by the actions of activist shareholders.
Certain of our shareholders may from time to time advance shareholder proposals or otherwise attempt to effect changes at the Company, influence elections of directors or acquire control over our business. Our success largely depends on the ability of our current management team to operate and manage effectively. Campaigns by shareholders to effect changes at publicly listed companies are sometimes led by investors seeking to increase short-term shareholder value by advocating corporate actions such as financial restructuring, increased borrowing, special dividends, stock repurchases or even sales of assets or the entire company, or by voting against proposals put forward by the board of directors and management of the company. If faced with actions by activist shareholders, we may not be able to respond effectively to such actions, which could be disruptive to our business.
Political and Regulatory Risks
India’s obligations under the World Trade Organization Agreement could materially affect our business.
India’s obligations under its World Trade Organization agreement could reduce the present level of tariffs on imports of components and vehicles. Reductions of import tariffs could result in increased competition, which in turn could materially and adversely affect our sales, business, financial condition and results of operations.
New or changing laws, regulations and government policies regarding increased fuel economy, reduced greenhouse gas and other emissions, vehicle safety and taxes, tariffs or fiscal policies may have significant impact on our business.
As an automobile company, we are subject to extensive governmental regulations regarding vehicle emission levels, noise, safety and levels of pollutants generated by our production facilities. In particular, the United States, Europe and China have stringent regulations relating to vehicle greenhouse gas and noxious emissions. The tightening of vehicle emissions regulations will require significant costs for compliance. While we are pursuing various technologies in order to meet the required standards in the various countries in which we sell our vehicles, these regulations are likely to become more stringent and the resulting higher compliance costs may be significant to our operations and may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. They may also limit the type of vehicles we sell and where we sell them, which could affect our revenues.
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Recently, several jurisdictions, such as Norway, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands and China have announced the intention to eliminate the sale of conventionally fueled vehicles in their markets in the coming decades. Diesel technologies have also become the focus of legislators in the United States and European Union as a result of emission levels. This has led to various carmakers to announce programs to retrofit diesel vehicles with software that will allow them to reduce emissions. To maintain our competitiveness and compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we may be required to undertake increased R&D spending as well as other capital expenses.
There is a risk that these R&D activities may not achieve their planned objectives or our competitors will develop better solutions and will be able to manufacture the resulting products more rapidly. This could result in loss of market share for us.
There is also a risk that investments in research and development of new technologies, including autonomous, connected and electrification technologies, and solutions to address future travel and transport challenges, may fail to generate sufficient returns because the technology developed or the product derived therefrom are unsuccessful in the marked and/or because our competitors have developed better and/or less expensive products.
Additionally, in order to comply with current and future safety and environmental norms, we may have to incur additional capital expenditure and R&D expenditure to (i) operate and maintain our production facilities, (ii) install new emissions controls or reduction technologies, (iii) purchase or otherwise obtain allowances to emit greenhouse gases, (iv) administer and manage our greenhouse gas emissions program, and (v) invest in research and development to upgrade products and manufacturing facilities. If we are unable to develop commercially viable technologies or otherwise unable to attain compliance within the time frames set by the new standards, we could face significant civil penalties or be forced to restrict product offerings significantly. For example, in the United States, manufacturers are subject to substantial civil penalties if they fail to meet federal Corporate Average Fuel Economy, or CAFE, standards. Please see Item 4.B “Information on the Company—Business Overview—Government Regulations — Environmental, fiscal and other governmental regulations around the world—Greenhouse gas/CO2/fuel economy legislation” for additional detail on these standards. These penalties are calculated at US$5.50 for each tenth of a mile below the required fuel efficiency level for each vehicle sold in a model year in the U.S. market. As with many European manufacturers, since 2010, Jaguar Land Rover has paid total penalties of US$46 million for its failure to meet CAFE standards. Jaguar Land Rover could incur a substantial increase in these penalties, as a result of announced increases in CAFE civil penalties to adjust for inflation. Moreover, safety and environmental standards may at times impose conflicting imperatives, which pose engineering challenges and would, among other things, increase our costs.
The Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill, 2017 was passed in the Lok Sabha on April 10, 2017, and is currently being debated in the Rajya Sabha. This Bill addresses vehicle recalls, road safety, traffic management and accident insurance, among other matters. In its current draft, the Bill imposes civil and criminal liability on manufacturers selling vehicles in contravention of the standards specified in the Bill, or required by the government to recall their vehicles. The Bill also proposes the creation of the National Road Safety Board to provide advice to the central and state governments on all aspects of road safety and traffic management.
Commencing July 1, 2017, the Indian tax regime underwent a systemic change. The Government of India, in conjunction with the state governments, implemented a comprehensive national goods and services tax, or GST, regime to subsume a large number of Central government and State government taxes into one unified tax structure. It is a dual GST with Central government and State government simultaneously levying it on the common base. The tax is called Central GST (CGST), if levied by Central government; State/Union Territory GST (SGST/UTGST), in instances where the state or union territory levy the tax; and Integrated GST (IGST), in instances where the GST is levied on the inter-state supply of goods and services. While both the central and state governments have publicly announced that all committed incentives will be protected following the implementation of the GST, given the limited availability of information or alignment of industrial policy of various State government to cover GST or to protect the quantum of incentive available to industries in pre-GST regime, we are unable to provide any assurance as to this or any other aspect of the tax regime, or guarantee that the implementation of GST will not materially or adversely affect our business or financial condition.
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Imposition of any additional taxes and levies designed to limit the use of automobiles and changes in corporate and other taxation policies as well as changes in export and other incentives given by various governments or import or tariff policies, could adversely affect the demand for our vehicles and our results of operations. For instance, the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union would result in material changes to the UK’s tax, tariff and fiscal policies. In addition, the current U.S. presidential administration could seek to introduce changes to laws and policies governing international trade and impose additional tariffs and duties on foreign vehicle imports, which could have a material adverse effect on our sales in the United States. Furthermore, in recent years, Brazil has increased import duty on foreign vehicles, which has put pressure on sales margins in Brazil and has prompted us to enter into discussions with the Brazilian government to exempt a certain number of imported vehicles from the increased tariff. Finally, the European Commission is currently investigating whether certain tax and other incentives granted by the government of Slovakia in connection with the construction of our Slovakian manufacturing facility complied with European Union rules on state aid. Such government actions may be unpredictable and beyond our control, and any adverse changes in government policy could have a material adverse effect on our business prospects, results of operations and financial condition.
Evaluating and estimating our provision and accruals for our taxes requires significant judgment. As we conduct our business, the final tax determination may be uncertain. We operate in multiple geographical markets and our operations in each market are susceptible to additional tax assessments and audits. Our collaborations with business partners are similarly susceptible to such tax assessments.
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Authorities may engage in additional reviews, inquiries and audits that disrupt our operations or challenge our conclusions regarding tax matters. Any resulting tax assessment may be accompanied by a penalty or additional fee for failing to make the initial payment. Our tax rates may be affected by earnings estimation errors, losses in jurisdictions that do not grant a related tax benefit, changes in currency rates, acquisitions, investments, or changes in laws, regulations or practices. Additionally, government fiscal pressures may increase the likelihood of adverse or aggressive interpretations of tax laws or regulations or the imposition of arbitrary or onerous taxes, interest charges and penalties. Tax assessments may be levied even where we consider our practices to be in compliance with tax laws and regulations. Should we challenge such taxes or believe them to be without merit, we may nonetheless be required to pay them. These amounts may be materially different from our expected tax assessments and could additionally result in expropriation of assets, attachment of additional securities, liens, imposition of royalties or new taxes and requirements for local ownership or beneficiation.
Regulations in the areas of investments, taxes and levies may also have an impact on Indian securities, including our Shares and ADSs. For more information, see Item 4.B “—Business Overview—Government Regulations” of this annual report on Form 20-F.
In 2014, the antitrust regulator in China, the Bureau of Price Supervision and Anti-Monopoly of the National Development and Reform Commission (the ‘‘NDRC’’), launched an investigation into the pricing practices of more than 1,000 Chinese and international companies in the automotive industry, including Jaguar Land Rover and many of our competitors. The NDRC has reportedly imposed fines on certain of our international competitors as a result of anti-competitive practices pertaining to vehicle and spare-part pricing. In response to this investigation, we established a process to review our pricing in China and announced reductions in the manufacturer’s suggested retail price for the 5.0-liter V8 models, which include the Range Rover, Range Rover Sport and F-Type and the price of certain of our spare parts. Further imposition of price reductions and other actions taken in relation to our products may significantly reduce our revenues and profits generated by operations in China and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. As a result, our attempts to offset the potential decline in revenue and profits by increasing operational efficiencies and leveraging economies of scale (for example, through local production in China) may fail or not be as successful as expected. Furthermore, any regulatory action taken or penalties imposed by regulatory authorities may have significant adverse financial and reputational consequences on our business and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
On March 29, 2017, the Supreme Court of India prohibited the sale and registration of Bharat Stage III vehicles from April 1, 2017. Bharat Stage emission standards are emission standards instituted by the Government of India to regulate the output of air pollutants from internal combustion engines and Spark-ignition engines equipment, including motor vehicles. These regulations are similar to European emission standards, and seeks to curb emission levels from motor vehicles. Bharat Stage III similar to European standards (Euro III) which was in place between 2000 and 2005 in most western nations. The Supreme Court’s judgment overturned a government regulation, and was unexpected. The Petroleum Ministry of India in consultation with Public Oil Marketing Companies brought forward the date of Bharat Stage-VI grade auto fuels in NCT of Delhi with effect from April 1, 2018 instead of April 1, 2020. The Government of India has announced its intention to leapfrog to Bharat Stage-VI from April 1, 2020. Any future potential or real unexpected change in law could have could have a material adverse effect on our business prospects, results of operations and financial condition.
We may be affected by competition law in India and any adverse application or interpretation of the Competition Act could adversely affect our business.
The Indian Competition Act, 2002 (the Competition Act) oversees practices having an appreciable adverse effect on competition, or AAEC, in a given relevant market in India. Under the Competition Act, any formal or informal arrangement, understanding or action in concert, which causes or is likely to cause an AAEC, is considered void and results in imposition of substantial penalties. Consequently, all agreements entered into by us could be within the purview of the Competition Act. Furthermore, any agreement among competitors which directly or indirectly involves determination of purchase or sale prices, limits or controls production, sharing the market by way of geographical area or number of subscribers in the relevant market or which directly or indirectly results in bid-rigging or collusive bidding is presumed to have an AAEC in the relevant market in India and is considered void. The Competition Act also prohibits abuse of a dominant position by any enterprise. We cannot predict with certainty the impact of the provisions of the Competition Act on our agreements at this stage.
On March 4, 2011, the Government of India issued and brought into force the combination regulation (merger control) provisions under the Competition Act with effect from June 1, 2011. These provisions require acquisitions of shares, voting rights, assets or control or mergers or amalgamations that cross the prescribed asset- and turnover-based thresholds to be mandatorily notified to and pre-approved by the Competition Commission of India, or CCI. Additionally, on May 11, 2011, the CCI issued the Competition Commission of India (Procedure for Transaction of Business Relating to Combinations) Regulations, 2011 (as amended), which sets out the mechanism for the implementation of the merger control regime in India.
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Furthermore, the CCI has extraterritorial powers and can investigate any agreements, abusive conduct or combination occurring outside India if such agreement, conduct or combination has an AAEC in India. The CCI has initiated an inquiry against us and other car manufacturers, collectively referred to hereinafter as the OEMs, pursuant to an allegation that genuine spare parts of automobiles manufactured by the OEMs were not made freely available in the open market in India and, accordingly, anti-competitive practices were carried out by the OEMs.
If we are adversely affected, directly or indirectly, by the application or interpretation of any provision of the Competition Act, or any enforcement proceedings initiated by the CCI, or any adverse publicity that may be generated due to scrutiny or prosecution by the CCI or if any prohibition or substantial penalties are levied under the Competition Act, it could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Compliance with new or changing corporate governance and public disclosure requirements adds uncertainty to our compliance policies and increases our costs of compliance.
We are subject to a complex and continuously changing regime of laws, rules, regulations and standards relating to accounting, corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, regulations, Securities and Exchange Board of India, or SEBI, regulations, New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE, listing rules, and the Companies Act, as well as Indian stock market listing regulations. New or changed laws, rules, regulations and standards may lack specificity and are subject to varying interpretations. Under applicable Indian laws, for example, remuneration packages may, in certain circumstances, require shareholders’ approval. New guidance and revisions may be provided by regulatory and governing bodies, which could result in continuing uncertainty and higher costs of compliance. We are committed to maintaining high standards of corporate governance and public disclosure. However, our efforts to comply with evolving regulations have resulted in, and are likely to continue to result in, increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management resources and time.
The Companies Act has effected significant changes to the existing Indian company law framework, such as in the provisions related to the issue of capital, disclosures in offering documents, corporate governance norms, accounting policies and audit matters, related party transactions, class action suits against companies by shareholders or depositors, prohibitions on loans to directors and insider trading, including restrictions on derivative transactions concerning a company’s securities by directors and key managerial personnel. The Companies Act may subject us to higher compliance requirements, increase our compliance costs and divert management’s attention. We are also required to spend, in each financial year, at least 2% of our average net profits during the three immediately preceding financial years, calculated for Tata Motors Limited on a standalone basis under Ind AS, toward corporate social responsibility activities. Furthermore, the Companies Act imposes greater monetary and other liability on us and our directors for any non-compliance. Due to limited relevant jurisprudence, in the event that our interpretation of the Companies Act differs from, or contradicts with, any judicial pronouncements or clarifications issued by the Government of India in the future, we may face regulatory actions or be required to undertake remedial steps. In addition, some of the provisions of the Companies Act overlap with other existing laws and regulations (such as corporate governance provisions and insider trading regulations issued by SEBI). SEBI promulgated the SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015, or the Listing Regulations, which are applicable to all Indian companies with listed securities or companies intending to list its securities on an Indian stock exchange, and the Listing Regulations became effective on December 1, 2015. Pursuant to the Listing Regulations, we are required to establish and maintain a vigilance mechanism for directors and employees to report their concerns about unethical behavior, actual or suspected fraud or violation of our Code of Conduct or ethics policy under our whistleblower policy, to implement increased disclosure requirements for price sensitive information, to conduct elaborate directors familiarization programs and comprehensive disclosures thereof, in accordance with the Listing Regulations. We may face difficulties in complying with any such overlapping requirements. Furthermore, we cannot currently determine the impact of certain provisions of the Companies Act and the revised SEBI corporate governance norms. Any increase in our compliance requirements or in our compliance costs may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to risks associated with legal proceedings and governmental investigations, including potential adverse publicity as a result thereof.
We are and may be involved from time to time in civil, labor, administrative or tax proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. It is not possible to predict the potential for, or the ultimate outcomes of, such proceedings, some of which may be unfavorable to us. In such cases, we may incur costs and any mitigating measures (including provisions taken on our balance sheet) adopted to protect against the impact of such costs may not be adequate or sufficient. In addition, adverse publicity surrounding legal proceedings, government investigations or allegations may also harm our reputation and brands.
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In any of the geographical markets in which we operate, we could be subject to additional tax liabilities.
Evaluating and estimating our provision and accruals for our taxes requires significant judgement. As we conduct our business, the final tax determination may be uncertain. We operate in multiple geographical markets and our operations in each market are susceptible to additional tax assessments and audits. Our collaborations with business partners are similarly susceptible to such tax assessments. Authorities may engage in additional reviews, inquiries and audits that disrupt our operations or challenge our conclusions regarding tax matters. Any resulting tax assessment may be accompanied by a penalty (including revocation of a benefit or exemption from tax) or additional fee for failing to make the initial payment.
Our tax rates may be affected by earnings estimation errors, losses in jurisdictions that do not grant a related tax benefit, changes in currency rates, acquisitions, investments, or changes in laws, regulations, or practices. Additionally, government fiscal or political pressures may increase the likelihood of adverse or aggressive interpretations of tax laws or regulations or the imposition of arbitrary or onerous taxes, interest charges and penalties. Tax assessments may be levied even where we consider our practices to be in compliance with tax laws and regulations. Should we challenge such taxes or believe them to be without merit, we may nonetheless be required to pay them. These amounts may be materially different from our expected tax assessments and could additionally result in expropriation of assets, attachment of additional securities, liens, imposition of royalties or new taxes and requirements for local ownership or beneficiation.
We may have to comply with more stringent foreign investment regulations in India in the event of an increase in shareholding of non-residents or if we are considered as engaged in a sector in which foreign investment is restricted.
Indian companies, which are owned or controlled by non-resident persons, are subject to investment restrictions specified in the Consolidated FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) Policy. Under the Consolidated FDI Policy issued in 2017, an Indian company is considered to be “owned” by non-resident persons if more than 50% of its equity interest is beneficially owned by non-resident persons. The non-resident equity shareholding in our company may, in the near future, exceed 50%, thereby resulting in our company being considered as being “owned” by non-resident entities under the Consolidated FDI Policy. In such an event, any investment by us in existing subsidiaries, associates or joint ventures and new subsidiaries, associates or joint ventures will be considered as indirect foreign investment and shall be subject to various requirements specified under the Consolidated FDI Policy, including sectoral limits, approval requirements and pricing guidelines, as may be applicable.
Furthermore, as part of our automotive business, we supply, and have in the past supplied, vehicles to Indian military and paramilitary forces and in the course of such activities have obtained an industrial license from the Department of Industrial Policy. The Consolidated FDI policy applies different foreign investment restrictions to companies based upon the sector in which they operate. While we believe we are an automobile company by virtue of the significance of our automobile operations, in the event that foreign investment regulations applicable to the defense sector (including under the Consolidated FDI Policy) are made applicable to us, we may face more stringent foreign investment restrictions and other compliance requirements compared to those applicable to us presently, which, in turn, could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We require certain approvals or licenses in the ordinary course of business, and the failure to obtain or retain them in a timely manner, or at all, could materially and adversely affect our operations.
We require certain statutory and regulatory permits, licenses and approvals to carry out our business operations and applications for their renewal need to be made within certain time frames. For some of the approvals which may have expired, we have either made, or are in the process of making, an application for obtaining the approval or its renewal. While we have applied for renewal for such approvals, registrations and permits, we cannot assure you that we will receive them in a timely manner or at all. We can make no assurances that the approvals, licenses, registrations and permits issued to us would not be suspended or revoked in the event of non-compliance or alleged non-compliance with any terms or conditions thereof, or pursuant to any regulatory action. Furthermore, if we are unable to renew or obtain necessary permits, licenses and approvals on acceptable terms in a timely manner, or at all, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Risks associated with Investments in an Indian Company
Political changes in the Government of India could delay and/or affect the further liberalization of the Indian economy and materially and adversely affect economic conditions in India, generally, and our business, in particular.
Our business could be significantly influenced by economic policies adopted by the Government of India. Since 1991, successive governments have pursued policies of economic liberalization and financial sector reforms.
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The Government of India has at various times announced its general intention to continue India’s current economic and financial liberalization and deregulation policies. However, protests against such policies, which have occurred in the past, could slow the pace of liberalization and deregulation. The rate of economic liberalization could change, and specific laws and policies affecting foreign investment, currency exchange rates and other matters affecting investment in India could change as well. While we expect any new government to continue the liberalization of India’s economic and financial sectors and deregulation policies, there can be no assurance that such policies will be continued.
The Government of India has traditionally exercised and continues to exercise influence over many aspects of the economy. Our business and the market price and liquidity of our ADSs and Shares may be affected by interest rates, changes in policy, taxation, social and civil unrest and other political, economic or other developments in or affecting India.
A change in the Government of India’s economic liberalization and deregulation policies could disrupt business and economic conditions in India generally, and specifically our business and operations, as a substantial portion of our assets are located in India. This could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Any downgrading of India’s debt rating by a domestic or international rating agency could negatively impact our business.
Any adverse revisions to India’s credit ratings for domestic and international debt by domestic or international rating agencies could adversely impact our ability to raise additional financing, as well as the interest rates and other commercial terms at which such additional financing is available. This could have a material adverse effect on our financial results, business prospects, ability to obtain financing for capital expenditures and the price of our Shares and ADSs.
We may be materially and adversely affected by Reserve Bank of India policies and actions.
The Indian stock exchanges are vulnerable to fluctuations based on changes in monetary policy formulated by the Reserve Bank of India, or RBI. We can make no assurances about future market reactions to RBI announcements and their impact on the price of our Shares and ADSs. Furthermore, our business could be significantly impacted were the RBI to make major alterations to monetary or fiscal policy. Certain changes, including the raising of interest rates, could negatively affect our sales and consequently our revenue, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Rights of shareholders under Indian law may be more limited than under the laws of other jurisdictions.
Our Articles of Association and Indian law govern our corporate affairs. Legal principles relating to these matters and the validity of corporate procedures, directors’ fiduciary duties and liabilities, and shareholders’ rights may differ from those that would apply to a company incorporated in another jurisdiction. Shareholders’ rights under Indian law may not be as extensive as shareholders’ rights under the laws of other countries or jurisdictions, including the United States. You may also have more difficulty in asserting your rights as a shareholder of our company than you would as a shareholder of a corporation organized in another jurisdiction.
The market value of your investment may fluctuate due to the volatility of the Indian securities market.
Stock exchanges in India, including BSE Limited, or the BSE, have, in the past, experienced substantial fluctuations in the prices of their listed securities. Such fluctuations, if they continue or recur, could affect the market price and liquidity of the securities of Indian companies, including our Shares and ADSs. These problems have included temporary exchange closures, broker defaults, settlement delays and strikes by brokers. Volatility in other stock exchanges, including, but not limited to, those in the United Kingdom and China, may affect the prices of securities in India, including our Shares, which may in turn affect the price of our ADSs. In addition, the governing bodies of the stock exchanges in India have from time to time imposed restrictions on trading in certain securities, limitations on price movements and margin requirements. Furthermore, from time to time, disputes have occurred between listed companies and stock exchanges and other regulatory bodies, which in some cases may have had a negative effect on market sentiment.
There may be a differing level of regulation and monitoring of the Indian securities markets and the activities of investors, brokers and other participants, than in the United States. SEBI received statutory powers in 1992 to assist it in carrying out its responsibility for improving disclosure and other regulatory standards for the Indian securities markets. Subsequently, SEBI has prescribed regulations and guidelines in relation to disclosure requirements, insider dealing and other matters relevant to the Indian securities market. There may, however, be less publicly available information about Indian companies than is regularly made available by public companies in the United States.
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Investors may have difficulty enforcing judgments against us or our management.
We are a public limited company incorporated in India. The majority of our directors and executive officers are residents of India and substantially all of the assets of those persons and a substantial portion of our assets are located in India. As a result, it may not be possible for you to effect service of process within the United States upon those persons or us. In addition, you may be unable to enforce judgments obtained in courts of the United States against those persons outside the jurisdiction of their residence, including judgments predicated solely upon U.S. federal securities laws. Moreover, it is unlikely that a court in India would award damages on the same basis as a foreign court if an action were brought in India or that an Indian court would enforce foreign judgments if it viewed the amount of damages as excessive or inconsistent with public policy.
Section 44A of the Indian Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, as amended, or the Civil Code, provides that where a foreign judgment has been rendered by a superior court (within the meaning of the section) in any country or territory outside of India which the Government of India has by notification declared to be a reciprocating territory, such foreign judgment may be enforced in India by proceedings in execution as if the judgment had been rendered by an appropriate court in India. However, the enforceability of such judgments is subject to the exceptions set forth in Section 13 of the Civil Code.
Section 44A of the Civil Code is applicable only to monetary decrees not being in the nature of amounts payable in respect of taxes or other charges of a similar nature or in respect of fines or other penalties and does not include arbitration awards.
If a judgment of a foreign court is not enforceable under Section 44A of the Civil Code as described above, it may be enforced in India only by a suit filed upon the judgment, subject to Section 13 of the Civil Code and not by proceedings in execution. Accordingly, as the United States has not been declared by the Government of India to be a reciprocating territory for the purposes of Section 44A, a judgment rendered by a court in the United States may not be enforced in India except by way of a suit filed upon the judgment.
The suit must be brought in India within three years from the date of the judgment in the same manner as any other suit filed to enforce a civil liability in India. Generally, there are considerable delays in the resolution of suits by Indian courts.
A party seeking to enforce a foreign judgment in India is required to obtain prior approval from the RBI, under the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, or FEMA to repatriate any amount recovered pursuant to such enforcement. Any judgment in a foreign currency would be converted into Indian rupees on the date of judgment and not on the date of payment.
Risks associated with our Shares and ADSs
Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Indian rupee and the U.S. dollar may have a material adverse effect on the market value of our ADSs and Shares, independent of our operating results.
The exchange rate between the Indian rupee and the U.S. dollar has changed materially in the last two decades and may materially fluctuate in the future. Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Indian rupee and the U.S. dollar will affect, among others things, the U.S. dollar equivalents of the price of our Shares in Indian rupees as quoted on stock exchanges in India and, as a result, may affect the market price of the ADSs. Such fluctuations will also affect the U.S. dollar equivalent of any cash dividends in Indian rupees received on the Shares represented by the ADSs and the U.S. dollar equivalent of the proceeds in Indian rupee of a sale of Shares in India.
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Holders of ADSs have fewer rights than shareholders and must act through the depositary to exercise those rights.
Although ADS holders have a right to receive any dividends declared in respect of the Shares underlying the ADSs, they cannot exercise voting or other direct rights as a shareholder with respect to the Shares underlying the ADSs. Citibank, N.A. as depositary, or the depositary, is the registered shareholder of the deposited Shares underlying our ADSs, and only the depositary may exercise the rights of shareholders in connection with the deposited Shares. The depositary will notify ADS holders of upcoming votes and arrange to deliver our voting materials to ADS holders only if requested by us. The depositary will try, insofar as practicable, subject to Indian laws and the provisions of our Articles of Association, to vote or have its agents vote the deposited securities as instructed by the ADS holders. If the depositary receives voting instructions in time from an ADS holder which fails to specify the manner in which the depositary is to vote the Shares underlying such ADS holder’s ADSs, such ADS holder will be deemed to have instructed the depositary to vote in favor of the items set forth in such voting instructions. If the depositary has not received timely instructions from an ADS holder, such ADS holder shall be deemed to have instructed the depositary to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us, subject to the conditions set forth in the deposit agreement. If requested by us, the depositary is required to represent all Shares underlying ADSs, regardless of whether timely instructions have been received from such ADS holders, for the sole purpose of establishing a quorum at a meeting of shareholders. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to examine our accounting books and records, or exercise appraisal rights. Registered holders of our Shares withdrawn from the depositary arrangements will be entitled to vote and exercise other direct shareholder rights in accordance with Indian law. However, a holder may not know about a meeting sufficiently in advance to withdraw the underlying Shares in time. Furthermore, an ADS holder may not receive voting materials, if we do not instruct the depositary to distribute such materials, or may not receive such voting materials in time to instruct the depositary to vote.
For further details on the terms and conditions of our ADSs and the rights and obligations of our ADS holders, please see the amended and restated deposit agreement dated as at September 27, 2004 among us, Citibank, N.A., as depositary, and all holders and beneficial owners of ADSs issued thereunder, as amended and supplemented by Amendment No. 1, dated as at December 16, 2009, hereinafter referred to as the deposit agreement, which is incorporated by reference into this annual report on Form 20-F.
Moreover, pursuant to Indian regulations, we are required to offer our shareholders preemptive rights to subscribe for a proportionate number of Shares to maintain their existing ownership percentages prior to the issue of new Shares. These rights may be waived by a resolution passed by at least 75% of our shareholders present and voting at a general meeting. ADS holders may be unable to exercise preemptive rights for subscribing to these new Shares unless a registration statement under the Securities Act is effective or an exemption from the registration requirements is available to us. Our decision to file a registration statement would be based on the costs, timing, potential liabilities and the perceived benefits associated with any such registration statement and we do not commit that we would file such a registration statement. If any issue of securities is made to our shareholders in the future, such securities may also be issued to the depositary, which may sell such securities in the Indian securities market for the benefit of the holders of ADSs. There can be no assurance as to the value, if any, the depositary would receive upon the sale of such rights or securities. To the extent that ADS holders are unable to exercise preemptive rights, their proportionate ownership interest in our company would be reduced.
The Government of India’s regulation of foreign ownership could materially reduce the price of the ADSs.
Foreign ownership of Indian securities is regulated and is partially restricted. In addition, there are restrictions on the deposit of Shares into our ADS facilities. ADSs issued by companies in certain emerging markets, including India, may trade at a discount to the market price of the underlying Shares, in part because of the restrictions on foreign ownership of the underlying Shares and in part because ADSs are sometimes perceived to offer less liquidity than underlying Shares that can be traded freely in local markets by both local and international investors. See Item 10.D “—Exchange Controls”.
There are restrictions on daily movements in the price of the Shares, which may constrain a shareholder’s ability to sell, or the price at which a shareholder can sell, Shares at a particular point in time.
The Shares are subject to a daily circuit breaker imposed by stock exchanges in India on publicly listed companies, including us, which does not allow transactions causing volatility in the price of the Shares above a certain threshold. This circuit breaker operates independently from the index-based market-wide circuit breakers generally imposed by SEBI on Indian stock exchanges. The percentage limit on our circuit breaker is set by the stock exchanges in India based on the historical volatility in the price and trading volume of our Shares. The stock exchanges in India are not required to inform us of the percentage limit of the circuit breaker from time to time, and may change it without our knowledge. This circuit breaker effectively acts to limit the upward and downward movements in the price of our Shares. As a result of this circuit breaker, we cannot make any assurance regarding the ability of our shareholders to sell their Shares or the price at which such shareholders may be able to sell their Shares.
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You may be subject to Indian taxes arising out of capital gains on the sale of the Shares. Capital gains arising from the sale of Shares are generally taxable in India.
With effect from April 1, 2018, any gain realized on the sale of the Shares will be subject to capital gains tax in India. See Item 10.E “Additional Information—Taxation—Taxation of Capital Gains and Losses—Indian Taxation—Capital Gains” of this annual report on Form 20-F for further information on the application of capital gains tax in India to our shareholders and ADS holders.
| Item 4. | Information on the Company |
A. History and Development of the Company
We were incorporated on September 1, 1945 as a public limited company under the Indian Companies Act VII of 1913 as Tata Locomotive and Engineering Company Limited and we received a certificate of commencement of business on November 20, 1945. Our name was changed to Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company Limited on September 24, 1960, and to Tata Motors Limited on July 29, 2003. Tata Motors Limited is incorporated and domiciled in India. We commenced operations as a steam locomotive manufacturer. This business was discontinued in 1971. Since 1954, we have been manufacturing automotive vehicles. The automotive vehicle business commenced with the manufacture of commercial vehicles under financial and technical collaboration with Daimler-Benz AG (now Daimler AG) of Germany. This agreement ended in 1969. We produced only commercial vehicles until 1991, when we started producing passenger vehicles as well. Together with our consolidated subsidiaries we form the Tata Motors Group.
In September 2004, we became the first company from India’s automotive sector to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Our ADSs are traded on the NYSE under the symbol “TTM”. Our Ordinary Shares and ‘A’ Ordinary Shares are traded on the BSE under the codes 500570 and 570001, respectively, and the National Stock Exchange of India Ltd., or NSE, under the symbols “TATAMOTORS” and “TATAMTRDVR”, respectively.
In June 2008, we acquired the Jaguar Land Rover business from Ford Motor Company. Jaguar Land Rover is a global automotive business, which designs, manufactures and sells Jaguar luxury sedans, sports cars and luxury performance SUVs and Land Rover premium all-terrain vehicles, as well as related parts, accessories and merchandise. The Jaguar Land Rover business has internationally recognized brands, a product portfolio of award-winning luxury performance cars, luxury performance SUVs and premium all-terrain vehicles, brand-specific global distribution networks and research and development capabilities. As a part of our acquisition of the Jaguar Land Rover business, we acquired three major manufacturing facilities located in Halewood, Solihull and Castle Bromwich and two advanced design and engineering facilities located at Whitley and Gaydon, all in the United Kingdom, together with national sales companies in several countries.
We offer a broad portfolio of automotive products, ranging from sub-1 ton to 49 ton GVW trucks (including pickup trucks) to small, medium, and large buses and coaches to passenger cars, premium luxury cars and SUVs.
We have a substantial presence in India and also have global operations in connection with production and sale of Jaguar and Land Rover brand passenger vehicles. We are the largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in terms of revenue in India and among the top six passenger vehicle manufacturers in terms of units sold in India during Fiscal 2017. We estimate that over 8.5 million vehicles produced by us are being operated in India as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F.
We operate six principal automotive manufacturing facilities in India: at Jamshedpur in the state of Jharkhand, at Pune in the state of Maharashtra, at Lucknow in the state of Uttar Pradesh, at Pantnagar in the state of Uttarakhand, Sanand in the state of Gujarat and at Dharwad in the state of Karnataka. We also operate four principal automotive manufacturing facilities in the United Kingdom through our Jaguar Land Rover business: at Solihull and Castle Bromwich in the West Midlands, at Halewood in Liverpool and an engine plant at Wolverhampton in the West Midlands. In Fiscal 2015, Jaguar Land Rover opened its inaugural overseas manufacturing facility in China with its joint venture partner, Chery Automobile Company Ltd., or Chery, the China Joint Venture. In June 2016, Jaguar Land Rover opened a new manufacturing plant in Itatiaia, Brazil, with an annual production capacity of 24,000 units. Jaguar Land Rover now produces the I-PACE battery electric vehicle and the new Jaguar E-PACE in Graz, Austria under its manufacturing partnership with Magna Steyr. Furthermore, Jaguar Land Rover’s new 150,000 units per annum manufacturing plant in Nitra, Slovakia is scheduled to start production at the end of 2018 with the Land Rover Discovery.
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We expanded our international operations through mergers and acquisitions, and in India made strategic alliances involving non-Indian companies in recent years, including, but not limited to, the following:
| • | We have a joint venture agreement with FCA Italy Spa (earlier called Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A., Italy), part of the Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Group (FCA). Together with the FCA, we operate a facility located at Ranjangaon in Maharashtra to manufacture passenger cars, engines and transmissions for the Indian and overseas markets. Established in April 2008, the plant currently manufactures the Fiat Linea, Fiat Punto, Tata Indica, Jeep, Tata Bolt and Tata Zest vehicles, as well as components for such vehicles, such as engines and transmissions. During May 2012, both the joint-venture partners decided to re-align their Indian joint venture. Accordingly, in March 2013, we and Fiat Group signed a restructuring framework agreement, or RFA. Under the RFA: |
| • | The joint arrangement shall manufacture and assemble Fiat branded products, Tata products and any new products (including for third parties) in accordance with the terms and conditions settled in the RFA. The current third-party orders shall continue in accordance with current terms. |
| • | The distribution company, owned by FCA, shall be responsible for distribution of the Fiat vehicles and parts from April 1, 2013. |
| • | In December 2006, we entered into a joint venture agreement with Thonburi Automotive Assembly Plant Co. Ltd, or the Thonburi Group, to manufacture pickup trucks in Thailand. As at March 31, 2017, we own 95.28% of the joint venture, while the Thonburi Group owns the remaining 4.72%. The joint venture, which began vehicle production in March 2008, enabled us to access the Thailand market, which is a major market for pickup trucks, as well as other potential markets in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, region. |
| • | In October 2010, we acquired an 80% equity interest in Trilix Srl., or Trilix, a design and engineering company, in line with our objective to enhance our styling/design capabilities to meet global standards. Trilix offers design and engineering services in the automotive sector, including styling, architecture, packaging, surfacing, macro and micro-feasibility studies and detailed engineering development. Trilix continues to implement a strategic growth policy and in March 2013 moved to a new facility as part of its ongoing implementation of this growth policy. |
| • | Jaguar Land Rover opened a manufacturing plant for the China Joint Venture in Changshu, China in October 2014 and began manufacturing the Range Rover Evoque shortly thereafter. Manufacture of the Land Rover Discovery Sport commenced in the third quarter of Fiscal 2016 followed by the long wheel base Jaguar XFL in the first half of Fiscal 2017 which went on sale in September 2016 and subsequently the long wheel base XEL which went on sale in December 2017. Total phase one investment in the joint venture was approximately RMB 10.9 billion, which contributed toward the establishment of the manufacturing plant, research and development center and engine production facility. Jaguar Land Rover committed to invest RMB 3.5 billion of equity capital in the China Joint Venture, representing 50% of the share capital and voting rights of the joint venture company. Investment to support phase two, which will add additional manufacturing capacity, will be supported by further capital injections from Jaguar Land Rover and Chery. In July 2017, the China Joint Venture opened an engine manufacturing facility to produce the Jaguar Land Rover 2.0-litre petrol Ingenium engine for installation into vehicles produced locally at the joint venture plant in Changshu. |
| • | In July 2015, Jaguar Land Rover agreed to a manufacturing partnership with Magna Steyr, an operating unit of Magna International Inc, to build certain future Jaguar Land Rover models in Graz, Austria to support Jaguar Land Rover’s growth plans. We believe that Magna Steyr has extensive contract manufacturing expertise working with many other car manufacturers globally. In Fiscal 2018, Jaguar Land Rover started manufacturing the I-PACE battery electric vehicle and the Jaguar E-PACE. |
| • | In December 2015, Jaguar Land Rover concluded an agreement with the Government of the Slovak Republic for the development of a new manufacturing plant in western Slovakia with the first cars expected to be produced in 2018. The new facility represents an investment of GBP1 billion and initial annual capacity of up to 150,000 units with potential further investment of GBP500 million to increase the capacity of the facility to 300,000 vehicles per annum. |
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| • | As previously disclosed in our Fiscal 2017 annual report on Form 20-F filed on July 28, 2017, in June 2017, we signed an agreement with Warburg Pincus to divest an approximately 30% stake in Tata Technologies Limited, or TTL, held by us along with our subsidiary Sheba Properties Limited, following which Warburg Pincus would have owned a 43% equity interest in TTL. However, due to delays in securing regulatory approvals required for the closing of the transaction as well as the inability of TTL to meet certain contractually-agreed to performance thresholds because of market challenges, the parties to the transaction have mutually decided not to proceed with the closing of the transaction. Tata Motors continues to explore strategic options to sell its stake in Tata Technologies and remains positive on the outlook of the business. |
| • | On March 30, 2017, TML’s Board approved a scheme of merger and arrangement between TML and TML Drivelines Limited, or TMLDL, a wholly-owned subsidiary of TML. The merger was completed on April 30, 2018. The merger had no impact on the consolidated financial statements. |
Please see Item 4.B “—Business Overview—Our Strategy—Capital and Product Development Expenditures” and Item 5.B “Operating and Financial Review and Prospect—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital Expenditures” of this annual report on Form 20-F for details on our principal capital expenditures.
Through our other subsidiary and associate companies, we are engaged in providing engineering and automotive solutions, construction equipment manufacturing, automotive vehicle components manufacturing and supply chain activities, machine tools and factory automation solutions, high-precision tooling and plastic and electronic components for automotive and computer applications, and automotive retailing and service operations. TTL is engaged in providing specialized engineering and design services, product lifecycle management, or PLM, and product-centric IT services to leading global manufacturers. TTL’s customers are among the world’s premier automotive, aerospace, industrial heavy machinery and consumer durables manufacturers. As at March 31, 2018, 72.29% of TTL was owned by us, and it had 12 subsidiaries and one joint venture.
TML Distribution Company Limited, or TDCL, our wholly-owned subsidiary, was incorporated on March 28, 2008. TDCL provides distribution and logistics support for distribution of our products throughout India. TDCL commenced its operations in Fiscal 2009.
Our subsidiary, Tata Motors Finance Limited, or TMFL, was incorporated on June 1, 2006, with the objective of becoming a preferred financing provider for our dealers’ customers by capturing customer spending over the vehicle life-cycle relating to vehicles sold by us. In India, TMFL is registered with the RBI as a Systemically Important Non-Deposit Taking Non-Banking Financial Company, or NBFC, and is classified as an Asset Finance Company under the RBI’s regulations on NBFCs. In Fiscal 2015, TMFL acquired 100% shareholding of Rajasthan Leasing Private Ltd, which subsequently changed its name to Tata Motors Finance Solutions Private Ltd, an NBFC registered with the RBI. On June 4, 2015, Tata Motors Finance Solutions Private Ltd was converted into a public limited company, named Tata Motors Finance Solutions Limited or TMFSL. TMFSL focuses on the used vehicle financing business. On March 31, 2016, TMFL acquired 100% shareholding in Sheba Properties Ltd, or Sheba, a wholly-owned subsidiary of TML and an NBFC-registered entity with the Reserve Bank of India, as a part of restructuring and consolidation of financial services companies under TMFL. Pursuant to restructuring arrangements, TMFL transferred its New Vehicle Finance (NVF) business to Sheba on January 31, 2017. During Fiscal 2018, TMFL changed its name to TMF Holding Ltd, or TMFHL and Sheba changed its name to Tata Motors Finance Limited, or TMFL.
Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Tata Motors Insurance Broking and Advisory Services Limited, or TMIBASL, is a licensed Direct General Insurance Broker with the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India that operates in the Indian market and has plans to branch out globally to seek additional business opportunities. TMIBASL commenced business in Fiscal 2008 and provides end-to-end insurance solutions in the retail sector with a focus on the automobile sector. TMIBASL offers services to various OEMs in the passenger vehicle, commercial and construction equipment markets, including to us.
In May 2018, TML’s board approved the sale of TML’s defense business as well as TML’s shareholding in its wholly-owned subsidiary, TAL Manufacturing Solutions Ltd, to Tata Advanced Systems Limited, a TATA group company. With respect to the defense business, upon closing of the transaction, TML will receive an upfront consideration of Rs.1,000 million and a deferred consideration of 3% of the revenue generated from certain projects for up to 15 years, starting in Fiscal 2020, subject to a maximum deferred consideration of Rs.17,500 million. For its shareholding in TAL Manufacturing Solutions Ltd, TML will receive Rs.6,250 million, and will also acquire the non-aerospace business of TAL Manufacturing Solutions Ltd for Rs.1 million.
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As at March 31, 2018, our operations included 98 consolidated subsidiaries, 2 joint operations, 4 joint ventures and 32 equity method affiliates, in respect of which we exercise significant influence. As at March 31, 2018, we had approximately 81,090 permanent employees, including approximately 56,168 permanent employees at our consolidated subsidiaries and joint operations.
Tata Incorporated serves as our authorized United States representative. The address of Tata Incorporated is 101 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10178, United States of America.
Our Registered Office is located at Bombay House, 24, Homi Mody Street, Mumbai 400 001, India. Our telephone number is +91-22-6665-8282 and our website address is www.tatamotors.com. Our website does not constitute a part of this annual report on Form 20-F.
We primarily operate in the automotive segment. Our automotive segment includes all activities relating to the development, design, manufacture, assembly and sale of vehicles including financing thereof, as well as sale of related parts and accessories. The acquisition of the Jaguar Land Rover business has enabled us to enter the premium car market in developed markets, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Europe and China, as well as several emerging markets, such as Russia, Brazil and South Africa, amongst others. Going forward, we expect to focus on profitable growth opportunities in our global automotive business, through new products and market expansion. Within our automotive operations, we continue to focus on integration and synergy through sharing of resources, platforms, facilities for product development and manufacturing, sourcing strategy and mutual sharing of best practices.
Our business segments are (i) automotive operations and (ii) all other operations. Our automotive operations include all activities relating to development, design, manufacture, assembly and sale of vehicles including financing thereof, as well as sale of related parts and accessories. We provide financing for vehicles sold by dealers in India. The vehicle financing is intended to encourage sales of vehicles by providing financing to the dealers’ customers and as such is an integral part of our automotive business. Our automotive operations segment is further divided into Tata and other brand vehicles (including financing thereof) and Jaguar Land Rover. Tata and other brand vehicles consist of vehicles manufactured under our Tata, Daewoo and Fiat brands, and exclude vehicles manufactured under Jaguar Land Rover brands.
A core initiative of the Company was the implementation of the Organization Effectiveness (OE) program, a strategic program designed to overhaul and transform the Company.
Pursuant to the changes implemented as a result of the OE program, the Company has drawn separate strategies for commercial vehicles, passenger vehicles and financing business from Fiscal 2019. Consequent to these changes, Commencing fiscal 2019, the reportable segments will be as follows:
| I. | Automotive: The Automotive segment will consist of four reportable sub-segments: Tata Commercial Vehicles, Tata Passenger Vehicles, Jaguar Land Rover and Tata Motor Finance. |
| II. | Others: Others will consist of IT services and machine tools and factory automation solutions. |
Tata Commercial vehicles will include Commercial vehicles manufactured under Tata and Daewoo brands. Tata passenger vehicles will include passenger vehicles manufactured under Tata and Fiat brands and excludes vehicles manufactured under Jaguar Land Rover brands. Tata Motors Finance will include financing of Tata and Jaguar Land Rover new vehicles, pre-owned vehicles including other OEMs brands and corporate lending to our channel partners.
We believe that this reorganization will improve speed, agility and simplicity within our business units, and enable strong functional leadership, improved decision-making, quicker responses to changing market conditions and clear accountability.
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We produce a wide range of automotive products, including:
| • | Passenger Vehicles: Our range of Tata-branded passenger cars include the Nano (micro), the Indica, the Bolt, the Tiago (compact) in the hatchback category, and the Indigo eCS, the Tigor and the Zest (mid-sized) in the sedan category. We have expanded our passenger car range with several variants and fuel options designed to suit various customer preferences. . Our Jaguar Land Rover operations have an established presence in the premium passenger car market under the Jaguar brand name. There are seven car lines currently manufactured under the Jaguar brand name, including the F-TYPE two-seater sports coupe and convertible the XF sedan (including the long wheel base XFL at the China joint venture), the XJ saloon, the XE sports saloon (including long wheel base XEL at the China joint venture), Jaguar’s luxury performance SUV, the F-PACE, the Jaguar E-PACE compact SUV, and the Jaguar I-PACE, an all-electric performance SUV and Jaguar’s first battery electric vehicle. The Jaguar E-PACE will also be produced at the China Joint Venture with sales expected to begin later this year. |
| • | Utility Vehicles: We manufacture a range of Tata brand utility vehicles, including the Hexa, Nexon (compact SUV), the Sumo and the Safari (which are SUVs), the Tata Aria, a crossover, and the Venture, a multipurpose utility vehicle. We offer two variants of the Safari: the Dicor and the Storme. We also offer a variant of the Sumo, the Sumo Gold, which is an entry level UV. There are six car lines under the Land Rover brand, comprising the Range Rover, Range Rover Sport, Range Rover Evoque, the Land Rover Discovery, Land Rover Discovery Sport and the Range Rover Velar (which went on sale in July 2017). |
| • | SCV & Pickups: We manufacture a variety of small commercial vehicles (less than 3.5 ton), including pickup trucks This includes the Tata Ace, India’s first indigenously developed mini-truck, with a 0.7 ton payload with different fuel options; the Super Ace, with a 1-ton payload; the Ace Zip, with a 0.6 ton payload; In addition, we launched the Xenon Yodha pickup truck. |
| • | Medium and Heavy Commercial Vehicles and Intermediate Light Commercial Vehicle: We manufacture a variety of medium and heavy commercial vehicles, and intermediate light commercial vehicles which include trucks, tractors, tippers, and multi-axle vehicles, with GVWs (including payload) of between 3.5 tons and 49 tons. In addition, through Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Co. Ltd., or TDCV, we manufacture a wide array of trucks ranging from 215 horsepower to 560 horsepower, including dump trucks, tractor-trailers, mixers and cargo vehicles. Our signature product is the Prima and Prima LX range of trucks, which are sold in India and South Korea as well as exported to a number of countries in South Asia, Middle East and Africa. The SIGNA range of new M&HCV trucks launched in 2016 has been extended to several additional tractor and tipper variants. |
| • | CV Passenger Vehicles: We manufacture a variety of passenger carriers including buses. Our products include Magic and the Magic Iris, including an electric variant, both of which are passenger variants for commercial transportation developed on the Tata Ace platform; and the Winger. In addition, the Magic Express small passenger vehicle was launched in fiscal 2018. We also offer a range of buses, which includes the Semi Deluxe Starbus Ultra Contract Bus and the new Starbus Ultra. Our range of buses is intended for a variety of uses, including as intercity coaches (with both air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned luxury variants), as school transportation and as ambulances. |
Our other operations business segment includes information technology, or IT, services and machine tools and factory automation solutions.
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Our Strategy
We intend to strengthen our position in the Indian automobile industry further by investing in new products that exceed customer expectations, improving customer experiences across all our touchpoints, rigorous cost improvements across the range, and optimizing our manufacturing and distribution strategy. We have pursued a strategy of increasing our presence in the global automotive markets and enhancing our product range and capabilities through strategic acquisitions and alliances. Building on the success of our ‘Turnaround’ action plan, we have introduced the ‘Turnaround 2.0’. Turnaround 2.0 aims at ‘Winning Decisively’ in the CV business, ‘Winning Sustainably’ in the PV business and embedding ‘Turnaround into our corporate culture. We aim to achieve consistent, competitive, cash accretive growth. Our Jaguar Land Rover aims to ‘Win Distinctively’ by leveraging its uniqueness. JLR is committed to achieving sustainable, profitable growth with positive cash flows in the medium to long term with the strong focus on cost reduction and affordability of capital investments. Our goal is to position ourselves as a major international automotive company, offering the widest range of products across product segments and applications. Our strategy to achieve these goals consists of the following elements:
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Continued focus on new product development
Our recent product launches and anticipated product launches include the following::
| • | Several new variants across the Prima and Signa ranges of medium and heavy trucks were launched during Fiscal 2018. These include Signa 4923.S with Bell Crank suspension, Signa 3718, Signa 3718.TK, Prima 2530.K Scoop and Prima Lx 3125.K 23cm. |
| • | In the Ultra range of intermediate and light commercial vehicles, in April 2018, we launched the Ultra 1518 truck and introduced the Ultra Narrow cab design, developed for domestic and international markets. A clean CNG variant was also introduced during the year. |
| • | The Ace family of small commercial vehicles was further strengthened with the launch of the XL series (Ace XL, Zip XL and Mega XL) July 2017, with increased load body sizes and reduced total cost of ownership. |
| • | In the passenger segment, the Magic Express small passenger vehicle was launched in June 2017. |
| • | TML became the first OEM in India to deploy Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) systems in its Prima and Signa range in Fiscal 2018. This package includes Electronic Stability Control (ESC), Automatic Traction Control (ATC), Hill Start Aid (HSA), a Collision Mitigation System (CMS) and a Lane Departure Warning System (LDWS). |
| • | Jaguar XE: The all new Jaguar XE went on retail sale in the United States in May 2016. |
| • | Jaguar XFL: The all new long wheel base Jaguar XFL, specifically designed for the China market, is produced by or China joint venture and went on sale in September 2016. |
| • | Jaguar F-PACE: The Jaguar F-PACE luxury performance SUV went on sale in April 2016. |
| • | Range Rover Evoque Convertible: The new Range Rover Evoque convertible went on sale in June 2016. |
| • | Land Rover Discovery: The all new Land Rover Discovery went on sale in February 2017. |
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| • | The new Range Rover Velar was revealed to the public in March 2017 and is the 4th Range Rover model positioned between the Range Rover Evoque and the Range Rover Sport. Sales of Range Rover Velar started in July 2017. |
| • | The new Jaguar XF Sportbrake was revealed to the public on June 14 by Andy Murray ahead of Wimbledon 2017 for which Jaguar is the official car partner. The new Jaguar XF Sportbrake is due to go on sale during the summer of 2017 |
| • | Jaguar E-PACE: Jaguar’s new compact performance SUV went on sale in November 2017. The Jaguar E-PACE will also be produced by our China joint venture with sales expected to begin later this year. |
| • | Jaguar XEL: The all new long wheel base Jaguar XEL, specifically designed for the China market is produced by our China joint venture and went on sale in December 2017. |
| • | The refreshed 18 model year Range Rover and Range Rover Sport (including plug in hybrid models) went on sale from November 2017. |
| • | Jaguar I-PACE battery vehicle was revealed to the public in March 2018 and is expected to go on sale in autumn 2018. |
| • | Nexon: Our subcompact SUV was launched in September 2017. |
| • | H5X and 45X: Our two attractive models unveiled in February 2018 based on the new Omega and Alpha Architecture. |
| • | Production of Jaguar Land Rover’s in-house 2.0-litre 4 cylinder Ingenium gasoline engine commenced at the China joint venture engine plant in the July 2017 for installation into the locally produced Jaguar XEL, Jaguar XFL, Land Rover Discovery Sport and the Range Rover Evoque models are also produced at the China joint venture. |
In our international markets we launched several key products in Fiscal 2018 such as the Prima in Philippines, Signa in Sri Lanka, Yodha in Nepal, Ultra Bus range in Tanzania, Ultra Truck range in South Africa, and unveiled the Ultra in Thailand and Indonesia. We also launched the complete CR range of intermediate and light commercial vehicles in Nepal.
Our research and development focuses on developing and acquiring the technology, core competencies and skill sets required for the timely delivery of our envisaged future product portfolio with industry-leading features across our range of commercial and passenger vehicles. For the passenger vehicle product range, our focus is on stunning design, driving pleasure and connected car technologies. For the commercial vehicle product range, our focus is on enhancing fuel-efficiency, minimizing the total cost of ownership and providing maximum overall value. We continue to endeavor to adopt technologies for our product range to meet the requirements of a globally competitive market. We have also undertaken programs for development of vehicles, which run on alternate fuels such as LPG, CNG, bio-diesel, electric-traction and hydrogen.
We have plans to expand the range of our product base further supported by our strong brand recognition in India, our understanding of local consumer preferences, in-house engineering capabilities and extensive distribution network. With growing competition, changing technologies and evolving customer expectations, we understand the importance of bringing new platforms to address market gaps and further enhance our existing range of vehicles to ensure customer satisfaction. Our capital expenditures totalled Rs.415,103 million, Rs.311,627 million and Rs.306,233 million during Fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and we currently plan to invest approximately of Rs.461 billion in Fiscal 2019 in capacity, new products and technologies.
Jaguar Land Rover continues to invest in enhancing its technological strengths through in-house research and development activities, including the development of its engineering and design centers which centralize Jaguar Land Rover’s capabilities in product design and engineering. Jaguar Land Rover also participates in advanced research consortia that bring together leading manufacturers, suppliers or academic specialists in the United Kingdom and are supported by funding from the UK Government’s Technology Strategy Board.
Leveraging our capabilities
We believe that the foundation of our growth over the last five decades has been a deep understanding of economic conditions and customer needs, and the ability to translate this understanding into desirable products though research and development. In India, our Engineering Research Centre, or ERC, established in 1966, has enabled us to successfully design, develop and produce our own range of vehicles. Jaguar Land Rover’s research and development operations are built around state-of-the-art engineering facilities, extensive test tracks, testing centers, design hubs and a virtual innovation center. The Engineering Research Centre, or ERC, in India and Jaguar Land Rover engineering and development operations in the United Kingdom have identified areas to leverage the facilities and resources to enhance the product development process and achieve economies of scale. Furthermore, we have a wholly-owned subsidiary, Tata Motors European Technical Centre PLC, or TMETC, in the United Kingdom, which is engaged in automobile research and engineering.
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We believe that our in-house research and development capabilities, including those of our subsidiaries Jaguar Land Rover, TDCV and Trilix in Italy, TMETC in the United Kingdom and our joint ventures with Marcopolo S.A. of Brazil in India, with Thonburi in Thailand and Tata Africa Holdings (SA) (Proprietary) Ltd. in South Africa, will enable us to expand our product range and extend our geographical reach. We continually strive to achieve synergy wherever possible with our subsidiaries and joint ventures.
We have continued modernizing our facilities to meet demand for our vehicles. Our Jamshedpur plant, which manufactures our entire range of M&HCVs, including the Prima, both for civilian and defense uses, was our first plant, set up in 1945 to manufacture steam locomotives. It led our entry into commercial vehicles in 1954. The Jamshedpur plant has been modernized over the years and in Fiscal 2015, we celebrated 60 years of truck manufacturing at our first manufacturing and engineering facility in Jamshedpur.
Our product portfolio of Tata-brand vehicles includes the Nano, Indica, Tiago, Indigo, Tigor, Sumo, Sumo Grande, Safari, Safari Storme, Hexa, Aria, Zest, Bolt and Venture, which enable us to compete in various passenger vehicle market categories. We also offer alternative fuel vehicles under the Nano and Indigo brands. We also intend to expand our sales reach and volumes in rural areas, where an increase in wealth has resulted in a declining difference between urban and rural automobile purchase volumes.
Jaguar Land Rover invests substantially in the development of new products for new and existing segments by introducing new powertrains and technologies, including CO2 reduction and electrification that satisfy both customer preferences and regulatory requirements. Jaguar Land Rover also invests in expanding manufacturing capacity in the United Kingdom and internationally to meet customer demand. Jaguar Land Rover expects investment spending of over GBP4.5 billion (approximately Rs.414 billion) in Fiscal 2019, reflecting its growth plans. Around half of that investment is expected to be spent on R&D with the other half expected to be spent on tangible fixed assets such as facilities, tools and equipment as well as other investments.
In October 2014, Jaguar Land Rover opened its Engine Manufacturing Centre at Wolverhampton, in the West Midlands. The plant currently manufactures Jaguar Land Rover’s own in-house 2.0-litre diesel and gasoline engines which are now available across the majority of models. Jaguar Land Rover’s in-house engines have been engineered to ensure maximum manufacturing efficiency, flexibility to increase the number of engine variants and consistently high quality. In July 2017 the China joint venture opened its engine manufacturing facility which produces Jaguar Land Rover own in-house 2.0-litre petrol Ingenium engine for installation into vehicles produced locally at the joint venture plant in Changshu.
The Jaguar E-PACE and the Jaguar I-PACE battery electric vehicle are produced under the manufacturing partnership with Magna Steyr, in Graz, Austria. Jaguar Land Rover’s new manufacturing facility in Nitra, Slovakia (Europe), with annual capacity of 150,000 units, is scheduled to start production at the end of 2018 beginning with the new Land Rover Discovery. Subject to feasibility studies, Jaguar Land Rover has the option to invest a further GBP500 million to expand capacity to 300,000 units annually. In June 2016, Jaguar Land Rover opened its first wholly-owned international manufacturing plant in Brazil, which manufactures the Range Rover Evoque and Land Rover Discovery Sport for the local market.
Continuing focus on high quality and enhancing customer satisfaction
One of our principal goals is to achieve international quality standards for our products and services. We have established a comprehensive purchasing and quality control system that is designed to consistently deliver quality products and superior service. We also have a program for assisting vendors from whom we purchase raw materials or components to maintain quality. Each vendor is reviewed on a quarterly basis on parameters of quality, cost and delivery and preference is given to vendors with TS 16949 certification.
Through close coordination supported by our IT systems, we monitor quality performance in the field and implement corrections on an ongoing basis to improve the performance of our products, thereby improving customer satisfaction. We believe our extensive sales and service network has also enabled us to provide quality and timely customer service. We are encouraging focused initiatives at both sales and service touch points to enhance customer experience and strive to be best in class, and we believe that the reach of our sales, service and maintenance network provides us with a significant advantage over our competitors. We ranked second in the J.D. Power Asia Pacific 2017 India Customer Service Index (CSI) Study score.
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In our passenger vehicle segment, we launched our compact SUV Nexon in Fiscal 2018. The Nexon, Hexa and Racemo received a strong response and accolades with 25 awards during the year.
| Sr No |
Media |
Category |
Product | |||
| 1 | Autoportal | Best design award of this year | Nexon | |||
| 2 | Autoportal | Best 4X4 | Hexa | |||
| 3 | Auto Tech Review IATIA 2017 | ‘Special Jury Recognition’ for the “Engine of the Year – 4W, Under 1.5 L , Diesel | Nexon (1.5 Diesel) | |||
| 4 | Auto Tech Review IATIA 2017 | Transmission of the year | Nexon | |||
| 5 | NDTV Car and Bike | Design of the Year 2018 | Nexon | |||
| 6 | NDTV Car and Bike | Subcompact SUV of the Year | Nexon | |||
| 7 | Motor Vikatan | Compact SUV of the year Award | Nexon | |||
| 8 | Autocar awards | Best Design & Styling | Nexon | |||
| 9 | Autocar awards | Best Value for Money Car of the Year | Nexon | |||
| 10 | GaadiWaadi Reader’s choice awards | Design of the Year (4W) | Nexon | |||
| 11 | GaadiWaadi Reader’s choice awards | Special Edition of the Year | Hexa Downtown | |||
| 12 | German Design Award 2018 | Gold category | Racemo | |||
| 13 | Quarter Mile | Entry level SUV of the Year | Tata Nexon | |||
| 14 | Quarter Mile | Manufacturer of the Year | Tata Motors | |||
| 15 | Flywheel Auto Awards 2018 | Compact SUV of the year Award | Tata Nexon | |||
| 16 | Flywheel Auto Awards 2018 | Manufacturer of the Year- Car | Tata Motors | |||
| 17 | Top Gear Awards | Family car of the year | Tata Hexa | |||
| 18 | The Automotive India | Car of the Year | Tata Nexon | |||
| 19 | CNBC-TV18 OVERDRIVE Awards | Design of the year | Tata Nexon | |||
| 20 | Times Auto Awards with Evo India & Fast Bikes India | Subcompact SUV of the Year | Tata Nexon | |||
| 21 | Times Auto Awards with Evo India & Fast Bikes India | Car of the Year | Tata Nexon | |||
| 22 | Times Auto Awards with Evo India & Fast Bikes India | Design of the year | Tata Nexon | |||
| 23 | Times Auto Awards with Evo India & Fast Bikes India | UV/MPV of the year | Tata Hexa | |||
| 24 | The Auto Show & Car and Bike Awards | Design of the year | Tata Nexon | |||
| 25 | MotorBeam Awards | Car manufacturer of the year | Tata Motors |
The company also collaborated with a major automobile oil manufacturer, Indian Oil, to launch Tata Motors Genuine Oil (TMGO), a single brand of affordable lubricating oils that is guaranteed by Tata Motors for use across our product lines.
Various efforts to improve customer satisfaction levels have begun to bear fruit. In a recent Net Promoter Score (NPS) survey conducted by an independent agency, TML Commercial Vehicles received an industry leading score of +57, significantly ahead of the completion.
During Fiscal 2018, we won several awards at the Apollo CV Awards 2018 with the Magic Express winning the Small People Mover of the Year, Magna Bus winning the M&HCV People Mover of the Year, Signa 4923.S winning the HCV Tractor Cargo Carrier of the Year, and the Starbus Hybrid winning the Social Recognition award.
Additionally the TML Commercial Vehicles Business Unit won numerous awards for its various innovative media campaigns, which include:
| • | Brand Equity YouTube Leader Board: No 1. in Top 10 ads on YouTube in India that resonate most with the audience. (Feb 2018) |
| • | World Digital Marketing Congress: Best Digital Integrated marketing campaign for Tata Ace’s Keep Loading Campaign at the Global Digital Marketing Awards. |
| • | ABBY Awards: Bronze Award for Best use of Digital Display Advertising |
| • | Digital Industry Awards 2017: Best Use of Social Media in a Digital Campaign for Tata T1 Prima Truck Racing Championship 2017 for this year’s Digital Industry Awards |
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| • | Silver WARC Prize for Asian Strategy and award for the Best Channel Thinking : Use Dipper At Night Campaign – an innovative campaign to bring awareness amongst the truck driver community of safe practices |
| • | Effies –Bronze award for the Tata Yodha media campaign. |
Jaguar and Land Rover has received over 200 awards from leading international motoring writers, magazines and opinion leaders during Fiscal 2018, reflecting the strength of its model line-up, design and engineering capabilities. A selection of recent awards is listed below.
| Award |
Model |
Awarding Institution |
Date | |||
| World Car Design of the Year | Range Rover Velar | World Car of the Year Awards | March 2018 | |||
| Best Performance/ Luxury SUV | Range Rover | 4x4 Magazine | January 2018 | |||
| World Car and World Car Design of the Year Awards | Jaguar F-PACE | World Car of the Year Awards | April 2017 | |||
| Best Large SUV | Land Lover Discovery | 4x4 Magazine | January 2018 | |||
| Most Anticipated car of 2018 | Jaguar I-PACE | What Car? | January 2018 | |||
| Design award | Jaguar I-PACE | What Car? | June 2017 | |||
| 2017 Crossover of the year | Jaguar E-PACE | Top Gear Magazine | November 2017 |
Environmental performance
Jaguar Land Rover’s strategy is to invest in products and technologies that are ahead of expected stricter environmental regulations and ensure that it benefits from a shift in consumer awareness of the environmental impact of their vehicles. Jaguar Land Rover’s environmental vehicle strategy focuses on developing new propulsion technology, overall vehicle weight reduction and reducing parasitic losses through the driveline. It has developed plug-in hybrid electric versions of the Range Rover and Range Rover Sport, without compromising the vehicles’ off-road capability or load space.
Jaguar Land Rover uses aluminum and other lightweight materials to reduce overall vehicle weight and improve fuel and CO2 efficiency. For example, the Jaguar XE is the only vehicle in its class to use an aluminum-intensive monocoque. Jaguar Land Rover plan to continue to build on this expertise and extend the application of aluminum construction as they develop a range of new products. The aluminum body architecture introduced on the Jaguar XE is also used in the lightweight Jaguar XF, Jaguar F-PACE and Range Rover Velar and the all new Jaguar I-PACE electric vehicle. Land Rover Discovery uses the same lightweight architecture as the Range Rover and Range Rover Sport.
Jaguar Land Rover has also developed more efficient powertrains and other related technologies. This includes smaller and more efficient 2.0-litre diesel and gasoline engines (now available across the majority of our model range), stop-start, mild and plug-in hybrids as well as battery electric propulsion technologies. Jaguar Land Rover’s smaller and more efficient family of Ingenium diesel and gasoline engines as well the lightweight Range Rover and Range Rover Sport Plug-in Hybrids Electric Vehicles—PHEV, powered by downsized and more efficient engines and alternative powertrains such as the Jaguar I-PACE Battery Electric Vehicle – BEV, have all contributed to the improvement of Jaguar Land Rover’s carbon footprint.
Jaguar Land Rover’s current product line-up is the most efficient it has ever been and the environmental performance of its vehicles has been further improved through the launch of new models. The 2.0-litre Ingenium diesel and gasoline engines, now used extensively in the product line-up, provide significant CO2 reductions as compared to the outgoing powertrains.
Jaguar Land Rover is also taking measures to reduce emissions, waste and the use of natural resources in all of its operations.
Mitigating cyclicality
The automobile industry is impacted by cyclicality. To mitigate the impact of cyclicality, we plan to continually strengthen our operations through gaining market share across different segments, and offering a wide range of products in diverse geographies. We also plan to continue to strengthen our business operations other than vehicle sales, such as financing of our vehicles, spare part sales, service and maintenance contracts, sales of aggregates for non-vehicle businesses, reconditioning of aggregates and sale of castings, production aids and tooling/fixtures in order to reduce the impact of cyclicality of the automotive industry.
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Expanding our international business
Our international expansion strategy involves entering into new markets where we have an opportunity to grow and introduce new products to existing markets in order to grow our presence in such markets. Our international business strategy has already resulted in the growth of our international operations in select markets and chosen segments over the last five years. Based on our internal assessments, in recent years, we have grown our market share across various African and Middle East markets such as Tanzania, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates, in addition to maintaining our dominant market position in the South Asian markets of Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka based on data compiled by our country managers. In keeping with our strategy to enter and grow in new regions, we have focused on business in the ASEAN countries, where in recent years we entered Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam and the Philippines. We entered Tunisia two years ago, and are already a major player in the pickup truck market.
We have also expanded our international presence through acquisitions and joint ventures. Our acquisition of Jaguar Land Rover significantly expanded our presence in overseas markets. Through Jaguar Land Rover, we offer products in the premium performance car and premium all-terrain vehicle categories with globally recognized brands, and we have diversified our business across markets and product categories as a result. We intend to build upon the internationally recognized brands of Jaguar Land Rover. The production of the Range Rover Evoque commenced at the China joint venture in October 2014 and went on general retail sale in China in February 2015. Production of the Discovery Sport was also added as the second vehicle to be manufactured at the China joint venture in Fiscal 2016, which went on general retail sale in November 2015. In September 2016, the long wheelbase Jaguar XFL went on sale followed by the long wheel base Jaguar XEL in December 2017. The E-PACE also went on sale in November 2017 and will be produced at the China joint venture with sales expected to begin later in 2018. The all new Land Rover Discovery went on sale in February 2017 and the new Range Rover Velar went on sale in July 2017 with the refreshed 18 model year Range Rover and Range Rover Sport (including plug in hybrid models) going on sale from November 2017. Jaguar Land Rover intends to expand its global footprint by increasing marketing and its global dealer network as well as expanding its manufacturing base in the United Kingdom and internationally, including the new manufacturing plant in Slovakia where production of the Land Rover Discovery is scheduled to commence later this year.
Our joint venture with the Thonburi Group, Tata Motors (Thailand) Limited, is also focusing on increasing its geographical reach by introducing Thailand-manufactured pickup trucks in other Asian markets. Thailand-produced pickup trucks were introduced in Malaysia in the beginning of Fiscal 2015.
During Fiscal 2008, we established a joint venture company to undertake manufacture and assembly operations in South Africa, which has been one of our largest export markets from India in terms of unit volume. The joint venture company, Tata Motors (SA) (Proprietary) Limited, commenced operations in July 2011. Currently, Tata Motors (SA) (Proprietary) Limited caters to the South African and Mozambique markets and, in Fiscal 2018, sold 815 chassis.
Reducing operating costs
We believe that our scale of operations provides us with a significant advantage in reducing costs and we plan to continue to sustain and enhance this cost advantage.
Our ability to leverage our technological capabilities and our manufacturing facilities among our commercial vehicle and passenger vehicle businesses enables us to reduce cost. For example, the diesel engine used in our Indica was modified to engineer a new variant for use in the Ace platform, which helped to reduce the project cost. Similarly, platform sharing for the manufacture of pickup trucks and UVs enables us to reduce capital investment that would otherwise be required, while allowing us to improve the utilization levels at our manufacturing facilities. Where appropriate, we intend to apply our existing low-cost engineering and sourcing capability to Jaguar Land Rover vehicles.
Our vendor relationships also contribute to our cost reductions. For example, we believe that the vendor rationalization program that we are undertaking will provide economies of scale to our vendors, which would benefit our cost programs. We are also undertaking various internal and external benchmarking exercises that would enable us to improve the cost effectiveness of our components, systems and sub-systems.
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We have intensified efforts to review and realign our cost structure through a number of measures such as reduction of manpower costs and rationalization of other fixed costs. Our Jaguar Land Rover business continues to focus on cost management initiatives such as streamlining its purchasing processes and building on its strong relationships with suppliers while increasing employee deployment and flexibility across its sites. In addition, as explained above, our Jaguar Land Rover business continues to increase its use of its new modular aluminum architecture across vehicle platforms and also intends to develop its new modular longitudinal architecture in future models.
Enhancing capabilities through the adoption of superior processes
Tata Sons and the entities promoted by Tata Sons, including us, aim at improving quality of life through leadership in various sectors of national economic significance. In pursuit of this goal, Tata Sons and the Tata Sons-promoted entities have institutionalized an approach, called the Tata Business Excellence Model, which has been formulated along the lines of the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award to enable us to improve performance and attain higher levels of efficiency in our businesses and in discharging our social responsibility. The model aims to nurture core values and concepts embodied in various focus areas such as leadership, strategic planning, customers, markets and human resources, and to translate them to operational performance. Our adoption and implementation of this model seeks to ensure that our business is conducted through superior processes.
We have deployed a balance score card system for measurement-based management and feedback. We have also deployed a new product introduction process for systematic product development and a PLM system for effective product data management across our organization. We have adopted various processes to enhance the skills and competencies of our employees. We have also enhanced our performance management system, with appropriate mechanisms to recognize talent and sustain our leadership base. We believe these will enhance our way of doing business, given the dynamic and demanding global business environment.
Expanding customer financing activities
With financing a critical factor in vehicle purchases, and in light of the rising consumer aspirations in India, we intend to expand our vehicle financing activities to enhance our sales. In addition to improving our competitiveness in customer attraction and retention, we believe that expanding the financing business may also contribute toward moderating the impact on our financial results from the cyclical nature of vehicle sales. As part of our efforts, we have teamed up with various public sector, cooperative and Grameen banks to introduce new financing schemes. TMFL has increased its reach by opening a number of limited services branches in tier 2 and 3 towns. During Fiscal 2017, 49 spoke branches were introduced. These branches are attached to hub branches, which increase customer touchpoint and expedite loan processing times. This has reduced turnaround times and, we believe, improved customer satisfaction. In addition to TML dealer sales outlets and Direct Sales Agents, TMFL has 267 branches throughout India. TMFL’s channel finance initiative and fee-based insurance support business have also helped improve profitability. To facilitate increased sales, we are also working on arranging financing tie-ups in our international markets.
Continuing to invest in technology and technical skills
We believe we are one of the most technologically advanced indigenous vehicle manufacturers in India. Over the years, we have enhanced our technological strengths through extensive in-house research and development activities. Further, our research and development facilities at our subsidiaries, such as TMETC, TDCV, TTL, and Trilix, together with the two advanced engineering and design centers of Jaguar Land Rover, have increased our capabilities in product design and engineering. In our Jaguar Land Rover business, we are committed to investments in new technologies to develop products that meet the challenges and opportunities of the premium market, including developing sustainable technologies, like electric propulsion, to improve fuel economy and reduce CO2 emissions and new modular longitudinal architecture. We consider technological leadership to be a significant factor in continued success, and therefore intend to continue to devote significant resources to upgrade our technological base.
Maintaining financial strength
Our cash flow from operating activities in Fiscal 2018 and 2017 was Rs.238,574 million and Rs. 303,107 million, respectively. Our operating cash flows are primarily due to our Jaguar Land Rover business, implementation of cost reduction programs, and prudent working capital management at Tata Motors India. We have established processes for project evaluation and capital investment decisions with an objective to enhance our long-term profitability.
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Leveraging brand equity
We believe customers associate the Tata name with reliability, trust and ethical value, and that our brand name is gaining significant international recognition due to the international growth strategies of various Tata companies. The Tata brand is used and its benefits are leveraged by Tata companies to their mutual advantage. We recognize the need for enhancing our brand recognition in highly competitive markets in which we compete with internationally recognized brands. We, along with Tata Sons and other Tata companies, will continue to promote the Tata brand and leverage its use in India, as well as in various international markets where we plan to increase our presence. Supported by the Tata brand, we believe our product brands such as the Indica, Indigo, Sumo, Safari, Aria, Venture, Nano, Ace, Magic and Prima, Daewoo, Jaguar, Range Rover and Land Rover are highly regarded, which we intend to continue to nurture and promote. At the same time, we will continue to build new brands, such as the newly launched SIGNA range of M&HCVs, and the Tiago, the Hexa and the Tigor to further enhance our brand equity.
In Fiscal 2017, we introduced a new sub-brand, TAMO, to leverage new business models and technologies. It is a fast-paced vertical working in an incubator environment for providing innovative mobility solutions. TAMO as a new, separated vertical will operate in the first step on a low volume, low investment model to provide fast tracked proofs of technologies and concepts. TAMO will act as an open platform to network with global startups and leading tech companies, to get access to trends, innovations and solutions, for the design of exciting future products and services. For the rapidly changing automotive environment, TAMO is expected to transform the experience of interfacing and interacting with customers and the wider community. TAMO provides a digital eco-system, which will be leveraged by Tata Motors to support the mainstream business in the future.
Our commercial vehicle initiative, Project Neev, provides a growth program for rural India designed to promote self-employment. Local, unemployed rural youth have been enrolled and trained to work from home as promoters of our commercial vehicles. Project Neev is currently operational in 19 states in India and has engagements in 456 districts and 3,613 sub-districts, which covers more than 470,500 villages. The rural penetration drive initiated through Project Neev has deployed an approximately 6,500 member dedicated team in towns and villages with populations of less than 50,000. Project Neev currently completed its sixth wave of expansion and reorganization called NEEV Overdrive, and we intend to expand its operations in all major states across India. This program has been appreciated and recognized in various forums.
In light of the positive response received by “Truck World: Advanced Trucking Expo”, which was launched in Fiscal 2015, we organized six Truck World Exhibitions with a full range of over 35 different models displayed. The events were also used to highlight new product launches. This has been backed up with 10,000+ market activations including 3100+ customer meets and 1600+ Fuel Trials.
For the intermediate and light truck range, we organized 53 ILCV Expos, showcasing the complete ILCV range from TML, across 17 states with a total of 18,500 customers attending.
Another initiative through our commercial vehicles business is TATA-OK. TATA-OK seeks to promote our commercial vehicles by capturing new customer segments (such as economical and used vehicle buyers), promoting the sale of new vehicles through the exchange of used commercial vehicles at our dealerships, increasing the resale value of its commercial vehicles products, and facilitating deeper customer engagement and thereby promoting brand loyalty.
We offer a variety of support products and services for our customers. Tata FleetMan, our telematics and fleet management service, is designed to enable the commercial sector to boost productivity and profitability. With the goal of bringing the most advanced technology in this area to our customers, we have entered into a partnership with UK-based Microlise Limited to introduce global standards of telematics and fleet management solutions into the Indian logistics and transport industry, to enhance Tata FleetMan’s telematics systems through upgrades of the underlying technology and to develop the next generation of fleet telematics solutions for the Indian transport industry. Original equipment fitment of Tata Fleetman commenced in Fiscal 2016, and as of Fiscal 2018, we have covered the entire M&HCV range.
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In order to support our customers throughout the life of their vehicle, we have introduced a range of value added services under the brand “Sampoorna Seva”. The Tata Alert breakdown service promises to respond to the breakdown site within four hours of notification and to return the vehicle to the road within 48 hours, covering some 3 million km of Indian roads. Other key elements include a 6 year 6 lakh km warranty on the M&HCV range and the Tata Delight loyalty program. This was coupled with the introduction of new services, such as the Tata on-site service and parts support using container workshops. These workshops are an on-site service support system that deploy a container on-site, which houses the repair equipment to carry out most routine maintenance activities for a fleet. In addition, we offer on-demand annual maintenance contracts or AMCs, which provides maintenance solutions to all customers for a wide range of vehicles, including large fleet owners.
As of Fiscal 2018, the “Humare Bus Ki Baat Hain” campaign which was started in 2013 to cultivate safe practices of school bus drivers, promote our brand and build connections with riders and other stakeholders, has reached more than 46,000 school staff in 1,500 schools across India.
TML participated in the SIAM Auto Expo 2018 in Greater Noida in India, where 15 vehicles and 1 new engine from the CV portfolio were showcased. Some of the key products displayed were:
| • | The SIGNA 4323 – India’s first 6-axle rigid truck with a 30-ton payload, the highest in the market and 4.5 tons higher than the nearest competitor. |
| • | The special PRIMA 4930.S technology demonstrator which displayed some of our latest advanced safety features, like Lane Departure Warning System (LDWS), Advanced Emergency Braking System (AEBS), Hill Start Aid (HSA) and Rear View Cameras |
| • | The ULTRA T.7, an elegant 4.2 ton payload LCV with a 1.9-meter wide cabin that will allow easier maneuverability on the narrow roads of urban and rural India. |
| • | The Tata INTRA compact truck that is set to re-define the SCV segment in the country |
| • | The MAGNA Bus – the first bus body code compliant two-axle OEM coach with world-class design and engineering inputs from our partner Marcopolo |
| • | The Turbotronn Engine Family—a brand new next generation state-of-the-art diesel engine family that offers best in class fuel economy, excellent performance, better reliability, and durability as well as lower total cost of ownership to our customers. |
| • | A range of Electric commercial vehicles including the Starbus Electric, Magic EV and Iris EV. |
Overview of Automotive Operations
We sold 1,221,124, 1,091,748 and 1,029,845 units in Fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, consisting of 675,826 units of Tata and other brand vehicles and 545,298 units (excluding wholesales from the China joint venture) of Jaguar Land Rover vehicles in Fiscal 2018. In terms of units sold, our largest market is India where we sold 616,801 and 480,915 units during Fiscal 2018 and 2017 (constituting 50.5% and 44.1% of total sales in Fiscal 2018 and Fiscal 2017, respectively), followed by China, where we sold 150,116 units and 125,207 units in Fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively (constituting 12.3% and 11.5% of total sales in Fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively). A geographical breakdown of our revenue is set forth in Item 5.A “—Operating Results—Geographical breakdown”.
Our total sales (including international business sales, Jaguar Land Rover sales and excluding sales by our China Joint Venture) in Fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 are set forth in the table below:
| Category |
Year ended March 31 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Units | % | Units | % | Units | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Passenger cars |
319,492 | 26.2 | % | 310,171 | 28.4 | % | 212,152 | 20.6 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Utility vehicles |
445,080 | 36.4 | % | 385,480 | 35.3 | % | 426,740 | 41.4 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Commercial vehicles |
456,552 | 37.4 | % | 396,097 | 36 | % | 390,953 | 38 | % | |||||||||||||||
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| Total |
1,221,124 | 100.0 | % | 1,091,748 | 100.0 | % | 1,029,845 | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||
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Tata and other brand vehicles
The following table sets forth our total sales of Tata and other brand vehicles:
| Category |
Year ended March 31 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Units | % | Units | % | Units | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Passenger cars & utility vehicles |
219,274 | 32.4 | % | 160,905 | 28.9 | % | 129,558 | 24.9 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Commercial vehicles |
456,552 | 67.6 | % | 396,097 | 71 | % | 390,953 | 75 | % | |||||||||||||||
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| Total |
675,826 | 100.0 | % | 557,002 | 100.0 | % | 520,511 | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||
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Our overall vehicle sales for Tata and other brand vehicles increased by 21.3% to 675,826 units in Fiscal 2018 from 557,002 units in Fiscal 2017. The revenue attributable to Tata and other brand vehicles (before inter-segment elimination) increased by 25.4% to Rs.649,972 million in Fiscal 2018, compared to Rs.518,431 million in Fiscal 2017.
According to data released by the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), in Fiscal 2018, the Indian automotive industry (PV & CV) recorded a 10.1% growth in domestic sales as compared to an 8.2% growth in Fiscal 2017. The passenger vehicle (PV) segment grew 7.3% in Fiscal 2018 (as compared to 9.2% in Fiscal 2017) due to continued consumption demand and strong rural growth. The commercial vehicle industry registered a 21.7% growth in Fiscal 2018 as compared to 4.2% growth in previous fiscal, as a result of the implementation of GST, restrictions on overloading and infrastructure growth supported by the Government of India, high investments in e-commerce segment driving the demand for last mile transportation requirements, growth in replacement demand and improved financing and recovery in rural demand.
We sold 675,826, 557,002 and 520,511 units of Tata and other brand vehicles in Fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Of the 675,826 units sold overall in Fiscal 2018, we sold 616,801 units of Tata and other brand vehicles in India, while 59,025 units were sold outside of India, compared to 480,915 units and 76,087 units, respectively, in Fiscal 2017. Our share of the Indian four-wheeler automotive vehicle market, which consists of automobile vehicles other than two- and three-wheeler categories, increased from 12.7% in Fiscal 2017 to 14.1% in Fiscal 2018. We maintained our leadership position in the commercial vehicle category in the industry, which was characterized by increased competition during the year. The passenger vehicle market also continued to be subject to intense competition.
A principal reason for the increase in the volume of sales of Tata and other brand vehicles, mainly medium and heavy commercial vehicles, is the revival of the demand with the entry of new products and strong demand supported by economic growth
The following table sets forth our market share in various categories in the Indian market based on wholesale volumes:
| Category |
Year ended March 31 | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||
| Passenger cars |
6.2 | % | 6.5 | % | 5.3 | % | ||||||
| Utility vehicles1 |
4.6 | % | 2.0 | % | 2.7 | % | ||||||
| Intermediate and Light commercial vehicles2 |
44.9 | % | 42.4 | % | 46.4 | % | ||||||
| Medium and heavy commercial vehicles |
54.3 | % | 55.1 | % | 58.5 | % | ||||||
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| SCV & Pickups |
39.6 | % | 37.5 | % | 37.3 | % | ||||||
| CV Passenger |
45.3 | % | 46.0 | % | 47.6 | % | ||||||
| Total Four-Wheel Vehicles |
14.2 | % | 12.7 | % | 13.1 | % | ||||||
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Source: Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers Report and our internal analysis.
| 1 | Utility Vehicles market share data includes the market share for Vans V1 category (i.e., Tata Venture) and excludes Vans V2 segment (i.e., Tata Ace Magic). |
| 2 | Light Commercial Vehicles market share data includes the market shares for Vans V2 category (i.e., Tata Ace Magic) in accordance with SIAM’s classification of passenger vehicles. It includes Intermediate Commercial Vehicles for Fiscal 2018. |
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Passenger vehicles in India
Industry-wide sales of passenger vehicles in India increased by 7.3% in Fiscal 2018, compared to a 9.6% growth in Fiscal 2017 utility vehicles sales also witnessed significant growth during Fiscal 2018 due to continued consumption demand and strong rural growth. Reflecting the growth in the Indian passenger vehicle sector, our passenger vehicle sales in India increased by 39.2% to 218,097 units in Fiscal 2018 from 156,731 units in Fiscal 2017, due to new product offerings by us.
Passenger Cars
We sold 138,084 units in the passenger car category (Tata Brand vehicles) in Fiscal 2018, compared to 138,152 units in Fiscal 2017. Our market share for passenger cars in India was lower at 6.2% in Fiscal 2018, as compared to 6.5% in Fiscal 2017.
Utility vehicles
In the utility vehicles category, we sold 49,089 units in Fiscal 2018, representing an increase of 168.5% from 18,579 units in Fiscal 2017. During Fiscal 2018, we launched, Nexon, a compact SUV and sold 27,111 units. Our market share improved and currently stands at 4.6% in Fiscal 2018, compared to 2.0% in Fiscal 2017, primarily due to the popularity of Nexon.
During Fiscal 2018 Fiat branded vehicles sold were 29,807 units.
Commercial vehicles in India
Industry sales of commercial vehicles increased by 21.7% to 887,316 units in Fiscal 2018 from 729,360 units in Fiscal 2017. Industry sales in the M&HCV segment has grown by 17.3% at 247,659 units in Fiscal 2018, as compared to 211,198 in Fiscal 2017. The MHCV industry has shown signs of recovery since July 2017. The implementation of GST, restrictions on overloading and infrastructure growth supported by the Government has boosted the demand. Industry sales of ILCV reported an increase of 27.9% to 103,131 units in Fiscal 2018, from 80,625 units in Fiscal 2017. Industry sales of SCV & Pickups reported an increase by 29.9% to 421,084 units in Fiscal 2018, from 324,090 units in Fiscal 2017. The ILCV & SCV industry growth is mainly due to high investments in e-commerce segments which is driving demand for last mile transportation requirements, growth in replacement demand, improved financing and recovery in rural demand. Industry sales of CV Passenger reported a marginal increase of 1.8% to 115,442 units in Fiscal 2018, from 113,447 units in Fiscal 2017 due to muted demand from STUs.
The sales of our commercial vehicles in India outperformed the industry with a growth rate of 23.3% to 399,821 units in Fiscal 2018 from 324,184 units in Fiscal 2017.
M&HCVs
Our sales in the MHCV category increased by 15.5% to 134,455 units in Fiscal 2018, as compared to sales of 116,403 units in Fiscal 2017. The implementation of GST, restrictions on overloading and infrastructure growth supported by the Government of India boosted demand for M&HCVs.
ILCVs
Our sales in the ILCV segment increased by 35.6% to 46,343 units in Fiscal 2018, from 34,175 units in Fiscal 2017. The ILCV industry growth is mainly due to high investments in e-commerce segments which is driving demand for last mile transportation requirements, growth in replacement demand, improved financing and recovery in rural demand.
SCV & Pickups
Our sales in SCV & Pickups segment increased by 37.3% to 166,746 units in Fiscal 2018 from 121,411 units in Fiscal 2017.The SCV growth is mainly due to high investments in e-commerce segments which is driving demand for last mile transportation requirements, growth in replacement demand, improved financing and recovery in rural demand.
CV Passenger Cars
Industry sales of CV Passenger reported a marginal increase of 1.8% to 115,442 units in Fiscal 2018, from 113,447 units in Fiscal 2017 due to muted demand from State Transport Undertakings. Our CV passenger segment remained flat with a growth of 0.2% to 52,277 units in Fiscal 2018 from 52,195 units in Fiscal 2017.
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Tata and other brand vehicles—Exports
International business has consistently expanded since its inception in 1961. We have a global presence in more than 46 countries, including all South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation countries, South Africa, Africa, Middle East, Southeast Asia and Ukraine. We market a range of products including M&HCV trucks, LCV trucks, buses, pickups and small commercial vehicles.
Our overall sales in international markets decreased by 22.4% to 59,025 units in Fiscal 2018 from 76,087 units in Fiscal 2017. Our exports of vehicles manufactured in India decreased by 24.1% in Fiscal 2018 to 47,693 units from 62,830 units in Fiscal 2017. The reduction was on account of contraction in total industry volumes in few key markets. The increase of exports to Nepal provided an opportunity for us. Our top five export destinations for vehicles manufactured in India, that is, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, South Africa and Indonesia, accounted for approximately 81% and 79% of the exports of commercial vehicles and passenger vehicles, respectively. We intend to strengthen our position in the geographic areas we are currently operating in and explore possibilities of entering new markets with similar market characteristics to the Indian market.
TDCV, our subsidiary company engaged in the design, development and manufacturing of M&HCVs, witnessed a decrease in the overall sales by 14.0% to 8.870 units in Fiscal 2018 from 10,317 units in Fiscal 2017. In its domestic market (South Korea), TDCV’s sales decreased by 22.0% from 8,795 units in Fiscal 2017 to 6,859 units in Fiscal 2018, primarily due to lower industry volumes and aggressive discounting and marketing strategies of importers. The export market scenario continued to remain challenging in Fiscal 2018 with factors like local currency depreciation against the US Dollar, continuing statutory regulations to reduce imports, the slowdown in Chinese economy impacting commodity exporting countries and increased dealer inventory. However, TDCV could increase its export sales to 2,011 units, 32.1% higher compared to 1,522 units in Fiscal 2017.
Tata and other brand vehicles—Sales and Distribution
Our sales and distribution network in India as at March 2018 comprised approximately 4,931 contact points for sales and service for our passenger and commercial vehicle business. Our subsidiary TDCL acts as a dedicated distribution and logistics management company to support the sales and distribution operations of our vehicles in India. We believe this has improved the efficiency of our selling and distribution operations and processes. We use a network of service centers on highways and a toll-free customer assistance center to provide 24-hour on-road side assistance, including replacement of parts, to vehicle owners.
TDCL provides distribution and logistics support for vehicles manufactured at our facilities and has set up stocking points at some of our plants and at different places throughout India. TDCL helps us improve planning, inventory management, transport management and timing of delivery. We have a customer relations management system, or CRM, at all of our dealerships and offices across the country, which supports users both at our company and among our distributors in India.
We market our commercial and passenger vehicles in several countries in Africa, the Middle East, South East Asia, South Asia, Latin America, Australia, Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States countries. We have a network of distributors in all such countries, where we export our vehicles. Such distributors have created a network of dealers and branch offices and facilities for sales and after-sales servicing of our products in their respective markets. We have also stationed overseas resident sales and service representatives in various countries to oversee our operations in the respective territories.
Tata and other brand vehicles—Competition
We face competition from various domestic and foreign automotive manufacturers in the Indian automotive market. Improving infrastructure and robust growth prospects compared to other mature markets have attracted a number of international companies to India who have either formed joint ventures with local partners or have established independently owned operations in India. Global competitors bring with them decades of international experience, global scale, advanced technology and significant financial resources, and as a result, competition is likely to further intensify in the future. We have designed our products to suit the requirements of the Indian market based on specific customer needs, such as safety, driving comfort, fuel efficiency and durability. We believe that our vehicles are suited to the general conditions of Indian roads and the local climate. The vehicles have also been designed to comply with applicable environmental regulations currently in effect. We also offer a wide range of optional configurations to meet the specific needs of our customers. We intend to develop and are developing products to strengthen our product portfolio in order to meet the increasing customer expectation of owning world-class products.
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Tata and other brand vehicles—Seasonality
Demand for our vehicles in the Indian market is subject to seasonal variations. Demand generally peaks between January and March, although there is a decrease in demand just before release of the Government of India’s fiscal budget. Demand is usually lean from April to July and picks up again in the festival season from September onwards, with a decline in December due to model year change.
Tata and other brand vehicles—Vehicle Financing
Through our subsidiary TMFL, we provide financing services to purchasers of our vehicles through our independent dealers, who act as our agents, and through our branch network. The vehicle financing is intended to encourage sales of vehicles by providing financing to the dealers’ customers and as such is an integral part of the automotive business. TMFL disbursed Rs.154,060 million and Rs.92,976 million in vehicle financing in India during Fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively. During Fiscal 2018 and 2017, approximately 25% and 22%, respectively, of our vehicle sales in India were financed by TMFL. As at March 31, 2018 and 2017, total vehicle finance receivables outstanding amounted to Rs.238,990 million and Rs.175,633 million, respectively, and the customer finance receivable portfolio comprised 488,456 and 552,991 contracts, respectively. Our gross finance receivables amounted to Rs.250,708 million and Rs.211,608 million as at March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We follow specified internal procedures, including quantitative guidelines, for selection of our finance customers. We originate all contracts through our authorized dealers and direct marketing agents with whom we have agreements. All of our marketing, sales and collection activities are undertaken through dealers or by TMFL.
We securitize or sell our finance receivables on the basis of the evaluation of market conditions and funding requirements. The constitution of these pools is based on criteria that are decided by credit rating agencies and/or based on the advice that we receive regarding the marketability of a pool. We undertake these securitizations of our receivables due from purchasers by means of private placement.
We act as collection agents on behalf of the investors, representatives, special purpose vehicles or banks, in whose favor the receivables have been assigned, for the purpose of collecting receivables from the purchasers on the terms and conditions contained in the applicable deeds of securitization, in respect of which pass-through certificates are issued to investors in case of special purpose vehicles, or SPVs. We also secure the payments to be made by the purchasers of amounts constituting the receivables under the loan agreements to the extent specified by rating agencies by any one or all of the following methods:
| • | furnishing collateral to the investors, in respect of the obligations of the purchasers and the undertakings to be provided by us; |
| • | furnishing, in favor of the investors, 11.90% of the future principal in the receivables as collateral, for securitizations done through Fiscal 2018, either by way of a fixed deposit or bank guarantee to secure the obligations of the purchasers and our obligations as the collection agent, based on the quality of receivables and rating assigned to the individual pool of receivables by the rating agency(ies); and |
| • | by way of over-collateralization or by investing in subordinate pass-through certificates to secure the obligations of the purchasers. |
For further details, see Note 35(b) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.
Jaguar Land Rover
Total wholesales of Jaguar Land Rover vehicles (excluding Chery Jaguar Land Rover) with a breakdown between Jaguar and Land Rover brand vehicles, in Fiscal 2018 and 2017 are set forth in the table below:
| Fiscal 2018 | Fiscal 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Units | % | Units | % | |||||||||||||
| Jaguar |
150,484 | 27.6 | % | 169,284 | 31.7 | % | ||||||||||
| Land Rover |
394,814 | 72.4 | % | 365,462 | 68.3 | % | ||||||||||
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| Total |
545,298 | 100.0 | % | 534,746 | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||
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In Fiscal 2018, Jaguar Land Rover wholesale volumes were 545,298 units, up 2.0% compared to Fiscal 2017 and wholesale volumes of Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China joint venture) were 88,212 units, reflecting a 33.5% growth as compared to 2017. This is mainly due to introduction of the long wheel base Jaguar XEL during Fiscal 2018 as well as the sales ramp up of the long wheel base Jaguar XFL at the China joint venture. Lower sales of more established models partially offset the rise in sales driven by the introduction of new models. Wholesale volumes were up in China (11.0%), in North America (3.4%) and other Overseas markets (13.0%), which includes Russia, Brazil and South Africa but down in the United Kingdom (1.1%) and in Europe (7.2%), reflecting continuing uncertainty over diesel.
Jaguar wholesale volumes were 150,484 units in fiscal 2018, down 11.1% compared to Fiscal 2017, reflecting the introduction of the E-PACE offset by lower sales of the Jaguar XE, Jaguar F-PACE, Jaguar XF.
Land Rover wholesale volumes were 394,814 units in fiscal 2018, up 8.0% compared to the prior year led by the introduction of the Range Rover Velar and the all new Discovery, partially offset by lower sales of the Range Rover Evoque and Discovery Sport. Sales of Range Rover and Range Rover Sport were also lower year on year on account of the model year change over, including the launch of our first Plug in Hybrid models, during the third and fourth quarter.
Jaguar Land Rover’s performance in key geographical markets on a retail basis
Retail volumes (including retail sales from the China Joint Venture) in Fiscal 2018 increased by 1.7% to 614,309 units from 604,009 units in Fiscal 2017 led by the introduction of the Range Rover Velar, the all new Land Rover Discovery and the Jaguar E-PACE as well as continued demand for the Jaguar F-PACE and the long wheel base Jaguar XFL from our China joint venture. This increase was partially offset by lower sales of the Jaguar XE (long wheel base Jaguar XEL launched in December 2017 with sales still ramping up), Jaguar XJ, Discovery Sport and Range Rover Evoque. Retail sales of Range Rover and Range Rover Sport were also lower year-on-year on account of the model year change over during the third and fourth quarter.
United Kingdom
Industry vehicle sales fell 11.0% in Fiscal 2018 in the United Kingdom due to a weaker automotive cycle, Brexit and the continuing uncertainty around diesel (diesel sales are down 26.2% year on year). Jaguar Land Rover retail volumes decreased by 12.8% to 108,759 units in Fiscal 2018 from 124,755 units in Fiscal 2017, which was broadly in line with the decline in industry volumes. The introduction of Range Rover Velar and Jaguar E-PACE as well as continuing demand for the Jaguar F-PACE in the United Kingdom were not enough to offset lower sales of more established models, including the model year changeover impacting sales of Range Rover and Range Rover Sport, and the lower demand for diesel powered vehicles.
North America
Economic performance in North America was generally favorable in Fiscal 2018 with solid GDP growth and strong labor market conditions. Industry sales in North America were down slightly (1.1%) in Fiscal 2018 whilst Jaguar Land Rover retail sales increased by 4.7% year-on-year to 129,319 units from 123,527 units in Fiscal 2017. Jaguar retail sales were down 1.7% in North America as continued demand for the Jaguar F-PACE and the introduction of the Jaguar E-PACE were offset by lower sales of the Jaguar XE and other models. Land Rover retailed 88,464 units in Fiscal 2018, up 8.0%, from 81,949 units last year led by the introduction of Range Rover Velar and the all new Discovery partially offset by lower sales of Range Rover Evoque, Discovery Sport and Range Rover Sport, primarily reflecting the model year changeover.
Europe
Economic performance in Europe improved during Fiscal 2018 with consistent GDP growth of around 2.5%. Industry volumes in Europe were up 3.4% but Jaguar Land Rover retail sales in Europe were down 5.3% to 133,592 in Fiscal 2018 from 141,043 last year, primarily driven by uncertainty over diesel. Jaguar volumes decreased by 10.1% to 36,248 units in Fiscal 2018 compared to 40,332 units in Fiscal 2017 as the introduction of the Jaguar E-PACE was more than offset by lower sales of the Jaguar XE, Jaguar XF and the Jaguar F-PACE. Land Rover retails were 97,344 units in Fiscal 2018, down 3.3% compared to the 100,711 units in Fiscal 2017 as the introduction of the Range Rover Velar and the all new Discovery solid sales were offset by lower sales of other models, including lower sales of Range Rover and Range Rover Sport which were impacted by the model year change over in the third and fourth quarter.
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China
Passenger car sales in China increased by 1.3% in Fiscal 2018 supported by GDP growth of around 6.8%, broadly in-line with the government’s target. Jaguar Land Rover retail volumes (including sales from the China Joint Venture) increased by 19.9% to 150,116 units in Fiscal 2018 from 125,207 units in Fiscal 2017. Jaguar retail sales in Fiscal 2018 were 44,705 units, up 52.3% compared to the 29,351 units in Fiscal 2017 primarily reflecting the introduction of the long wheel base Jaguar XFL from China joint venture and continued demand for the Jaguar F-PACE. Furthermore, sales of the long wheelbase Jaguar XEL from China joint venture started in December 2017 and are still ramping up. Land Rover retail sales were 105,411 units in Fiscal 2018, up 10.0% compared to the 95,856 units sold in Fiscal 2017 led by the introduction of the Range Rover Velar and continued demand for the Discovery Sport and Range Rover Evoque from China joint venture. Retail sales of Discovery were somewhat lower year-on-year due to the launch phasing of the all new Discovery in China during Fiscal 2018.
Other Overseas markets
Jaguar Land Rover’s retail volumes in the other overseas markets increased by 3.4% to 92,523 units in Fiscal 2018 compared to 89,477 units in the prior year. Jaguar retail volumes were 20,674 units, down 7.9% compared to the 22,455 units last year the introduction of the Jaguar E-PACE and solid demand for the Jaguar F-PACE was more than offset by lower sales of the Jaguar XE, Jaguar XF and the Jaguar XJ. Land Rover retail volumes were 71,849 units, down 7.2% compared to the 67,022 units in Fiscal 2017 led by the introduction of the Range Rover Velar and the all new Discovery, partially offset by lower sales of Range Rover and Range Rover Sport, which were impacted by the model year changeover in the third and fourth quarters.
Jaguar Land Rover’s Sales & Distribution
As at March 31, 2018, Jaguar Land Rover distribute its vehicles in 120 markets for Jaguar and 129 markets for Land Rover globally. Sales locations for vehicles are operated as independent franchises. Jaguar Land Rover is represented in its key markets through its National Sales Company’s (“NSC’s”) as well as third-party importers. Jaguar and Land Rover has regional offices in certain select countries that manage customer relationships and vehicle supplies and provide marketing and sales support to their regional importer markets. The remaining importer markets are managed from the United Kingdom.
Jaguar Land Rover products are sold through a variety of sales channels: through its dealerships for retail sales; for sale to fleet customers, including daily rental car companies; commercial fleet customers; leasing companies; and governments. Jaguar Land Rover does not depend on a single customer or small group of customers to the extent that the loss of such a customer or group of customers would have a material adverse effect on its business.
As at March 31, 2018, Jaguar Land Rover global sales and distribution network comprised 23 NSCs, 79 importers, 2 export partners and 1,571 franchise sales dealers, of which 1,226 are joint Jaguar and Land Rover dealers.
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Jaguar Land Rover — Competition
Jaguar Land Rover operates in a globally competitive environment and faces competition from established premium and other vehicle manufacturers who aspire to move into the premium performance car and premium SUV markets, some of which are much larger than they are. Jaguar vehicles compete primarily against other European brands such as Audi, Porsche, BMW and Mercedes Benz. Land Rover and Range Rover vehicles compete largely against SUVs from companies such as Audi, BMW, Infiniti, Lexus, Mercedes Benz, Porsche, Volvo and Volkswagen.
Jaguar Land Rover — Seasonality
Jaguar Land Rover volumes are impacted by the bi-annual change in age-related registration plates of vehicles in the United Kingdom, where new age-related plate registrations take effect in March and September. This has an impact on the resale value of the vehicles because sales are clustered around the time of the year when the vehicle registration number change occurs. Seasonality in most other markets is driven by introduction of new model year vehicles and derivatives. Furthermore, Western European markets tend to be impacted by summer and winter holidays, and the Chinese market tends to be affected by the Lunar New Year holiday in either January or February, the PRC National Day holiday and the Golden Week holidays in October. The resulting sales profile influences operating results on a quarter-to-quarter basis.
Other Operations
In addition to our automotive operations, we are also involved in other business activities, including information technology services. Net revenues, before inter-segment elimination, from these activities totaled Rs.31,335 million, Rs.31,154 million and Rs.29,116 million in Fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, representing nearly 1.1%, 1.2% and 1.1% of our total revenues before inter-segment elimination in the corresponding Fiscal periods.
Information Technology Services
As at March 31, 2018, we owned a 72.29% equity interest in our subsidiary, TTL. TTL, founded in 1994 and a part of Tata Motors Group, provides product development IT services solutions for PLM and Enterprise Resource Management, or ERM, to automotive, aerospace, industrial heavy machinery and consumer durables manufacturers and their suppliers. TTL’s services include product design, analysis and production engineering, knowledge-based engineering, PLM, ERM and CRM systems. TTL also distributes, implements and supports PLM products from leading solution providers in the world, such as Dassault Systems and Autodesk.
TTL is headquartered in India with regional headquarters in the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore. In Fiscal 2014, TTL acquired Cambric Corporation, an engineering services organization, to achieve greater domain expertise and presence in the industrial equipment sector. In Fiscal 2018, TTL acquired Escenda Engineering AB, a Sweden based Design Company to strengthen its offering to existing clients and expand its footprint in Scandinavian countries. TTL has a combined global workforce of around 8,488 professionals (including 1,041 contractors) serving clients worldwide from facilities in the North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific regions. As at March 31, 2018, TTL has 12 subsidiary companies and one joint venture, as well as offshore development centers in India, Thailand and Romania.
The consolidated revenues of TTL decreased by 3.5% in Fiscal 2018 to Rs.26,915 million (including sales to Tata Motors Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries) from Rs.27,880 million in Fiscal 2017, due to operations in the automotive and aerospace markets. TTL recorded profit after tax of Rs.2,457 million in Fiscal 2018, reflecting a decrease of 30.5% over Rs.3,534 million in Fiscal 2017.
Research and Development
Our research and product development costs, charged to our income statement, in Fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 were Rs.35,319 million, Rs.34,136 million and Rs.34,688 million, respectively. Our research and development activities focus on product development, environmental technologies and vehicle safety. In India, our Engineering Research Centre, or ERC, established in 1966, is one of the few in-house automotive research and development centers in India recognized by the Government of India. The ERC is integrated with all of the Tata Motors Global Automotive Product Design and Development Centers in South Korea, Italy and the United Kingdom.
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In Fiscal 2018, the focus was on providing mobility solutions for intelligently-connected cities designed to offer convenience, safety, security, and efficiency to its customers. As the only OEM with an end-to-end extensive product portfolio across its passenger and commercial vehicles businesses, we intend to play a complimentary role in the smart cities of the future. From public transport to personal cars, from last mile connectivity to BRTS, from emergency response vehicles to commercial utility vehicles, from green and sustainable solutions to vehicles designed to amplify the thrill of the drive, we strive to carry a product portfolio to connect the aspirations and needs of our customers.
In addition to this, the Company also runs several innovation projects in the domains of light weighting, xEVs and hybrids, guided diagnostics, telematics and, ADAS features. While all of our current products comply with existing Bharat Stage-IV emission norms, we are taking all necessary steps to ensure readiness for the upcoming Bharat Stage-VI regulations in India. For timely introduction of Bharat Stage-VI complaint products, the major focus is given on simulations, accelerated testing and validation on HIL benches. . Product competitiveness for TML engines/vehicles is targeted through customer value propositions such as best-in-class fuel efficiency, superior performance, better total low cost of ownership, increased service interval, reduced downtime and turn-around time. Application specific technology selection and duty cycle based performance optimization are key enablers to achieve these goals. Enhanced fuel efficiency and thereby reduction in carbon footprint is planned to be achieved through various powertrain as well as vehicle level measures. Company foresees Bharat Stage VI regulation as an opportunity for product upgrade through feature enhancements within program timelines. Architectural changes in powertrain, advanced cooling system with electro-viscous fan, engine de-speeding are also factored in the development program to deliver superior fuel efficiency and high level of product durability to the customer. Company is ensuring emission roadworthiness of entire vehicle portfolio by investing significantly in design & development efforts, associated capital equipment and in infrastructure over Bharat Stage VI program duration.
In passenger vehicles, the company’s continued efforts have translated into successful product launches and concept unveils. Tata Nexon was critically acclaimed and won multiple awards, most notably the prestigious Autocar “Best Design and Styling Award 2018” and “Best Value for Money Car of the Year 2018” and the NDTV Car & Bike “Subcompact SUV of the Year 2018” and “Design of the Year 2018”. The Nexon offers cutting edge features such as an automated manual transmission (AMT), a freestanding infotainment display, keyless entry/ignition, intelligent start/stop systems, intelligent alternator controller’s application integration in upcoming premium hatch and a wearable key, a market first. We also launched a special edition of the lifestyle SUV Hexa. To promote green and sustainable transport solutions, we launched Tiago EV & Tigor EV. In February 2018, we showcased two new innovative products—H5X concept for 5 seater luxury SUV and the ‘45X concept’ for a premium hatchback.
In commercial vehicles, we launched the New Tata INTRA - the stylish, feature loaded, compact truck that is set to re-define the SCV segment. Demonstrating our capabilities in providing smart and safe public transportation, we displayed the 12 meter Electric Bus with a Smart Bus Stop and passenger carriers - the Magic EV and the Iris EV at the Auto Expo 2018.
The SIGNA 4323 – Highest tonnage rigid trucks with 6-axle and 30-ton payload, the Prima 3718 with advanced rubber Suspension system and the Prima 4930.S with latest, advanced safety and driving features.
In addition to the dynamic showcase of products, the company displayed its New Generation Diesel Turbotron Engines of 3L and 5L capacities for its commercial vehicle applications. These state-of-the-art engines offer best-in-class fuel economy, excellent performance (flat torque curve & high low-end torque), lower TCO, better reliability and durability.
During Fiscal 2018, we filed 50 patent applications and 25 design applications. In respect of applications filed in earlier years, 80 patents were granted and 23 designs were registered. Both filing and grant details include national and international jurisdictions.
We plan to continue our endeavor in the research and development space to develop vehicles with reduced cost, time to market and shorter product life cycles. One of the main future initiatives in this direction would be a platform approach of creating bills of material and bills of process that have a high degree of commonality to reduce complexity and enhance ability to the scale. Tata Motors aims for timely and successful conclusion of technology projects so as to begin their induction into mainstream products, which will lead to a promising future.
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We have constantly adopted new technologies and practices in the digital product development domain to improve the product development process. This has led to better front loading of product creation, validation and testing, which results in greater likelihood of timely delivery and ensuring that new products are properly developed from the beginning. Niche integration tools, systems and processes continue to be enhanced in the areas of CAx, knowledge based engineering, or KBE, product lifecycle management, or PLM and manufacturing planning management, or MPM, for more efficient end-to-end delivery of the product development process. To deliver projects which meets customer target and to do the things right the first time, we are working on one of the critical project known as Requirements Management Design Verification and Validation (RMDV2). This project will bring system engineering approach towards our product development process, which will bring all engineering design rules and standards on one platform to meet the design requirement. In terms of physical assets used for product validation and testing, we have state-of-the-art facilities, such as Crash Lab, which is a facility where crash tests are performed, engine development and testing facilities, prototype shop and noise, vibration and harshness refinement facilities. These facilities are used extensively to physically validate the new products in a robust manner before they enter the market.
Jaguar Land Rover’s research and development operations are built around state-of-the-art engineering facilities, test tracks, testing centers, design hubs and a virtual innovation center. Our ERC in India and Jaguar Land Rover’s engineering and development operations in the United Kingdom work to enhance the product development process and achieve economies of scale.
Jaguar Land Rover’s two design and development centers are equipped with computer-aided design and manufacturing and engineering tools configured to support an ambitious product development cycle plan. In recent years, Jaguar Land Rover has refreshed the entire Jaguar range under a unified concept and design language, and has continued to enhance the design of Land Rover’s range of all-terrain vehicles. The majority of Jaguar Land Rover’s products are designed and engineered in the United Kingdom. Jaguar Land Rover currently offers hybrid technology on some of its models such as the Range Rover and Range Rover Sport as well as their first battery electric vehicle, the Jaguar I-PACE. In addition to the development of electric vehicles, Jaguar Land Rover has also developed more efficient powertrains, including smaller and more efficient 2.0-litre diesel and gasoline engines (now available across the majority of our model range) to satisfy growing customer demand and to further improve the environmental performance of its vehicles.
Intellectual Property
We create, own, and maintain a wide array of intellectual property assets throughout the world that are among our most valuable assets. Our intellectual property assets include patents, trademarks, copyrights, designs, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights. We proactively and aggressively seek to protect our intellectual property in India and other countries.
We own a number of patents in different fields of automobile technology and have applied for new patents which are pending for grant in India, as well as in other countries. We have also filed a number of patent applications outside India under the Patent Cooperation Treaty and Paris Convention Treaty, which we expect will be effective in other countries going forward. We also obtain new patents as part of our ongoing research and development activities.
We own registrations for a number of trademarks and have pending applications for registration of these in India, as well as in other countries. The registrations mainly include trademarks for our vehicle models and other promotional initiatives. We use the Tata brand, which has been licensed to us by Tata Sons. We believe that establishment of the Tata word mark and logo mark in India and around the world is material to our operations. As part of our acquisition of TDCV, we have rights to the perpetual and exclusive use of the Daewoo brand and trademarks in South Korea and overseas markets for the product range of TDCV.
As part of the acquisition of our Jaguar Land Rover business, ownership (or co-ownership, as applicable) of core intellectual property associated with Jaguar Land Rover was transferred to us; however, such intellectual property is still ultimately owned by Jaguar Land Rover entities. Additionally, perpetual royalty-free licenses to use other essential intellectual property from the third parties have been granted to us for use in Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles. Jaguar Land Rover owns registered designs to protect the design of its vehicles in several countries.
In varying degrees, all of our intellectual property is important to us. In particular, the Tata, Jaguar, Land Rover and Range Rover brands are integral to the conduct of our business, a loss of which could lead to dilution of our brand image and have a material adverse effect on our business.
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Components and Raw Materials
The principal materials and components required by us for use in Tata and other brand vehicles are steel sheets (for in-house stampings) and plates, iron and steel castings and forgings, items such as alloy wheels, tires, fuel injection systems, batteries, electrical wiring systems, electronic information systems and displays, interior systems such as seats, cockpits, doors, plastic finishers and plastic functional parts, glass and consumables, such as paints, oils, thinner, welding consumables, chemicals, adhesives and sealants, and fuels. We also require aggregates such as axles, engines, gear boxes and cams for our vehicles, which are manufactured in-house or by our subsidiaries, affiliates, joint ventures or operations and strategic suppliers. We have long-term purchase agreements for certain critical components such as transmissions and engines. We have established contracts with certain commodity suppliers to cover our own as well as our suppliers’ requirements in order to moderate the effect of volatility in commodity prices. We have also undertaken special initiatives to reduce material consumption through value engineering and value analysis techniques.
Our sourcing department in India has two divisions, namely, purchasing and supplier quality (P&SQ), and supply chain management (SCM). Purchasing oversees the commercial aspects of products sourcing. They also oversee the allocation of share of business. The supplier quality division is responsible for APQP and managing ongoing supplier relationships. SCM oversees the supply and delivery of parts from our suppliers. Our purchasing back office, known as GDC, supports the Purchasing division in managing all transactional work in SAP ERP system.
As part of our strategy to become a value for money vehicle manufacturer, we have undertaken various initiatives to reduce our fixed and variable costs. We started an e-sourcing initiative in India in 2002, pursuant to which we procure some supplies through reverse auctions. We also use external agencies as third-party logistic providers. This has resulted in space and cost savings. Our initiatives to leverage information technology in supply chain activities have resulted in improved efficiency through real time information exchange and processing with our suppliers. We continue to explore saving opportunities through our supplier base using various mechanisms such as our Value Addition and Value Engineering (VAVE) initiative and competitive sourcing.
We have an established supplier quality sixteen-step process in order to ensure quality of outsourced components. We formalized the component development process using Automotive Industry Action Group guidelines. We also have a program for assisting suppliers from whom we purchase raw materials or components to maintain quality. Preference is given to suppliers with TS 16949 certification. We also maintain a stringent quality assurance program that includes random testing of production samples, frequent re-calibration of production equipment and analysis of post-production vehicle performance, as well as an ongoing dialogue with supplier partners to eliminate production defects.
We are also exploring opportunities for increasing the global sourcing of parts and components from low cost countries, and have in place a supplier management program that includes supplier base upgradation, supplier quality improvement and supplier satisfaction surveys. We have begun to include our supply chain in our initiatives on social accountability and environment management activities, including supply chain carbon footprint measurement and knowledge sharing on various environmental aspects.
The principal materials and components required for use in Jaguar Land Rover vehicles are steel and aluminum, in sheet (for in-house stamping) or externally in pre-stamped form, aluminum castings and extrusions, iron/steel castings and forgings and items such as alloy wheels, tires, fuel injection systems, batteries, electrical wiring systems, electronic information systems and displays, leather-trimmed interior components such as seats, cockpits and doors, plastic finishers and plastic functional parts, glass and consumables (paints, oils, thinner, welding consumables, chemicals, adhesives and sealants) and fuels. Jaguar Land Rover also requires certain highly functional components, such as axles, engines and gear boxes for its vehicles, which are mainly manufactured by strategic suppliers. We have long-term purchase agreements for critical components, such as transmissions (ZF Friedrichshafen AG) and engines (Ford and Ford-PSA) The components and raw materials in Jaguar Land Rover cars include steel, aluminum, copper, platinum, palladium and a number of other commodities. Jaguar Land Rover has established contracts with certain commodity suppliers (e.g. Novelis) to cover its own and its suppliers’ requirements to mitigate the effect of price volatility and supply disruption. Special initiatives are also undertaken to reduce material consumption through value engineering and value analysis techniques.
Jaguar Land Rover works closely with its suppliers to meet its requirements for parts and components. Jaguar Land Rover has established quality control programs to ensure that externally purchased raw materials and components are monitored and meet its quality standards. Jaguar Land Rover also outsources many of the manufacturing processes and activities to various suppliers. Where this is the case, Jaguar Land Rover provides training to outside suppliers. Jaguar Land Rover also continues to work with its suppliers to optimize procurement.
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Jaguar Land Rover has launched Range Rover and Range Rover Sport plug-in hybrids and their first battery electric vehicle, the Jaguar I-PACE. By 2020, an electric option will be available for all of their models. With the introduction of electric propulsion technology into Jaguar Land Rover vehicles, exposure to certain commodities (e.g. lithium, nickel and cobalt) may increase.
Although Jaguar Land Rover has commenced the production of its own “in-house” four cylinder diesel and gasoline engines, it currently continues to source a significant proportion of its engines from Ford and the joint venture between Ford and PSA on an arm’s-length basis. Supply agreements have been entered into with Ford as further set out below:
Suppliers
We have an extensive supply chain for procuring various components. We also outsource many manufacturing processes and activities to various suppliers. Where this is the case, we provide training to the external suppliers.
Our associate company, Tata AutoComp Systems Ltd., or TACO, manufactures automotive components and collaborates with international manufacturers by setting up joint ventures with them.
In 2016, we introduced Manufacturing site assessment (MSA) for India suppliers, a comprehensive supplier assessment process. The framework is broadly based on lead measures and lag measures to assess the suppliers’ capability to service our requirements. To facilitate financial oversight, MSA also integrates financial risk assessment.
We have initiated a supplier optimization initiative for Indian domestic suppliers. This initiative will rationalize the current supply base enabling scale cost benefits, improved quality and balance in volume cyclicality. This also improves supplier relationships, giving TML better access to technologies and support in vehicle development for new programs.
We have entered into long-term agreements with Ford for technology sharing, joint development and for providing technical support across a range of technologies focused mainly around powertrain engineering such that we may continue to operate according to our existing business plan. This includes the EuCD platform, a shared platform consisting of shared technologies, common parts and systems and owned by Ford, which is shared among Land Rover, Ford and Volvo Cars.
Supply agreements, having end-stop dates to December 2020 at the latest , were entered into with Ford Motor Company for (i) the long-term supply of engines developed by Ford , (ii) engines developed by us but manufactured by Ford and (iii) engines developed by the Ford-PSA joint venture. Purchases under these agreements are generally denominated in euro and pounds sterling.
Suppliers are appraised based on our long-term requirements through a number of platforms, such as Vendor Council meetings, council regional chapter meetings, national vendor meets and location-specific vendor meets. We also take efforts to assess supplier financial risk.
Capital and Product Development Expenditures
Our capital expenditure totalled Rs.415,103 million, Rs.311,627 million and Rs.306,233 million during Fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Our capital expenditure during the past three Fiscal years related primarily to new product development and capacity expansion for new and existing products to meet market demand as well as investments toward improving quality, reliability and productivity that are each aimed at increasing operational efficiency.
We intend to continue to invest in our business units in general, and in research and product development in particular, over the next several years in order to improve our existing product range, develop new products and platforms and to build and expand our portfolio in the passenger vehicle and commercial vehicle categories. We believe this will strengthen our position in the Indian automotive market and help us to grow our market share internationally.
As part of this future growth strategy, we plan to make investments in product development, capital expenditure in capacity enhancement, plant renewal and modernization and to pursue other growth opportunities. Our subsidiaries also have their individual growth plans and related capital expenditure plans. These expenditures are expected to be funded largely through cash generated from operations, existing investible surplus in the form of cash and cash equivalents, investment securities and other external financing sources.
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Governmental Regulations
Governmental Regulations in India
Automotive Mission Plan, 2016-2026
The Automotive Mission Plan 2016-26, or AMP 2026, is the collective vision of the Government of India and the Indian automotive industry, in which the goal is for the vehicles, auto components, and tractor industries to reach certain size benchmarks over the next ten years and also contribute to India’s development, global footprint, technological maturity, competitiveness, and institutional structure and capabilities. AMP 2026 also seeks to define the trajectory of specific regulations and policies that govern research, design, technology, testing, manufacturing, imports/exports, sales, use, repair, and scrapping of automotive vehicles, components and services.
The vision statement of AMP 2026—“Vision 3/12/65”—states: “By 2026, the Indian automotive industry will be among the top three of the world in engineering manufacture and export of vehicles and auto components, and will encompass safe, efficient and environment friendly conditions for affordable mobility of people and transportation of goods in India comparable with global standards, growing in value to over 12% of India’s GDP, and generating an additional 65 million jobs”.
AMP 2026 envisages that the Government of India and the Indian automotive industry will work together to strengthen India’s position in the global automotive industry. AMP 2026 is intended help the Indian automotive industry focus on its strengths and improve its competitiveness in select segments, achieve the annual production target of Rs.16,160,000 to Rs.18,895,000 in terms of its size, and establish its “Right to Win” on the global stage.
The Auto Policy, 2002
The Auto Policy was introduced by the Department of Heavy Industry, Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises of the Government of India in March 2002, with the aims, among other things, of promoting a globally competitive automotive industry that would emerge as a global source for automotive components, establishing an international hub for manufacturing small, affordable passenger cars, ensuring a balanced transition to open trade at a minimal risk to the Indian economy and local industry, encouraging modernization of the industry and facilitating indigenous design, research and development, as well as developing domestic safety and environment standards on par with international standards.
Auto Fuel Vision & Policy 2025
The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas constituted an expert committee under the Chairmanship of Shri Saumitra Chaudhuri, Member Planning Commission, on December 19, 2012. Its objective was to recommend auto fuel quality applicable through model year 2025. The committee in its draft report has recommended Bharat Stage IV compliant fuel across the country by 2017 and Bharat Stage V compliant fuel with 10 ppm of sulfur to be made available from 2020 onward. The draft report proposes nationwide Bharat Stage V emission norms for new four-wheelers from model year 2020 and for all four-wheelers from model year 2021. It also recommends Bharat Stage VI emissions norms from model year 2024 onwards. In April 2014, the expert committee submitted its recommendations to the committee empowered by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, which proposed the implementation of emission norms one year earlier than the expert committee’s recommendations, which would result in the implementation of Bharat Stage V emission norms starting in model year 2019 and Bharat Stage VI emissions norms starting in model year 2023. However, in January 2016, Government of India decided to implement the Bharat Stage VI emission norms even earlier by skipping Bharat Stage V emission norms. As such, the Bharat Stage VI norms will be made applicable from April 1, 2020 to all categories of vehicles across India. This two stage migration is going to be a huge challenge from developmental and capex investment perspectives.
FAME Scheme
The Government of India announced the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles, or FAME. This scheme, in furtherance of the National Mission on Electric Mobility 2020 (NEMMP), is intended to support plug-in vehicle, or xEV, market development and its manufacturing network to achieve self-sustenance by focusing on four areas: (1) technology development, (2) demand creation, (3) pilot projects, and (4) public charging infrastructure. FAME envisions collaboration between the government, industry and academia to develop and promote the xEV market in India.
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Central Motors Vehicles Rules, 1989
Chapter V of the Central Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989, or the CMV Rules, sets forth provisions relating to construction, equipment and maintenance of motor vehicles, including specifications for dimensions, gears, indicators, reflectors, lights, horns, safety belts and others. The CMV Rules govern emission standards for vehicles operating on CNG, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas and diesel.
On and from the date of commencement of the CMV (Amendment) Rules, 1993, every manufacturer must submit the prototype of every vehicle to be manufactured by it for testing by the Vehicle Research and Development Establishment of the Ministry of Defense of the Government of India, the Automotive Research Association of India, Pune, the Central Machinery Testing and Training Institute, Budni (MP), the Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, the Central Institute of Road Transport, Pune, the International Center for Automotive Technology, Manesar or such other agencies as may be specified by the central government for granting a certificate by that agency as to the compliance of provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act, and the CMV Rules.
The CMV Rules also require the manufacturers to comply with notifications in the Official Gazette, issued by Government of India, to use such parts, components or assemblies in the manufacture of certain vehicles according to standards specified by either the Automotive Industry Standards Committee or the Bureau of Indian Standards.
Emission and Safety in India
The Government of India, starting April 2017, mandated Bharat Stage IV norms, which are equivalent to Euro IV norms, for all vehicles across India. All categories of our vehicles currently manufactured are compliant with Bharat Stage-IV norms. Bharat Stage-VI norms will be applicable across the country starting April 1, 2020.
The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, or MoRTH, has also imposed restrictions on the registration of Bharat Stage-IV vehicles sold after April 1, 2020. Fully built Bharat Stage-IV vehicles manufactured before April 1, 2020 may not be registered after June 30, 2020 and Bharat Stage-IV vehicles sold in the form of drive-away chassis manufactured before April 1, 2020 may not be registered after September 30, 2020.
CAFE norms for M1 category vehicles
The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) norms are applicable to M1 category vehicles from April 1, 2017. As a result, we are required to demonstrate CAFE compliance for our PV and CV M1 models. Through the use of the CAFE Calculator, we will monitor production volumes and process to ensure that organizational level CAFE compliance (which will require us to produce enough fuel efficient models to compensate for those models having higher CO2 emissions in g/km) is established at all times during the year. Any non-compliance could lead to penalties, product recalls and/or other punitive measures. To support our compliance obligations, our overall product portfolio needs to be enhanced with the incorporation of electric and hybrid vehicles as well as the inclusion of environmental-friendly technological features in existing and forthcoming models.
Heavy Duty Fuel Efficiency Norms
The Ministry of Power issued the final notification for Heavy Duty Fuel Efficiency Norms for Diesel Vehicles of categories M3 and N3 with GVW of 12T & above. Every vehicle of the specified categories must meet fuel efficiency targets mentioned in notification based on constant speed fuel consumption tests conducted at 40 km/h and 60 km/h. Phase 1 will be implemented starting April 1, 2018 for vehicles complying with BS-IV emission norms and Phase 2 will be implemented starting April 1, 2021 for vehicles complying with BS-VI emission norms.
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Crash and other safety requirements for Motor Vehicles
India has a well-established regulatory framework administered by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Recently, the Government of
India has embarked on a wide ranging program to institute standardized safety features for a variety of motor vehicles. Crash safety requirements, such as full frontal, offset frontal and lateral impact, have been made mandatory for
all new models starting October 1, 2017 and from October 1, 2019 for all existing models of vehicle categories as specified in the individual standards. A pedestrian compliance program will be instituted for all new models from
October 1, 2018 and for all existing models from October 1, 2020. Passenger vehicles will require safety features such as safety belt reminders, reverse parking alert system, speed alert system, manual override for central locking system
and air bags from 1st July 2019 onwards. Anti-lock braking system (ABS) will be required for all M1 and M2 category passenger vehicles starting April 1, 2018 and April 1, 2019, for new models and existing models respectively. To facilitate
informed consumer decision-making, the government is formulating the Bharat New Vehicle Safety Assessment Programme (BNVSAP), a star-rating based system of safety assessment for passenger vehicles. Additionally, starting April 1, 2018, the
government will require all public service vehicles to be outfitted with a vehicle location tracking device and an emergency buttons.
TML is also subject to bus body code, ambulance code and motor caravan code regulations. We believe all of our buses and ambulances comply with current requirements.
TML is working toward meeting all applicable regulations which we believe are likely to come into effect in various markets in the near future. We believe our vehicles also comply with the various safety regulations in effect in the other international markets where we operate.
India is a signatory to the 1998 UNECE Agreement on Global Technical Regulations and has voted in favor of all eleven Global Technical Regulations. TML works closely with the Government of India to participate in WP 29 World Forum Harmonization activities.
The Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill, 2017 was passed in the Lok Sabha on April 10, 2017, and is currently being debated in the Rajya Sabha. This Bill addresses vehicle recalls, road safety, traffic management and accident insurance, among other matters. In its current draft, the Bill imposes civil and criminal liability on manufacturers selling vehicles in contravention of the standards specified in the Bill, or required by the government to recall their vehicles. The Bill also proposes the creation of the National Road Safety Board to provide advice to the central and state governments on all aspects of road safety and traffic management.
The Essential Commodities Act, 1955
The Essential Commodities Act, 1955, as amended by the Essential Commodities (Amendment and Validation) Act, 2009, or the Essential Commodities Act, authorizes the Government of India, if it finds it necessary or expedient to do so, to provide for regulating or prohibiting the production, supply, distribution, trade and commerce in the specified commodities under the Essential Commodities Act, in order to maintain or increase supplies of any essential commodity or to secure their equitable distribution and availability at fair prices, or to secure any essential commodity for the defense of India or the efficient conduct of military operations. The definition of “essential commodity” under the Essential Commodities Act includes “component parts and accessories of automobiles”.
Environmental Regulations
Our manufacturing units must ensure compliance with various environmental statutes. Significant statutes for our business include the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the rules thereunder, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and the rules thereunder, the Environment Protection Act, 1986 and the rules thereunder and the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016. The basic purpose of these statutes is to control, abate and prevent pollution. In order to achieve these objectives, Pollution Control Boards, or PCBs, which are vested with diverse powers to deal with water and air pollution, have been set up in each state. The PCBs are responsible for establishing standards for maintenance of clean air and water, directing the installation of pollution control devices in industries and undertaking inspection to ensure that units or plants are functioning in compliance with the standards prescribed. These authorities also have the power of search, seizure and investigation. All of our manufacturing plants are either in possession of current, valid consents to operate and hazardous waste authorizations or are in the process of renewing their consents to operate and hazardous waste authorizations from the respective PCBs of the states where they operate. In the past year, the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Government of India has re-vamped several National level legislations governing waste management. Specifically the Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016, the Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) Management Rules 2016, e-waste Management Rules-2016, and the Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management Rules 2016. All our plants have analyzed these new regulations for its applicability and aligned their compliance practices accordingly.
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The Ministry of Environment and Forests under the Government of India receives proposals for expansion, modernization and establishment of projects and the impact of such projects on the environment are assessed by the Ministry, before it grants environmental clearances for the proposed projects under the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification and Rules. All of our manufacturing plants have obtained environmental clearances for specific projects in the past as and when mandated.
We ensure that all prescribed norms are followed for management of waste and we have made significant investments toward pollution control and environmental protection at our manufacturing plants.
The Government of India intends to regulate end of life vehicles, or ELVs, which would be applicable to passenger cars and two wheelers. The Authorized Collection and Dismantling Centers, or ACDCs, would be equipped to handle commercial vehicles as well. The purpose of the ELV policy is to remove vehicles that have gone beyond their useful life such that these vehicles are endangering the environment and posing safety hazards to the public.
MoRTH prepared a concept note titled the Voluntary Vehicle Fleet Modernization Programme, or V-VMP, which may be applicable for vehicles purchased on or before March 31, 2005. The MoRTH has sought comments from the public and involved stakeholders. Various intensives, such as a reduction in excise duty by 50% and a special discount from automobile manufacturers, are intended to be given to the customers as part of this policy. The State Run Transport Undertakings, or SRTU, buses would be given a 100% excise duty exemption based on this policy to promote public transport and also to reduce congestion on the roads.
Regulation of Imports and Exports
Regulation of quantitative restrictions on imports into India were liberalized with effect from April 1, 2001, pursuant to India’s World Trade Organization obligations, and imports of capital goods and automotive components were placed under the open general license category.
Automobiles and automotive components may, generally, be imported into India without a license from the Government of India subject to their meeting Indian standards and regulations, as specified by designated testing agencies. As a general matter, cars, UVs and SUVs in completely built up, or CBU, condition may be imported at 60% basic customs duty. However, cars with cost, insurance and freight value of more than US$40,000 or with engine capacities greater than 3,000 cubic centimeters for diesel variants and 2,500 cubic centimeters for gasoline variants, may be imported at a 100% basic customs duty. Commercial vehicles may be imported at a basic customs duty of 20% and components may be imported at basic customs duty ranging from at 10% to 7.5%.
The FDI Policy
Automatic approval for foreign equity investments up to 100% is allowed in the automobile manufacturing sector under the FDI Policy. See Item 10.D “—Exchange Controls” for additional information relating to restrictions on foreign investment under Indian law.
Indian Taxes
See Item 10.E “—Taxation” for additional information relating to our taxation.
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Major Taxes applicable on goods up to June 30, 2017
Excise Duty
The Government of India imposes excise duty on cars and other motor vehicles and their chassis, for which rates vary from time to time and across vehicle categories reflecting the policies of the Government of India. The chart below sets forth a summary of excise duty rates as applicable as at June 30, 2017.
| Tax Rate |
Excise Duty (per vehicle or chassis) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Small cars1 |
Cars other than small cars2 |
Motor vehicles for more than 13 persons |
Chassis fitted with engines for vehicles of more than 13 persons |
Trucks | Chassis fitted with engines for trucks |
Safari, SUVs and UVs | ||||||||||||||
| June 30, 2017 |
12.5 | % | 24% or 27%1 |
12.5 | % | 14% | 12.5 | % | 13% | 27% or 30% | ||||||||||
| 1. | Small cars are cars with a length not exceeding 4,000 mm and an engine capacity not exceeding 1,500 cubic centimeters for cars with diesel engines, and not exceeding 1,200 cubic centimeters for cars with gasoline engines. The higher rate is applicable if the engine capacity exceeds 1,500 cubic centimeters. |
| 2. | Cars other than small cars are cars with a length exceeding 4,000 mm with an engine capacity exceeding 1,500 cubic centimeters for diesel engines and 1,200 cubic centimeters for gasoline engines. |
All vehicles and chassis are subject to the Automobile Cess, which is levied at 0.125%. on assessable value. Certain passenger vehicles are also subject to the National Calamity Contingent Duty, which is levied at 1% on assessable value. Infra Cess is applicable on certain vehicles falling under heading 8703 at 1% of assessable value in case of small cars-Petrol/LPG/CNG, at 2.5% in case of small cars-Diesel and at 4% in case of other motor vehicles.
Value Added Tax
The Value Added Tax, or VAT, has been implemented throughout India. VAT enables set-off on input tax credit of VAT paid on inputs by traders and manufacturers against the output VAT/CST liability, thereby eliminating the cascading effect of taxation. Standard rate of VAT in general was prescribed as 5% and 12.5%, along with special brackets of 0%, 1%, 3%, 4%, 13.5%, 14% 14.5%, 15%, 20%, 22% and 23% have been announced for various categories of goods and commodities sold in/from the respective States and certain States have also introduced additional VAT of 1% to 3% on specified commodities, including automobiles.
In some of the states, a surcharge of 5% to 10% on VAT has been introduced on automobiles. Since its implementation, VAT has had a positive impact on our business. Prior to the implementation of VAT, a major portion of sales tax paid on purchases formed part of our total cost of materials. The implementation of VAT has resulted in savings on the sales tax component, as VAT paid on inputs may generally be set-off against tax paid on outputs.
In addition to VAT, a Central Sales Tax continues to exist, although it was proposed to be abolished in a phased manner. The Central Sales Tax rate was reduced to 2% in 2008-09. There was no change in Central Sales Tax rates after June 01, 2008 and the same rates continued as on June 2017.
Economic Stimulus Package and Incentives
Following the passage of the Fiscal 2014 budget, in February 2014, the Government of India further amended the central value added tax, or Cenvat, rates. Till December 31, 2014, the Cenvat on small cars, trucks and buses was reduced to 8% and Cenvat on cars other than small cars was reduced to 20% or 24% from 24% or 27%, respectively. The Cenvat on UVs was reduced from 27% or 30% to 24%. The Cenvat for chassis, which was increased from 12% to 14% in the budget for the Fiscal 2013, was reduced to 9%.
The Government of India launched the NEMMP to encourage reliable, affordable and efficient electric vehicles that meet consumer performance and price expectations. Through collaboration between the government and industry for promotion and development of indigenous manufacturing capabilities, required infrastructure, consumer awareness and technology, the NEMMP aims to help India to emerge as a leader in the electric vehicle market in the world by 2020 and to contribute toward national fuel security.
Furthermore, the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways and the Bureau of Energy Efficiency in India finalized labeling regulations for the M1 category of vehicles, which includes passenger vehicles with nine seats or less.
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The Government of India’s plan to encourage India’s transition to hybrid and electric mobility consists of the following initiatives:
| • | Demand Side: Mandate use of electric vehicles in areas such as public transportation and government fleets in order to create initial demand for OEMs and provide incentives for the sales of electric vehicles to consumers. |
| • | Supply Side: Link incentives to localization of the production of key components of electric vehicle in a phased manner. |
| • | Research and Development: Fund research and development programs along with OEMs and component suppliers to develop optimal solutions for India at low cost. |
| • | Infrastructure Support: Develop pilot programs to support hybrid and/or electric vehicles and test their effectiveness and make modest investments to build public charging infrastructure to support electric vehicles, especially for buses. |
Taxes Applicable from July 1, 2017
Goods and Services Tax
The introduction of Goods and Services Tax, or GST, from July 1, 2017 was a very significant step in the field of indirect tax reforms in India. By subsuming a large number of Central and State taxes into a single tax, the aim was to mitigate cascading or double taxation and pave the way for a common national market.
The salient features of GST are:
| (i) | Applicable on “supply” of goods or services as against the earlier concept of tax on manufacture of goods or on sale of goods or on provision of services. |
| (ii) | Based on the principle of destination based consumption taxation as against the present principle of origin-based taxation. |
| (iii) | Dual GST with the Center and the States simultaneously levying it on a common base. |
| (iv) | Replaced the taxes earlier levied and collected by the Center, namely, a) Central Excise Duty; b) Duties of Excise (Medicinal and Toilet Preparations); c) Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance); d) Additional Duties of Excise (Textiles and Textile Products); e) Additional Duties of Customs (commonly known as CVD); f) Special Additional Duty of Customs (SAD); g) Service Tax; h) Cesses and surcharges insofar as they relate to supply of goods or services. |
| (v) | State taxes that were subsumed within the GST are a) State VAT; b) Central Sales Tax; c) Purchase Tax; d) Luxury Tax; e) Entry Tax (All forms); f) Entertainment Tax (except those levied by the local bodies); g) Taxes on advertisements; h) Taxes on lotteries, betting and gambling; i) State cesses and surcharges insofar as they relate to supply of goods or services. |
The GST rates together with the GST Compensation Cess rates applicable to vehicles as on March 31, 2018 are listed below:
| Commodity | GST Rate | GST Comp. Cess Rate |
||||||
| Small Cars (Diesel) |
28 | % | 3 | % | ||||
| Small Cars (Gasoline) |
28 | % | 1 | % | ||||
| Motor Vehicles for transport of 10 to 13 persons incl. driver |
28 | % | 15 | % | ||||
| Motor vehicles for more than 13 persons |
28 | % | — | |||||
| Chassis fitted with engine for more than 13 persons |
28 | % | — | |||||
| Chassis fitted with engine for trucks |
28 | % | — | |||||
| Safari, SUVs and UVs |
28 | % | 22 | % | ||||
| Car—Motor vehicle of engine capacity not exceeding 1500cc |
28 | % | 17 | % | ||||
| Motor vehicle of engine capacity exceeding 1500 cc and other than SUV |
28 | % | 20 | % | ||||
| Truck |
28 | % | — | |||||
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Environmental, fiscal and other governmental regulations around the world
Our Jaguar Land Rover business has significant operations in the United Kingdom, North America, Europe, China and other markets which have stringent and ever evolving regulations relating to vehicle emissions. Compliance with the proposed tightening of vehicle emissions regulations by the European Union may entail significant costs. Although Jaguar Land Rover is pursuing various technologies to meet the different environmental standards, the costs of compliance can be significant to its operations and may adversely and materially impact its business, financial condition and results of operations.
Article 50 was triggered on March 29, 2017 to start the process for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union. The general election on June 8, 2017, concluded in a hung parliament and resulted in the Conservatives forming a coalition government with the Democratic Unionist Party of Northern Ireland. The formation of a coalition government adds to the uncertainty emanating from the circumstances surrounding Brexit. This uncertainty has weighed on the economic performance of the United Kingdom with recent higher inflation leading to a rise of 0.25% in the base interest rate adding further pressure to economic growth. In addition, a rise in UK vehicle tax in April 2017 as well as a higher taxes levied on diesel vehicles have adversely impacted automotive industry sales.
Economic growth in the Eurozone is improving. The outcome of the French elections strengthened support for the European Union with elections in Germany expected to conclude in September.
The United States economy continues to grow, albeit at a slower rate. However, import tariffs have been imposed on steel and aluminum which could be applied to a wider set of imported goods, including automobiles, and could lead to further volatility going forward.
China’s economy continues to perform broadly in line with targets set by the government and is anticipated to continue doing so. However, market volatility is anticipated. The economic environment in emerging markets is likely to remain challenging in the short-term.
Greenhouse gas / CO2 / fuel economy legislation
Current legislation in Europe limits passenger car fleet average greenhouse gas emissions to 130 grams of CO2 per kilometer for 100% of new cars from 2015. Different targets apply to each manufacturer based on their respective fleets of vehicles and average weight. Jaguar Land Rover has received a permitted derogation from the weight-based target requirement available to small volume and niche manufacturers. As a result, Jaguar Land Rover is permitted to reduce emissions by 25% from 2007 levels rather than meeting a specific CO2 emissions target. Jaguar Land Rover had an overall 2015 target of an average of 178.0 grams of CO2 per kilometer for its full fleet of vehicles registered in the EU that year, with Jaguar Land Rover and Tata Motors monitored as a single ‘‘pooled’’ entity for compliance with this target (for Jaguar Land Rover alone, this number is 179.8 g/km). In the European Environment Agency report “Monitoring of CO2 emission from passenger cars—Data 2016—Final data” our fleet delivered 150 grams of CO2 per kilometer, well below the mandated target.
The European Union has regulated target reductions for 95% of a manufacturer’s full fleet of new passenger cars registered in the European Union in 2020 to average 95 grams of CO2 per kilometer, rising to 100% in 2021. The new rule for 2020 contains an extension of the niche manufacturers’ derogation and permits us to reduce our emissions by 45% from 2007 levels, which enables Jaguar Land Rover to have an overall target of 132 grams of CO2 per kilometer. With the rapid growth of Jaguar Land Rover sales, there is a risk that Jaguar Land Rover may exceed the 300,000-unit niche manufacturers’ derogation volume threshold before 2020. All cycle plans are now structured to achieve the non-derogated CO2 target.
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In the United States, both CAFE standards and greenhouse gas emissions standards are imposed on manufacturers of passenger cars and light trucks. NHTSA has set the federal CAFE standards for passenger cars and light trucks to meet an estimated combined average fuel economy level of 35.5 miles per US gallon for 2016 model year vehicles. Meanwhile, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, and NHTSA issued a joint rule to reduce the average greenhouse gas emissions from passenger cars, light trucks and medium-duty passenger vehicles for model years 2012-16 to 250 grams of CO2 per mile, approximately 6.63L/100km or 35.5 miles per US gallon if the requirements were met only through fuel economy standards. The United States federal government extended this program to cars and light trucks for model years 2017 through 2025, targeting an estimated combined average emissions level of 243 grams of CO2 per mile in 2017 and 163 grams per mile in 2025, which is equivalent to 54.5 miles per gallon if achieved exclusively through fuel economy standards. In addition, many other markets either have or will shortly define similar greenhouse gas emissions standards, including Brazil, Canada, China, the European Free Trade Association, India, Japan, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, South Korea and Switzerland.
Although California is empowered to implement more stringent greenhouse gas emissions standards, it has, so far, elected to accept the existing U.S. federal standards for compliance with the state’s own requirements. The California Air Resources Board enacted regulations that deem manufacturers of vehicles for model years 2012 through 2016 that were in compliance with the EPA greenhouse gas emissions regulations to also be in compliance with California’s greenhouse gas emission regulations. In November 2012, the California Air Resources Board accepted the federal standard for vehicles with model years 2017-25 for compliance with the state’s own greenhouse gas emission regulations.
However, California is moving forward with other stringent emission regulations for vehicles, including the Zero Emission Vehicle regulation, or ZEV, which requires manufacturers to increase their sales of zero emissions vehicles year on year, up to an industry average of 22% of vehicles sold in the state by 2025. The precise sales required in order to meet a manufacturer’s obligation in any given model year depend on the size of the manufacturer and the level of technology sold (for example, transitional zero emission technologies, such as plug-in hybrids, can account for at least a proportion of a manufacturer’s obligation, but these technologies earn compliance credits at a different rate from pure zero-emissions vehicles). Other compliance mechanisms are available under ZEV, such as banking and trading of credits generated through the sale of eligible vehicles.
Jaguar Land Rover is fully committed to meeting these standards. Technology deployment plans incorporated into cycle plans are directed at achieving these standards. These plans include the use of lightweight materials, including aluminum, which will contribute to overall lighter vehicles, thereby improving fuel efficiency, reducing parasitic losses through the driveline and improvements in aerodynamics. The plans also include the development and installation of smaller and more efficient engines in existing Jaguar Land Rover vehicles and other drivetrain efficiency improvements, including the use of eight-speed or nine-speed transmissions in some of Jaguar Land Rover’s vehicles. Jaguar Land Rover continues to introduce smaller vehicles such as the Jaguar XE, its most fuel-efficient Jaguar yet and to continue lightening new models as demonstrated with the aluminum construction of the all-new Discovery. The technology deployment plans also include the research, development and deployment of hybrid-electric vehicles. These technology deployment plans require significant investment. Local excise tax initiatives are a key consideration in ensuring Jaguar Land Rover products meet customer needs for environmental footprint and cost of ownership concerns as well as continued access to major city centers (such as London and Paris’ Ultra Low Emission Zones and similar low emissions areas being contemplated in other major urban centers).
Non-greenhouse gas emissions legislation
The European Union has adopted Euro 6, the latest in a series of more stringent standards for emissions of other air pollutants from passenger and light commercial vehicles, such as nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulates. Euro 6d incorporates the introduction of Real Driving Emissions, or RDE, as a complement to laboratory testing to measure compliance. As a first step, manufacturers will be required to reduce the discrepancy between laboratory compliance values and RDE procedure values to a conformity factor of a maximum of 2.1 (110%) for new models by September 2017 for passenger cars and by September 2018 for light commercial vehicles. Following that, manufacturers will be required to reduce this discrepancy to a conformity factor of a maximum of 1.5 (50%) by January 2020 for new models of passenger cars and by January 2021 for new models of light commercial vehicles.
Starting 2017, there was a move to the new Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure, or WLTP, in Europe to address global concerns on more customer-correlated fuel economy certified levels as well as air quality concerns. It is expected that other countries will follow suit and introduce similar requirements. All programs are being fully engineered to enable the adoption of these new requirements. Jaguar Land Rover is also accelerating some of these initiatives to improve RDE ahead of the mandated timing.
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In California, the Low-Emission Vehicle regulations, recently adopted LEV3 regulations as well as the ZEV regulations place ever-stricter limits on emissions of particulates, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, organics and greenhouse gases from passenger cars and light trucks. These regulations require ever-increasing levels of technology in engine control systems, on-board diagnostics and after treatment systems affecting the base costs of our powertrains. California’s LEV3 and ZEV regulations cover model years 2015 to 2025. Additional stringency of evaporative emissions also requires more-advanced materials and joints solutions to eliminate fuel evaporative losses, all for much longer warranty periods (up to 150,000 miles in the United States).
In addition, in April 2014, the Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards issued by the EPA were finalized. With Tier 3, the EPA has established more stringent vehicle emissions standards broadly aligned to the CARB LEV3 standards for 2017 to 2025 model year vehicles. The EPA made minor amendments to these Tier 3 standards in January 2015.
While Europe and the United States lead the implementation of these emissions programs, other nations and states typically follow on with adoption of similar regulations two to four years thereafter. For example, China’s Stage IV targets a national average fuel consumption of 5.0L/100km by 2021. In response to severe air quality issues in Beijing and other major Chinese cities, the Chinese government also intends to adopt more stringent emissions standards beginning in 2019.
To comply with the current and future environmental norms, we may have to incur substantial capital and R&D expenditure to upgrade products and manufacturing facilities, which would have a material and adverse impact on our cost of production and results of operations.
Noise legislation
The European Commission adopted new rules, which apply to new homologations from July 2016, to reduce noise produced by cars, vans, buses, coaches and light and heavy trucks. Noise limit values would be lowered in two steps of each two A-weighted decibels for vehicles other than trucks, and one A-weighted decibel in the first step and two in the second step for trucks. Compliance would be achieved over a ten-year period from the introduction of the first phase.
Vehicle safety legislation
Jaguar Land Rover’s products are certified in all markets in which they are sold and compliance is achieved through vehicle certification in respective countries. Many countries use, and in many instances adopted into their own regulatory frameworks, the regulations and technical requirements provided through the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE) series of vehicle regulations.
Vehicles sold in Europe are subject to vehicle safety regulations established by both the European Union and by individual member states, if any. In 2009, the European Union enacted a new regulation to establish a simplified framework for vehicle safety, repealing more than 50 existing directives and replacing them with a single regulation aimed at incorporating relevant United Nations standards. Following the incorporation of the United Nations standards commenced in 2012, the European Commission requires new model cars to have electronic stability control systems and has introduced regulations relating to low-rolling resistance tires, tire pressure monitoring systems and requirements for heavy vehicles to have advanced emergency braking systems and lane departure warning systems. The new safety requirements came into force from November 2014 for all new vehicles sold in the EU market. The new mandatory measures include safety belt reminders, electric car safety requirements, easier child seat anchorages, tire pressure monitoring systems and gear shift indicators.
NHTSA issues federal motor vehicle safety standards covering a wide range of vehicle components and systems such as airbags, seatbelts, brakes, windshields, tires, steering columns, displays, lights, door locks, side impact protection and fuel systems. Jaguar Land Rover is required to test new vehicles and equipment and assure their compliance with these standards before selling them in the United States. It is also required to recall vehicles found to have defects that present an unreasonable risk to safety or which do not conform to the required Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, and to repair them without charge to the owner. The financial cost and impact on consumer confidence of such recalls can be significant depending on the repair required and the number of vehicles affected. We have no investigations relating to alleged safety defects or potential compliance issues pending before NHTSA.
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These standards add to the cost and complexity of designing and producing vehicles and equipment. In recent years, NHTSA has mandated, among other things:
| • | a system for collecting information relating to vehicle performance and customer complaints, as well as data from foreign recalls to assist in the early identification of potential vehicle defects as required by the Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability, and Documentation (TREAD) Act; and |
| • | enhanced requirements for frontal and side impact, including a lateral pole impact. |
Furthermore, the Cameron Gulbransen Kids Transportation Safety Act of 2007, or the Kids and Cars Safety Act, requires NHTSA to enact regulations related to rearward visibility and brake-to-shift interlock, and to consider regulating the automatic reversal functions on power windows. The costs to meet these proposed regulatory requirements may be significant.
As at July 27, 2018, Jaguar Land Rover has one issue under investigation by NHTSA. The investigation concerns a defective condition in the electronically-controlled door latch system while certain vehicles were in motion. The investigation is ongoing and Jaguar Land Rover is co-operating fully with NHTSA.
While vehicle safety regulations in Canada are similar to those in the United States, many other countries have requirements different from those in the United States. The differing requirements among various countries create complexity and increase costs such that the development and production of a common product that meets the country regulatory requirements of all countries is not possible. Global Technical Regulations, or GTRs, developed under the auspices of the United Nations, continue to have an increasing impact on automotive safety activities, as indicated by the European Union legislation. In 2008, GTRs on electronic stability control, head restraints and pedestrian protection were each adopted by the United Nations World Forum for the Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations, and are now in different stages of national implementation. While global harmonization is fundamentally supported by the automobile industry in order to reduce complexity, national implementation may still introduce subtle differences into the system.
Insurance Coverage
The Indian insurance industry is predominantly state-owned and insurance tariffs are regulated by the Indian Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority. We have insurance coverage which we consider reasonably sufficient to cover all normal risks associated with our operations, including business interruptions, and which we believe are in accordance with industry standards in India. We have obtained coverage for product liability for some of our vehicle models in several countries to which we export vehicles. TDCV has insurance coverage as is required and applicable to cover all normal risks in accordance with industry standards in South Korea, including product liability. We have also taken insurance coverage on directors and officers liability to minimize risks associated with international litigation for us and our subsidiaries.
In accordance with treasury policy, Jaguar Land Rover has maintained insurance coverage that is reasonably adequate to cover normal risks associated with the operation of its business, such as coverage for people, property and assets, including construction, general, auto and product liability. On August 12, 2015, a series of explosions caused widespread damage at the Port of Tianjin in China, one of three major locations in China through which Jaguar Land Rover imports its vehicles. At the time of the explosion, approximately 5,800 Jaguar Land Rover vehicles were stored at various locations in Tianjin. Many of these vehicles were destroyed or damaged in the explosion, and, as a result, Jaguar Land Rover recognized an exceptional charge of GBP245 million in the second quarter of Fiscal 2016. By the end of Fiscal 2017, GBP274 million had been recovered through the receipt of insurance proceeds and other recoveries. These included amounts received for insurance, tax recoveries, foreign exchange gains and the sales of vehicles that were at the port at the time of the explosion including GBP35 million related to other costs associated with Tianjin including lost and discounted vehicle revenue. There can be no assurance that any claim under our insurance policies will be honored fully or timely, our insurance coverage will be sufficient in any respect or our insurance premiums will not increase substantially. Accordingly, to the extent that we suffer loss or damage that is not covered by insurance or which exceeds our insurance coverage, or have to pay higher insurance premiums, our financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.
We are insured by insurers of recognized financial standing against such losses and risks and in such amounts as are prudent and customary in the business in which it is engaged. All such insurance is in full force and effect.
We are able to renew our existing insurance coverage, as and when such policies expire or to obtain comparable coverage from similar institutions as may be necessary or appropriate to conduct its business, as now conducted.
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Export Promotion Capital Goods
Since Fiscal 1997, we have benefited from participation in the Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme, or the EPCG Scheme, which permits us to import capital equipment under a special license at a substantially reduced customs duty. Our participation in this scheme is subject to us fulfilling an obligation to export goods manufactured or produced by the use of capital equipment imported under the EPCG Scheme to the value of a multiple of the cost plus insurance and freight value of these imports or customs duty saved over a period of 6, 8 and 12 years from the date of obtaining the special license. We currently hold 45 licenses (excluding redeemed licenses) which require us to export our products of a value of approximately Rs.33.68 billion between the years 2016 to 2024, and we carefully monitor our progress in meeting our incremental milestones. After fulfilling some of the export obligations as per provisions of Foreign Trade Policy, as at March 31, 2018, we have remaining obligations to export products worth approximately Rs.3.80 billion by March 2024. In the event that the export obligation under the EPCG Scheme is not fulfilled, we would have to pay the differential between the reduced and normal duty on the goods imported along with interest. In view of our past record of exceeding our export milestones, and our current plans with respect to our export markets, we do not currently foresee any impediments to meeting our export obligation in the required time frame.
Legal Proceedings
In the normal course of business, we face claims and assertions by various parties. We assess such claims and assertions and monitor the legal environment on an ongoing basis, with the assistance of external legal counsel where appropriate. We record a liability for any claims where a potential loss is probable and capable of being estimated and disclose such matters in our financial statements, if material. For potential losses which are considered reasonably possible, but not probable, we provide disclosure in the financial statements, but do not record a liability in our financial statements unless the loss becomes probable. Should any new developments arise, such as a change in law or rulings against us, we may need to make provisions in our financial statements, which could adversely impact our reported financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, if significant claims are determined against us and we are required to pay all or a portion of the disputed amounts, there could be a material adverse effect on our business and profitability. Certain claims that are above Rs.200 million in value are described in Note 33 to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F. Certain claims that are below Rs.200 million in value pertain to indirect taxes, labor and other civil cases. There are other claims against us which pertain to motor accident claims in India (involving vehicles that were damaged in accidents while being transferred from our manufacturing plants to regional sales offices), product liability claims and consumer complaints. Some of these cases relate to replacement of parts of vehicles and/or compensation for deficiency in services provided by us or our dealers.
We had initially set up our Nano project in Singur, West Bengal under a lease agreement with the West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation, or WBIDC. In October 2008, we moved our Nano project to Sanand in Gujarat. In January 2011, the newly elected Government of West Bengal enacted a law canceling the land lease agreement at Singur, and took over possession of the land. We challenged the constitutional validity of the law. In June 2012, the Calcutta High Court declared the law unconstitutional and restored our rights under the land lease agreement. The State Government filed an appeal in the Supreme Court of India in August 2012. In August 2016, the Supreme Court of India ordered the State Government to return the land to the farmers from whom WBIDC acquired the land. Following this decision, we decided to pursue the indemnities provided by WBIDC as lessor. WBIDC did not respond positively, and pursuant to our lease agreement, we are currently taking steps to commence the arbitration.
The Competition Commission of India, or CCI, has initiated an inquiry against us and other car manufacturers (collectively referred to hereinafter as the OEMs) pursuant to an allegation that genuine spare parts of automobiles manufactured by the OEMs were not made freely available in the open market in India and, accordingly, anti-competitive practices were carried out by the OEMs. The CCI through its order, dated August 25, 2014, held that the OEMs had violated the provisions of Section 3 and Section 4 of the Competition Act, 2002, and imposed a penalty of 2% of the average turnover for three years. Subsequently, we and other car manufacturers filed a writ petition before the Delhi High Court challenging the constitutional validity of Section 22(3) and 27(b) of the Indian Competition Act under which the order was passed and penalty imposed. The matter is currently pending before the Delhi High Court.
During Fiscal 2015, Jaguar Land Rover’s Brazilian subsidiary received a demand for 167 million Brazilian Real in relation to additional indirect taxes (PIS and COFINS) claimed as being due on local vehicle and parts sales made in 2010. The court case was heard on July 27, 2017, and the subsidiary was successful.
A SEBI Order, dated March 6, 2018, directed TML to conduct an internal inquiry within 3 months into the leakage of information relating to its financial results for the quarter ended December 2015 and to take appropriate actions against those responsible. TML hired Ernst & Young LLP to conduct an internal investigation. The report was submitted to SEBI on June 11, 2018.
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Tata Sons—Our Promoter and its Promoted Entities
Tata Sons holds equity interests in its promoted companies engaged in a wide range of businesses. The various companies promoted by Tata Sons, including Tata Motors Limited, are based substantially in India and had combined consolidated revenues of approximately US$100 billion in Fiscal 2018. The businesses of entities promoted by Tata Sons can be categorized under seven business sectors, namely, engineering, materials, energy, chemicals, consumer products, services, and communications and information systems.
Some of the entities promoted by Tata Sons have their origins in the trading business founded by the founder Mr. Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata in 1868, which was developed and expanded in furtherance of his dreams by his two sons, Sir Dorabji Tata and Sir Ratan Tata, following their father’s death in 1904. The family’s interests subsequently vested largely in the Sir Ratan Tata Trust, the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust and other associate trusts, collectively called “the Tata Trusts”. The Tata Trusts have been established for philanthropic and charitable purposes and together own a significant percentage of the share capital of Tata Sons.
Over the years, the operations of the entities promoted by Tata Sons have expanded to encompass a number of major industrial and commercial enterprises, including Indian Hotels Company Limited (1902), Tata Steel (1907), one of the top ten steel manufacturers in the world, Tata Power Company Limited (1910), Tata Chemicals Limited (1939), which is the world’s second largest manufacturer of soda ash, and Tata Motors Limited (1945). Other Tata entities include Voltas Limited (1954), and Tata Global Beverages Ltd, (1962), along with its UK-based subsidiary Tetley.
Tata Consultancy Services Limited, or TCS, a subsidiary of Tata Sons which started its operations in the 1960s as a division of Tata Sons and later became a listed public company, is a leading software service provider in India and several countries abroad and the first Indian software firm to exceed sales of US$4 billion. TCS has delivery centers around the globe including the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Brazil, Uruguay and China, as well as India.
Tata Sons promoted India’s first airline, Tata Airlines, which later changed its name to Air India (India’s national carrier), as well as India’s largest general insurance company, New India Assurance Company Limited, both of which were subsequently taken over by the government as part of the Government of India’s nationalization program. In 1999, entities promoted by Tata Sons also invested in several telephone and telecommunication ventures, including acquiring a significant portion of the Government of India’s equity stake in the then state owned Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited, which was subsequently renamed Tata Communications Limited. Companies promoted by Tata Sons are building multinational businesses that aspire to achieve growth through excellence and innovation, while balancing the interests of shareholders, employees and society.
Some of the other companies promoted by Tata Sons include Titan Company, established in 1984, which is manufacturing India’s largest and best-known range of personal accessories, such as watches, jewellery, sunglasses, and prescription eyewear, and excels in precision engineering, Tata Housing Development Company, established in 1984, a real estate developer in India, Tata AIA Life Insurance Company, established in 2001, which is a joint venture between Tata Sons and AIA Life Group Ltd Tata AIG General Insurance Company, established in 2001, which provides non-life insurance solutions to individuals, groups and corporate houses in India and Tata Capital, established in 2007, a systemically important non-deposit taking non-banking financial company, or NBFC, that fulfils the financial needs of retail and institutional customers in India, Tata Realty and Infrastructure Limited, established in 2007 which is an Infrastructure and Real Estate developer, AirAsia (India) Limited, a joint venture established in 2013 which is a low cost airline, Tata SIA Airlines Limited, a joint venture established in 2013 which is engaged in full service scheduled passenger airline services, Tata Advanced Systems Limited, established in 2006 and its subsidiaries which are, inter alia, engaged in scientific, technical and research and development activities, manufacturing, testing and experimenting equipment, components, etc., in the field of advanced defense technologies, security systems, aerospace & aerostructures.
We have for many years been a licensed user of the “TATA” brand owned by Tata Sons, and thus have gained from the use of the “TATA” brand and its brand equity. Tata Sons instituted a corporate identity program in the year 1998 to re-position the brand to compete in a global environment. A substantial ongoing investment and recurring expenditure is undertaken by Tata Sons to develop and promote a strong, well-recognized and common brand, which is intended to represent for the consumer a high level of quality, service and reliability associated with products and services offered by the entities promoted by Tata Sons.
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Companies which have subscribed to the Tata Brand Equity & Business Promotion Scheme pay an annual subscription fee to use the “TATA” business name and trademarks and participate in and gain from the promotion of the Tata brand equity as well as avail themselves of various services including legal, human resources, economics and statistics, corporate communications and public affairs services organized by Tata Sons. We believe that we benefit from the use of and association with the “TATA” brand identity and accordingly, Tata Motors Limited and certain of its subsidiaries have subscribed to the Tata Brand Equity & Business Promotion Agreement and pay an annual subscription fee to Tata Sons which is in the range of 0.15% to 0.25% of the annual net income (defined as net revenues exclusive of excise duties and other governmental taxes and non-operating income), subject to a ceiling of 5% of annual profit before tax (defined as profit after interest and depreciation but before income tax), each calculated on a standalone basis for these entities. In some of the past years, Tata Sons has lowered the absolute amount of subscription fee in light of its outlay for activities related to brand promotion and protection in those years. In Fiscal 2014, 2015, 2017 and 2018, no amount was paid in view of losses of Tata Motors Limited calculated on a standalone basis. Pursuant to our licensing agreement with Tata Sons, we have also undertaken certain obligations for the promotion and protection of the Tata brand identity licensed to us under the agreement. The agreement can be terminated by written agreement between the parties or by Tata Sons upon our breach of the agreement and our failure to remedy such a breach, or by Tata Sons upon providing six months’ notice for reasons to be recorded in writing. The agreement can also be terminated by Tata Sons upon the occurrence of certain specified events, including liquidation of Tata Motors Limited.
The entities promoted by Tata Sons continue to follow the ideals, values and principles of ethics, integrity and fair business practices espoused by the founder Mr. Jamsetji Tata, and his successors. To further protect and enhance the Tata brand equity, these values and principles have been articulated in the Tata Code of Conduct, which has been adopted by the entities promoted by Tata Sons. The Tata Trusts have also made significant contributions towards national causes through promotion of public institutions in the field of science, such as the Indian Institute of Science and the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and in the field of social services through the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, the Tata Memorial Hospital, National Centre for the Performing Arts in Mumbai and, more recently, the Tata Medical Center at Kolkata in India for cancer patients, set up by the Tata Trusts and supported by Tata Sons and its promoted companies. The Tata Trusts are among the largest charitable foundations in India.
Some of the entities promoted by Tata Sons hold shares in other companies promoted by Tata Sons. Similarly, some of our directors may hold directorships on the boards of Tata Sons and/or other entities promoted by Tata Sons. However, there are no voting agreements, material supply or purchase agreements or any other relationships or agreements that have the effect of binding us with other entities promoted by Tata Sons at management, financial or operational levels. With the exception of Tata Steel, which under our Articles of Association has the right to appoint one director on our board of directors, neither Tata Sons nor its subsidiaries have any special contractual or other power to appoint our directors or management. They have only the voting power of their shareholdings in Tata Motors. Except as set forth in the tables below under the heading “Subsidiaries and Affiliates” and except for approximately a 15.37% equity interest in Tata Services Ltd, a 17.29% equity interest in Tata International Limited and a 10.47% equity interest in Tata Industries Limited, our shareholdings in other entities promoted by Tata Sons are generally insignificant as a percentage of their respective outstanding shares or in terms of the amount of our investment or the market value of our shareholdings of those companies.
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Subsidiaries and Affiliates
The subsidiaries, joint operation and equity method affiliates and joint ventures of Tata Motors Limited that together with Tata Motors Limited form the Tata Motors Group as at March 31, 2018 are set forth in the chart below:
| (1) | Name changed with effect from June 17, 2017 from Tata Motors Finance Limited and is the holding company of Tata Motors Finance Limited (erstwhile Sheba Properties Limited) and Tata Motors Finance Solutions Limited. |
| (2) | Will be merged into Tata Motors Limited vide a Scheme of Arrangement submitted before the National Company Law Tribunal with an appointed date of April 1, 2017. |
| (3) | These subsidiaries are based in many countries outside India. |
| (4) | Holding Company of Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Plc, Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Co. Limited, Tata Motors (Thailand) Limited, Tata Motors (SA) (Proprietary) Limited, PT Tata Motors Indonesia and TMNL Motor Services Nigeria Limited. |
| (5) | Holding in its subsidiary, Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Sales and Distribution Co. Ltd. is 100%. |
| (6) | Holding 99.997% in PT Tata Motors Distribusi Indonesia, a subsidiary, alongwith TML Holdings Pte. Ltd. holding 0.003%. |
| (7) | The holdings in these 12 subsidiaries range between 72.29% and 72.35%. |
| (8) | Acquired an equity investment stake therein with effect from July 13, 2017. |
| (9) | One wholly owned subsidiary, Serviplem S.A.U. in Spain that has declared voluntary winding-up effective from February 21, 2017. |
| (10) | Out of the 11 subsidiaries with holdings ranging from 19% to 26% and 7 joint ventures with holdings in the range of 13% to 13.5%. |
| (11) | Chery Jaguar Land Rover Auto Sales Company Limited a wholly owned subsidiary of Chery Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Co. Limited. |
| (12) | A joint venture in association with Jayem Automotives Pvt. Limited. |
| (13) | An affiliate of Tata Technologies Limited. |
Out of the above, the following are our three significant subsidiaries as defined under Regulation S-X:
| Name |
Country of Incorporation | Ownership Interest / Voting Power |
||||
| Jaguar Land Rover Automotive plc |
United Kingdom | 100 | % | |||
| Jaguar Land Rover Limited |
United Kingdom | 100 | % | |||
| Jaguar Land Rover Holdings Limited |
United Kingdom | 100 | % | |||
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With respect to certain subsidiaries and affiliates, where Tata Motors Limited has a joint venture partner, voting on certain items of business may be based on affirmative voting provisions and board of director’s participation clauses in the relevant joint venture agreement(s).
D. Property, Plants and Equipment
Facilities
We operate six principal automotive manufacturing facilities in India. The first facility was established in 1945 at Jamshedpur in the state of Jharkhand in eastern India. We had commenced construction of the second facility in 1966 (with production commencing in 1976) at Pune, in the state of Maharashtra in western India, the third facility in 1985 (with production commencing in 1992) at Lucknow, in the state of Uttar Pradesh in northern India, the fourth at Pantnagar in the state of Uttarakhand, India, which commenced operations in Fiscal 2008, the fifth at Sanand in Gujarat in western India for manufacturing of the Nano, which commenced operations in June 2010, and the sixth plant for manufacturing Tata Marcopolo buses under our joint venture with Marcopolo and LCVs at Dharwad in Karnataka (which buses are also produced at Lucknow). The Jamshedpur, Pune, Sanand, Pantnagar and Lucknow manufacturing facilities have been accredited with an ISO/TS 16949:2000(E) certification.
The manufacturing facilities of TDCV are based in Gunsan, South Korea. TDCV has received the ISO/TS 16949 certification, an international quality systems specification given by SGS UK Ltd., an International Automotive Task Force, or IATF, accredited certification body. It is the first South Korean automobile OEM to be awarded an ISO/TS 16949 certification.
Fiat India Automobiles Private Limited, our joint arrangement with the FCA, has its manufacturing facility located in Ranjangaon, Maharashtra. The plant is used for manufacturing Tata and Fiat branded cars and engines, and transmissions for use by both partners.
Tata Motors (Thailand) Limited is our joint venture with Thonburi Automotive Assembly Plant Co. Ltd, and has a manufacturing facility located in Samutprakarn province, Thailand. The facility is used for the manufacture and assembly of pickup trucks. Through our joint venture in Thailand, we offered refreshed versions of Tata brand pickup trucks in Fiscal 2016 and increased the joint venture’s product range by introducing Daewoo brand M&HCV trucks in Thailand.
Through Jaguar Land Rover, we currently operate four principal automotive manufacturing facilities in the United Kingdom at Solihull, Castle Bromwich, Halewood and the Engine Manufacturing Centre at Wolverhampton, as well as two product development facilities in the United Kingdom at Gaydon and Whitley. Most of these facilities are owned as freehold estates or are held through long-term leaseholds, generally with nominal rents. In December 2015, Jaguar Land Rover announced an initial investment of GBP1 billion to build a manufacturing facility in Slovakia (owned as a freehold estate), with production scheduled to commence in late 2018 with the Land Rover Discovery. Jaguar Land Rover also owns a joint venture manufacturing plant under our China Joint Venture, in Changshu, near Shanghai, as part of a RMB 10.9 billion investment that also includes a new research and development center, which opened in October 2014. A new engine plant producing Jaguar land Rover’s 2.0-litre Ingenium petrol engines opened in July 2017 for installation into vehicles manufactured by the China joint venture. Jaguar Land Rover also opened a new manufacturing facility in Brazil in June 2016, which manufactures the Range Rover Evoque and Discovery Sport for the Brazilian market. Jaguar Land Rover now produces the I-PACE battery electric vehicle and the new Jaguar E-PACE in Graz, Austria under its manufacturing partnership with Magna Steyr.
Tata Motors (SA) (Proprietary) Limited, our joint venture with Tata Africa Holdings (SA) (Proprietary) Ltd. for the manufacture and assembly operations of our LCVs and M&HCVs in South Africa, owns and operates a manufacturing facility located in Rosslyn, South Africa.
Description of environmental issues that may affect our utilization of facilities
Tata and other brand vehicles
As with other participants in the automobile industry around the world, we are exposed to regulatory risks related to climate change. The design and development of fuel-efficient vehicles and vehicles running on alternative renewable energy has become a priority as a result of fossil fuel scarcity, escalating price and growing awareness about energy efficiency among customers.
We have adopted the Tata Group Climate Change Policy which addresses key climate change issues related to products, processes and services. We are committed to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions throughout the lifecycle of our products and development of fuel efficient and low greenhouse gas emitting vehicles, as an integral part of our product development and manufacturing strategy.
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Considering the climate change risk, we are actively involved in partnerships with technology providers to embrace energy-efficient technologies not only for products but also for processes and are also participating actively in various national committees in India, which are working on formulating policies and regulations for improvement of the environment, including through reduction of greenhouse gases.
India, as a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 and its Kyoto Protocol, 1997, has been committed to addressing the global problem on the basis of the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” of the member parties. At present, there are no legally binding targets for greenhouse gas reductions for India as it is a developing country. There are, however, opportunities for minimizing energy consumption through elimination of energy losses during manufacturing, thereby reducing manufacturing costs and increasing productivity.
The United Nations 21st Conference on Climate Change, Conference of the Parties, or COP 21, was held in Paris from November 30, 2015 to December 11, 2015. The Honorable Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted India’s commitment to reduce its emission intensity to 33% to 35% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels, through nationally determined development measures and priorities.
In order to manage regulatory and general risks of climate change, we are increasingly investing in the design and development of fuel efficient and alternative energy vehicles, in addition to implementing new advanced technologies to increase efficiency of our internal combustion engines. We have manufactured CNG and CNG-electric hybrid versions of buses, LCVs, and the Ace Xenon, as well as a liquefied petroleum gas version of the Indica passenger vehicle.
Moreover, we use refrigerants such as R134A in our products in order to minimize our contribution toward greenhouse gas emissions. We also ensure that no refrigerant is released to the atmosphere during any service, repair and maintenance of the air-conditioning systems of our vehicles by first recovering the refrigerant charge before the system is serviced and recharged. In addition, since 2009, we have voluntarily disclosed fuel-efficiency information for our passenger vehicles in India in accordance with a decision by SIAM. We are also continually in the process of developing products to meet the current and future emission norms in India and other countries. For example, we offer products which meet the Bharat Stage III and Bharat Stage IV norms in India and Euro V norms in International markets.
In order to deal with the challenges posed by climate change we are striving hard to reduce our carbon footprint and one of the interventions we have taken is to increase the proportion of renewable energy in our operations. We have made substantial investments in the area of wind and solar power to increase our renewable energy capacity. We have also signed power purchase agreements with renewable energy producers. Currently the share of renewable energy in our operations is 21% as against 17% during the last financial year. All our manufacturing facilities in India have robust Environmental Management System and are certified for ISO-14001,also all our manufacturing sites in India are ‘GreenCo’ certified. Besides efforts on switching to renewable energy we have taken several initiatives to reduce our energy intensity i.e specific energy required to produce vehicles. These initiatives have helped us in reducing our GHG emissions substantially. Besides energy & carbon, water and waste are also equally important for us. In an attempt to achieve zero waste to landfill/ incineration(ZWTL), we have rolled out an initiative called ‘Value from hazardous Waste’(VfHW) and thus not only reduced the generation of hazardous waste but also found out environment friendly application for the waste. Zero Liquid discharge(ZLD) is another initiative directed to reduce water consumptions. In most of our plant we recycle the treated effluent back in to the operations.
Pursuant to our commitment to climate change mitigation, we are a signatory to the RE100, a global collaborative initiative of influential businesses committed to 100% renewable electricity.
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Jaguar Land Rover
Jaguar Land Rover’s production facilities are subject to a wide range of environmental, health and safety requirements. These requirements address, among other things, air emissions, wastewater discharges, accidental releases into the environment, human exposure to hazardous materials, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of wastes and hazardous materials, investigation and clean-up of contamination, process safety and maintenance of safe conditions in the workplace. Many of Jaguar Land Rover’s operations require permits and controls to monitor or reduce pollution. Jaguar Land Rover has incurred, and will continue to incur, substantial on-going capital and operating expenditures to ensure compliance with current and future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations or their more stringent enforcement. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in the imposition of significant fines and penalties, the suspension, revocation or non-renewal of our permits, production delays or limitations, imprisonments or the closure of Jaguar Land Rover plants. Other environmental, health and safety laws and regulations could impose restrictions or onerous conditions on the availability or the use of raw materials that Jaguar Land Rover needs for its manufacturing process. Violations of these laws and regulations may occur, among other ways, from errors in monitoring emissions of hazardous or toxic substances from Jaguar Land Rover vehicles or production sites into the environment, such as their use of incorrect methodologies or defective or inappropriate measuring equipment, errors in manually capturing results, or other mistaken or unauthorized acts of our employees, suppliers or agents.
Jaguar Land Rover’s business and manufacturing processes result in the emission of greenhouse gases such as CO2. Jaguar Land Rover expects requirements to reduce greenhouse gasses to become increasingly more stringent and costly to address over time. For example, the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, or EUETS, an EU-wide system in which allowances to emit greenhouse gases are issued and traded, is now in Phase 3 (2013 to 2020) and applies to Jaguar Land Rover’s four manufacturing facilities. Jaguar Land Rover has managed its EUETS allowances during previous phases of the EUETS scheme and uses remaining allowances from these earlier phases to meet its compliance requirements. The automotive sector was recognized as being at risk of “carbon leakage” in accordance with the EUETS rules. This means that Jaguar Land Rover will receive an increase in free allowances from 2015 and 2019. As a consequence of these actions, Jaguar Land Rover currently projects that it will reach the end of Phase 3 without the need to purchase EUETS carbon allowances. In Phase 4 of the scheme (2020 to 2027), free allowances will diminish to zero by 2027. Jaguar Land Rover therefore projects a need to purchase EUETS allowances in Phase 4, potentially at a substantial cost. This forecast is subject to further evaluation circumstances surrounding Brexit and its impact on the regulated carbon schemes.
Jaguar Land Rover has a Climate Change Agreement, or CCA, in the United Kingdom, which covers its manufacturing energy use at Castle Bromwich, Halewood, Solihull and most recently special operations at Oxford road. This requires Jaguar Land Rover to deliver a 15% reduction in energy use per vehicle by 2020 compared to the 2008 baseline. Jaguar Land Rover’s projections show that it is on track to achieve this target and consequently will not need to purchase carbon allowances under this scheme.
Jaguar Land Rover are also registered as a participant in the Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme, or the CRC Scheme, which regulates emissions from electricity and gas use primarily in its non-manufacturing activities in the United Kingdom. Jaguar Land Rover purchased carbon allowances under this scheme for the first time in 2015 for emissions in Fiscal 2014.
Consultation on changes to the energy taxation regime in the United Kingdom will see the removal of the CRC Scheme from 2019. Her Majesty’s Treasury has advised that any changes to the energy tax regime would need to be cost neutral. Consequently, Jaguar Land Rover will see an increase in Climate Change Levy (CCL) paid on the energy we consume in lieu of the removal of CRC.
Many of Jaguar Land Rover’s sites have an extended history of industrial activity. Jaguar Land Rover may be required to investigate and remediate contamination at those sites, as well as properties they formerly operated, regardless of whether they caused the contamination or the activity causing the contamination was legal at the time it occurred. For example, some of Jaguar Land Rover’s buildings at their Solihull plant and other plants in the United Kingdom are undergoing an asbestos removal program in connection with on-going refurbishment and rebuilding. With respect to the contaminated properties, as well as Jaguar Land Rover’s operations generally, Jaguar Land Rover could also be subject to claims by government authorities, individuals and other third parties seeking damages for alleged personal injury or property damage or damage to natural resources resulting from hazardous substance contamination or exposure caused by Jaguar Land Rover’s operations, facilities or products. The discovery of previously unknown contamination, or the imposition of new obligations to investigate or remediate contamination at Jaguar Land Rover’s facilities, could result in substantial unanticipated costs. Jaguar Land Rover could be required to establish or substantially increase financial reserves for such obligations or liabilities. The above factors, coupled with an inability to accurately predict the amount or timing of such costs could have a material adverse impact on Jaguar Land Rover’s business, financial condition and/or results of operations could be material.
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In JLR’s overseas facilities prior to purchase JLR undertook studies that informed them of the presence of contamination or otherwise in the ground prior to development. In Slovakia some pesticide was found during one site investigation but when repeated was not located. In Brazil the manufacturing site is adjacent to a facility where organic solvent contamination of the ground occurred. The manufacturing site is largely unaffected but JLR have purchased the adjacent site and are currently progressing relevant permits for operation and developing plans for further remediation of the organic solvent contamination. The site known in JLR as Itatiaia West is listed on the Environmental Regulators site (INEA) as contaminated.
Production Capacity
The following table shows our production capacity as at March 31, 2018 and production levels by plant and product type in Fiscal 2018 and 2017:
| As at March 31, 2018 | Year ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| Production Capacity |
2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| Production (Units) | ||||||||||||
| Tata Motors Plants in India1 |
||||||||||||
| Medium and heavy commercial vehicles, light commercial vehicles, utility vehicles and passenger cars |
1,622,920 | 601,695 | 529,927 | |||||||||
| Jaguar Land Rover2, 5 |
||||||||||||
| Utility vehicles, passenger cars |
841,000 | 618,000 | 620,287 | |||||||||
| Other subsidiary companies’ plants (excluding Jaguar Land Rover)3 |
||||||||||||
| Medium and heavy commercial vehicles, buses, bus bodies and pickup trucks |
52,000 | 21,036 | 21,858 | |||||||||
| Joint operations4 (Passenger Vehicles) |
100,000 | 30,655 | 12,234 | |||||||||
| 1. | This refers to estimated production capacity on a double-shift basis for all plants (except the Uttarakhand plant for which capacity is on a three-shift basis) for the manufacture of vehicles and replacement parts. |
| 2. | Production capacity is on a three-shift basis. Includes assembly plant in Brazil and vehicles manufactured under the manufacturing agreement with Magna Steyr in Graz, Austria. |
| 3. | The plants are located in South Korea, South Africa and Thailand. |
| 4. | Excludes production of engines/powertrains. |
| 5. | Includes capacity at Chery Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Company Limited. |
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Properties
We produce vehicles and related components and carry out other businesses through various manufacturing facilities. In addition to our manufacturing facilities, our properties include sales offices and other sales facilities in major cities, repair service facilities and research and development facilities.
The following table sets forth information, with respect to our principal facilities, a substantial portion of which are owned by us as at March 31, 2018. The remaining facilities are on leased premises.
| Location |
Facility or Subsidiary / Joint Operations Name |
Principal Products or Functions | ||
| India | ||||
| In the State of Maharashtra | ||||
|
Pune (Pimpri, Chinchwad, Chikhali1, Maval) |
Tata Motors Limited | Automotive vehicles, components and research and development | ||
| Pune (Chinchwad) | TAL Manufacturing Solutions Ltd. | Factory automation equipment and services | ||
| Pune (Hinjewadi)1 | Tata Technologies Ltd. | Software consultancy and services | ||
| Mumbai, Pune | Tata Motors Limited/Concorde Motors (India) Ltd./Tata Motors Finance Ltd. | Automobile sales and service and vehicle financing | ||
| Nagpur1 | TAL Manufacturing Solutions Ltd. | Production of advanced composite floor beams, including machining of metal fittings for Boeing 787 Dreamliner | ||
| Satara | Tata Cummins Pvt. Ltd. | Automotive engines | ||
| Pune (Ranjangaon) | Fiat India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd. | Automotive vehicles and components | ||
| In the State of Jharkhand | ||||
| Jamshedpur | Tata Motors Limited | Automotive vehicles, components and research and development | ||
| Jamshedpur | TML Drivelines Ltd. | Axles and transmissions for M&HCVs | ||
| Jamshedpur | Tata Cummins Pvt. Ltd. | Automotive engines | ||
| In the State of Uttar Pradesh | ||||
| Lucknow1 | Tata Motors Limited | Automotive vehicles, parts and research and development | ||
| Tata Marcopolo Motors Ltd. | Bus bodies | |||
| In the State of Karnataka | ||||
| Dharwad | Tata Motors Limited | Automotive vehicles, components, spare parts and warehousing | ||
| Tata Marcopolo Motors Ltd. | Bus body manufacturing | |||
| Bengaluru2 | Concorde Motors (India) Ltd. | Automobile sales and service | ||
| In the State of Uttarakhand | ||||
| Pantnagar1 | Tata Motors Limited | Automotive vehicles and components | ||
| In the State of Gujarat | ||||
| Sanand | Tata Motors Limited | Automotive vehicles and components | ||
| Rest of India | ||||
| Hyderabad2 & Chennai1 | Concorde Motors (India) Ltd. | Automobile sales and service | ||
| Cochin, Delhi | Concorde Motors (India) Ltd. | Automobile sales and service | ||
| Various other properties in India | Tata Motors Limited/Tata Motors Finance Ltd. | Vehicle financing business (office/ residential) | ||
| Outside India | ||||
| Singapore | Tata Technologies Pte Ltd. | Software consultancy and services | ||
| Republic of South Korea | Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Co. Ltd | Automotive vehicles, components and research and development | ||
| Thailand | Tata Motors (Thailand) Ltd. | Pick-up trucks | ||
| Tata Technologies (Thailand) Ltd. | Software consultancy and services | |||
| United Kingdom | Tata Motors European Technical Centre | Engineering consultancy and services | ||
| United Kingdom | INCAT International PLC, Tata Technologies Europe Ltd and Cambric UK Ltd | Software consultancy and services | ||
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| Location |
Facility or Subsidiary / Joint Operations Name |
Principal Products or Functions | ||
| United Kingdom | ||||
| Solihull |
Jaguar Land Rover Limited | Automotive vehicles and components | ||
| Castle Bromwich |
Jaguar Land Rover Limited | Automotive vehicles and components | ||
| Halewood |
Jaguar Land Rover Limited | Automotive vehicles and components | ||
| Gaydon |
Jaguar Land Rover Limited | Research and product development | ||
| Whitley |
Jaguar Land Rover Limited | Headquarters and research and product development | ||
| Wolverhampton |
Jaguar Land Rover Limited | Engine manufacturing | ||
| Spain | Tata Hispano Motors Carrocera S.A. | Bus body service | ||
| Morocco | Tata Hispano Motors Carrocerries Maghreb SA | Bus body manufacturing and service | ||
| South Africa | Tata Motors (SA) (Proprietary) Limited | Manufacture and assembly operations of vehicles | ||
| Indonesia | PT Tata Motors Indonesia | Distribution of vehicles | ||
| Austria | Jaguar Land Rover Limited | Automotive vehicles and components | ||
| Brazil | Jaguar Land Rover Limited | Automotive vehicles and components | ||
| Slovakia | Jaguar Land Rover Limited | Automotive vehicles and components | ||
| Italy | Trilix Srl. | Automotive design and engineering | ||
| Others (e.g. United States, United Kingdom, China, Europe, Australia) | Tata Technologies Ltd. | Software consultancy and services | ||
| Jaguar Land Rover3 | National sales companies | |||
| Regional sales offices |
| Note: | Excludes facilities held by our joint ventures, including the manufacturing plant held by Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Company Limited. |
| 1. | Land at each of these locations is held under an operating lease. |
| 2. | Some of the facilities are held under an operating lease and some are owned. |
| 3. | National sales companies are held by various subsidiaries of the Jaguar Land Rover group of companies |
Substantially all of our owned properties are subject to mortgages in favor of secured lenders and debenture trustees for the benefit of secured debenture holders. A significant portion of our property, plant and equipment, except those in the United Kingdom, is pledged as collateral securing indebtedness incurred by us. We believe that there are no material environmental issues that may affect our utilization of these assets.
We have additional property interests in various locations around the world for limited manufacturing, sales offices, and dealer training and testing. The majority of these are housed within leased premises.
For further details regarding the current legal proceedings with respect to the leased land in West Bengal, please refer to Item 4.B “—Business Overview—Legal Proceedings” of this annual report on Form 20-F.
We consider all of our principal manufacturing facilities and other significant properties to be in good condition and adequate to meet the needs of our operations.
| Item 4A. | Unresolved Staff Comments |
None.
| Item 5. | Operating and Financial Review and Prospects |
You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with IFRS and information included in this annual report on Form 20-F. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors including, but not limited to, those set forth in Item 3.D and elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.
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All financial information discussed in this section is derived from our audited financial statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F, which have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.
Overview
In Fiscal 2018, our total revenue (net of excise duties), including finance revenues, increased by 8.5% to Rs.2,882,951 million from Rs.2,656,495 million in Fiscal 2017. We recorded net income (excluding the share attributable to non-controlling interests) of Rs.66,661 million in Fiscal 2018, representing an increase by 8.9% or Rs.5,450 million over net income in Fiscal 2017 of Rs.61,211 million.
As discussed in our introductory remarks, we use earnings before other income, interest and tax to assess our operating performance; a reconciliation of our consolidated earnings before other income, interest and tax to our consolidated net income for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is set forth below.
| For the year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||
| Rs. in million | ||||||||||||
| Net Income |
67,682 | 62,234 | 96,872 | |||||||||
| Add/(Less): |
||||||||||||
| Share of (profit)/loss of equity accounted investees (net) |
(22,783 | ) | (14,930 | ) | (5,775 | ) | ||||||
| Asset written off/loss on sale of assets and others (net) |
29,148 | 11,419 | 9,477 | |||||||||
| Other (income)/loss (net) |
(47,873 | ) | (39,590 | ) | (12,613 | ) | ||||||
| Foreign exchange (gain)/loss (net) |
2,759 | 13,285 | 20,588 | |||||||||
| Interest income |
(7,122 | ) | (5,641 | ) | (7,187 | ) | ||||||
| Interest expense (net) |
46,365 | 42,366 | 47,913 | |||||||||
| Income tax expense |
38,059 | 35,670 | 27,513 | |||||||||
| Earnings before other income, interest and tax |
106,235 | 104,813 | 176,789 | |||||||||
As also discussed in our introductory remarks, we use free cash flow to measure ongoing needs for investments in plant and machinery, products and technologies; a reconciliation of our free cash flow for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is set forth below.
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||
| Rs. in million | ||||||||||||
| Cash flow from operating activities |
238,574 | 303,107 | 374,713 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Less: |
||||||||||||
| Payments for property, plant and equipment |
(198,654 | ) | (162,799 | ) | (159,538 | ) | ||||||
| Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment |
303 | 534 | 588 | |||||||||
| Payment for intangible assets |
(152,135 | ) | (143,799 | ) | (152,065 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| (350,486 | ) | (306,064 | ) | (311,015 | ) | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Free cash flow |
(111,912 | ) | (2,957 | ) | 63,698 | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
As also discussed in our introductory remarks, we use ratio of net debt to shareholders’ equity to measure our debt commitments; a reconciliation of our ratio of net debt to shareholders’ equity as at March 31, 2018 and 2017 are set forth in Exhibit 7.1 to this annual report on Form 20-F.
Economy
INDIA
The year 2017 for India was marked by a number of key structural initiatives to build strength across macro-economic parameters for sustainable growth in the future. The growth in the first half of the year suffered despite global tailwinds. However, the weakness seen at the beginning of 2017 seems to have bottomed out as 2018 set in. Currently, the economy seems to be on the path to recovery, with indicators of industrial production, stock market index, auto sales and exports having shown some uptick. It appears that India has also recovered from the effects of demonetization and the introduction of the GST.
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As per advance estimates, India’s GDP increased 6.7% in Fiscal 2018 as compared to an increase of 7.1% in Fiscal 2017. India’s GDP growth bottomed out in the middle of 2017 after slowing for five consecutive quarters, and has since improved significantly, with momentum carrying over into 2018 on the back of a recovery in investment. Although investment growth was still moderately lower in 2017 than in 2016, high-frequency indicators suggest that it accelerated into 2018. The temporary disruptions caused by the implementation of the GST dissipated by mid-2017, and manufacturing output and industrial production have continued to firm since then.
Currently, India is the world’s seventh-largest economy, sitting between France and Italy. India has emerged as the fastest growing major economy in the world as per the Central Statistics Organization and International Monetary Fund (IMF), and it is expected to be one of the top three economic in the world over the next 10-15 years.
WORLD
2017 is the year which saw global economy accelerating although the United Kingdom economy is evidently slowing, while the US economy continues to grow at a modest pace. The Chinese economy continues to grow strong. However, the Eurozone and Japan show signs of acceleration, as do many of the major emerging economies such as Turkey and Russia. The US economy grew at 2.7% in Fiscal 2018, supported by broad-based strength in domestic demand.
During 2017, prices of base metal also strengthened, with strong growth in infrastructure sector in major countries around the globe. Crude prices remained range bound in most of 2017 although it started to give a signal of upward breakout towards fourth quarter of Fiscal 2018. Brent crude started a sharp rally in the middle of 2017 around $44/bbl and has rallied all the way to $79/bbl. The tensions in the Middle East and West Asia may add to the increase in oil prices.
The Eurozone grew at its fastest rate in a decade in 2017, reflecting strong consumption, investment, and exports. Amid continued monetary policy stimulus, growth is projected to be 2.1% in 2018, fueled by recovery confidence and monetary stimulus from the European Central Bank. The United Kingdom by contrast, has grown by 1.8% in 2017, down from 2016’s 1.9% rate and had the weakest expansion since 2012, mainly reflecting the impact of higher inflation in the wake of the 2016 Brexit vote and weaker investment due to uncertainty of future trade arrangements. The United Kingdom is expected to grow at 1.4% in 2018. The economies of Spain, Italy and France have shown better prospects. Germany accounted for 28% of the Euro area economy with a steady growth of 2% GDP.
China registered a growth of 6.9% in 2017 and remained stable this year. Activity continues to shift to consumption, while investment growth rates remain well below those in recent years. Industrial production has stabilized following significant cuts in overcapacity sectors. However, according to International Monetary Fund (IMF), China’s debt has ballooned to 234% of the total output. Supported by deepening macro-economic stability and gradual monetary loosening, Russia’s economy continued its recovery in 2017, mainly driven by non-tradable sectors. Growth momentum towards the end of 2017 slowed down but picked up in Fiscal 2018. Russia’s growth prospect remain modest.
Growth in Japan reached 1.7% in 2017, underpinned by supportive financial conditions and strong exports, but contracted at the beginning of this year. Nonetheless, unemployment is falling to levels not seen since the 1990s. South Africa experienced a GDP increase, mainly due to change in the political leadership.
Automotive operations
Automotive operations is our most significant operating segment, accounting for 99.4%, 99.3% and 99.5% of our total revenues in each of Fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. In Fiscal 2018, revenue from automotive operations before inter-segment eliminations was Rs.2,864,464 million, as compared to Rs.2,639,061 million in Fiscal 2017 and Rs.2,691,018 million in Fiscal 2016.
Our automotive operations include:
| • | All activities relating to the development, design, manufacture, assembly and sale of vehicles, as well as related spare parts and accessories; |
| • | Distribution and service of vehicles; and |
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| • | Financing of our vehicles in certain markets. |
Our automotive operations segment is further divided into Tata and other brand vehicles (including financing thereof), and Jaguar Land Rover. In Fiscal 2018, Jaguar Land Rover contributed 77.3% of our total automotive revenue compared to 80.4% in Fiscal 2017 and 81.8% in Fiscal 2016 (before intra-segment elimination) and the remaining 22.7% was contributed by Tata and other brand vehicles in Fiscal 2018 compared to 19.6% in Fiscal 2017 and 18.2% in Fiscal 2016. Jaguar Land Rover revenue includes a translation loss from GBP to Indian rupees. For further detail see Item 5.A “—Operating Results—Fiscal 2018 Compared to Fiscal 2017—Revenue.”
Other Operations
Our other operations business segment mainly includes information technology services, machine tools and factory automation solutions. Our revenue from other operations before inter-segment eliminations was Rs.31,335 million in Fiscal 2018, marginal increase of 0.6% from Rs.31,154 million in Fiscal 2017. Revenues from other operations represented 1.1%, 1.2% and 1.1% of our total revenues, before inter-segment eliminations, in Fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Earnings before other income, interest and tax before inter-segment eliminations (segment earnings), were Rs.3,046 million, Rs.3,798 million and Rs.4,212 million in Fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Geographical breakdown
We have pursued a strategy of increasing exports of Tata and other brand vehicles to new and existing markets. However, in Fiscal 2018, the revenue of our subsidiary in South Korea, TDCV, has been lower due to lower industry volumes and aggressive marketing strategy from competitors in South Korea. Similarly for TTL, our specialized subsidiary engaged in engineering, design and information technology services, reported lower revenue and profits due to adverse movement in exchange rates of major currencies as average rate of US$/INR declined by 3.9% in Fiscal 2018 compared to Fiscal 2017, while average rate of GBP/INR declined by 2.5% during the above period. TTL also suffered decline in revenue in Europe and North America mainly due to completion of vehicle programs with its key clients and delayed start of new programs due to client plan changes. The decline in Europe and North America were partially offset by growth in revenue in the Asia-Pacific region. Improved market sentiment in certain countries to which we export and the strong sales performance of Jaguar Land Rover has enabled us to increase our sales in these international markets in Fiscal 2018. However, due to unfavorable currency translation from GBP to INR and also growth in revenue in India in Fiscal 2018, the proportion of our net sales earned from markets outside of India decreased to 79.9% in Fiscal 2018 from 84.1% in Fiscal 2017.
The following table sets forth our revenue from our key geographical markets:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue |
Rs. in million | Percentage | Rs. in million | Percentage | Rs. in million | Percentage | ||||||||||||||||||
| India |
578,403 | 20.1 | % | 422,499 | 15.9 | % | 411,399 | 15.2 | % | |||||||||||||||
| China |
481,675 | 16.7 | % | 410,722 | 15.5 | % | 485,384 | 17.9 | % | |||||||||||||||
| United Kingdom |
418,970 | 14.5 | % | 486,091 | 18.3 | % | 448,389 | 16.6 | % | |||||||||||||||
| United States of America |
448,882 | 15.6 | % | 413,470 | 15.6 | % | 431,592 | 16.0 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Rest of Europe |
470,288 | 16.3 | % | 469,927 | 17.7 | % | 415,022 | 15.3 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Rest of the World |
484,733 | 16.8 | % | 453,786 | 17.0 | % | 513,327 | 19.0 | % | |||||||||||||||
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|
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|
|||||||||||||
| Total |
2,882,951 | 100 | % | 2,656,495 | 100 | % | 2,705,113 | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||
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The “Rest of Europe” market is geographic Europe, excluding the United Kingdom and Russia. The “Rest of the World” market is any region not included above.
Significant Factors Influencing Our Results of Operations
Our results of operations are dependent on a number of factors, which mainly include the following:
| • | General economic conditions. We, similar to other participants in the automotive industry, are materially affected by general economic conditions. See Item 3.D “—Risk Factors—Risks associated with Our Business and the Automotive Industry”. |
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| • | Interest rates and availability of credit for vehicle purchases. Our volumes are significantly dependent on availability of vehicle financing arrangements and their associated costs. For further discussion of our credit support programs, see Item 4.B “—Business Overview—Automotive Operations”. |
| • | Goods and Service tax rates/Excise duties and sales tax rates. In India, the goods and service tax, the excise duties and sales tax rate structures affect the cost of vehicles to the end user and, therefore, impact demand significantly. For a detailed discussion regarding tax rates applicable to us, please see Item 4.B “—Business Overview—Government Regulations—Excise Duty”. |
| • | Our competitive position in the market. For a detailed discussion regarding our competitive position, see Item 4.B “—Business Overview—Automotive Operations—Tata and other brand vehicles—Competition”. |
| • | Cyclicality and seasonality. Our results of operations are also dependent on the cyclicality and seasonality in demand in the automotive market. For a detailed discussion on seasonal factors affecting our business, please see Item 4.B “Business Overview—Automotive Operations—Tata and other brand vehicles—Seasonality” and 4.B “Business Overview—Automotive Operations—Jaguar Land Rover—Seasonality”. |
| • | Environmental Regulations. Governments in the various countries in which we operate are placing a greater emphasis on raising emission and safety standards for the automobile industry. Compliance with applicable environmental and safety laws, rules, regulations and standards will have a significant impact on costs and product life cycles in the automotive industry. For further details with respect to these regulations, please see Item 4.B “—Business Overview—Government Regulations”. |
| • | Foreign Currency Rates. Our operations and our financial position are quite sensitive to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Jaguar Land Rover earns significant revenue in the United States, Europe and China, and also sources a significant portion of its input material from Europe. Thus, any exchange rate fluctuations of GBP to Euro, GBP to U.S. dollar and GBP to other currencies would affect our financial results. We have significant borrowings in foreign currencies denominated mainly in U.S. dollars. Our consolidated financial results are affected by foreign currency exchange fluctuations through both translation and transaction risks. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates may positively or negatively affect our revenues, results of operations and net income. To the extent that our financial results for a particular period will be affected by changes in the prevailing exchange rates at the end of the period, such fluctuations may have a substantial impact on comparisons with prior periods. Furthermore, Jaguar Land Rover constitutes a major portion of consolidated financial position, the figures of which are translated into Indian rupees. However, the translation effect is a reporting consideration and does not impact our underlying results of operations. Please see Item 11 “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and Note 35(d)(i) – (a) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F for further detail on our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. |
| • | Political and Regional Factors. As with the rest of the automotive industry, we are affected by political and regional factors. For a detailed discussion regarding these risks, please see Item 3.D “Key Information—Risk Factors—Political and Regulatory Risks.” |
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Results of operations
The following table sets forth selected items from our consolidated statements of income for the periods indicated and shows these items as a percentage of total revenues:
| Percentage of Total Revenue | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Year ended March 31, | Percentage Change | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2017 to 2018 | 2016 to 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues |
100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 8.5 | % | -1.8 | % | ||||||||||
| Raw materials, components and purchase of product for sale (including change in inventories of finished goods & work-in-progress) |
64.4 | 62.5 | 60.5 | 11.9 | % | 1.3 | ||||||||||||||
| Employee cost |
10.5 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 6.7 | -1.6 | |||||||||||||||
| Defined benefit pension plan amendment |
-1.3 | — | — | 100.0 | — | |||||||||||||||
| Other expenses |
21.8 | 22.9 | 21.6 | 3.4 | 4.0 | |||||||||||||||
| Provision for loss of inventory (net of insurance recoveries) |
— | * | -0.5 | 0.6 | 99.2 | -181.2 | ||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization |
7.3 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 15.0 | 8.5 | |||||||||||||||
| Expenditure capitalized |
-6.4 | -6.4 | -6.2 | 10.1 | 1.2 | |||||||||||||||
| Assets written off/loss on sale of assets and others (net) |
1.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 155.3 | 20.5 | |||||||||||||||
| Other (income)/ loss (net) |
-1.6 | -1.5 | -0.5 | 20.9 | 213.9 | |||||||||||||||
| Interest income |
-0.2 | -0.2 | -0.3 | 26.3 | -21.5 | |||||||||||||||
| Interest expense (net) |
1.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 9.4 | -11.6 | |||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange (gain) / loss (net) |
0.1 | 0.5 | 0.8 | -79.2 | -35.5 | |||||||||||||||
| Share of (profit) / loss of equity accounted investees |
-0.8 | -0.6 | -0.2 | 52.6 | 158.5 | |||||||||||||||
| Net income before tax |
3.6 | 3.7 | 4.6 | 8.0 | -21.3 | |||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense |
-1.3 | -1.3 | -1.0 | 6.7 | 29.6 | |||||||||||||||
| Net income |
2.3 | 2.4 | 3.6 | 8.7 | -35.8 | |||||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to shareholders of Tata Motors Limited |
2.3 | 2.4 | 3.6 | 8.9 | -36.2 | |||||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to non-controlling interests |
— | * | — | * | — | * | -0.3 | 3.5 | ||||||||||||
| * | Less than 0.1 |
The following table sets forth selected data regarding our automotive operations (Tata and other brand vehicles (including financing thereof) and Jaguar Land Rover) for the periods indicated and the percentage change from period-to-period (before inter-segment eliminations):
| Year ended March 31, | Percentage Change | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2017 to 2018 | 2016 to 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total Revenues (Rs. million) |
2,864,464 | 2,639,061 | 2,691,018 | 8.5 | -1.9 | |||||||||||||||
| Earnings before other income, interest and tax (Rs. million) |
104,645 | 102,958 | 173,315 | 1.6 | -40.6 | |||||||||||||||
| Earnings before other income, interest and tax (% to total revenue) |
3.7 | % | 3.9 | % | 6.4 | % | ||||||||||||||
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The following table sets forth selected data regarding our other operations for the periods indicated and the percentage change from period-to-period (before inter-segment eliminations):
| Year ended March 31, | Percentage Change | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2017 to 2018 | 2016 to 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total Revenues (Rs. million) |
31,335 | 31,154 | 29,116 | 0.6 | 7.0 | |||||||||||||||
| Earnings before other income, interest and tax (Rs. million) |
3,046 | 3,798 | 4,212 | -19.8 | -9.8 | |||||||||||||||
| Earnings before other income, interest and tax (% to total revenue) |
9.7 | % | 12.2 | % | 14.5 | % | ||||||||||||||
Fiscal 2018 Compared to Fiscal 2017
Revenue
Our total consolidated revenue (net of excise duty, where applicable), including finance revenue, increased by 8.5% to Rs.2,882,951 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.2,656,495 million in Fiscal 2017.
The revenue of our Tata brand vehicles increased by 25.4% to Rs.649,972 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.518,431 million in Fiscal 2017 due to increased volumes of all vehicle categories, i.e. M&HCVs, Passenger Cars, ILCVs, SCVs and UVs. The revenue of our Jaguar Land Rover business increased by 4.4% to Rs.2,214,492 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.2,120,677 million in Fiscal 2017. The increase in revenue is Rs.93,815 million at our Jaguar Land Rover business, primarily due to increase in wholesale volumes driven by the success of new products launched in the year, including the Range Rover Velar, the Jaguar E-PACE and the new Land Rover Discovery as well as continued demand for the Jaguar F-PACE and the long wheel base Jaguar XFL in China, offset by lower sales of the XE, XJ, F-TYPE, Evoque and Discovery Sport. Sales of Range Rover and Range Rover Sport decreased due to the model year changeover ahead of the launch of the new refreshed models (including plug-in hybrid variants) at the end of calendar year 2017. The increase was attributable to an increase in sales of Land Rover vehicles were to 394,814 units in Fiscal 2018 from 365,462 units in Fiscal 2017, an increase of 8.0%, offset by decrease in sales of Jaguar-brand vehicles from 169,284 units in Fiscal 2017 to 150,484 units in Fiscal 2018, a decrease of 11.1% (volumes excluding Chery Jaguar Land Rover).
Our revenues from sales of vehicles and spares manufactured in India increased by 31.0% to Rs.575,484 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.439,134 million in Fiscal 2017. The increase was mainly attributable to revenues across all vehicle categories M&HCV, SCV’s and UV’s in India. The revenues from passenger cars in India increased by 9.5% to Rs.49,995 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.45,674 million in Fiscal 2017, and revenue attributable to utility vehicles, which increased by 170.8% to Rs.34,138 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.12,607 million in Fiscal 2017. New product offerings in our passenger cars helped us increase our volumes and revenues in this category. Further, revenues from M&HCVs increased by 34% to Rs.269,723 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.201,212 million. ILCVs increased by 42% to Rs.47,346 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.33,413 million in Fiscal 2017. Revenues of SCVs and Pickups in India increased by 25% to Rs.46,856 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.37,348 in Fiscal 2017 and CV Passengers revenue increased by 22% to Rs.3,034 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.2,491 million in Fiscal 2017.
Revenue from our vehicle financing operations increased by 7.1% to Rs.26,040 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.24,318 million in Fiscal 2017.
Revenue attributable to TDCV, our subsidiary company engaged in design, development and manufacturing of M&HCVs, decreased by 16.3% to Rs.48,370 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.57,774 million in Fiscal 2017, primarily due to lower industry volumes, aggressive discounting and marketing strategies of importers in South Korea. The market share of TDCV decreased to 26.5% in Fiscal 2018 as compared to 29.6% in Fiscal 2017. The export market scenario continues to remain challenging, impacted by various factors including, but not limited to, local currency depreciation against the U.S. dollar, continuing statutory regulations to reduce imports, the slowdown in Chinese economy impacting commodity exporting countries and increased dealer inventory.
Revenue from other operations, before inter-segment eliminations, remained flat at Rs.31,335 million in Fiscal 2018 compared to Rs.31,154 million in Fiscal 2017, and represents 1.1% and 1.2% of our total revenues, before inter-segment eliminations, in Fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Cost and Expenses
Raw Materials, Components and Purchase of Products for Sale (including change in inventories of finished goods and work-in-progress) (material costs)
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Material costs increased by 11.9% to Rs.1,856,602 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.1,659,297 million in Fiscal 2017. Material costs include realized exchange gain of Rs.15,675 million in Fiscal 2018 as compared to Rs.7,553 million in Fiscal 2017.
At our Jaguar Land Rover operations, material costs in Fiscal 2018 increased by 7.1% to Rs.1,403,302 million from Rs.1,309,697 million in Fiscal 2017. The increase was partially offset by favorable currency translation from GBP to INR of Rs.22,462 million. Excluding currency translation, material costs attributable to our Jaguar Land Rover operations increased by GBP 1,257 million (8.3%) in Fiscal 2018 mainly due to a 6% increase in sales volume and mix of products. Material costs at our Jaguar Land Rover operations as a percentage of revenue increased to 63% in Fiscal 2018 from 61.3% in Fiscal 2017 (in GBP terms), primarily driven by the increase in sales volumes and mix and a generally stronger Euro as compared to the pound sterling.
Material costs for Tata and other brand vehicles have also increased by 29.8% to Rs.448,506 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.345,437 million in Fiscal 2017, primarily due to increase in volumes. Further, material costs as a percentage of total revenue (excluding finance revenue) increased to 71.9% in Fiscal 2018, as compared to 69.8% in Fiscal 2017, primarily due to unfavorable product mix leading to lower contribution margin.
For our India operations, material costs in the passenger vehicle segment increased by 4.6% to Rs.44,266 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.42,337 million in Fiscal 2017 for our passenger cars, and by 175.3% to Rs.29,639 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.10,768 million in Fiscal 2017 for our utility vehicles, mainly due to increased unit sales. Material costs for ILCVs also increased by 45% to Rs.35,238 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.24,305 million in Fiscal 2017, whereas material costs for M&HCVs increased by 37% to Rs.191,897 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.139,582 million in Fiscal 2017. Material costs for SCVs & Pickups also increased by 43% to Rs.39,865 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.27,904 million in Fiscal 2017, whereas material costs for CV Passengers increased by 20% to Rs.1,986 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.1,655 million in Fiscal 2017.
Material costs decreased by 19.6% to Rs.31,118 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.38,695 million in Fiscal 2017 for TDCV, primarily due to lower volumes particularly in the domestic market. As a percentage of total revenue, material cost decreased to 64.3% in Fiscal 2018, compared to 66.9% in Fiscal 2017, primarily due to mix of products.
Provision/(Reversal) for Loss of Inventory
On August 12, 2015, a series of explosions caused widespread damage at the Port of Tianjin in China, one of three major locations in China through which Jaguar Land Rover imports its vehicles. A provision of Rs.16,384 million (GBP157 million) (net of insurance recoveries) of Rs.5,342 million (GBP55 million)) has been recognized against the carrying value of inventory for the damage due to explosion at the port of Tianjin in China in Fiscal 2016. In Fiscal 2017, Rs.13,301 million (GBP151 million) relating to insurance recoveries, recovery of import duties and taxes and an updated assessment of the condition of the remaining vehicles led to a reversal of the initial provision recorded in Fiscal 2016. In Fiscal 2018, Rs.112 million (GBP 1 million) relating to insurance recoveries led to a further reversal of the initial provision recorded in Fiscal 2016.
Employee Costs
Our employee costs increased by 6.7% in Fiscal 2018 to Rs.302,625 million from Rs.283,588 million in Fiscal 2017, including the foreign currency translation impact from GBP to Indian rupees discussed below.
Our permanent headcount increased by 1.9% as at March 31, 2018 to 81,090 employees from 79,558 employees as at March 31, 2017, primarily due to new production facilities and research and development centers at Jaguar Land Rover. However, the average temporary headcount were flat at 38,017 employees in Fiscal 2018 from 38,692 employees in Fiscal 2017.
The employee cost at Jaguar Land Rover increased by 7.2% to Rs.233,751 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.218,016 million in Fiscal 2017. In GBP terms, employee costs at Jaguar Land Rover increased to GBP2,722 million in Fiscal 2018 from GBP2,490 million in Fiscal 2017, partially offset by favorable foreign currency translation from GBP to Indian rupees of Rs.4,675 million. The employee cost at Jaguar Land Rover as a percentage to revenue increased to 10.6% in Fiscal 2018 from 10.2% in Fiscal 2017, primarily reflecting increases in production capacity for new models and to support the development and launch of future products. Jaguar Land Rover increased its headcount by 7.3% in Fiscal 2018 to 43,224 employees from 40,265 employees in Fiscal 2017. To support new launches and product development projects. Jaguar Land Rover increased its average permanent headcount by 8.6% in Fiscal 2018 to 34,533 employees from 31,810 employees in Fiscal 2017 and the average temporary headcount were 7,254 employees in Fiscal 2018 as compared to 7,324 employees in Fiscal 2017. Total number of permanent employees as at March 31, 2018 was 36,300, as compared to 32,870 as at March 31, 2017 for Jaguar Land Rover.
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The employee cost for Tata and other brand vehicles (including financing thereof) increased by 6.5% to Rs.54,665 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.51,310 million in Fiscal 2017.
For our India operations, employee costs increased by 5.3% to Rs.44,085 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.41,856 million in Fiscal 2017, mainly due to regular annual increases in salary and wage agreements at our plants. The permanent headcount increased by 13.0% as at March 31, 2018 to 41,295 employees from 36,560 employees as at March 31, 2017. However, the average temporary headcount remained same at 30,464 employees in Fiscal 2018 from 31,586 employees in Fiscal 2017. In Fiscal 2018 and 2017, there was an expense of Rs.37 million and Rs.676 million, respectively, towards early-retirement given to various employees.
At Tata Motors Limited, the parent company, employee cost increased to Rs.37,499 million in Fiscal 2018 compared to Rs.36,261 million in Fiscal 2017. The employee cost as a percentage of revenue decreased to 6.5% in Fiscal 2018 from 8.5% in Fiscal 2017.
Employee costs at TDCV increased by 6.7% to Rs.8,276 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.7,759 million in Fiscal 2017, primarily due to annual increments and headcount.
Defined benefit pension plan amendment
A credit of Rs.36,090 million (GBP437 million) during Fiscal 2018 relates to the amendment of the defined benefit scheme of Jaguar Land Rover. On April 3, 2017, Jaguar Land Rover approved and communicated to its defined benefit scheme members that the defined benefit scheme rules were to be amended with effect from April 6, 2017 so that amongst other changes, retirement benefit will be calculated on a career average basis rather than based upon a member’s final salary at retirement.
Other Expenses
Other expenses increased by 3.4% to Rs.629,755 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.608,462 million in Fiscal 2017. There was a favorable foreign currency translation of GBP to Indian rupees of Rs.7,801 million pertaining to Jaguar Land Rover. As a percentage of total revenues, these expenses decreased to 21.8% in Fiscal 2018 from 22.9% in Fiscal 2017. The major components of expenses are as follows:
| Percentage of Total Revenue |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Year ended March 31, | Change | Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||
| (Rs. in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Freight and transportation expenses |
114,841 | 103,534 | 10.9 | % | 4.0 | % | 3.9 | % | ||||||||||||
| Works operation and other expenses |
261,407 | 232,675 | 12.4 | 9.1 | 8.8 | |||||||||||||||
| Publicity |
89,686 | 86,987 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.3 | |||||||||||||||
| Allowance for trade and other receivables, and finance receivables |
401 | 7,360 | (94.6 | ) | 0.0 | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||
| Warranty and product liability expenses |
69,979 | 85,866 | (18.5 | ) | 2.4 | 3.2 | ||||||||||||||
| Research and development expenses |
35,319 | 34,136 | 3.5 | % | 1.2 | % | 1.3 | % | ||||||||||||
| 1. | Freight and transportation expenses increased by 10.9% to Rs.114,841 million in Fiscal 2018. This increase was offset by a favorable foreign currency translation of GBP to Indian rupees of Rs.1,730 million. Considering this, the increase in freight and transportation expenses corresponds to an increase in volumes at both Tata brand vehicles and Jaguar Land Rover operations, predominantly on account of increased sales across all vehicle categories in India and growth in North America and Europe and the United Kingdom, respectively, on an annual basis. |
| 2. | Our works operation and other expenses represented 9.1% and 8.8% of total revenue in Fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively. On absolute terms, the expenses have increased by 12.4% to Rs.261,407 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.232,675 million in Fiscal 2017. These mainly relate to volume-related expenses at Jaguar Land Rover and Tata Motors. Engineering expenses at Jaguar Land Rover have increased, reflecting our increased investment in the development of new vehicles, by 23.5% to Rs.52,760 million in Fiscal 2018, from Rs.42,711 million in Fiscal 2017. A significant portion of these costs are capitalized and shown under the line item “expenditure capitalized” discussed below. |
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| 3. | Publicity expenses decreased to 3.1% of our total revenues in Fiscal 2018 as compared to 3.3% in Fiscal 2017. In addition to routine product and brand campaigns, we incurred expenses relating to new product introduction campaigns in Fiscal 2017, namely the new Jaguar E-PACE, I-PACE, F-PACE, the all new Land Rover VELAR at Jaguar Land Rover, and the Nexon, Tigor, Tiago, Hexa, Ace XL series at our India operations. |
| 4. | The allowances for finance receivables mainly relate to India operations. These mainly reflect provisions for the impairment of vehicle loans of Rs.255 million for Fiscal 2018 as compared to Rs.5,654 million in Fiscal 2017. The decrease in provision is mainly due to improved collections. Based on our assessment of non-recoverability of overdues in trade and other receivables, we have recorded a provision of Rs.146 million in Fiscal 2018, compared to a provision of Rs.1,706 million in Fiscal 2017. The decrease in provision was due to reversals because of favourable litigation awards. |
| 5. | Warranty and product liability expenses represented 2.4% and 3.2% of our total revenues in Fiscal 2018 and Fiscal 2017, respectively. The warranty expenses at Jaguar Land Rover represented 2.7% of the revenue as compared to 3.6% last year, whereas for Tata Motors Indian operations these represent 1.3% and 1% for Fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively of revenue. The decrease of Jaguar Land Rover was primarily driven by release of provisions mainly due to campaign closures and release of unused funds on older models. Increase in provision at Tata Motors was due to launch of BS IV models and increase in warranty period for certain vehicle models. Please refer to Item 5.A “—Critical Accounting Policies” of this annual report on Form 20-F for further details. |
| 6. | Research and product development costs represent research costs and costs pertaining to minor product enhancements, refreshes and upgrades to existing vehicle models. These represented 1.2% and 1.3% of total revenues for Fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively. |
Expenditure capitalized
This represents employee costs, stores and other manufacturing supplies and other works expenses incurred mainly toward product development projects. Considering the nature of our industry, we continually invest in the development of new products and invest to address safety, emission and other regulatory norms. The expenditure capitalized increased by 10.1% to Rs.185,882 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.168,769 million in Fiscal 2017. The increase is net of an unfavorable foreign currency translation impact from GBP to Indian rupees of Rs.3,177 million pertaining to Jaguar Land Rover. These reflect expenditures on new products and other major product development plans.
Depreciation and Amortization
Our depreciation and amortization expenses increased by 15.0% in Fiscal 2018, the breakdown of which is as follows:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | |||||||
| (Rs. in millions) | ||||||||
| Depreciation |
107,621 | 94,557 | ||||||
| Amortization |
102,197 | 87,848 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Total |
209,818 | 182,405 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
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The increase in depreciation and amortization expenses is after a favorable foreign currency translation from GBP to Indian rupees of Rs.3,704 million pertaining to Jaguar Land Rover. The increase in depreciation expenses, excluding translation impact was primarily attributable to equipment and tooling, related to new models (Discovery, Velar and E-PACE), technology and capacity. The amortization expenses for Fiscal 2018 mainly related to product development costs capitalized and new products introduced during this period, namely the Nexon, new Land Rover Discovery, Range Rover Velar and the Jaguar E-PACE.
Assets written off/loss on sale of assets and others (net)
We recorded a loss on sale of assets and assets written off of Rs.29,148 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.11,419 million in Fiscal 2017. In Fiscal 2018 and 2017, product development in progress for certain projects were identified for write off. There have been disruptions in the auto industry such as electrification necessitating a review of our product development cost capitalization policy. We reviewed our tangible and intangible assets to ensure “fit for future” and thus written off certain product development programs in Fiscal 2018 of Rs.20,602 million.
Other income (net)
There was a net gain of Rs.47,873 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.39,590 million in Fiscal 2017, representing a decrease of Rs.9,447 million.
| i. | The gain on change in the fair value of commodity derivatives mainly at Jaguar Land Rover was Rs.2,146 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.9,184 million in Fiscal 2017, primarily due to the increase in commodity prices of major commodities, including aluminum, copper, palladium and platinum. |
| ii. | Gain on sale of available-for-sale investments decreased marginally to Rs.1,562 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.1,826 million in Fiscal 2017. |
| iii. | Miscellaneous income increased by 54.5% to Rs.44,008 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.28,475 million in Fiscal 2017. The increase is mainly due to increase in royalty income from Chery Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Company Ltd and recognition of higher incentives from government both at Tata Motors Limited and Jaguar Land Rover. |
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For further details see Note 30 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.
Interest expense (net)
Our interest expense (net of interest capitalized) increased by 9.4% to Rs.46,365 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.42,366 million in Fiscal 2017. As a percentage of total revenues, interest expense represented 1.6% in Fiscal 2018 and 2017. The interest expense (net) for Jaguar Land Rover was GBP80 million (Rs.6,572 million) in Fiscal 2018, as compared to GBP68 million (Rs.6,011 million) in Fiscal 2017. The increase in interest expense primarily reflects a full year of interest accrued on the GBP300 million 2.75% and EUR650 million 2.2% senior notes issued in January 2017 as well as interest accrued on the EUR500 million 4.5% senior notes issued in October 2017, partially offset by higher capitalized interest and a favorable foreign currency translation of Rs.239 million from GBP to Indian rupees. For our operations of Tata and other brand vehicles (including financing thereof), interest expense increased by 9.5% to Rs.39,909 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.36,435 million in Fiscal 2017, mainly due to higher borrowings. See Item 5.B “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” of this annual report on Form 20-F for additional details on our debt financing arrangements.
Foreign exchange (gain)/loss (net)
We had a net foreign exchange loss of Rs.2,759 million in Fiscal 2018, compared to Rs.13,285 million in Fiscal 2017.
| i. | Jaguar Land Rover recorded an exchange gain of Rs.3,395 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to loss of Rs.20,148 million in Fiscal 2017. There was a net exchange gain on senior notes of Rs.5,072 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to a loss of Rs.8,273 million in Fiscal 2017, mainly due to depreciation of the U.S. dollar, as compared to GBP as at March 31, 2018. However, there was a loss of Rs.277 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.2,293 million in Fiscal 2017, due to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates on derivatives contracts which are not hedge accounted, mainly reflecting a stronger U.S. dollar and Euro, offset by weaker Chinese RMB and emerging market currencies. Furthermore, this also includes a loss on revaluation of other assets and liabilities of Rs.1,371 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.7,126 million in Fiscal 2017. |
| ii. | For India operations, we incurred, net exchange gain of Rs.203 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to gain of Rs.2,712 million in Fiscal 2017, mainly attributable to foreign currency denominated borrowings. |
| iii. | There was a net exchange loss on revaluation of foreign currency loans at our subsidiary, TML Holdings Pte Ltd, of Rs.6,660 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to a gain of Rs.4,448 million in Fiscal 2017. |
Income Taxes
Our income tax expense increased by 6.7% to Rs.38,059 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.35,670 million in Fiscal 2017, resulting in consolidated effective tax rates of 36.0% and 36.4%, for Fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Tax rate applicable to individual entities have increased to 20% for fiscal 2018, as compared to 14.6% in fiscal 2017.
Reasons for significant differences in the Company’s recorded income tax expense of Rs.38,059 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.35,670 million in Fiscal 2017, are mainly the following:
| i. | During Fiscal 2018, Tata Motors Limited, on a standalone basis, did not recognize a deferred tax asset, amounting to Rs.6,509 million, as compared to Rs.27,926 million in Fiscal 2017, with respect to tax losses, due to the uncertainty of future taxable profit against which tax losses can be utilized. |
| ii. | Furthermore, during Fiscal 2018, deferred tax assets totaling Rs.3,393 million, as compared to Rs.1,446 million in Fiscal 2017, were not recognized in certain subsidiaries due to uncertainty of realization. |
| iii. | Income tax expense on undistributed earnings of subsidiaries was Rs.9,170 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.4,134 million in Fiscal 2017, mainly due to higher dividends to be received from subsidiaries. |
| iv. | Increase in expenses due to change in statutory tax rate was Rs.5,393 million in Fiscal 2018 as compared to reduction of Rs.5,685 million in Fiscal 2017. In Fiscal 2018, there was reduction in the US federal rate from 35% to 21%, resulting in a deferred tax charge of Rs.4,648 million. In Fiscal 2017, there was reduction in the UK Corporation tax rate to 17% w.e.f. April 1, 2020, resulting in reversal of tax. |
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| v. | Tax on Foreign currency loss relating to loans and deposits not deductible to tax was Rs.1,336 million in Fiscal 2018 as compared to gain of Rs.740 million in Fiscal 2017. |
| vi. | In Fiscal 2018, there was a tax credit due to share of profit of equity accounted investees of Rs.4,601 million, as compared to Rs.3,147 million in Fiscal 2017 (due to profits at our China Joint Venture). |
| vii. | Additional deduction for patent, research and product development cost of Rs.4,100 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.7,456 million in Fiscal 2017. For Fiscal 2018, the additional deduction rate for research and development expenditure in India has been reduced from 200% to 150%. |
| viii. | During Fiscal 2017, Tata Motors Holdings Finance Ltd, a wholly-owned subsidiary, transferred its business to its subsidiary Tata Motors Finance Ltd. The resultant gain was subject to capital gain tax in India, on a standalone basis, resulting in utilization of business losses having a tax effect of Rs.4,079 million. |
For further details see Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.
Share of profit of equity-accounted investees and non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries, net of tax
In Fiscal 2018, our share of profit of equity-accounted investees reflected a gain of Rs.22,783 million, as compared to Rs.14,930 million in Fiscal 2017. Our share of profit (including other adjustments) in Chery Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Company Limited in Fiscal 2018 was Rs.21,389 million, as compared to Rs.13,544 million in Fiscal 2017.
The share of non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries were flat at Rs.1,021 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.1,024 million in Fiscal 2017.
Net income
Our consolidated net income in Fiscal 2018, excluding shares of non-controlling interests, increased by 8.9% to Rs.66,661 million from Rs.61,211 million in Fiscal 2017. Net income as a percentage of total revenues remained constant at 2.3% in Fiscal 2018 and 2017. This increase was mainly the result of the following factors:
| • | Earnings before other income, interest and tax for Tata and other brand vehicles amounted to Rs.19,693 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to a loss of Rs.17,909 million in Fiscal 2017, primarily due to increased sales and cost reduction initiatives. |
| • | Earnings before other income, interest and tax for Jaguar Land Rover decreased by 29.7% to Rs.84,952 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.120,867 million in Fiscal 2017, which amounted to 3.8% in Fiscal 2018 of revenues, as compared to 5.7% in Fiscal 2017. The decrease in profitability was mainly attributable to higher incentive spending, other operating costs including higher marketing expenses, higher depreciation and amortization expenses related to new models launched in the year, partially offset by increase in wholesales volumes, favorable mix, increase in Joint Venture profits, local market incentives received in China and gain on defined benefit scheme change. |
Fiscal 2017 Compared to Fiscal 2016
Revenue
Our total consolidated revenue (net of excise duty, where applicable), including finance revenue, decreased by 1.8% to Rs.2,656,495 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.2,705,113 million in Fiscal 2016.
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The revenue of our Tata brand vehicles increased by 5.7% to Rs.518,431 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.490,344 million in Fiscal 2016 due to increased volumes of Passenger Cars and LCV. However, the revenue of our Jaguar Land Rover business decreased by 3.6% to Rs.2,120,677 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.2,200,750 million in Fiscal 2016, reflecting a decrease foreign currency translation loss from GBP to Indian rupees of Rs.276,439 million. Excluding the impact of foreign currency translation, the increase in revenue is Rs.193,616 million at our Jaguar Land Rover business, primarily due to volume increases driven by the success of new products we launched, such as the F-PACE and Discovery Sport, offset by the production constraints of the Defender and Discovery ahead of the start of sales of the all new Discovery in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2017, as well as strong growth in China, the United Kingdom, North America and European markets. The increase was attributable to an increase in sales of Jaguar-brand vehicles to 169,284 units in Fiscal 2017 from 102,106 units in Fiscal 2016, an increase of 65.8%, offset by decrease in sales of Land Rover from 407,228 units in Fiscal 2016 to 365,462 units in Fiscal 2017, a decrease of 10.3% (volumes excluding Chery Jaguar Land Rover). Furthermore, revenue includes realized losses on cash flow hedges of Rs.112,698 million in Fiscal 2017 as compared to a gain of Rs.7,691 million in Fiscal 2016.
Our revenues from sales of vehicles and spares manufactured in India increased by 3.6% to Rs.439,134 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.423,698 million in Fiscal 2016. The increase was mainly attributable to revenues from passenger cars in India, which increased by 37.5% to Rs.45,674 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.33,224 million in Fiscal 2016, and revenue attributable to utility vehicles, which increased by 21.2% to Rs.12,607 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.10,400 million in Fiscal 2016. New product offerings in our passenger cars helped us increase our volumes and revenues in this category. Further, revenues from ILCVs decreased by 3.7% to Rs.33,413 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.34,699 million in Fiscal 2016. The revenues from SCV & Pickups increased by 4.7% to Rs. 37,348 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs. 35,676 million in Fiscal 2016. Revenues of M&HCVs in India decreased by 1.7% to Rs.201,212 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.204,604 in Fiscal 2016, primarily due to increased competition.
Revenue from our vehicle financing operations increased by 9% to Rs.24,318 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.22,319 million in Fiscal 2016.
Revenue attributable to TDCV, our subsidiary company engaged in design, development and manufacturing of M&HCVs, increased by 21.0% to Rs.57,774 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.47,742 million in Fiscal 2016, primarily due to strong performance in its domestic Korean market. There was a strong demand from the construction sector and replacement demand including factors such as low interest rates and diesel prices. However, the exports markets were very challenging. Factors like persistently low-oil prices, local currency depreciation against the U.S. dollar, continuing statutory regulations to reduce imports, the slowdown in Chinese economy impacting commodity exporting countries, and increased dealer inventory adversely impacted TDCV’s exports in major markets, such as Algeria, Russia, Vietnam, South Africa and Gulf Cooperation Council, or GCC, countries.
Revenue from other operations, before inter-segment eliminations, increased by 7.0% to Rs.31,154 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.29,116 million in Fiscal 2016, and represents 1.2% and 1.1% of our total revenues, before inter-segment eliminations, in Fiscal 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Cost and Expenses
Raw Materials, Components and Purchase of Products for Sale (including change in inventories of finished goods and work-in-progress) (material costs)
Material costs increased marginally by 1.3% to Rs.1,659,297 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.1,637,210 million in Fiscal 2016. Material costs include realized exchange gain of Rs.7,553 million in Fiscal 2017 as compared to a loss of Rs.25,571 million in Fiscal 2016.
At our Jaguar Land Rover operations, material costs in Fiscal 2017 marginally decreased by 0.7% to Rs.1,309,697 million from Rs.1,318,875 million in Fiscal 2016. The decrease was attributable to favorable currency translation from GBP to INR of Rs.171,240 million. Excluding currency translation, material costs attributable to our Jaguar Land Rover operations increased by GBP 1,666 million (12.4%) in Fiscal 2017 mainly due to a 5% increase in sales volume, an increase in duties of GBP 150 million, primarily due to an increase in sales to the US, and unfavorable foreign currency effects applicable for sourcing countries, notably the weakening of Sterling against the Euro. Material costs at our Jaguar Land Rover operations as a percentage of revenue increased to 61.3% in Fiscal 2017 from 60.9% in Fiscal 2016 (in GBP terms), primarily attributable to higher sales of our popular F-PACE and the new Discovery launched in Fiscal 2017.
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Material costs for Tata and other brand vehicles have also increased by 10.3% to Rs.345,437 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.313,172 million in Fiscal 2016, primarily due to increase in volumes. Further, material costs as a percentage of total revenue (excluding finance revenue) increased to 69.8% in Fiscal 2017, as compared to 66.9% in Fiscal 2016, primarily due to unfavorable product mix leading to lower contribution margin.
For our India operations, material costs in the passenger vehicle segment increased by 45.1% to Rs.42,337 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.29,183 million in Fiscal 2016 for our passenger cars, and by 26.3% to Rs.10,768 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.8,529 million in Fiscal 2016 for our utility vehicles, mainly due to increased unit sales. Material costs for ILCVs also increased 3.7% to Rs.24,305 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.23,432 million in Fiscal 2016. For SCV & Pickups, the material costs increased by 14.4% to Rs. 27,904 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs. 24,397 million in Fiscal 2016. Material costs for M&HCVs increased by 3.7% to Rs.139,528 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.134,501 million in Fiscal 2016.
Material costs increased by 24.2% to Rs.38,695 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.31,159 million in Fiscal 2016 for TDCV, primarily due to higher volumes particularly in the domestic market. The increase is also due to an unfavorable foreign currency translation from KRW to Indian rupees of Rs.1,076 million. As a percentage of total revenue, material cost increased to 66.9% in Fiscal 2017, compared to 65.3% in Fiscal 2016, primarily due to higher sale of mixer truck models (bearing lower margin) and aggressive pricing for export sales.
Provision/(Reversal) for Loss of Inventory
On August 12, 2015, a series of explosions caused widespread damage at the Port of Tianjin in China, one of three major locations in China through which Jaguar Land Rover imports its vehicles. A provision of Rs.16,384 million (GBP157 million) (net of insurance recoveries) of Rs.5,342 million (GBP55 million)) has been recognized against the carrying value of inventory for the damage due to explosion at the port of Tianjin in China in Fiscal 2016.
In Fiscal 2017, Rs.13,301 million (GBP151 million) relating to insurance recoveries, recovery of import duties and taxes and to an updated assessment of the condition of the remaining vehicles led to a reversal of the initial provision recorded in Fiscal 2016.
Employee Costs
Our employee costs decreased by 1.6% in Fiscal 2017 to Rs.283,588 million from Rs.288,117 million in Fiscal 2016, including the foreign currency translation impact from GBP to Indian rupees discussed below.
Our permanent headcount increased by 3.9% as at March 31, 2017 to 79,558 employees from 76,598 employees as at March 31, 2016, primarily due to new production facilities and research and development centers at Jaguar Land Rover. However, the average temporary headcount decreased by 3.2% to 38,692 employees in Fiscal 2017 from 40,205 employees in Fiscal 2016.
The employee cost at Jaguar Land Rover decreased by 4.7% to Rs.218,016 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.228,730 million in Fiscal 2016. This decrease includes a favorable foreign currency translation from GBP to Indian rupees of Rs.27,569 million. In GBP terms, employee costs at Jaguar Land Rover increased to GBP2,490 million in Fiscal 2017 from GBP2,321 million in Fiscal 2016. The employee cost at Jaguar Land Rover as a percentage to revenue decreased to 10.2% in Fiscal 2017 from 10.4% in Fiscal 2016. Due to consistent increases in volumes and to support new launches and product development projects, Jaguar Land Rover increased its average permanent headcount by 6.8% in Fiscal 2017 to 31,810 employees from 29,789 employees in Fiscal 2016 and the average temporary headcount increased by 1.5% in to 7,324 employees in Fiscal 2017 from 7,216 employees in Fiscal 2016. Total number of permanent employees as at March 31, 2017 was 32,870, as compared to 30,750 as at March 31, 2016 for Jaguar Land Rover.
The employee cost for Tata and other brand vehicles (including financing thereof) increased by 9.5% to Rs.51,310 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.46,836 million in Fiscal 2016.
For our India operations, employee costs increased by 13.6% to Rs.41,856 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.36,834 million in Fiscal 2016, mainly due to regular annual increases in salary and wage agreements at our Pune plant. The permanent headcount increased by 1.1% as at March 31, 2017 to 36,560 employees from 36,177 employees as at March 31, 2016. However, the average temporary headcount remained same at 31,586 employees in Fiscal 2017 from 31,625 employees in Fiscal 2016. In Fiscal 2017, there was an expense of Rs.676 million towards early-retirement given to various employees.
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Employee costs at TDCV increased by 5.3% to Rs.7,759 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.7,370 million in Fiscal 2016, primarily due to annual increments and headcount by 4.0%.
In Fiscal 2016, we closed the manufacturing operations at Tata Hispano Motors Carrocerries Maghreb, or Hispano Maghreb, and paid Rs.223 million as employee separation costs.
Other Expenses
Other expenses increased by 4.0% to Rs.608,462 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.585,321 million in Fiscal 2016. There was a favorable foreign currency translation of GBP to Indian rupees of Rs.64,840 million pertaining to Jaguar Land Rover. As a percentage of total revenues, these expenses increased to 22.9% in Fiscal 2017 from 21.6% in Fiscal 2016. The major components of expenses are as follows:
| Percentage of Total Revenue |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Year ended March 31, | Change | Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||||
| (Rs. in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Freight and transportation expenses |
103,534 | 103,351 | 0.2 | % | 3.9 | % | 3.8 | % | ||||||||||||
| Works operation and other expenses |
232,675 | 223,315 | 4.2 | 8.8 | 8.3 | |||||||||||||||
| Publicity |
86,987 | 87,685 | -0.8 | 3.3 | 3.2 | |||||||||||||||
| Allowance for trade and other receivables, and finance receivables |
7,360 | 15,319 | -52.0 | 0.3 | 0.6 | |||||||||||||||
| Warranty and product liability expenses |
85,866 | 67,539 | 27.1 | 3.2 | 2.5 | |||||||||||||||
| Research and development expenses |
34,136 | 34,688 | -1.6 | % | 1.3 | % | 1.3 | % | ||||||||||||
| 1. | Freight and transportation expenses were flat at Rs.103,534 million in Fiscal 2017. This reflects a favorable foreign currency translation of GBP to Indian rupees of Rs.10,338 million. Considering this, the increase in freight and transportation expenses corresponds to an increase in volumes at both Tata brand vehicles and Jaguar Land Rover operations, predominantly on account of increased sales of Passenger Cars and growth in North America and Europe and the United Kingdom, respectively, on an annual basis. |
| 2. | Our works operation and other expenses represented 8.8% and 8.3% of total revenue in Fiscal 2017 and 2016, respectively. On absolute terms, the expenses have increased by 4.2% to Rs.232,675 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.223,315 million in Fiscal 2016. These mainly relate to volume-related expenses at Jaguar Land Rover and Tata Motors. There is an increase in project expenses relating to our contract manufacturing arrangement with Magna Steyr which are capitalized and shown under the line item “expenditure capitalized” discussed below. |
| 3. | Publicity expenses remains flat at 3.3% of our total revenues in Fiscal 2017 as compared to 3.2% in Fiscal 2016. In addition to routine product and brand campaigns, we incurred expenses relating to new product introduction campaigns in Fiscal 2016, namely the new Jaguar F-PACE, the all new Jaguar XF, the refreshed 2016 model year Jaguar XJ, new Jaguar F-PACE and the Range Rover Evoque (including convertible) at Jaguar Land Rover, and the Tigor, Tiago, Hexa, Yodha and Geneva Motors show at our India operations. |
| 4. | Our allowance for trade and other receivables represented 0.3% and 0.6% of total revenues in Fiscal 2017 and Fiscal 2016, respectively. The allowances for finance receivables mainly relate to India operations. These mainly reflect provisions for the impairment of vehicle loans of Rs.5,654 million for Fiscal 2017 as compared to Rs.8,600 million for the same period in 2016. The decrease in provision is mainly due to improved collections. Based on our assessment of non-recoverability of overdues in trade and other receivables, we have recorded a provision of Rs.1,706 million in Fiscal 2017, compared to a provision of Rs.6,719 million in Fiscal 2016. |
| 5. | Warranty and product liability expenses represented 3.2% and 2.5% of our total revenues in Fiscal 2017 and Fiscal 2016, respectively. The warranty expenses at Jaguar Land Rover represented 3.6% of the revenue as compared to 2.9% last year whereas for Tata Motors Indian operations these represent 1% for both Fiscal 2017 and 2016 of revenue. The increase of Jaguar Land Rover was primarily driven by higher volumes and the impact of unfavorable foreign exchange from the weakening of GBP during Fiscal 2017. In May 2016, an industry-wide passenger airbag safety recall was announced in the United States by the NHTSA in respect of airbags from Takata. Certain front-passenger airbags from Takata are installed in vehicles sold by Jaguar Land Rover Group. Accordingly, we recognized an additional provision of Rs.6,415 million (GBP67 million) for the estimated cost of repairs in Fiscal 2016. Please refer to Item 5.A “—Critical Accounting Policies” of this annual report for further details. |
| 6. | Research and product development costs represent research costs and costs pertaining to minor product enhancements, refreshes and upgrades to existing vehicle models. These represented 1.3% of total revenues for Fiscal 2017 and 2016. |
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Expenditure capitalized
This represents employee costs, stores and other manufacturing supplies and other works expenses incurred mainly toward product development projects. Considering the nature of our industry, we continually invest in the development of new products and invest to address safety, emission and other regulatory norms. The expenditure capitalized increased by 1.2% to Rs.168,769 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.166,783 million in Fiscal 2016. The increase is net of an unfavorable foreign currency translation impact from GBP to Indian rupees of Rs.20,219 million pertaining to Jaguar Land Rover. These reflect expenditures on new products and other major product development plans.
Depreciation and Amortization
Our depreciation and amortization expenses increased by 8.5% in Fiscal 2017, the breakdown of which is as follows:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | |||||||
| (Rs. in millions) | ||||||||
| Depreciation |
94,557 | 79,643 | ||||||
| Amortization |
87,848 | 88,432 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Total |
182,405 | 168,075 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
The increase in depreciation and amortization expenses is after a favorable foreign currency translation from GBP to Indian rupees of Rs.18,432 million pertaining to Jaguar Land Rover. The increase in depreciation expenses, excluding translation impact was primarily due to full-year depreciation of the facility at Brazil and expenses attributable to plant and equipment and tooling, which are mainly toward capacity and new products. The amortization expenses for Fiscal 2017 mainly related to product development costs capitalized and new products introduced during this period, namely the F-PACE, the new Discovery, Tigor, Hexa and Yodha. Depreciation and amortization expenses represented 6.9% and 6.2% of total revenues in Fiscal 2017 and Fiscal 2016, respectively.
Assets written off/loss on sale of assets and others (net)
We recorded a loss on a sale of assets and assets written off of Rs.11,419 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.9,477 million in Fiscal 2016. In Fiscal 2017 and 2016, product development in progress for certain projects were identified for write off.
Other income (net)
There was a net gain of Rs.39,590 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.12,613 million in Fiscal 2016, representing an increase of Rs.25,036 million.
| i. | The gain on change in the fair value of commodity derivatives mainly at Jaguar Land Rover was Rs.9,184 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to loss of Rs.11,555 million in Fiscal 2016, primarily due to the significant increase in commodity prices of major commodities, including aluminum, copper and platinum. |
| ii. | Gain on sale of available-for-sale investments increased marginally to Rs.1,826 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.1,814 million in Fiscal 2016. |
| iii. | Miscellaneous income increased by 30.0% to Rs.28,475 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.21,908 million in Fiscal 2016. The increase is mainly due to increase in royalty income from Chery Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Company Ltd. |
For further details see Note 30 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.
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Interest expense (net)
Our interest expense (net of interest capitalized) decreased by 11.6% to Rs.42,366 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.47,913 million in Fiscal 2016. As a percentage of total revenues, interest expense represented 1.6% in Fiscal 2017, compared to 1.8% in Fiscal 2016. The interest expense (net) for Jaguar Land Rover was GBP68 million (Rs.6,011 million) in Fiscal 2017, as compared to GBP90 million (Rs.8,797 million) in Fiscal 2016. The decrease in interest expense is primarily due to the prepayment of higher coupon senior notes during Fiscal 2016 and by a favorable foreign currency translation of Rs.663 million from GBP to Indian rupees. For our operations of Tata and other brand vehicles (including financing thereof), interest expense decreased by 7.2% to Rs.36,435 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.39,249 million in Fiscal 2016, mainly due to reduction in interest rates. See Item 5.B “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” of this annual report on Form 20-F for additional details on our debt financing arrangements.
Foreign exchange (gain)/loss (net)
We had a net foreign exchange loss of Rs.13,285 million in Fiscal 2017, compared to Rs.20,588 million in Fiscal 2016. This was primarily attributable to our Jaguar Land Rover operations.
| i. | Jaguar Land Rover recorded an exchange loss of Rs. 20,148 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.13,808 million in Fiscal 2016. We incurred a net exchange loss on senior notes of Rs.8,273 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.5,639 million in Fiscal 2016, mainly due to appreciation of the U.S. dollar, as compared to GBP as at March 31, 2016. Further, there was a loss of Rs.2,293 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to a gain of Rs.102 million in Fiscal 2016, due to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates on derivatives contracts which are not hedge accounted, mainly reflecting a stronger U.S. dollar and Euro, offset by weaker Chinese RMB and emerging market currencies. Furthermore, this also includes a loss on revaluation of other assets and liabilities of Rs.7,126 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.9,166 million in Fiscal 2016. |
| ii. | For India operations, due to appreciation of the Indian rupee mainly against the U.S. dollar, we incurred exchange gains. There was a net exchange gain of Rs.2,712 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to loss of Rs.2,781 million in Fiscal 2016, mainly attributable to foreign currency denominated borrowings. |
Income Taxes
Our income tax expense increased by 29.6% to Rs.35,670 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.27,513 million in Fiscal 2016, resulting in consolidated effective tax rates of 36.4% and 22.1%, for Fiscal 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Reasons for significant differences in the company’s recorded income tax expense of Rs.35,670 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.27,513 million in Fiscal 2016, are mainly the following:
| i. | During Fiscal 2017, Tata Motors Limited, on a standalone basis, did not recognize a deferred tax asset, amounting to Rs.27,926 million, as compared to Rs.8,152 million in Fiscal 2016, with respect to tax losses, due to the uncertainty of future taxable profit against which tax losses can be utilized. |
| ii. | Furthermore, during Fiscal 2017, deferred tax assets totaling Rs.1,446 million, as compared to Rs.5,137 million in Fiscal 2016, were not recognized in certain subsidiaries due to uncertainty of realization. |
| iii. | Income tax expense on undistributed earnings of subsidiaries was Rs.4,134 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.5,402 million in Fiscal 2016. |
| iv. | In Fiscal 2017, there was a tax credit due to share of profit of equity accounted investees of Rs.3,147 million, as compared to Rs.1,138 million in Fiscal 2016 (due to profits at our China Joint Venture). |
| v. | During Fiscal 2017, Tata Motors Finance Ltd, a wholly-owned subsidiary, transferred its business to its subsidiary Sheba Properties Ltd. The resultant gain was subject to capital gains tax in India for Tata Motors Limited, on a standalone basis, resulting in utilization of business losses having a tax effect of Rs.4,079 million. |
During Fiscal 2016, Tata Motors Limited, on a standalone basis received additional consideration of Rs.3,245 million, from TML Holdings Pte Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary towards divestment of investments in Fiscal 2014 in a foreign subsidiary. Further, Tata Motors Limited, on a standalone basis divested investments in Sheba Properties Limited, wholly owned subsidiary, to Tata Motors Finance Ltd, a subsidiary, resulting in a profit of Rs.3,304 million. The resultant gain was subject to capital gains tax in India for Tata Motors Limited, on a standalone basis, resulting in utilization of business losses having a tax effect of Rs.550 million.
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| vi. | Additional deduction for patent, research and product development cost of Rs.7,456 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.14,494 million in Fiscal 2016. During Fiscal 2016, we have applied for tax benefit under patent box regime in the United Kingdom leading to additional benefit of Rs.6,958 million. |
| vii. | Reduction due to change in statutory tax rate by Rs.246 million to Rs.5,685 million in Fiscal 2017 as compared to Rs.5,931 million in Fiscal 2016. |
| viii. | During Fiscal 2017, tax on dividend from subsidiaries, joint operations, equity accounted investees and available-for-sale investments was of Rs.27 million, as compared to Rs.1,345 million in Fiscal 2016, mainly due to an additional dividend received during Fiscal 2016. |
For further details see Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.
Share of profit of equity-accounted investees and non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries, net of tax
In Fiscal 2017, our share of profit of equity-accounted investees reflected a gain of Rs.14,930 million, as compared to Rs.5,775 million in Fiscal 2016.
| • | Our share of profit (including other adjustments) in Chery Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Company Limited in Fiscal 2017 was Rs.13,544 million, as compared to Rs.5,781 million in Fiscal 2016. |
| • | Our share of profit in Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery Co Private Ltd was Rs.857 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to a loss of Rs.421 million in Fiscal 2016. |
The share of non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries increased by 3.5% to Rs.1,024 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.989 million in Fiscal 2016.
Net income
Our consolidated net income in Fiscal 2017, excluding shares of non-controlling interests, decreased by 36.2% to Rs.61,211 million from Rs.95,883 million in Fiscal 2016. Net income as a percentage of total revenues also decreased from 3.6% in Fiscal 2016 to 2.3% in Fiscal 2017. This decrease was mainly the result of the following factors:
| • | Earnings before other income, interest and tax for Jaguar Land Rover decreased by 26.2% to Rs.120,867 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.163,883 million in Fiscal 2016, which amounted to 5.7% in Fiscal 2017 of sales, as compared to 7.4% in Fiscal 2016. The decrease in profitability was mainly attributable to higher manufacturing and other operating costs including higher marketing expenses, higher depreciation and amortization expenses related to significant capital expenditure in prior periods, more unfavorable revaluation of unrealized foreign currency debts, offset by lower interest expenses, favorable revaluation of commodity hedges and further insurance and other recoveries related to Tianjin. |
| • | Earnings before other income, interest and tax for Tata and other brand vehicles decreased to a loss of Rs.17,909 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to a gain of Rs.9,432 million in Fiscal 2016, primarily due to decreased volume of M&HCVs, higher level of variable marketing spends, provision for inventory of Bharat Stage III vehicles and higher depreciation and amortization. |
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Please refer to Note 2(w) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F for adopted and yet to be adopted accounting pronouncements as at March 31, 2018.
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Critical Accounting Policies
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income, expenses and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the years presented. The actual results may differ from these estimates.
Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis and at each balance sheet date. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised and future periods affected.
In particular, information about significant areas of estimation uncertainty and critical judgments in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the financial statements are included in the following notes:
Impairment of Goodwill
Cash-generating units to which goodwill is allocated are tested for impairment annually at each balance sheet date, or more frequently when there is an indication that the unit may be impaired. If the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit is less than the carrying amount of the unit, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to that unit and then to the other assets of the unit pro rata on the basis of carrying amount of each asset in the unit. Goodwill impairment loss recognized is not reversed in subsequent period. Please refer to Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F for assumptions used for goodwill impairment.
Impairment
Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets
At each balance sheet date, we assess whether there is any indication that any property, plant and equipment and intangible assets with finite lives may be impaired. If any such impairment exists, the recoverable amount of an asset is estimated to determine the extent of impairment, if any. Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, we estimate the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs.
Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use are tested for impairment annually at each balance sheet date, or earlier, if there is an indication that the asset may be impaired.
Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.
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If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognized immediately in the income statement.
Finance receivables
We provide allowances for credit losses in finance receivables based on historical loss experience, current economic conditions and events and the estimated collateral values for repossessed vehicles. This requires estimates, including the amounts and timing of future cash flows expected to be received, which reflect changes in related observable data from period to period that may be susceptible to changes.
Capitalization of internally generated intangible assets
We undertake significant levels of research and development activity and for each vehicle program periodic review is undertaken. We apply judgement in determining at what point in a vehicle programs lifecycle that recognition criteria under accounting standards is satisfied.
Product Warranty
Vehicle warranties are provided for a specified period of time. Our vehicle warranty obligations vary depending upon the type of the product, geographical location of its sale and other factors.
The estimated liability for vehicle warranties is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claims and our estimates regarding possible future incidence based on actions on product failures.
Changes in warranty liability as a result of changes in estimated future warranty costs and any additional costs in excess of estimated costs, can materially affect our net income. Determination of warranty liability is based on the estimated frequency and amount of future claims, which are inherently uncertain. Our policy is to continuously monitor warranty liabilities to determine the adequacy of our estimate of such liabilities. Actual claims incurred in the future may differ from our original estimates, which may materially affect warranty expense.
Employee Benefits
Employee benefit costs and obligations are dependent on assumptions used in calculating such amounts. These assumptions include salary increase, discount rates, health care cost trend rates, benefits earned, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, mortality rates and other factors.
While we believe that the assumptions used are appropriate, differences in actual experience or changes in assumptions may affect our employee benefit costs and obligations.
Recoverability/recognition of deferred tax assets
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying values of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and unutilized business loss and depreciation carry-forwards and tax credits. Such deferred tax assets and liabilities are computed separately for each taxable entity and for each taxable jurisdiction. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable income will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses, depreciation carry-forwards and unused tax credits could be utilized.
B. Liquidity and Capital Resources
We finance our capital expenditures and research and development investments through cash generated from operations, cash and cash equivalents, debt and equity funding. We also raise funds through the sale of investments, including divestments in stakes of subsidiaries on a selective basis.
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The key element of the financing strategy is maintaining a strong financial position that allows us to fund our capital expenditures and research and development investments efficiently even if earnings are subject to short-term fluctuations. Our treasury policies for liquidity and capital resources are appropriate for the automotive operations and are set through business specific sensitive analysis and by benchmarking our competitors. These are reviewed periodically by our board of directors.
Our business segments are (i) automotive operations and (ii) all other operations. We provide financing for vehicles sold by dealers in India. Our automotive operations segment is further divided into Tata and other brand vehicles (including financing thereof) and Jaguar Land Rover. Furthermore, given the nature of our industry and competition, we are required to make significant investments in product development on an ongoing basis.
Principal Sources of Funding Liquidity
Our funding requirements are met through a mixture of equity, convertible or non-convertible debt securities and other long-term and short-term borrowings. We access funds from debt markets through commercial paper programs, convertible and non-convertible debentures, and other debt instruments. We continually monitor funding options available in the debt and equity capital markets with a view to maintaining financial flexibility.
See Note 35 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F for additional disclosures on financial instruments related to liquidity, foreign exchange and interest rate exposures and use of derivatives for risk management purposes.
The following table sets forth our short-term and long-term debt position:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | |||||||
| (Rs. in millions) | ||||||||
| Total short-term debt (excluding current portion of long-term debt) |
167,949 | 138,600 | ||||||
| Total current portion of long-term debt |
109,339 | 40,927 | ||||||
| Long-term debt net of current portion |
611,419 | 605,644 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Total Debt |
888,707 | 785,171 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
During Fiscal 2018 and 2017, the effective weighted average interest rate on our long-term debt was 5.6% and 5.8% per annum, respectively. The following table sets forth a summary of long-term debt outstanding as at March 31, 2018.
| Details of Long-term debt |
Currency | Initial Principal amounts (millions) |
Redeemable on |
Interest Rate |
Amount repaid during year ended March 31, 2018 (Rs. millions) |
Outstanding (Rs. millions) |
||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31-Mar-18 | 31-Mar-17 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-Convertible Debentures |
INR | Various | 25,393 | 148,108 | 145,163 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Collateralized debt obligations |
INR | Various | 6,745 | 13,206 | 10,271 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Buyers credit from bank |
Various | Various | — | 15,000 | 15,191 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loan from banks / financial institutions |
Various | Various | 72,784 | 137,182 | 127,410 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Compulsory convertible Preference shares |
INR | 8.780 | % | — | 8,840 | 4,340 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Others |
— | 2,120 | 1,918 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Senior Notes |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tata Motors Ltd |
US$ | 250 | due 2024 | 5.750 | % | — | 16,194 | 16,088 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Jaguar Land Rover |
US$ | 500 | due 2023 | 5.625 | % | — | 32,485 | 32,096 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Jaguar Land Rover |
GBP | 400 | due 2023 | 3.875 | % | — | 36,665 | 32,108 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Jaguar Land Rover |
GBP | 400 | due 2022 | 5.000 | % | — | 36,598 | 32,028 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Jaguar Land Rover |
US$ | 500 | due 2027 | 4.500 | % | — | 31,569 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
| TML Holdings Pte Ltd |
US$ | 300 | due 2021 | 5.750 | % | — | 19,488 | 19,250 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Tata Motors Ltd |
US$ | 500 | due 2020 | 4.625 | % | — | 32,389 | 32,176 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Jaguar Land Rover |
US$ | 500 | due 2020 | 3.500 | % | — | 32,714 | 32,299 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Jaguar Land Rover |
US$ | 500 | due 2019 | 4.250 | % | — | 32,738 | 32,315 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Jaguar Land Rover |
US$ | 700 | due 2018 | 4.125 | % | — | 45,845 | 45,185 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Jaguar Land Rover |
GBP | 300 | due 2021 | 2.750 | % | — | 27,505 | 24,065 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Jaguar Land Rover |
EUR | 650 | due 2024 | 2.200 | % | — | 52,112 | 44,669 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| — | 396,302 | 342,278 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Long-term debt |
104,922 | 720,758 | 646,572 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
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The following table sets forth a summary of the maturity profile for our outstanding long—term debt obligations as at March 31, 2018.
| Payments Due by Period1, 2 |
Rs. in millions | |||
| Within one year |
143,508 | |||
| After one year and up to two years |
149,974 | |||
| After two year and up to five years |
398,648 | |||
| After five year and up to ten years |
160,292 | |||
|
|
|
|||
| Total |
852,422 | |||
|
|
|
|||
| 1. | Including interest |
| 2. | Jaguar Land Rover has only senior notes as long-term debt obligations as at March 31, 2018 of Rs.328,231 million. |
The following table sets forth our total liquid assets, namely cash and cash equivalents, short—term deposits and investments in mutual funds:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | |||||||
| (Rs. in millions) | ||||||||
| Total cash and cash equivalents |
147,168 | 139,868 | ||||||
| Total short-term deposits |
193,616 | 218,928 | ||||||
| Total mutual funds investments |
143,602 | 150,662 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Total liquid assets |
484,386 | 509,458 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
These resources enable us to address business needs in the event of changes in credit market conditions. Of the above liquid assets, Jaguar Land Rover holds Rs.429,726 million and Rs.444,018 million as at March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Most of the Jaguar Land Rover’s liquid assets are maintained in GBP and smaller balances are maintained in US$, EUR and RMB and other currencies to meet operational requirements in those geographies.
We expect to invest over Rs.461 billion in property, plant and equipment and product development during Fiscal 2019.
We will continue to invest in new products and technologies to meet consumer demand and regulatory requirements and in our manufacturing base in the United Kingdom and overseas. Jaguar Land Rover has invested around GBP1 billion in its manufacturing facility in Nitra, Slovakia with annual capacity of 150,000 units and production scheduled to begin in 2018, starting with the Land Rover Discovery. Jaguar Land Rover has also invested around GBP1 billion in its engine manufacturing facility in Wolverhampton, which now produces 2.0-litre Ingenium diesel and gasoline engines. The Jaguar I-PACE and E-PACE are now being produced under the contract manufacturing agreement with Magna Steyr in Graz, Austria. Furthermore the China joint venture opened its engine facility to produce 2.0-litre petrol Ingenium engines in July 2017 for installation into locally manufactured Chery Jaguar Land Rover vehicles and the long wheel base Jaguar XEL went on sale in December 2017. We expect that these investments will enable us to pursue further growth opportunities and address competitive positioning. We expect to meet most of our investments out of operating cash flows and cash liquidity available to us. In order to meet the balance of the requirements of our investments, we may be required to raise funds through additional loans and by accessing the capital markets from time to time, as deemed necessary.
Tata Motors Limited was free cash flow (which is a non-IFRS measure that equals cash flow from operating activities, less payment for property, plant and equipment and intangible assets) positive in Fiscal 2018 of Rs.12,557 million, calculated on a standalone basis.
The following table provides information for the credit ratings of Tata Motors Limited for short-term borrowing and long-term borrowing from the following rating agencies as at March 31, 2018: Credit Analysis & Research Limited, or CARE, Information and Credit Rating Agency of India Ltd., or ICRA Limited, or ICRA, Credit Rating Information Services of India Ltd, or CRISIL Ltd, or CRISIL, Standard & Poor’s Ratings Group, or S&P, and Moody’s Investors Service, or Moody’s. A credit rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities. A credit rating may be subject to withdrawal or revision at any time. Each rating should be evaluated separately of any other rating:
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| CARE | ICRA | CRISIL | S&P | Moody’s | ||||||||||||||||
| Long-term borrowings |
AA+ | AA | AA | BB+ | Ba1 | |||||||||||||||
| Short-term borrowings |
A1+ | A1+ | A1+ | — | — | |||||||||||||||
As at July 31, 2018, the credit rating of Tata Motors Limited stands at Ba2 by Moody’s and BB by S&P.
We believe that we have sufficient liquidity available to meet our planned capital requirements. However, our sources of funding could be materially and adversely affected by an economic slowdown, as was witnessed in Fiscal 2009, or other macroeconomic factors in India, the United Kingdom, the United States, Europe and China, which are beyond our control. A decrease in the demand for our vehicles could affect our ability to obtain funds from external sources on acceptable terms or in a timely manner.
Our cash is located at various subsidiaries. The cash in some of these jurisdictions, notably South Africa and Brazil, is subject to certain restrictions on cash pooling, intercompany loan arrangements or interim dividends. However, annual dividends are generally permitted, and we do not believe that these restrictions have, or are expected to have, any impact on our ability to meet our cash obligations.
Long-term funding
In order to refinance our existing borrowings and for supporting long-term funding needs, we continued to raise funds during Fiscal 2017 and 2018. We had in the past issued convertible notes, which were convertible into equity or repayable on maturity. Details of major funding during Fiscal 2014 through Fiscal 2018 are provided below.
In May 2013, TML Holdings Pte Ltd., or TMLHS, issued SGD350 million, senior notes due 2018 at a coupon of 4.25% per annum. TMLHS refinanced these notes in Fiscal 2016 by obtaining a new syndicated loan of US$250 million maturing in March 2020.
During Fiscal 2014, TMLHS further raised US$600 million equivalent (US$460 million and SGD176.8 million) through a syndicated loan facility with US$300 million equivalent (US$250 million and SGD62.8 million) maturing in November 2017 and US$300 million equivalent (US$210 million and SGD114 million) in November 2019. This fund has been utilized for the general corporate purposes of Tata Motors Limited’s Indian operations. TMLHS repaid these loans in Fiscal 2016 by obtaining a new syndicated loan of US$600 million (with US$300 million maturing in October 2020 and US$300 million maturing in October 2022).
In December 2013 and January 2014, Jaguar Land Rover Automotive plc issued US$700 million senior notes due 2018 at a coupon of 4.125% per annum and GBP400 million senior notes due 2022 at a coupon of 5.000% per annum. The proceeds were used to refinance the GBP500 million senior notes due 2018 at a coupon of 8.125% per annum and US$410 million senior notes due 2018 at a coupon of 7.75% per annum, which were callable in May 2014 and subsequently redeemed them in full through a tender offer/deposit with the agent in March 2014.
During Fiscal 2014, we issued rated, listed, unsecured, non-convertible debentures, or NCDs, of Rs.11,000 million. The proceeds have been utilized for general corporate purposes.
In December 2011, Jaguar Land Rover entered in to committed revolving credit facility for GBP710 million for three and five years with a syndicate of banks. In July 2013, Jaguar Land Rover Automotive plc amended and restated the facility to GBP1,250 million at more favorable pricing and terms and conditions, which was subsequently upsized to GBP1,290 million. On July 29, 2015, Jaguar Land Rover refinanced the facility using a new facility agreement with a syndicate of 29 banks, increasing the size to GBP1.8 billion, all maturing in five years (2020) and subsequently upsized the facility to GBP1.87 billion in September 2015 by adding another bank under the accordion condition. Jaguar Land Rover is subject to certain customary financial and other covenants under this facility. This facility has been amended and extended in July 2017 to expire in July 2022 with GBP 1,935 million committed and fully undrawn as at March 31, 2018. Under the amended and extended facility Jaguar Land Rover is no longer subject to financial covenants (interest cover covenant now removed) but other non-financial covenants remain.
In Fiscal 2015, TMF Holdings Ltd. (TMFHL) and its subsidiary, TMFSL, issued NCDs and raised Rs.26,043 million. Furthermore, during Fiscal 2015, TMFL issued unsecured perpetual NCDs worth Rs.503 million toward tier 1 capital and unsecured long-term NCDs worth Rs.2,350 million as tier 2 capital to enhance its capital adequacy ratio based on the RBI guidelines.
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In Fiscal 2015, Jaguar Land Rover Automotive plc issued (i) US$500 million senior notes due 2019 at a coupon of 4.250% per annum, (ii) US$500 million senior notes due 2020 at a coupon of 3.500% per annum and (iii) GBP400 million senior notes due 2023 at a coupon of 3.875% per annum. The proceeds were used for part prepayment of US$326 million senior notes due 2021 at a coupon of 8.125% per annum and GBP442 million senior notes due 2020 at a coupon of 8.250% per annum, and are being primarily used for general corporate purposes, including support for Jaguar Land Rover’s ongoing growth and capital spending requirements.
In Fiscal 2015, TML Holdings Pte. Ltd. issued US$300 million senior notes due 2021 at a coupon of 5.750% per annum for equity buyback.
In Fiscal 2015, we issued US$500 million senior unsecured notes due 2020 at a coupon of 4.625% per annum and US$250 million senior unsecured notes due 2024 at a coupon of 5.750% per annum. The proceeds have been used to refinance existing ECB of US$500 million and the balance of the proceeds is being used to incur new additional capital expenditure and other permitted purposes as per RBI ECB guidelines.
During Fiscal 2015, Tata Motors Limited issued rated, listed, unsecured NCDs of Rs.26,000 million. The proceeds have been utilized for general corporate purposes.
During Fiscal 2016, Tata Motors Limited allotted 150,490,480 Ordinary Shares (including 32,049,820 shares underlying ADRs) of Rs.2 each at a premium of Rs.448 per share, totaling Rs.67,721 million, and 26,509,759 ‘A’ Ordinary Shares of Rs.2 each at a premium of Rs.269 per share, totaling Rs.7,184 million, pursuant to the rights issue. 154,279 Ordinary Shares and 20,531 ‘A’ Ordinary Shares have been kept in abeyance. Out of the proceeds of the rights issue, Rs.5 billion have been used for funding expenditure toward plant and machinery, Rs.15 billion toward research and product development, Rs.40 billion toward repayment in full or in part of certain long-term and short-term borrowings, and Rs.14.011 billion toward general corporate purposes.
During Fiscal 2016, TML Holdings Pte. Ltd., refinanced an existing unsecured multi-currency loan of US$600 million (US$250 million and SG$62.8 million maturing in November 2017 and US$210 million and SG$114 million maturing in November 2019) with a new unsecured loan of US$600 million (US$300 million maturing in October 2020 and US$300 million maturing in October 2022) and refinanced the existing SG$350 million 4.25% senior notes due in May 2018 with a new syndicated loan of US$250 million maturing in March 2020.
During Fiscal 2016, TMFHL issued 43,400,000 privately placed, cumulative non-participating compulsory convertible preference shares of Rs.100 each convertible after seven years, which qualified as tier 1 capital.
In Fiscal 2016, TMFHL, and its subsidiary, TMFSL, issued NCDs and raised Rs.22,140 million. Bank borrowings through secured and unsecured term loans continued to remain as the major source of funds for long-term borrowing, and during, Fiscal 2016 Rs.23,250 million was raised.
In January 2017, Jaguar Land Rover Automotive plc issued (i) EUR 650 million senior notes due 2024 at a coupon of 2.200% per annum and (ii) GBP300 million senior notes due 2021 at a coupon of 2.750% per annum. The proceeds were for general corporate purposes, including support for Jaguar Land Rover’s ongoing growth and capital spending requirements. In March 2017 Jaguar Land Rover Automotive plc completed consent transactions to align the terms of its (i) US$500 million 5.625% senior notes due 2023, (ii) US$ 700 million 4.125% senior notes due 2018 and (iii) GBP400 million 5.000% senior notes due 2022 to bonds it issued after January 31, 2014.
During Fiscal 2017, Tata Motors Limited issued rated, listed, unsecured NCDs of Rs.27,000 million. The proceeds have been utilized for general corporate purpose. Tata Motors Limited prepaid Rs.3000 million of its unsecured 8.60% NCD due 2018 in February 2017.
In Fiscal 2017, TMFHL, and its subsidiaries, TMFL & TMFSL, issued NCDs and raised Rs.3,161 million. Bank borrowings through secured and unsecured term loans continued to remain as the major source of funds for long-term borrowing, and during, Fiscal 2017 Rs.2,625 million were raised. Overall during Fiscal 2017 for the TMFHL group, the long-term debt (net) decreased by Rs.609 million.
During Fiscal 2018, Tata Motors Limited issued rated, listed, unsecured NCDs of Rs.15,000 million. The proceeds have been utilized for general corporate purpose.
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In October 2017, Jaguar Land Rover Automotive plc issued USD 500 million senior notes due 2027 at a coupon of 4.500% per annum. The proceeds were for general corporate purposes, including support for Jaguar Land Rover’s ongoing growth and capital spending requirements.
During Fiscal 2018, TML Holdings Pte. Ltd., a subsidiary of the Company, refinanced (i) an existing unsecured loan of USD600 million (USD300 million maturing in October 2020 and USD300 million maturing in October 2022) and (ii) a syndicated loan of USD250 million maturing in March 2020 with a new unsecured loan of GBP640 million (GBP190 million maturing in July 2020, GBP225 million maturing in July 2022 and GBP225 million maturing in July 2023).
During Fiscal 2018, TMFHL, and its subsidiaries issued NCDs and raised Rs.32,310 million. Bank borrowings through secured and unsecured term loans continued to remain the major source of funds for long-term borrowings, and during Fiscal 2018, Rs.23,300 million was raised. During Fiscal 2018, overall long-term debt (net) was increased by Rs.720 million.
We plan to refinance and raise long-term funding through borrowings or equity issuances, on the basis of review of business plans, operating results and covenant requirements of our existing borrowings.
Short-term funding
We fund our short-term working capital requirements with cash generated from operations, overdraft facilities with banks, short- and medium-term borrowings from lending institutions, banks and commercial paper. The maturities of these short- and medium-term borrowings and debentures are generally matched to particular cash flow requirements. We had borrowings of Rs.167,949 million and Rs.138,599 million as at March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Our working capital limit for our India operations is Rs.140,000 million. The working capital limits are secured by hypothecation of existing current assets of Tata Motors Limited including stock of raw material, stock in process, semi-finished goods, stores and spares not relating to plant and machinery (consumable stores and spares), bills receivables and book debts, including vehicle financing receivables and all other moveable current assets except cash and bank balances, loans and advances of Tata Motors Limited, both present and future. The working capital limit is renewed annually for Tata Motors Limited. Tata Motors Limited currently for Rs.500 crores revolving credit facility which remained undrawn as at March 31, 2018.
As at March 31, 2018, Jaguar Land Rover had drawings of USD 209 million (GBP 149 million equivalent) under their USD 295 million uncommitted invoice discounting facility and GBP 6 million of other outstanding discounted receivables as well as GBP 18.9 million of finance leases.
We had unused credit facilities of Rs.367,901 million and Rs.333,874 million as at March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Loan Covenants
Some of our financing agreements and debt arrangements set limits on and/or require prior lender consent for, among other things, undertaking new projects, issuing new securities, changes in management, mergers, sales of undertakings and investments in subsidiaries. In addition, certain negative covenants may limit our ability to borrow additional funds or to incur additional liens, and/or provide for increased costs in case of breach. Certain of our financing arrangements also include financial covenants to maintain certain debt-to-equity ratios, debt-to-earnings ratios, liquidity ratios, capital expenditure ratios and debt coverage ratios.
We monitor compliance with our financial covenants on an ongoing basis. We also review our refinancing strategy and continue to plan for deployment of long term funds to address any potential non-compliance.
Certain debt issued by Jaguar Land Rover is subject to customary covenants and events of default, which include, among other things, restrictions or limitations on the amount of cash, which may be transferred outside of the Jaguar Land Rover group of companies in the form of dividends, loans or investments to TML and its subsidiaries. These are referred to as restricted payments in the relevant Jaguar Land Rover financing documentation. In general, the amount of cash which may be transferred as restricted payments from the Jaguar Land Rover group to the Company and its subsidiaries is limited to 50% of its cumulative consolidated net income (as defined in the relevant financing documentation) from January 2011. As at March 31, 2018, the estimated amount that is available for dividend payments, other distributions and restricted payments was approximately GBP4,941 million.
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Cash Flow Data
The following table sets forth selected items from our consolidated statements of cash flows for the periods indicated.
| Rs. in millions | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||
| Net Cash provided by Operating Activities: |
238,574 | 303,107 | 374,713 | |||||||||
| Net income after tax |
67,682 | 62,234 | 96,872 | |||||||||
| Adjustments to net income after tax |
259,421 | 226,002 | 284,906 | |||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities |
58,317 | 33,822 | 13,333 | |||||||||
| Income tax paid |
(30,212 | ) | (18,951 | ) | (20,398 | ) | ||||||
| Net Cash used in Investing Activities |
(262,016 | ) | (382,728 | ) | (370,501 | ) | ||||||
| Purchase of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets (net) |
(350,486 | ) | (306,064 | ) | (311,014 | ) | ||||||
| Net investment, short term deposit, margin money and loans given |
63,591 | (89,243 | ) | (67,374 | ) | |||||||
| Dividend and interest received |
24,879 | 12,579 | 7,887 | |||||||||
| Net Cash provided by / (used in) Financing Activities |
20,117 | 62,053 | (37,929 | ) | ||||||||
| Equity issuance / Proceeds from issue of shares by a subsidiary to non-controlling shareholders (net of issue expenses) |
0 | * | 52 | 74,334 | ||||||||
| Dividends paid (including to non-controlling shareholders of subsidiaries) |
(560 | ) | (1,212 | ) | (1,059 | ) | ||||||
| Interest paid |
(54,107 | ) | (52,224 | ) | (56,068 | ) | ||||||
| Short term (net) borrowings (net of debt issuance cost) |
29,604 | 24,853 | (18,780 | ) | ||||||||
| Long term (net) borrowings (net of debt issuance cost) |
45,580 | 90,584 | (36,356 | ) | ||||||||
| Distribution to non-controlling interest |
(400 | ) | — | — | ||||||||
| Net change in cash and cash equivalents |
(3,325 | ) | (17,567 | ) | (33,717 | ) | ||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents, end of the year |
147,168 | 139,868 | 171,536 | |||||||||
| * | Less than Rs. 50,000 |
Fiscal 2018 compared to Fiscal 2017
Cash and cash equivalents increased by Rs.7,300 million in Fiscal 2018 to Rs.147,168 million (mainly due to favorable currency translation of Rs.14,820 million from GBP to Indian rupees) from Rs.139,868 million in Fiscal 2017. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents (excluding currency translation) resulted from the changes to our cash flows in Fiscal 2018 when compared to Fiscal 2017 as described below. Net cash provided by operating activities totaled Rs.238,574 million in Fiscal 2018, a decrease of Rs.64,533 million, as compared to Rs.303,107 million in Fiscal 2017.
The net income after tax increased to Rs.67,682 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.62,234 million in Fiscal 2017. Therefore, the net income after tax (after adjustments) increased to Rs.327,103 million in Fiscal 2018 from Rs.288,236 million in Fiscal 2017.
However, the changes in operating assets and liabilities resulted in a net outflow of Rs.58,317 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to net inflow of Rs.33,822 million in Fiscal 2017.
For Tata and other brand vehicles (including financing thereof), there was a net outflow of cash on account of changes in operating assets and liabilities of Rs.62,475 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to a net inflow of Rs.1,494 in Fiscal 2017. In Fiscal 2018, the net outflow in vehicle finance receivables was Rs.63,361 million as compared to Rs.17,916 million in Fiscal 2017. Excluding finance receivables, there was an inflow of Rs.886 million in Fiscal 2018, compared to Rs.19,410 million in Fiscal 2017, which was attributable to an increase in trade payables and acceptances by Rs.21,884 million, partly offset by increase in inventory by Rs.4,321 million.
For Jaguar Land Rover brand vehicles, there was a net out flow of cash on account of changes in operating assets and liabilities accounting to Rs.6,694 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to an inflow of Rs.32,111 million in Fiscal 2017.
Income tax paid has increased to Rs.30,212 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.18,951 million in Fiscal 2017, which was primarily attributable to tax payments by Jaguar Land Rover’s foreign subsidiaries in their respective tax jurisdictions.
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Net cash used in investing activities totaled Rs.262,016 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.382,728 million for Fiscal 2017, a decrease of Rs.120,712 million or 31.5%, mainly due to reduction in deposits with bank and financial institutions mainly at our Jaguar Land Rover. In Fiscal 2018, payments for capital expenditure at Jaguar Land Rover increased by 18.6% to Rs.317,634 million from Rs.267,821 million in Fiscal 2017. The capital expenditure were intended to support continued investment in new products at Jaguar Land Rover and manufacturing facilities in the United Kingdom, Austria and Slovakia Further, in Fiscal 2018, payments for capital expenditure at Tata and other brand vehicles (including financing thereof) were at Rs.38,091 million from Rs. 34,635 million in Fiscal 2017, mainly related to new products planned for future.
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The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flow on property plant and equipment and intangible assets for the periods indicated.
| For the year ended, | ||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | |||||||
| (Rs. in millions) | ||||||||
| Tata and other brand vehicles |
38,091 | 34,635 | ||||||
| Jaguar Land Rover |
317,634 | 267,821 | ||||||
Our net investment in short-term deposit margin moneys and loans resulted in an inflow of Rs.63,591 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to an outflow of Rs.89,243 million in Fiscal 2017. The cash inflows in Fiscal 2018 mainly related to deposits and mutual fund realized by Jaguar Land Rover of Rs.52,812 million. In Fiscal 2017, the cash outflows mainly related to investment of surplus cash in bank deposits and mutual funds by Jaguar Land Rover of Rs.83,096 million and inflow in Tata and other brand vehicles (including financing thereof) of Rs.13,748 million.
Net cash inflow from financing activities totaled Rs.20,117 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.62,053 million in Fiscal 2017, mainly due to an increase in long-term and short-term borrowings.
For Tata and other brand vehicles (including financing thereof), the short-term debt increased by Rs.32,254 million, whereas long-term debt (net) increased by Rs.10,679 million, due to additional borrowing. Specifically, there was an increase in debt (short-term and long-term) of Rs.54,351 million in Fiscal 2018 at TMFHL group, as compared to Rs.15,402 million in Fiscal 2017.
For Jaguar Land Rover, the short-term debt (net) decreased by Rs.306 million and long-term debt (net) increased by Rs.30,885 million in Fiscal 2018 due to issuance of senior notes.
Interest paid is Rs.54,107 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.52,224 million in Fiscal 2017. For Jaguar Land Rover interest paid is Rs.13,638 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.14,650 million in Fiscal 2017. For Tata and other brand vehicles, interest paid was Rs.42,525 million in Fiscal 2018, as compared to Rs.38,565 million in Fiscal 2017, due to an increase in borrowing in Fiscal 2018. Please see Item 5.B “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Long-term funding” of this annual report on Form 20-F for additional details on our prepayments of senior notes.
Fiscal 2017 compared to Fiscal 2016
Cash and cash equivalents decreased by Rs.31,668 million in Fiscal 2017 to Rs.139,868 million (by an unfavorable currency translation of Rs.20,281 million from GBP to Indian rupees) from Rs.171,536 million in Fiscal 2016. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents resulted from the changes to our cash flows in Fiscal 2017 when compared to Fiscal 2016 as described below.
Net cash provided by operating activities totaled Rs.303,107 million in Fiscal 2017, a decrease of Rs.71,606 million, as compared to Fiscal 2016. The net income after tax decreased to Rs.62,234 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.96,872 million in Fiscal 2016. Therefore, the net income after tax (after adjustments) decreased to Rs.288,236 million in Fiscal 2017 from Rs.381,778 million in Fiscal 2016.
The changes in operating assets and liabilities resulted in a net inflow of Rs.33,822 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.13,333 million in Fiscal 2016. Primarily, as a result of an increase in volumes in Fiscal 2017, at Jaguar Land Rover inventories increased by Rs.62,855 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.49,602 million in Fiscal 2016 and trade receivables by Rs.19,618 million, as compared to Rs.1,543 million in Fiscal 2016. After considering the increase in accounts payable and provisions, mainly driven by increase in volumes, there was a net inflow of cash on account of changes in operating assets and liabilities of Rs.32,111 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.42,315 million in Fiscal 2016, at Jaguar Land Rover.
For Tata and other brand vehicles (including financing thereof), there was a net inflow of cash on account of changes in operating assets and liabilities of Rs.1,494 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to an outflow of Rs.28,880 in Fiscal 2016. In Fiscal 2017, the net outflow in vehicle finance receivables was Rs.17,916 million as compared to Rs.13,955 million in Fiscal 2016. Excluding finance receivables, there was an inflow of Rs.19,410 million in Fiscal 2017, compared to an outflow of Rs.14,925 million in Fiscal 2016, which was attributable to an increase in trade payables and acceptances by Rs.29,374 million, partly offset by increase in inventory by Rs.3,374 million.
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Income tax paid has decreased to Rs.18,951 million in Fiscal 2017 (lower profitability at Jaguar Land Rover), as compared to Rs.20,398 million in Fiscal 2016, which was primarily attributable to tax payments by Jaguar Land Rover’s foreign subsidiaries in their respective tax jurisdictions.
Net cash used in investing activities totaled Rs.382,728 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.370,501 million for Fiscal 2016, an increase of Rs.12,227 million or 3.3%, mainly due to investment in property, plant and equipment by Jaguar Land Rover and product development projects both at our Jaguar Land Rover and India operations. In Fiscal 2017, payments for capital expenditure at Jaguar Land Rover decreased by 3.3% to Rs.267,821 million from Rs.276,932 million in Fiscal 2016. The capital expenditure were intended to support continued growth in sales volumes at Jaguar Land Rover and manufacturing facilities in the United Kingdom, Austria and Brazil. Further, in Fiscal 2017, payments for capital expenditure at Tata and other brand vehicles (including financing thereof) were at Rs.34,635 million from Rs.33,682 million in Fiscal 2016, mainly related to new products planned for future.
The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flow on property plant and equipment and intangible assets for the periods indicated.
| For the year ended, | ||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | |||||||
| (Rs. in millions) | ||||||||
| Tata and other brand vehicles |
34,635 | 33,682 | ||||||
| Jaguar Land Rover |
267,821 | 276,932 | ||||||
Our net investment in short-term deposit margin moneys and loans resulted in an outflow of Rs.89,243 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.67,374 million in Fiscal 2016, which mainly related to investment of surplus cash in bank deposits and mutual funds by Jaguar Land Rover of Rs.83,096 million and Tata and other brand vehicles (including financing thereof) of Rs.7,864 million.
Net cash inflow from financing activities totaled Rs.62,053 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to an outflow of Rs.37,929 million in Fiscal 2016, mainly due to decreased in long-term and short-term borrowings.
For Tata and other brand vehicles (including financing thereof), the short-term debt increased by Rs.20,586 million, whereas long-term debt (net) decreased by Rs.53,761 million, due to repayments. Specifically, there was an increase in debt (short-term and long-term) of Rs.15,402 million in Fiscal 2017 at TMFL, as compared to Rs.9,169 million in Fiscal 2016.
For Jaguar Land Rover, the short-term debt (net) increased by Rs.3,995 million due to certain short term loans taken in some of the overseas subsidiary, and long-term debt (net) increased by Rs.145,914 million in Fiscal 2017 due to new issuance of senior notes.
Interest paid is Rs.52,224 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.56,068 million in Fiscal 2016. For Jaguar Land Rover interest paid is Rs.14,650 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.11,420 million in Fiscal 2016. For Tata and other brand vehicles, interest paid was Rs.38,565 million in Fiscal 2017, as compared to Rs.44,538 million in Fiscal 2016. Though there was an increase in borrowing in Fiscal 2017, interest was lower due to reduction in interest rates. Please see Item 5.B “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Long-term funding” of this annual report on Form 20-F for additional details on our prepayments of senior notes.
Balance Sheet Data
Below is a discussion of major items and variations in our consolidated balance sheet as at March 31, 2018 and 2017, included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.
Our total assets were Rs.3,235,937 million and Rs.2,666,646 million as at March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase by 21.4% in assets as at March 31, 2018 takes into account an favorable foreign currency translation from GBP into Indian rupees as described below.
Our total current assets have increased by Rs.199,312 million to Rs.1,362,648 million as at March 31, 2018 or 17.1%, as compared to Rs.1,163,336 million as at March 31, 2017.
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Cash and cash equivalents increased by 5.2% to Rs.147,168 million as at March 31, 2018, compared to Rs.139,868 million as at March 31, 2017, which also includes a favorable foreign currency translation of Rs.14,820 million from GBP to Indian rupees. We hold cash and cash equivalents principally in Indian rupees, GBP, and Chinese Renminbi. Out of cash and cash equivalents as at March 31, 2018, Jaguar Land Rover holds the GBP equivalent of Rs.114,691 million, which consists of surplus cash deposits for future use. As at March 31, 2018, we had short-term deposits of Rs.193,616 million, as compared to Rs.218,928 million as at March 31, 2017, a decrease of 11.6%, reflecting a decrease in the value of deposits invested over a term of 90 days at Jaguar Land Rover.
As at March 31, 2018, we had finance receivables, including the non-current portion (net of allowances for credit losses), of Rs.238,990 million, as compared to Rs.175,633 million as at March 31, 2017, an increase of 36.1%, primarily due to growth in the commercial vehicles market in India, leading to higher disbursal of vehicle financing, improved collection, which has contributed to the increase in net finance receivables. Gross finance receivables were Rs.250,708 million as at March 31, 2018, as compared to Rs.211,608 million as at March 31, 2017. Vehicle financing is integral to our automotive operations in India. For further detail see Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Automobile Operations—Tata and other brand vehicles (including financing thereof)—Tata and other brand vehicles—Vehicle Financing”.
Trade receivables (net of allowance for doubtful receivables) were Rs.198,933 million as at March 31, 2018, representing an increase of 41.3% over March 31, 2017. The increase is partially due to a favorable foreign currency translation of Rs.16,780 million from GBP to Indian rupees. Trade receivables for Tata and other brand vehicles have increased by 58.2% to Rs.54,928 million as at March 31, 2018 from Rs.34,719 million as at March 31, 2017, primarily representing dues from government owned transport companies and some of our dealers. The trade receivables of Jaguar Land Rover were Rs.143,740 million as at March 31, 2018, as compared to Rs.100,062 million as at March 31, 2017. The past dues for more than six months (gross) have increased from Rs.15,514 million as at March 31, 2017 to Rs.16,968 million or 9.4% as at March 31, 2018 and these mainly represent dues from government-owned transport undertakings and passenger vehicle dealers, for which we are pursuing recovery.
As at March 31, 2018, inventories were at Rs.424,296 million, compared to Rs.352,954 million as at March 31, 2017, an increase of 20.2%, primarily due to the increase in volumes and new model launches. The increase in finished goods inventory was Rs.56,382 million to Rs.338,690 million as at March 31, 2018, as compared to Rs.282,308 million as at March 31, 2017, mainly due to increase in inventory volumes, higher actual costs for all models due to the weakening of GBP and EUR exchange rates as well as other overheads. This increase is also due to a favorable currency translation of Rs.41,438 million from GBP to Indian rupees. In terms of number of days to sales, finished goods represented 43 inventory days in sales in Fiscal 2018, as compared to 39 inventory days in Fiscal 2017.
Our investments (current and non-current investments) have decreased to Rs.154,214 million as at March 31, 2018 from Rs.157,280 million as at March 31, 2017, representing a decrease of 2.0%. Our investments mainly comprise mutual fund investments of Rs.143,602 million as at March 31, 2018, as compared to Rs.150,662 million as at March 31, 2017. Investments attributable to Jaguar Land Rover were Rs.130,227 million as at March 31, 2018, as compared to Rs.120,073 million as at March 31, 2017, an increase of 8.5%. Tata Motors has investments in mutual funds of Rs.15,170 million as at March 31, 2018, as compared to Rs.24,009 million as at March 31, 2017.
Our other assets (current and non-current) increased by 14.5% to Rs.101,053 million as at March 31, 2018 from Rs.88,251 million as at March 31, 2017. The increase is mainly attributable to GST, VAT, other taxes recoverable, statutory deposits and dues from Government of India which increased to Rs.67,246 million as at March 31, 2018, as compared with Rs.60,302 million as at March 31, 2017.
Our other financial assets (current and non-current) have increased to Rs.109,036 million as at March 31, 2018 from Rs.61,295 million as at March 31, 2017. Derivative financial instruments have increased by 24.2% to Rs.53,230 million as at March 31, 2018 from Rs.42,855 million as at March 31, 2017, representing options and other hedging arrangements, mainly related to Jaguar Land Rover, predominantly due to an increase in the volume of U.S. dollar forward foreign exchange contracts coupled with the strengthening of the U.S. dollar compared to GBP and therefore decreasing the fair value of these derivative contracts. Advances and other receivables recoverable in cash have increased to Rs.34,938 million as at March 31, 2018 from Rs.7,159 million as at March 31, 2017. Further, restricted bank deposits have increased to Rs.5,629 million as at March 31, 2018 from Rs.2,956 million as at March 31, 2017.
Income tax assets (both current and non-current) decreased by 7.3% to Rs.11,086 million as at March 31, 2018 from Rs.11,955 million as at March 31, 2017.
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Property, plant and equipment (net of depreciation) increased by 30.6% from Rs.651,199 million as at March 31, 2017 to Rs.850,444 million as at March 31, 2018. The increase is due to favorable foreign currency translation of Rs.61,812 million from GBP to Indian rupees. After adjusting for foreign currency translation impact, an increase of Rs.54,356 million is mainly represented additions toward new product launches and Jaguar Land Rover’s new plant at Nitra, Slovakia.
Goodwill as at March 31, 2018 decreased by 82.7% to Rs.1,165 million, as compared to Rs.6,733 million as at March 31, 2017. The decrease is attributable to goodwill pertaining to software consultancy and services cash generating unit, pertaining to one of our subsidiary, Tata Technologies Ltd. classified as held for sale.
Intangible assets increased by 19.9% from Rs.571,514 million as at March 31, 2017 to Rs.685,168 million as at March 31, 2018, which mainly include product development projects, brands and other intangible assets. This increase is also due to a favorable foreign currency translation of Rs.49,875 million from GBP to Indian rupees. As at March 31, 2018, there were product development projects in process amounting to Rs.227,196 million.
Carrying value of investments in equity-accounted investees increased by 16.9% to Rs.53,853 million as at March 31, 2018, from Rs.46,060 million as at March 31, 2017. The increase is due to profits in our joint venture Chery Jaguar Automotive Company Limited in Fiscal 2017 of Rs.21,389 million.
A deferred tax liability (net) of Rs.5,030 million was recorded in our income statement and a deferred tax liability of Rs.47,367 million in other comprehensive income, which mainly includes Rs.5,942 million (including translation) toward post-retirement benefits and Rs.36,268 million toward cash flow hedges in Fiscal 2018. The net deferred tax liability of Rs.20,193 million was recorded as at March 31, 2018 as compared to an asset of Rs.32,415 million as at March 31, 2017.
Accounts payable (including acceptances) were Rs.853,615 million as at March 31, 2018, as compared to Rs.658,544 million as at March 31, 2017, an increase of 29.6%, reflecting an increase in operations and unfavorable foreign currency translation of Rs.81,513 million from GBP to Indian rupees.
Other financial liabilities (current and non-current) were Rs.147,006 million as at March 31, 2018, as compared to Rs.296,866 million as at March 31, 2017, net of an unfavorable currency translation impact of Rs.26,106 million, reflecting liabilities toward vehicles sold under repurchase arrangements, derivative instruments, deferred payment liabilities, interest accrued but not due on loans and lease liabilities. Liability toward vehicles sold under repurchasing arrangements increased to Rs.44,236 million as at March 31, 2018 from Rs.28,284 million as at March 31, 2017, due to an increase in the repurchase business at Jaguar Land Rover. However, derivative financial instruments have decreased by 66.1% to Rs.86,579 million as at March 31, 2018 from Rs.255,175 million as at March 31, 2017, representing options and other hedging arrangements, mainly related to Jaguar Land Rover, predominantly due to a decrease in the volume of U.S. dollar forward foreign exchange contracts coupled with the depreciation of GBP compared to the U.S. dollar therefore increasing the fair value of these derivative contracts.
Provisions (current and non-current) increased by 27.6% to Rs.188,912 million as at March 31, 2018 from Rs.148,108 million as at March 31, 2017. Provisions for warranties increased by Rs.39,038 million mainly on account of volume growth at Jaguar Land Rover and Tata Motors Ltd, offset by unfavorable foreign currency translation impact of Rs.17,189 million from GBP to Indian rupees. Provisions for product warranty increased by 32.5% to Rs.159,337 million as at March 31, 2018, as compared to Rs.120,299 million as at March 31, 2017. Furthermore, provisions for product liability increased to Rs.13,199 million as at March 31, 2018, compared to Rs.12,655 million as at March 31, 2017.
Other liabilities (current and non-current) decreased by 26.8% to Rs.156,200 million as at March 31, 2018, as compared to Rs.213,383 million as at March 31, 2017. Employee benefit obligations have decreased by 65.8% to Rs.41,008 million as at March 31, 2018, as compared to Rs.119,840 million as at March 31, 2017, mainly pertaining to the Jaguar Land Rover pension plan, consequent to changes in actuarial assumptions, change in plan and higher payments in Fiscal 2018. However, there was increase in the deferred revenue by 45.8% to Rs.64,366 million as at March 31, 2018 from Rs.44,130 million as at March 31, 2017, mainly due to the introduction of new service plans at Jaguar Land Rover. Further there was an unfavorable currency translation of Rs.26,106 million from GBP to Indian rupees.
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Our total debt was Rs.888,707 million as at March 31, 2018, as compared to Rs.785,171 million as at March 31, 2017, an increase of 13.2%, unfavorable currency translation of Rs.41,562 million from GBP to Indian rupees. Short-term debt (including the current portion of long-term debt) increased by 54.5% to Rs.277,287 million as at March 31, 2018, as compared to Rs.179,527 million as at March 31, 2017. Long-term debt (excluding the current portion) increased by 1.0% to Rs.611,419 million as at March 31, 2018 from Rs.605,645 million as at March 31, 2017. Long-term debt (including the current portion) increased by 11.5% to Rs.720,758 million as at March 31, 2018 as compared to Rs.646,572 million as at March 31, 2017. Please see Item 5.B “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Long term funding” for further details.
As noted above, we are exploring strategic options to sell our stake in Tata Technologies. Further, as noted above, in May 2018, TML’s board approved the sale of TML’s defense business as well as TML’s shareholding in its wholly-owned subsidiary, TAL Manufacturing Solutions Ltd, to Tata Advanced Systems Limited, a TATA group company. Accordingly, the assets pertaining to Tata Technologies, TAL Manufacturing Solutions Ltd and TML’s defense business have been classified as held for sale of Rs.25,852 million as at March 31, 2018. Liabilities directly associated with assets classified as held for sale are Rs.10,702 million as at March 31, 2018.
Total equity was Rs.913,947 million as at March 31, 2018 and Rs.538,842 million as at March 31, 2017, respectively.
Equity attributable to shareholders of Tata Motors Ltd increased from Rs.534,197 million as at March 31, 2017 to Rs.908,590 million as at March 31, 2018.
Our other components of equity reflected a gain of Rs.5,730 million as at March 31, 2018, as compared to a loss of Rs.262,909 million as at March 31, 2017. We have accounted for an actuarial gains/loss (net) gain of Rs.39,094 million in respect of pension obligations as at March 31, 2018. In Fiscal 2018, a gain of Rs.167,957 million on cash flow hedges (net), is recorded in comprehensive income. There was also a gain in currency translation differences of Rs.100,322 million.
The ratio of net debt to shareholders’ equity (total debt less cash and cash equivalents and liquid marketable securities divided by total shareholders’ equity) under IFRS decreased from 0.9 as at March 31, 2017 to 0.7 as at March 31, 2018. Details of the calculation of this ratio are set forth in Exhibit 7.1 to this annual report on Form 20-F.
The following table sets forth our contingent liabilities as at the dates indicated.
| As at March 31, | ||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | |||||||
| (Rs. in millions) | ||||||||
| Income tax |
3,031 | 949 | ||||||
| Excise duties |
16,717 | 14,851 | ||||||
| Sales tax |
10,962 | 10,521 | ||||||
| Other taxes and claims1 |
3,670 | 3,000 | ||||||
| Other contingencies |
— | 419 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Total |
34,380 | 29,740 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| 1. | Other taxes and claims include claims by other revenue authorities and distributors. See Item 4.B “—Business Overview—Legal Proceedings” of this annual report on Form 20-F. |
Rs.106,001 million and Rs.202,511 million in Fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively, represent executory contracts on capital accounts otherwise provided for.
Under the joint venture agreement for our China Joint Venture, we are committed to contribute RMB3.5 billion of capital toward our share in the capital of the joint venture. As at March 31, 2018, we have an outstanding commitment of approximately RMB625 million.
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On an ongoing basis, our legal department reviews pending cases, claims by third parties against us and other contingencies. For the purposes of financial reporting, we periodically classify these matters into gain contingencies and loss contingencies. Gain contingencies are not recognized until the contingency has been resolved and amounts are received or receivable. For loss contingencies that are considered probable, an estimated loss is recorded as an accrual in financial statements and, if the matter is material, the estimated loss is disclosed. We do not consider any of these matters to be individually sufficiently material to warrant disclosure in our financial statements. Loss contingencies that are considered possible are not provided for in our financial statements, but if we consider such contingencies to be material, individually or in the aggregate, they are disclosed in our financial statements. Most loss contingencies are classified as possible unless clearly frivolous, in which case they are classified as remote and are monitored by our legal department on an ongoing basis for possible deterioration. We do not disclose remote matters in our financial statements. See Note 33 of our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F for additional information regarding our material claims and contingencies.
Capital Expenditure
Capital expenditure totaled Rs.415,103 million, Rs.311,627 million and Rs.306,233 million during Fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Our automotive operations accounted for a majority of this capital expenditure. We currently plan to invest over Rs.461 billion in Fiscal 2019 in new products and technologies. Please see Item 5.B “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” of this annual report on Form 20-F for additional details.
Our capital expenditures in India during Fiscal 2018 related mostly to (i) the introduction of new products such as the Tata Ace XL range, Nexon, (ii) the development of planned future products and technologies, and (iii) quality and reliability improvements aimed at operating cost reductions.
Capital expenditure for Jaguar Land Rover mainly included expenditure for the global launches of the new Land Rover Discovery, Range Rover Velar, Jaguar E-PACE and the Jaguar I-PACE, the U.S. launch of the Jaguar XE, product development costs for various future products, investment to produce the E-PACE and I-PACE under the contract manufacturing arrangement with Magna Steyr, construction costs for the new manufacturing plant in Nitra, Slovakia and other investments in our UK facilities. Jaguar Land Rover opened a manufacturing plant for the China Joint Venture in Changshu, China in October 2014 and began manufacturing the Range Rover Evoque there shortly thereafter. Manufacture of the Land Rover Discovery Sport commenced in the third quarter of Fiscal 2016, followed by the long wheel base Jaguar XFL in the first half of Fiscal 2017, which went on sale in September 2016 and the long wheel base Jaguar XEL which went on sale in December 2017. Jaguar Land Rover and Chery invested approximately RMB 10.9 billion in the first phase of the project, which was used to establish the manufacturing plant, a research and development center and an engine production facility. Jaguar Land Rover invested approximately RMB 3.5 billion of equity capital in the China Joint Venture, representing 50% of the share capital and voting rights of the joint venture company. Investment to support phase two, which will add additional manufacturing capacity, will be supported by further capital injections from Jaguar Land Rover and Chery. In Fiscal 2018, there has been no further capital infusion.
We continue to focus on development of new products for our various markets. Through Jaguar Land Rover, we continue to make investments in new technologies through its research and development activities to develop products that meet the requirements of the premium market, including developing sustainable technologies to improve fuel economy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, including the application of plug-in hybrids, now available in the Range Rover and Range Rover Sport and battery electric technologies as applied in Jaguar Land Rover’s first battery electric vehicle the Jaguar I-PACE. Please refer to Item 4.B “—Business Overview—Government Regulations” of this annual report on Form 20-F for further details.
We intend to continue investing in our business units and research and development over the next several years, including capital expenditures for our ongoing projects, new projects, product development programs, mergers, acquisitions and strategic alliances in order to build and expand our presence in the passenger vehicle and commercial vehicle categories.
Please see Item 4.A “Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company” for more information on some of our recently launched and anticipated new products.
We engaged in additional financing activities during Fiscal 2014 and 2015 as described above in the introduction to this Item 5.B. “—Liquidity and Capital Resources”.
C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.
Please see Item 4.B “—Business Overview” for the information required by this item.
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Please see Item 5.A “—Operating Results” for the information required by this item.
E. Off-balance Sheet Arrangements
None
F. Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes payments due under significant contractual commitments as at March 31, 2018:
| Payment due by period | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (Rs. in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Type | Total | Less than 1 year |
1 to 3 years | 3 to 5 years |
More than 5 years |
|||||||||||||||
| Long-term debts1 |
720,758 | 143,508 | 316,861 | 231,761 | 160,292 | |||||||||||||||
| Capital lease |
690 | 222 | 166 | 97 | 205 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating lease |
53,679 | 8,808 | 13,526 | 8,002 | 23,343 | |||||||||||||||
| Capital commitments |
106,001 | 105,333 | 458 | 43 | 167 | |||||||||||||||
| Purchase commitments |
132,226 | 44,803 | 50,212 | 17,488 | 19,723 | |||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities |
302,516 | 196,511 | 65,179 | 23,510 | 17,316 | |||||||||||||||
| Provisions |
188,912 | 79,459 | 82,709 | 20,097 | 6,647 | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Total |
1,504,782 | 578,644 | 529,111 | 300,998 | 227,693 | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| 1. | Includes interest. |
See the section entitled “Cautionary Note on Forward-looking Statements” at the beginning of this annual report on Form 20-F.
| Item 6. | Directors, Senior Management and Employees |
A. Directors and Senior Management
Board of Directors
Under our Articles of Association, we cannot have less than three or more than fifteen directors. At present, our board of directors comprises of nine directors. Our directors are not required to hold any of our Shares by way of qualification.
Under our Articles of Association, the board of directors of Tata Steel, which, owns, as of June 30, 2018, 0.0034% of our Ordinary Shares and none of our ‘A’ Ordinary Shares, has the right to nominate one director to our board of directors.
In addition, our Articles of Association provide that (a) our debenture holders have the right to nominate one director, or the Debenture Director, if the trust deeds relating to outstanding debentures require the holders to nominate a director and (b) financial institutions in India have the right to nominate two directors, or the Financial Institutions Directors, to our board of directors pursuant to the terms of the relevant loan agreements. Currently, there is no Debenture Director or Financial Institutions Director on our board of directors and there are no relevant debentures or loan agreements outstanding that would empower financial institutions in India to nominate directors to our board of directors.
As at June 30, 2018, our directors and senior management, in their sole and joint names, beneficially held an aggregate of 20,500 Ordinary Shares (approximately 0.0007% of our issued share capital) and Nil ‘A’ Ordinary Shares.
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The following table provides information about our directors, executive officers and Group Chief Financial Officer as at June 30, 2018:
| Name |
Position | Date of birth/ business address 1 |
Year appointed as Director, Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer |
Expiration of term | Ordinary Shares beneficially owned as at June 30, 2018 2 |
‘A’ Ordinary Shares beneficially owned as at June 30, 2018 2 |
||||||||||||
|
Mr. N. Chandrasekaran 3 |
Non-Executive Chairman |
June 2, 1963 | 2017 | 2033 | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Dr. R. A. Mashelkar 4 |
Independent Director | January 1, 1943 | 2007 | 2017 | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Mr. Nasser Munjee |
Independent Director | November 18, 1952 | 2008 | 2019 | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Mr. V. K. Jairath |
Independent Director | December 27, 1958 | 2009 | 2019 | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Ms. Falguni Nayar |
Independent Director | February 19, 1963 | 2013 | 2019 | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Mr. O. P. Bhatt 5 |
Independent Director | March 7, 1951 | 2017 | 2022 | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Mr. Subodh Bhargava 6 |
Independent Director | March 30, 1942 | 2008 | 2017 | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Ms. Hanne Sorensen 7 |
Independent Director | September 18, 1965 | 2018 | 2023 | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Dr. Ralf Speth |
Non-Executive Director | September 9, 1955 | 2010 | 2020 | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Mr. Guenter Butschek 8 |
CEO & Managing Director |
October 21, 1960 | 2016 | 2021 | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Mr. C. Ramakrishnan 9 |
Group Chief Financial Officer |
June 27, 1955 | 2007 | 2017 | 5,274 | 3,038 | ||||||||||||
| Mr. P. B. Balaji 10 |
Group Chief Financial Officer |
September 9, 1969 | 2017 | 2034 | 20,000 | — | ||||||||||||
|
Mr. Ravindra Pisharody 11 |
Executive Director (Commercial Vehicles) |
November 24, 1955 | 2012 | 2017 | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Mr. S. B. Borwankar 12 |
Executive Director & Chief Operating Officer |
July 15, 1952 | 2012 | 2019 | 500 | — | ||||||||||||
| 1. | The business address of each of our directors, Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer, other than as described immediately below, is Bombay House, 24 Homi Mody Street, Mumbai — 400001. The business address of Dr. R. A. Mashelkar is “Raghunath”, D-4, Varsha Park, Baner, Pune — 411045, India; the business address of Mr. Nasser Munjee is Development Credit Bank Ltd, Peninsula Business Park, Tower ‘A’ 6th Floor, Senapati Bapat Marg, Lower Parel, Mumbai — 400013, India; the business address of Mr. Subodh Bhargava is Tata Communications Limited, 4th Floor, VSB Bangla Sahib Road, New Delhi — 110001, India; the business address of Mr. V. K. Jairath is 18th Floor, One Indiabulls Centre, Senapati Bapat Road, Elphinestone Road, Mumbai — 400013, Maharashtra, India; the business address of Ms. Falguni Nayar is FSN E-Commerce Ventures Pvt. Ltd., 104, Vasan Udyog Bhavan, Sun Mill Compound, Tulsi Pipe Road, Lower Parel (West), Mumbai — 400013; the business address of Mr. O.P. Bhatt is 3, Ground Floor, Seagull, Carmichael Road, Mumbai 400 026; Ms Hanne Sorensen is Esplanaden 5, 3rd Floor, Th., 1263 Copenhagen, Denmark; the business address of Dr. Ralf Speth is Jaguar Land Rover, Abbey Road, Whitley, Coventry, CV3 4LF, United Kingdom; and the business address of Mr. S. B. Borwankar is Tata Motors Limited, Pune Works, Pimpri, Pune — 411018. |
| 2. | Each of our Directors, Executive Officers and Group Chief Financial Officer beneficially owned less than 1% of our Shares as at June 30, 2018. |
| 3. | Appointed as Non-Executive Chairman and Additional Director of the Company with effect from January 17, 2017 and this appointment as a Non-Executive Chairman and Directors was approved by the shareholders at the 72nd Annual General Meeting of the Company held on August 22, 2017. |
| 4. | Retired on December 31, 2017, upon attaining the age of 75 years in accordance with the Company’s Governance Guidelines on Board Effectiveness. |
| 5. | Appointed as Non-Executive Independent Director of the Company with effect from May 9, 2017. |
| 6. | Retired on March 29, 2017, upon attaining the age of 75 years in accordance with the Company’s Governance Guidelines on Board Effectiveness. |
| 7. | Appointed as Non-Executive Independent Director of the Company with effect from January 3, 2018. |
| 8. | Subject to retirement by rotation and eligible for re-election by the members at the Annual General Meeting of Tata Motors Limited in 2017, pursuant to the provisions of the Companies Act. |
| 9. | Retired on September 30, 2017 as Group Chief Financial Officer of Tata Motors Limited. |
| 10. | Appointed as Group Chief Financial Officer of Tata Motors Limited with effect from November 14, 2017. |
| 11. | Tendered his resignation as Executive Director (Commercial Vehicles) of the Company, vide letter dated June 5, 2017, but continued to serve his term of office upto September 30, 2017 to ensure seamless transition in business operations. |
| 12. | Designated as the Executive Director and Chief Operating Officer of the Company with effect from June 5, 2017, for the period July 16, 2017 to July 15, 2019. |
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Biographies
Set forth below is a short biography of each of our directors and our Group Chief Financial Officer:
Mr. Natarajan Chandrasekaran (Chairman)
Mr. Natarajan Chandrasekaran is the Chairman of the Board of Tata Sons, the holding company and promoter of more than 100 Tata operating companies with aggregate annual revenues of more than US$100 billion, and a combined market capitalization exceeding US$120 billion at the start of 2017. He joined the board of Tata Sons in October 2016 and was appointed Chairman in January 2017.
Mr. Chandrasekaran’s appointment as Chairman of the Board of Tata Sons is preceded by a 30-year career at Tata Consultancy Services (TCS). He attended the Regional Engineering College, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, where he completed a Masters degree in Computer Applications before joining TCS in 1987. Under his leadership, TCS implemented a culture of customer focus and innovation, and consolidated its position as the largest private sector employer in India. TCS generated total revenues of US$16.5 billion in Fiscal 2016. It was ranked among the “Big 4” most valuable IT services brands worldwide and as one of the World’s Most Innovative Companies by Forbes, and recognized as a Global Top Employer by the Top Employers Institute across 24 countries.
Mr. Chandrasekaran was also appointed as a Director on the Board of India’s central bank, the Reserve Bank of India, in 2016. He also serves on the Board of Directors of Tata Steel Limited, TCS Foundation, the Indian Hotels Company Limited, the Tata Power Company Limited, Tata Global Beverages Limited , Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Plc and TCS. He is also the Chairman of the Society and Board of Governor of the Indian Institute of Management—Lucknow, a Member on the Court of the Indian Institute of Science – Bangalore and on the International Advisory Board of the Singapore Economic Development Board.
Mr. Chandrasekaran’s business leadership has been recognized by several corporate and community organizations, and he has received numerous awards, including Business Leader of the Year at the ET Awards for Corporate Excellence 2016; CNBC TV 18 – ‘Indian Business Icon’ 2014; CNN-IBN Indian of the Year 2014 (business category); Best CEO for 2013 and 2014 by Business Today; and Best CEO 2010-15 Institutional Investor’s Annual All-Asia Executive Team rankings.
Mr. Chandrasekaran was appointed as a Non-Executive Board Chairman and Director of Tata Motors Limited with effect from January 17, 2017.
Dr. R. A. Mashelkar
Dr. Mashelkar is an eminent chemical engineering scientist, who retired from the post of Director General of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and is the President of the Indian National Science Academy, the National Innovation Foundation, the Institution of Chemical Engineers, United Kingdom and the Global Research Alliance. The President of India has honored Dr. Mashelkar with the Padma Shri (1991), the Padma Bhushan (2000) and the Padma Vibhushan (2014). Dr. Mashelkar holds a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from Bombay University.
Dr. Mashelkar is Chairman of the Board of Reliance GeneMedix Plc and holds directorships at Reliance Industries Limited, Thermax Ltd., Piramal Enterprises Limited, Invictus Oncology Pvt. Limited, Sakal Papers Pvt. Limited, International Longevity Centre India, Gharda Scientific Research Foundation, Gharda Medical and Advanced Technologies Foundation, Vyome Bioscience Pvt. Ltd. and Access Health International Inc.
Dr. Mashelkar was appointed as an Independent Director of Tata Motors Limited with effect from August 28, 2007 and retired with effect from December 31, 2017, upon attaining the age of 75 years in accordance with the Company’s Governance Guidelines on Board Effectiveness.
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Mr. Nasser Munjee
Mr. Munjee served with HDFC Bank Limited for over 20 years in various positions, including as its Executive Director. He was the Managing Director of Infrastructure Development Finance Company Ltd. until March 2004. Presently, he is the Chairman of Development Credit Bank (since June 2005) and is also a member of the board of directors of various other companies, including ABB India Limited, Ambuja Cements Limited, Cummins India Limited, HDFC Limited, Jaguar Land Rover Automotive plc, Tata Chemicals Limited, Tata Chemicals North America Inc, Tata Chemicals Europe Holdings Pte. Ltd., TMFL, Aga Khan Foundation and Astarda Limited, as well as various non-profit organizations.
Mr. Munjee holds a bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree from the London School of Economics.
He was appointed as an independent director of Tata Motors Limited with effect from June 27, 2008.
Mr. V. K. Jairath
Mr. Jairath served as the Principal Secretary (Industries) of the State Government of Maharashtra and has over 25 years of experience in public administration, rural development, poverty alleviation, infrastructure, finance, industry, urban development, environmental management and a touch of the private sector occupying various important positions in the Government of India and the State Government of Maharashtra. Mr. Jairath holds directorships in Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited, Concorde Motors (India) Limited, TML Distribution Co. Limited, Wockhardt Limited, Kirloskar Industries Limited, the Bombay Dyeing & Manufacturing Co. Limited, Go Airlines (India) Limited and TMFSL.
Mr. Jairath holds a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Public Administration and Bachelor of Laws Degree, both from the Punjab University, a Masters in Economics from the University of Manchester and joined the Indian Administrative Service in 1982.
He was appointed as an independent director of Tata Motors Limited with effect from March 31, 2009.
Ms. Falguni Nayar
Ms. Nayar has spent over 19 years with Kotak Mahindra Bank, for the last six years as Managing Director and CEO of Kotak Investment Bank. She is the founder and CEO of Nykaa.com, an online shopping website for beauty and wellness products which also offers an online magazine, expert advice and virtual makeover tools. She is a member of the board of directors of several other Indian companies, including ACC Limited, Dabur India Limited, Kotak Securities Limited, Tata Technologies Limited, Endurance Technologies Limited and Aviva Life Insurance Company India Limited. She is also the promoter and director of Heritage View Developers Pvt. Limited, FSN E-Commerce Venture Pvt. Ltd., FSN Brands Marketing Pvt. Limited, Nykaa E-Retail Pvt. Limited, Valleyview Probuild Pvt. Ltd., Sea View Probuild Pvt. Ltd., Sealink View Probuild Pvt. Ltd. and Golf Land Developers Pvt. Limited.
She was recognized as a “Top Business Woman” by Business Today in 2009 and 2011 and has received the FICCI Ladies Organization award for “Top Woman Achiever” in the field of banking in 2008. She holds a bachelor of commerce degree from Mumbai University and a PGDM from the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad.
She was appointed as an independent director of Tata Motors Limited with effect from May 29, 2013.
Mr. Om Prakash Bhatt
Mr. Bhatt is a graduate in Science and a post graduate in English Literature (Gold Medalist). From July 1, 2006 to March 31, 2011, Mr. Bhatt was the Chairman, State Bank Group, which includes State Bank of India, India’s largest commercial bank; five associate banks in India; five overseas banks; SBI Life, the country’s largest private life insurer; SBI Capital Markets, India’s leading investment bank; SBI Fund Management; and other subsidiaries spanning diverse activities; from general insurance to custodial services. Under his leadership, SBI rose on the global list rankings of Fortune 500. He serves as an Independent Director on several Boards including Standard Chartered Bank plc, Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Tata Steel Limited, Greenco Energy Holdings and Hindustan Unilever Limited.
Mr. Bhatt has also served as Chairman of Indian Banks’ Association, the apex body of Indian banks. He was appointed as the government’s nominee on the India-US CEO Forum, Indo-French CEO Forum and Indo-Russia CEO Forum, forging links with a cross section of the world’s business leaders.
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He was appointed as an independent director of Tata Motors Limited with effect from May 9, 2017.
Ms. Hanne Sorensen
Ms. Hanne Birgitte Sorensen is a Danish national and holds an MSc in Economics and Management from the University of Aarhus. During the period 1994-16, she was engaged in various roles within the A.P.Moller – Maersk A/S Group in Denmark, a conglomerate comprising of eight main companies, primarily specializing in the energy and transportation segment, inter-alia designated:
| • | From 2014-16 as the CEO of Damco, the Hague, Netherlands, a Supply Chain Management company specializing in retail, lifestyle, FMCG, technology and chemicals; |
| • | From 2012-13 as the CEO of Maersk Tankers, Copenhagen, the world’s largest product tanker company; and |
| • | From 2008-12 as the Senior VP and Chief Commercial Officer of Maersk Line, Copenhagen, the world’s largest container shipping company. |
Ms. Sorensen is presently on the Board of Directors and Committees thereof of Delhivery Private Limited, Lafargeholcim Limited, Ferrovial S.A. and Sulzer Limited. She was appointed as an Additional and Independent Director of Tata Motors Limited with effect from January 3, 2018.
Dr. Ralf Speth
Dr. Speth was appointed to the post of Chief Executive Officer at Jaguar Land Rover Automotive plc on February 18, 2010. He is a member of the board of directors of Jaguar Land Rover Automotive plc. Dr. Speth earned a degree in Engineering from Rosenheim University and holds a Doctorate in Mechanical Engineering and Business Administration from Warwick University. He has also been awarded a Fellowship of the Royal Academy of Engineering.
Having served BMW for 20 years, Dr. Speth joined Ford Motor Company’s Premier Automotive Group and served as Director of Production, Quality and Product Planning. He holds directorship in Tata Sons Limited, Jaguar Land Rover Limited, Jaguar Land Rover Holdings Limited, Jaguar Racing Limited, Spark44 (JV) Limited, ACEA, Bladon Jets, Confederation of British Industry and the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders Limited.
He was appointed as a non-executive and non-independent director of Tata Motors Limited with effect from November 10, 2010.
Mr. Guenter Butschek
Mr. Butschek was appointed as our Chief Executive Officer & Managing Director with effect from February 15, 2016. Prior to joining our company, Mr. Butschek served as Chief Operating Officer of the Airbus Group and was a member of the Group Executive Committee of the Airbus Group. Prior to Airbus, Mr. Butschek worked at Daimler AG, where he gained more than 25 years of experience in international automotive management and held positions in various departments, including production, industrialization and procurement. He has extensive global experience, in growing organizations and in developing new markets.
Mr. Butschek graduated from the University of Cooperative Education Stuttgart, Germany with a degree in business administration and economics. Mr. Butschek also serves on the Boards of some of Tata Motors Limited’s subsidiaries and affiliates, namely, TMF Holdings Limited, Tata Technologies Limited, TDCV, Tata Motors European Technical Centre Plc and Tata Cummins Pvt. Limited.
Mr. Ravindra Pisharody
Mr. Pisharody has been the Executive Director (Commercial Vehicles) since June 21, 2012, having joined Tata Motors Limited as Vice President, Commercial Vehicles (Sales & Marketing), in 2007. He was also on the Board of several of Tata Motors Limited’s subsidiaries and affiliates. Before joining Tata Motors Limited, he worked for Castrol Ltd., a subsidiary of BP plc, and for Philips India, a subsidiary of Koninklijke Philips N.V., in various roles. Mr. Pisharody is an alumnus of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur and the Indian Institute of Management, Kolkata.
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Mr. Pisharody, vide letter dated June 5, 2017, had tendered his resignation as Executive Director (Commercial Vehicles) of Tata Motors Limited, but continued to serve his term of office upto September 30, 2017 to ensure seamless transition in business operations.
Mr. Satish B. Borwankar
Mr. Borwankar started his career with Tata Motors Limited in 1974, as a Graduate Engineer Trainee and was appointed as an Executive Director (Quality) on June 21, 2012. He is currently the Executive Director and Chief Operating Officer with effect from June 5, 2017. He has been reappointed, subject to shareholders approval for a period from July 16, 2017 to July 15, 2019. He has worked in various executive positions for overseeing and implementing product development, manufacturing operations and quality control initiatives of the Commercial Vehicles Business Unit. He is also on the board of directors of certain of our subsidiaries, including Tata Cummins Private Limited, TML Drivelines Limited, TAL Manufacturing Solutions Limited, Tata Motors (Thailand) Limited and TDCV. He has played a significant role in establishing our greenfield projects. Mr. Borwankar is a mechanical engineer who studied at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur.
Mr. Borwankar was designated as the Executive Director & Chief Operating Officer (COO) of Tata Motors Limited with effect from June 5, 2017. The board of directors has approved this re-appointment for the period July 16, 2017 up to July 15, 2019, subject to shareholders’ approval.
Mr. P. B. Balaji (Group Chief Financial Officer)
Mr. Pathamadai Balachandran Balaji was appointed as our Group Chief Financial Officer with effect from November 14, 2017. As a result of this appointment, the chief financial officers of our subsidiaries report directly to Mr. Balaji. Prior to his appointment at Tata Motors Limited, Mr. Balaji was the Executive Director Finance & IT and CFO of Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) and a Member of its Stakeholders’ Relationship, Corporate Social Responsibility and Risk Management Committees. Mr. Balaji joined HUL as a Management Trainee in May 1993 and has worked in number of roles in finance and supply chain over a period of 20 years.
Mr. Balaji was the Vice President, Finance for Unilever America, Supply Chain, based out of Switzerland, responsible for financial aspects of an 18 billion supply chain. Prior to that, he was the Group Chief Accountant of Unilever worldwide based at London. Before moving to London, Mr. Balaji has served as the Vice President, Finance for the Home and Personal Care business in India and earlier as the Vice President, Treasury for the AAR region based out of Singapore.
Mr. Balaji is a Mechanical Engineer from IIT Chennai and has a PGDM from IIM Kolkata. Mr. Balaji was awarded the Best CFO in FMCG and Best CFO for “Creating Shared Value” by YES Bank – BW Business World as also All Asia 2017 award for Best CFO in Consumer by Institutional Investor. Mr. Balaji also serves on the Boards of some of Tata Motors Limited’s subsidiaries, namely, Jaguar land Rover Automotive Plc, TMFL, TMFSL, TMF Holdings Limited and Tata Technologies Limited.
Mr. C. Ramakrishnan (Group Chief Financial Officer)
Mr. Ramakrishnan started his career with Tata Motors Limited in 1980. As Chief Financial Officer, he is responsible for our Finance, Accounts, Taxation, Business Planning, Investor Relations, Treasury, Customer Relationship Management & Data Management System and IT divisions.
Before becoming Chief Financial Officer of Tata Motors Limited, Mr. Ramakrishnan was with the Tata Group Chairman’s Office for seven years. Mr. Ramakrishnan was also on the Boards of Directors of several of Tata Motors Limited’s subsidiaries.
Mr. Ramakrishnan is a chartered accountant and a cost accountant. Mr. Ramakrishnan was appointed as Chief Financial Officer of Tata Motors Limited with effect from September 18, 2007. With effect from July 1, 2015, Mr. Ramakrishnan was appointed as Tata Motors’ Group Chief Financial Officer and continued as the Group Chief Financial Officer of Tata Motors Limited upto September 30, 2017.
There is no family relationship between any of our directors, including the CEO and Managing Director, the Executive Directors and the Group Chief Financial Officer. None of our directors or senior management are selected pursuant to any arrangement or understanding with any of our major shareholders, customers, suppliers or others.
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The following table provides the annual compensation paid/accrued to our directors, Executive Officers and Group Chief Financial Officer in Fiscal 2018. For full-time directors, the retirement benefits exclude provision for encashable leave and gratuity as a separate actuarial valuation is not available. We have not issued any stock options to our directors/employees.
| Name |
Position |
Remuneration1 (in Rs.) |
||||
| Mr. N Chandrasekaran |
Non-Executive Chairman | 780,000 | ||||
| Dr. R. A. Mashelkar 2 |
Independent Director | 1,010,000 | ||||
| Mr. Nasser Munjee 3 13 |
Independent Director | 6,651,000 | ||||
| Mr. V. K. Jairath 4 |
Independent Director | 3,710,000 | ||||
| Ms. Falguni Nayar 5 |
Independent Director | 2,869,000 | ||||
| Mr. Om Prakash Bhatt 6 |
Independent Director | 720,000 | ||||
| Ms. Hanne Sorensen 7 |
Independent Director | 300,000 | ||||
| Dr. Ralf Speth 8 13 |
Non-Executive Director | 432,461,000 | ||||
| Mr. Guenter Butschek 13 |
CEO & Managing Director | 264,194,000 | ||||
| Mr. C. Ramakrishnan 9 13 |
Tata Motors’ Group Chief Financial Officer | 19,223,000 | ||||
| Mr. P. B. Balaji 10 13 |
Tata Motors’ Group Chief Financial Officer | 80,933,000 | ||||
| Mr. Ravindra Pisharody 11 13 |
Executive Director (Commercial Vehicles) | 20,925,000 | ||||
| Mr. Satish Borwankar 12 13 |
Executive Director & COO | 22,456,000 | ||||
| 1. | Includes salary, allowance, taxable value of perquisites, commission and our contribution to provident fund and superannuation fund for the CEO and Managing Director, Executive Directors and the Group Chief Financial Officer, and sitting fees/directors’ fees for non-executive directors. No commission has been paid to directors by Tata Motors Limited for Fiscal 2018, due to inadequacy of profits. |
| 2. | Retired on December 31, 2017, upon attaining the age of 75 years in accordance with the Company’s Governance Guidelines on Board Effectiveness. The remuneration of Dr Mashelkar includes directors’ fees of Rs.150,000 paid by Tal Manufacturing Solutions Limited. |
| 3. | The remuneration of Mr. Munjee includes remuneration of GBP 57,150 received from Jaguar Land Rover Automotive plc, directors’ fees of Rs.80,000 paid by TMF Holdings Limited and Rs.560,000 paid by TMFL. |
| 4. | The remuneration of Mr. Jairath, includes directors’ fees of Rs.1,250,000 paid by TMFSL, Rs.640,000 paid by Concorde Motors (India) Limited and Rs.600,000 paid by TML Distribution Company Limited. |
| 5. | The remuneration of Ms. Nayar, includes directors’ fees of Rs.189,000 paid by Tata Marcopolo Motors Limited and Rs.1,640,000, Rs.1,000,000 as commission paid by TTL which also includes commission of Rs.1,000,000. |
| 6. | Appointed as Non-Executive Independent Director of Tata Motors Limited with effect from May 9, 2017. |
| 7. | Appointed as Non-Executive Independent Director of Tata Motors Limited with effect from January 3, 2018. |
| 8. | Dr. Ralf Speth’s remuneration is paid by Jaguar Land Rover Automotive plc, which includes in addition to the base salary the value of annual performance bonus, cash allowances and non-cash benefits and accruals from long-term incentives and retirement benefits. |
| 9. | Retired as Tata Motors’ Group Chief Financial Officer on September 30, 2017. The remuneration paid includes directors’ fees of Rs.360,000 paid by TMFHL, Rs.470,000 paid by TMFL, Rs.720,000 paid by TMFSL and Rs.895,000 paid by TTL which also includes commission of Rs.500,000. |
| 10. | Appointed as Tata Motors’ Group Chief Financial Officer with effect from November 14, 2017. |
| 11. | Resigned as Executive Director (Commercial Vehicles) vide letter dated June 5, 2017, but continued to serve his term of office upto September 30, 2017 to ensure seamless transition in business operations. The remuneration includes directors’ fees and commissions received from Automobile Corporation of Goa Limited of Rs.1,183,000 and directors’ fees paid by Tata International Limited of Rs.100,000, and includes provision for a special retirement benefit of Rs.4,626,000 payable at the discretion of the board. |
| 12. | The remuneration includes provision for a special retirement benefit of Rs.6,308,000 for Mr. Borwankar, payable at the discretion of the Board. |
| 13. | Rounded to nearest thousands of Indian rupees. |
The CEO and Managing Director as well as the executive directors are also eligible to receive special retirement benefits at the discretion of our board of directors, which include a monthly pension, ex-gratia and medical benefits.
At the 71st Annual General Meeting of the Company held on August 9, 2016, our shareholders approved payment of the minimum remuneration to Mr. Pisharody, Mr. Borwankar and Mr. Butschek as per their agreements in view of inadequacy of profits for Fiscal 2016, 2017 and 2018.
The Company has received approval from the Shareholders and the Central Government for appointment and payment of remuneration to Mr. Guenter Butschek, a foreign national, who is functioning in a professional capacity as its CEO and Managing Director for a period of 5 years from February 15, 2016, in accordance with Section 197 read together with Schedule V of the Act.
During the year under review, the Company did not have an Employee Stock Option Scheme for any of its employees or directors.
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Our board of directors’ size, comprises of nine directors, which is commensurate with the size of our company and consistent with the board size of other companies in the industry. Our board of directors consists of executive, non-executive and independent directors. Appointments of new directors are recommended by the Nomination and Remuneration Committee for consideration by the full board of directors and our shareholders at each year’s annual general meeting.
The roles of the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer & Managing Director are distinct and separate with appropriate powers being delegated to the Managing Director to perform the day-to-day activities of managing our company. In the Tata Motors Group, we have 2 CEO’s, namely the CEO & MD of Tata Motors, whose scope includes managing the Tata Motors Group excluding the Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) Group and the CEO and Director of JLR, whose scope covers managing JLR. The respective Boards have delegated the day-to-day running of the Group to the 2 CEO’s within certain limits, above which matters must be escalated to the Board for determination.
Our board of directors, along with its committees, provides leadership and guidance to our management, in particular with respect to corporate governance, business strategies and growth plans, the identification of risks and their mitigation strategies, entry into new businesses, product launches, demand fulfillment and capital expenditure requirements, and the review of our plans and targets.
Our board of directors has delegated powers to its committees through specific written and stated terms of reference and scope, and oversees the functioning operations of the committees through various circulars and minutes. The committees operate as empowered agents of the board of directors in accordance with their respective charters and/or terms of reference.
Board Effectiveness Evaluation
Pursuant to provisions of the Listing Regulations and the Companies Act, our board of directors is required to carry out an annual evaluation of its own performance and also the performance of its committees and individual directors. The performance of the board of directors and individual directors is evaluated by our board of directors and involves input from all the directors. The performance of the committees is evaluated by our board of directors and involves input from committee members. In Fiscal 2018, the Nomination and Remuneration Committee reviewed the performance of the individual directors. Also, a separate meeting of independent directors was held to review the performance of non-independent directors, performance of our board of directors as a whole and the performance of the chairperson of Tata Motors Limited; the independent directors took into account the views of the executive directors and non-executive directors. Subsequently, our board of directors held a meeting to discuss the performance of our board of directors, its committees and the individual directors.
The criteria for the performance evaluation of our board of directors included factors such as our board of directors’ composition and structure and the effectiveness of our board of directors’ processes, information flow and functioning. The criteria for performance evaluation of the committees included factors such as the composition of the committees and the effectiveness of committee meetings. The criteria for performance evaluation of the individual directors included factors such as the director’s contribution to our board of directors and committee meetings, including preparation on the issues to be discussed, meaningful and constructive contribution and input during meetings. In addition, the chairperson was evaluated on the key aspects of his role.
We also conducted the familiarization programs for independent directors, to apprise the directors about their roles, rights, responsibilities in our Company, the nature of the industry in which we operate, our business model and related matters. The details of the program for familiarization of the independent directors are uploaded on the website of our Company at http://investors.tatamotors.com/pdf/familiarisation-programme-independentdirectors.pdf, which website does not form part of this annual report on Form 20-F
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Our board of directors also undertakes our subsidiaries’ oversight functions through review of their performance against their set targets, advises them on growth plans and, where necessary, gives strategic guidelines. While all of our subsidiaries have their respective boards of directors, and their management is responsible for their performance, our board of directors oversees the performance of our subsidiaries on a quarterly basis in order to exercise oversight over the performance and functioning of our subsidiaries. In a specific annual meeting of our Audit Committee, the chief executive officers and the chief financial officers of our subsidiaries make presentations on significant issues in audit, internal control and risk management in our subsidiaries. At least one independent director of the Company is also a director on the Board of Directors of our unlisted material subsidiary. The Audit Committee also reviews the financial statements, in particular, the investments made by the unlisted subsidiary companies. The minutes of the meetings of our subsidiaries are also placed before our board of directors and attention is drawn to significant transactions and arrangements entered into by our subsidiaries.
Please see Item 6.A “—Directors and Senior Management” for details regarding the terms of office for our board of directors.
Committees
Audit Committee
The Audit Committee comprises four independent directors: Mr. Munjee (as Chairman), Mr. Jairath, Ms. Nayar and Mr O. P. Bhatt. Dr. Mashelkar a Member of the Committee retired in accordance with the Company’s Governance Guidelines on Board Effectiveness on December 31, 2017, upon attaining the age of 75 years. Mr Bhatt was appointed as a member of the Committee with effect from January 16, 2018. Ms Sorensen is a permanent invitee for all Audit Committee meetings with effect from January 16, 2018. The Audit Committee functions according to its Charter that defines its composition, authority, responsibility and reporting functions in accordance with Section 177 of the Act, Regulation 18(3) read with Part C of Schedule II of the SEBI Listing Regulations and applicable U.S. regulations, and is reviewed from time to time. Provided below is the gist of the responsibilities of the Audit Committee. The full Charter is available on our website at http://investors.tatamotors.com/pdf/audit_committee_charter.pdf which website does not form part of this annual report on Form 20-F.
| i. | Reviewing with the Management, the quarterly/annual financial statements before submission to our board of directors, focusing primarily on: |
| • | the financial reporting process and the disclosure of our financial information, including earnings and press releases, to ensure that the financial statements are correct, sufficient and credible; |
| • | Reports on the management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition, results of operations and the directors’ responsibility statement; |
| • | Major accounting entries involving estimates based on exercise of judgment by management; |
| • | Compliance with accounting standards and changes in accounting policies and practices; |
| • | Reviewing the draft audit report, modified opinion, if any, and significant adjustments arising out of audit; |
| • | Statement of significant related party transactions (as defined by the Audit Committee), submitted by the management; |
| • | Scrutiny of inter-corporate loans and investments; |
| • | Disclosures made under the chief executive officer and chief financial officer certifications and related party transactions to our board of directors and our shareholders; and |
| • | Approval or any subsequent modification of transactions with related parties, including omnibus related party transactions. |
| ii. | Reviewing, alongside the management, our external auditors and internal auditors, the adequacy of internal control systems and recommending improvements to management; |
| iii. | Review management letters and letters of internal control weakness issued by the statutory auditors; |
| iv. | Recommending the appointment and/or removal of the statutory auditor, cost auditor, fixing audit fees and approving non-audit/consulting services provided by the statutory auditors’ firms to Tata Motors Limited and its subsidiaries; evaluating auditors’ performance, qualifications, experience, independence and pending proceedings relating to professional misconduct, if any; |
| v. | Reviewing the adequacy of our internal audit, the coverage and frequency of our internal audit and the appointment, removal, performance and terms of remuneration of our chief internal auditor; |
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| vi. | Discussing with the internal auditor and senior management significant internal audit findings and follow-up thereon; |
| vii. | Reviewing the findings of any internal investigation by the internal auditor into matters involving suspected fraud or irregularity or a failure of internal control systems of a material nature and reporting the matter to our board of directors; |
| viii. | Discussing with the statutory auditor, before the audit commences, the nature and scope of audit and conducting post-audit discussions to ascertain any area of concern; |
| ix. | Establishing and reviewing the functioning of our vigil mechanism under our whistle-blower policy; |
| x. | Reviewing the financial statements and investments made by subsidiary companies and subsidiary oversight relating to areas such as the adequacy of the internal audit structure and function of the subsidiaries, the status of their audit plans and their execution, key internal audit observations, risk management and the control environment; |
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| xi. | Review of the causes of any substantial defaults in payment to the depositors, debenture holders, shareholders (in case of non-payment of declared dividend) and creditors, if any; |
| xii. | Reviewing the effectiveness of the system for monitoring compliance with laws and regulations; |
| xiii. | Approving the appointment of our Chief Financial Officer after assessing the qualification, experience and background of a candidate; |
| xiv. | Reviewing the system of storage, retrieval, display and printout of books of accounts maintained in electronic copies during the required period under law; |
| xv. | Approving all or any subsequent modification of transactions with related parties; |
| xvi. | Approving policies in relation to the implementation of the Tata Code of Conduct for Prevention of Insider Trading and Code of Corporate Disclosure Practices, or the Insider Trading Code, and to supervise its implementation; and |
| xvii. | To note and take on record the status reports, detailing the dealings by designated persons in securities of Tata Motors Limited, as submitted by our compliance officer on a quarterly basis and to provide directions on any penalties for any violations of the Insider Trading Code. Mr. P. B. Balaji, our Group Chief Financial Officer, is the compliance officer under the Insider Trading Code. |
During the year, the Committee inter alia reviewed key audit findings covering operational, financial and compliance areas. It also reviewed the internal control system in subsidiary companies. The Chairman of the Audit Committee briefs the Board on significant discussions at Audit Committee meetings. The Audit Committee has also adopted policies for the approval of services to be rendered by our independent statutory auditors, based on a procedure for ensuring such auditor’s independence and objectivity, as well as for the oversight of audit work for streamlining the audit process across our subsidiaries. The Chief Internal Auditor reports to the Audit Committee to ensure independence of the internal audit processes.
The Audit Committee relies on the expertise and knowledge of the management, the internal auditors and the independent statutory auditor in carrying out its oversight responsibilities. It also uses external expertise, if required. The management is responsible for the preparation, presentation and integrity of our financial statements, including consolidated statements, accounting and financial reporting principles. The management is also responsible for internal control over financial reporting, and all procedures are designed to ensure compliance with accounting standards, applicable laws and regulations, as well as to objectively review and evaluate the adequacy, effectiveness and quality of our system of internal control.
Nomination and Remuneration Committee
The Nomination and Remuneration Committee comprises of two independent directors—Mr. O. P. Bhatt (Chairman) and Mr. Nasser Munjee and one Non-Executive Director, Mr. N. Chandrasekaran. Dr. Mashelkar a Member of the Committee, consequent to his retirement as an Independent Director on December 31, 2017, also ceased to be the Chairman and Member of the Committee. Mr. Nasser Munjee and Mr. O. P. Bhatt were inducted as Members of the Committee with effect from March 29, 2017 and May 16, 2017, respectively. Mr. Bhatt was appointed as the Chairman of the Committee with effect from January 16, 2018.
The Nomination and Remuneration Committee functions according to its charter, which defines its objective, composition, meeting requirements, authority, power, responsibilities and reporting and evaluation functions in accordance with the Companies Act and Indian listing requirements. The following is a summary of the principal terms of reference of the Nomination and Remuneration Committee:
| a. | To make recommendations to the board of directors of Tata Motors Limited regarding the establishment and composition of the board of directors and its committees including the formulation of the criteria for determining qualifications, positive attributes and independence of a director. The Nomination and Remuneration Committee will consider periodically reviewing the composition of the board of directors with the objective of achieving an optimum balance of size, skills, independence, knowledge, age, gender and experience; |
| b. | Devising a policy on board diversity; |
| c. | Recommending to the board the appointment or reappointment of directors, including independent directors on the basis of reports on the performance evaluation of the independent directors; |
| d. | Supporting the board in matters related to setting up, reviewing and refreshing of committee composition; |
| e. | Recommending to the board on voting pattern for appointment and remuneration of directors of our material subsidiaries; |
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| f. | Providing guidelines for remuneration of directors of our material subsidiaries; |
| g. | Recommending to the board the appointment of Key Managerial Personnel, or KMP, as defined under the Companies Act as the chief executive officer, chief financial officer and company secretary, and executive team members of Tata Motors Limited as defined by the Nomination and Remuneration Committee; The Committee consults the Audit Committee before recommending the appointment of the CFO; |
| h. | Carrying out an evaluation of every director’s performance and supporting the board and independent directors in evaluation of the performance of the board, its committees and individual directors. This shall include the formulation of criteria for evaluation of independent directors and the board; |
| i. | Overseeing the performance review process for KMP and the executive team of Tata Motors Limited,; |
| j. | Recommending the remuneration policy for directors, KMP, the executive team of Tata Motors Limited and other employees; |
| k. | On an annual basis, recommending to the board the remuneration payable to the directors, KMP and the executive team of Tata Motors Limited; |
| l. | Reviewing matters related to voluntary retirement and early separation schemes for Tata Motors Limited; |
| m. | Overseeing the familiarization program for directors; |
| n. | Overseeing our human resources philosophy, human resources strategy and the efficacy of human resources practices, including those for leadership development, rewards and recognition, talent management and succession planning (specifically for the board of directors, KMP and executive team of Tata Motors Limited); and |
| o. | Performing such other duties and responsibilities as may be consistent with the provisions of the committee’s charter. |
Stakeholders’ Relationship Committee
The Stakeholders’ Relationship Committee comprises of two independent directors, Ms. Nayar (Chairperson) and Ms Sorensen as well as the Chief Executive Officer & Managing Director, Mr. Butschek. Mr Jairath stepped down as a Member of the Committee with effect from July 18, 2017. On January 16, 2018, the Board appointed Ms Nayar as the Chairperson of the Committee and Ms Sorensen as a Member of the Committee. The principal functions of the Stakeholders Relationship Committee are the following:
| a. | Reviewing statutory compliance matters relating to all security holders; |
| b. | Considering and resolving the grievances of security holders of the company including complaints related to transfer of securities, non-receipt of our annual report, declared dividends, notices and/or our balance sheet; |
| c. | Overseeing compliances in respect of dividend payments and transfer of unclaimed amounts and shares to the investor education and protection fund; |
| d. | Overseeing and reviewing all matters related to the transfer of securities of Tata Motors Limited; |
| e. | Approving the issue of duplicate certificates of Tata Motors Limited; |
| f. | Reviewing movements in shareholding and ownership structures of Tata Motors Limited; |
| g. | Ensuring proper controls over and overseeing performance of our registrar and share transfer agent; and |
| h. | Recommending measures for the overall improvement of the quality of investor services. |
Executive Committee of the Board of Directors or ECOB
The ECOB comprises of one non-executive director, one independent director and two full-time directors, namely, Mr. N. Chandrasekaran (Chairman), Mr. Munjee, Mr. Borwankar and Mr. Butschek. Mr. Pisharody ceased to be a Committee Member with effect from September 30, 2017. The Committee reviews and recommends to the Board for due consideration, the revenue and capital expenditure budgets, long-term business strategies and plans, our organizational structure, raising finance, property-related issues, review and sale of investments and the allotment of securities within established limits. The Committee also discusses the matters pertaining to legal cases, acquisitions and divestment, new business forays and donations.
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Safety, Health & Sustainability Committee
The Safety, Health & Sustainability, or SHS Committee, comprises of one independent director and two whole-time directors, namely, Mr. Jairath (Chairman), Mr. Borwankar and Mr. Butschek. During the year, Dr Mashelkar ceased to be the Chairman and Member of the SHS Committee, consequent to his retirement as an Independent Director on December 31, 2017. Mr Pisharody also ceased to be a Member of the Committee with effect from September 30, 2017, consequent to his resignation as Executive Director (Commercial Vehicle) of the Company. The SHS Committee’s objective is to review our safety, health and sustainability practices. The terms of reference of the SHS Committee include the following:
| a. | To take a holistic approach to safety, health and sustainability matters in decision making; |
| b. | To provide direction to Tata Motors Group in carrying out its safety, health and sustainability function; |
| c. | To frame broad guidelines / policies with regard to safety, health and sustainability; |
| d. | To oversee the implementation of these guidelines/policies; and |
| e. | To review our safety, health and sustainability policies, processes and systems periodically and recommend improvements from time to time. |
Corporate Social Responsibility Committee
The Corporate Social Responsibility Committee, or CSR Committee, comprises of two independent directors and two whole-time directors, namely, Mr. O. P. Bhatt (Chairman), Ms. Nayar, Mr. Borwankar and Mr. Butschek. Dr Mashelkar ceased to be the Chairman and Member of the Committee with effect from December 31, 2017 and Mr. Bhatt was appointed as the Chairman and Member of the Committee with effect from January 16, 2018. The terms of reference of the CSR Committee are to:
| a. | Formulate and recommend to our board of directors a Corporate Social Responsibility Policy which shall indicate the activities to be undertaken by us as specified in Schedule VII of the Companies Act; |
| b. | Recommend the amount of expenditure to be incurred on the activities referred to in clause a.; and |
| c. | Monitor our Corporate Social Responsibility Policy from time to time. |
The CSR Policy is available on the Company’s website at http://investors.tatamotors.com/pdf/csrpolicy.pdf (which website does not form part of this annual report on Form 20-F) as required under the provisions of Section 135 of the Act and Rule 9 of the Companies (Corporate Social Responsibility Policy) Rules, 2014.
Risk Management Committee
The Risk Management Committee or RMC, constituted by our board of directors pursuant to the provisions of Regulation 21 of the Indian Listing Regulations, comprises of one Independent Director, 2 whole-time directors and the CFO, namely, Ms Sorensen (Chairperson), Mr. Borwankar, Mr. Butschek and Mr. Balaji. During the year, Dr Mashelkar ceased to be a Member of the RMC, consequent to his retirement as an Independent Director on December 31, 2017. Ms Sorensen was appointed as a Member of the RMC with effect from January 16, 2018. The Board on March 22, 2018 appointed Ms Sorensen as the Chairperson and inducted Mr. Borwankar, Mr. Butschek and Mr. Balaji, as Members of the RMC. On March 22, 2018 Mr. Munjee (erstwhile Chairman), Mr. Jairath and Ms. Nayar also ceased to be Members of the RMC. Pursuant to the Listing Regulations, we have a Risk Management Policy. The Risk Management Committee’s terms of reference are as follows:
| a. | Inter alia establishing principles and objectives for assisting our board of directors in overseeing our risk management process and controls, risk tolerance, capital liquidity and funding levels, and providing a periodic update thereof to our board of directors; |
| b. | The RMC shall be appointed by our board of directors and may be staffed with directors and/or our executives. Our company secretary shall act as the secretary to the RMC meetings; |
| c. | The RMCs quorum shall be any two members or one-third of the members, whichever is higher. The RMC shall meet at least once every quarter and our chief internal auditor shall be a permanent invitee to its meetings; |
| d. | The RMC shall act and have powers in accordance with the terms of reference, specified in writing by our board of directors, and shall be responsible for reviewing our risk governance structure, practices and guidelines; and |
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| e. | The RMC will report to our board of directors periodically on various matters and shall undergo an annual self-evaluation of its performance and report the results to our board of directors. |
Executive Committee
The ExCom is comprised of various business functional heads, including Mr. Butschek, Mr. Borwankar, the President -PVBU, the President—CVBU, the Group Chief Financial Officer, the Chief Human Resource Officer, the Chief Technology Officer, the Chief Purchasing Officer, President E-Mobility Business & Corporate Strategy and the Head of Corporate Communications. The Executive Committee provides oversight on strategy and key aspects of our business operations.
Apart from the committees described above, our board of directors may also constitute committees of directors with specific terms of reference as it may deem fit.
At Tata Motors, we consider our human capital a critical factor to our success. Under the aegis of Tata Sons and the Tata Sons-promoted entities, the Company has drawn up a comprehensive human resource strategy, which addresses key aspects of human resource development such as:
| • | The code of conduct and fair business practices; |
| • | A fair and objective performance management system linked to the performance of the businesses which identifies and differentiates employees by performance level; |
| • | Creation of a common pool of talented managers across Tata Sons and the Tata Sons promoted entities with a view to increasing their mobility through job rotation among the entities; |
| • | Evolution of performance based compensation packages to attract and retain talent within Tata Sons and the Tata Sons promoted entities; and |
| • | Development and delivery of comprehensive training programs to impact and improve industry- and/or function-specific skills as well as managerial competence. |
In line with the human resource strategy, we have implemented various initiatives in order to build better organizational capabilities that the we believe will enable us to sustain competitiveness in the global marketplace. The Company’s focus is to attract talent, retain the better and advance the best. Some of the initiatives to meet this objective include:
| • | Development of an agile organization through process modification, delayering and structure alignment and increase in customer facing roles; |
| • | Changed organization structure has empowered teams, across each product lines, which will manage the product lifecycle and be accountable for the Profit and Loss; |
| • | Extensive process mapping exercises to benchmark and align the human resource processes with global best practices; |
| • | Outsource transactional activities to an in house back office (Global Delivery Center), thereby reducing cost and time of transaction; |
| • | Talent management process redesigned with a stronger emphasis on identifying future leaders; |
| • | Build strategic partnerships with educational institutions of repute to foster academia based research and provide avenues for employees to further their educational studies; |
| • | Enhance company’s image and desirability amongst the target engineering and management schools, to enable it to attract the best; |
| • | Functional academies setup for functional skills development; |
| • | Skill development of all Blue collared workforce to enable them to effectively meet the productivity and quality deliverables. |
| • | Training youth under Government of India’s National Employment Enhancement Mission in our skill development centers in all the plants. These trainees are given Automotive Skill Development Council certification, helping them get gainful employment in the industry. Engaging trainees benefit the company to meet the cyclicity of demand as well. |
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We employed approximately 81,090 permanent employees as at March 31, 2018, including as part of our Jaguar Land Rover business and joint operations. The average number of flexible (temporary, trainee and contractual) employees for Fiscal 2018 was approximately 38,016 (including joint operations).
The following table sets forth a breakdown of persons employed by our business segments and by geographic location as of the following dates.
| Segment |
As at March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||
| (No. of Employees) | ||||||||||||
| Automotive |
72,683 | 71,428 | 68,089 | |||||||||
| Other |
8,407 | 8,130 | 8,509 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
81,090 | 79,558 | 76,598 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||
| Location |
(No. of Employees) | |||||||||||
| India |
41,295 | 42,991 | 42,238 | |||||||||
| Outside of India |
39,795 | 36,567 | 34,360 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
81,090 | 79,558 | 76,598 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Training and Development
We are committed to the development of our employees to strengthen their functional, managerial and leadership capabilities. We have a focused approach with the objective of addressing all capability gaps and preparing our employees to adopt to fast changing external environment in order to meet our strategic objectives.
To achieve this, we have established the Tata Motors Academy, which addresses development needs of various segments of our workforce through a structured approach. The Tata Motors Academy focuses on three functional pillars – customer excellence, product leadership, and operational excellence – and one pillar on management education, all of which are aligned with the Company-level strategic objectives. The emphasis of functional academies is to strengthen knowledge, skills and expertise with an in depth approach, within respective function, and the emphasis of management education is developing general management and leadership skills. Tata Motors Academy also provides executive education opportunities in the areas of B.Tech, M.Tech, Executive MBA.
As an integral part of the Tata Motors Academy, the Company’s Learning Advisory Council, which includes senior leaders from different parts of organization, aims to align its learning and development efforts, more closely with its business needs and priorities. The Learning Advisory Council is responsible for providing guidance and strategic direction to the Academies to design, implement and review the learning agenda.
We are now migrating from a trade-based training approach to a process-based training approach, which emphasizes team members’ knowledge as related to their actual work, in addition to the general trade-based skills, which are learned at training institutes. These skills are very specific and not currently taught at the training institutes. To accomplish this, we are implementing a fundamental skills training initiative throughout organization. Its objective is to address key employee performance issues, such as inconsistent quality, poor craftsmanship, high frequencies of repair reworking and low productivity levels through training of front-line team members.
Jaguar Land Rover has always focused on the safety, security, wellbeing and development of the people. We nurture and retain talent through the Jaguar Land Rover Academy, an environment offering accredited learning for the employees at every stage of their career. Actively shaping education and contributing to the skills development available to our communities is part of our long-term recruitment strategy. So too is continuing our successful apprentice and graduate program, working closely with academic partners such as the Warwick Manufacturing Group. We have been investing £100 million per year in the Jaguar Land Rover Academy for lifelong learning of employees. Around a quarter of the employees are actively working towards a formal academic or professional qualification at all levels from apprenticeship to doctorate. Jaguar Land Rover also up-skilled 7,000 engineers with Master-level education since our Academy technical accreditation scheme began in 2010.
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Closing the gender gap and a digital call for the worlds brightest and best
Jaguar Land Rover has focused on attracting women into engineering and advanced manufacturing through programs such as our Young Women in the Know initiative for female students aged 15 to 18. With fewer women than men in senior roles and a majority of men in production operations in factories, the gender gap can be hard to close. Traditionally, a lower number of women coming into the industry and flourishing within it has made this even harder. However, we are committed both to equality and encouraging a diverse workforce, and things are changing for the better. There has been a 21% increase in proportion of women in our management grades since 2014. In 2017, Jaguar Land Rover recruited more women than men (55% female) onto their Advanced Apprentice Program. We have also developed new ways to seek out tomorrow’s innovators, partnering with virtual band Gorillaz to find the next generation of software engineering brilliance, through code-breaking puzzles that test curiosity, persistence, lateral thinking and problem-solving. Those who have cracked them were interviewed by Jaguar Land Rover and the best were hired.
Union Wage Settlements
We have labor unions for operative grade employees at all its plant across India, except Dharwad plant. The Company has generally enjoyed cordial relations with its employees at its factories and offices and have received union support in the implementation of reforms that impact safety, quality, cost erosion and productivity improvements across all locations.
Employee wages are paid in accordance with wage agreements that have varying terms (typically three to five years) at different locations. The expiration dates of the wage agreements with respect to various locations/subsidiaries are as follows:
| Location/subsidiaries |
Wage Agreement valid until | |||
| Pune Commercial vehicles |
August 31, 2018 | |||
| Pune Passenger vehicles |
March 31, 2019 | |||
| Jamshedpur |
March 31, 2019 | |||
| Mumbai |
December 31, 2018 | |||
| Lucknow |
March 31, 2020 | |||
| Pantnagar |
March 31, 2019 | |||
| Sanand |
September 30, 2020 | |||
| Jaguar Land Rover |
November 30, 2018 | |||
Our wage agreements link an employee’s compensation to certain performance criteria that are based on various factors such as quality, productivity, operating profit and an individual’s performance and attendance. As far as possible, we aim for cost neutral settlements, by achieving the critical performance parameters of the business with total employee involvement. We have generally received union support in implementation of reforms that impact quality, cost erosion and productivity improvements across all locations. In addition to this, this time we have signed settlement with variable pay as part of wage cost and staggered payment instead of one time pay to be bring more cost effectiveness on account of fixed pay.
Please see Item 4.B “Information on the Company—Business Overview—Legal Proceedings” for details related to the lawsuit filed by our union employees at TDCV related to wages.
The information required by this item is set forth in Item 6.A “—Directors, Senior Management and Employees” of this annual report on Form 20-F.
| Item 7. | Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions |
We are a widely held, listed company with approximately 841,053 shareholders of our Ordinary Shares and 167,023 shareholders of our ‘A’ Ordinary Shares on record. To our knowledge, as of June 30, 2018, the following persons beneficially owned 1% or more of the 2,887,348,694 Ordinary Shares and 508,502,371 ‘A’ Ordinary Shares outstanding at that time:
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Ordinary Shares
| Name of Shareholder |
Holding | Percentage | ||||||
| Tata Sons Limited and Subsidiaries 1 |
1,047,729,607 | 36.29 | ||||||
| Citibank N.A.2 |
396,857,970 | 13.74 | ||||||
| Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Ltd.—Reliance Top 200 Fund |
77,412,801 | 2.68 | ||||||
| ICICI Prudential Balanced Advantage Fund |
34,056,551 | 1.18 | ||||||
| SBI-ETF Sensex |
30,380,474 | 1.05 | ||||||
| Government of Singapore |
59,659,854 | 2.07 | ||||||
| Life Insurance Corporation of India |
149,295,627 | 5.17 | ||||||
| ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company Limited |
42,139,439 | 1.46 | ||||||
‘A’ Ordinary Shares 3
| Name of Shareholder |
Holding | Percentage | ||||||
| ICICI Prudential Balanced Advantage Fund |
51,866,662 | 10.20 | ||||||
| Franklin India Smaller Companies Fund |
43,931,036 | 8.64 | ||||||
| HDFC Trustee Co Ltd A/C HDFC Dual Advantage Fund |
24,246,279 | 4.77 | ||||||
| UTI—Arbitrage Fund |
13,305,682 | 2.62 | ||||||
| SBI— ETF Sensex |
10,211,737 | 2.01 | ||||||
| Reliance Capital Trustee Co Ltd.A/C Reliance Arbitrage Fund |
5,544,043 | 1.09 | ||||||
| Government of Singapore |
32,200,369 | 6.33 | ||||||
| Franklin Templeton Investment Funds |
21,977,072 | 4.32 | ||||||
| Amansa Holdings Private Limited |
14,303,747 | 2.81 | ||||||
| Government Pension Fund Global |
13,746,021 | 2.70 | ||||||
| HSBC Global Investment Funds—Indian Equity |
10,993,801 | 2.16 | ||||||
| Monetary Authority of Singapore |
8,506,650 | 1.67 | ||||||
| Eastspring Investments India Equity Open Limited |
8,153,160 | 1.60 | ||||||
| Nordea Emerging Market Equities Fund |
8,064,089 | 1.59 | ||||||
| Stichting Depositary Apg Emerging Markets Equity Pool |
7,213,074 | 1.42 | ||||||
| Vanguard Total International Stock Index Fund |
5,429,772 | 1.07 | ||||||
| Vanguard Emerging Markets Stock Index Fund, A Series of Vanguard International Equity Index Funds |
5,229,683 | 1.03 | ||||||
| HDFC Standard Life Insurance Company Limited |
5,657,383 | 1.11 | ||||||
| 1 | As of June 30, 2018, the combined Ordinary and ‘A’ Ordinary Shareholding of Tata Sons along with its subsidiaries as on June 30, 2018 was 1,048,170,252 representing 35.66% of the total voting rights in Tata Motors Limited. Tata Sons’ subsidiaries, Tata Investment Corp. Ltd., Tata Industries Ltd. and Simto Investment Company Ltd. hold 11,000,000, 72,203,630 and 59,583 Ordinary Shares of Tata Motors Limited, respectively, and Ewart Investments Limited holds 3,084,542 Ordinary Shares and 440,645 ‘A’ Ordinary Shares of Tata Motors Limited. |
| 2 | Citibank, N.A., as depositary for our ADSs, was the holder on record at June 30, 2018 of 396,857,970 Ordinary Shares on behalf of the beneficial owners of deposited Shares. |
| 3 | The ‘A’ Ordinary Shareholders are entitled to receive a dividend for any financial year at five percentage points more than the aggregate rate of dividend declared on Ordinary Shares for that financial year but are entitled to one vote for every ten ‘A’ Ordinary Shares held as per the terms of its issue and our Articles of Association. |
Over the last three years, from June 30, 2015 to June 30, 2018, the holdings of our largest shareholder, Tata Sons along with its subsidiaries, have increased from 28.66% to 36.29%. The holdings of Tata Steel have decreased from 5.54% as at June 30, 2015 to 0.0035% as at June 30, 2018. The shareholding of Life Insurance Corporation of India Ltd. has increased from 4.15% to 5.17%. The shareholding of Citibank N.A. as depositary for our ADSs and previously, our GDSs, has decreased from 21.40% to 13.74%.
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According to our depositary, as at June 30, 2018, we had 73 registered holders of our ADSs with addresses in the United States, whose shareholding represented approximately 0.02% of our outstanding Ordinary Shares as of that date, excluding any of our ADSs held by Cede & Co. as a nominee for the Depository Trust Company. Because some of our ADSs are held through brokers or other nominees, the number of record holders of our ADSs with addresses in the United States may be fewer than the number of beneficial owners of ADSs in the United States. As of June 30, 2018, there were 115 record holders of Ordinary Shares with addresses in the United States, representing 0.00748% of our outstanding Ordinary Shares as of that date, and there were 38 record holders of ‘A’ Ordinary Shares with addresses in the United States, representing 0.01231% of our outstanding ‘A’ Ordinary Shares as of that date.
The total permitted holding of Foreign Institutional Investors, or FIIs, in the Ordinary Share paid-up capital has been increased to 35% by a resolution passed by our shareholders on January 22, 2004 and to 75% of the ‘A’ Ordinary Share paid-up Capital approved by the Reserve Bank of India pursuant to their letter dated October 31, 2013. The FII holding as on June 30, 2018 was approximately 18.86% in Ordinary Shares and 44.60% in ‘A’ Ordinary Shares. See Item 10.D “—Exchange Controls” for further details.
Neither our Ordinary Shares nor ‘A’ Ordinary Shares entitle the holder to any preferential voting rights.
Under the Takeover Regulations of India, in the event of any acquisition of shares or voting rights, which, taken together with shares or voting rights held by the acquirer and by persons acting in concert with such acquirer, aggregate to 5% or more of the shares or voting rights, or any acquisition or disposal of 2% or more shares or voting rights, or a change in the shareholding or voting rights (even if such change results in the shareholding falling below 5%) such person must file a report with us concerning the shareholding or the voting rights and the stock exchanges on which our Shares are traded. Please see Item 9.A “—Offer and Listing Details—Markets” for information with respect to these stock exchanges.
In addition, disclosures would be required under the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations, 2015 or Insider Trading Regulations of India with respect to every promoter, employee or director, including their immediate relatives, who execute a trade or trades in excess of a monetary threshold of Rs.1 million in market value over a calendar quarter, within two trading days of reaching such threshold. Such a disclosure would be made to us and we would in turn make a disclosure to the relevant stock exchanges. Furthermore, under our Listing Regulations, governing Indian listed companies, we are required to periodically disclose to such stock exchanges the name and percentage of shares held by persons or entities that hold more than 1% of our Shares. For the purposes of the above, Shares withdrawn from our ADS facility will be included as part of a person’s shareholding.
To our knowledge, we are not, directly or indirectly, owned or controlled by any other corporation or by any government or by any other natural or legal persons severally or jointly. We are not aware of any arrangements the operation of which may at a later time result in our change of control.
For details regarding voting rights, please refer to Item 10.B “—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Voting Rights”.
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Our related parties principally consist of Tata Sons, subsidiaries and joint ventures of Tata Sons, our joint ventures and our associates and their subsidiaries. We routinely enter into transactions with these related parties in the ordinary course of business. We enter into transactions for sale and purchase of products with our associates and joint ventures. The following table summarizes related party transactions and balances included in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended and as at March 31, 2018:
| With associates and their subsidiaries |
With joint Operations |
With joint ventures |
With Tata Sons and its subsidiaries and joint ventures |
Notes | ||||||||||||||||
| (Rs. in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of products |
26,057 | 31,631 | 1,713 | (Note a | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Sale of products |
2,016 | 5,455 | 60,082 | 7,091 | ||||||||||||||||
| Services received |
89 | 1 | 5,501 | 17,353 | (Note b | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Services rendered |
190 | 43 | 12,077 | 241 | ||||||||||||||||
| Acceptances |
— | — | — | 41,350 | (Note c | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Purchase of property, plant and equipment |
624 | — | — | 2 | ||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of investments |
— | __ | 25 | (Note c | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Interest income |
3 | — | 4 | (Note d | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Interest expenses |
75 | 2 | — | 141 | ||||||||||||||||
| Dividend income |
170 | 45 | 17,645 | 99 | ||||||||||||||||
| Dividend paid |
— | — | — | 225 | ||||||||||||||||
| Amount receivable in respect of loans and interest thereon |
— | — | — | 40 | (Note d | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Amount payable in respect of loans and interest thereon |
560 | — | — | 48 | ||||||||||||||||
| Loans taken |
4,890 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Loans repaid by us |
4,890 | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
Notes:
The details of major items are as follows:
| a. | During Fiscal 2018, we purchased from our associates and joint operations various vehicle components, assemblies, aggregates and spares, among other inputs, totaling Rs.57,688 million. For the period from April 1, 2018 through June 30, 2018, our purchases were 17,862 million from these associates and joint operations. These purchases have been made at fair market price determined in accordance with arm’s-length commercial terms. |
| b. | i) | The services received from Tata Sons include those for which brand subscription fees were paid pursuant to an agreement with them, under which Tata Motors Limited and certain of its subsidiaries have agreed to pay an annual subscription fee for participation and gain from promotion and protection of the Tata brand identity. Please see Exhibit 4.1 of this annual report on Form 20-F for our Tata Brand Equity & Business Promotion Agreement. The annual subscription fee is equal to 0.15%-0.25% of annual net income (defined as net revenues exclusive of excise duties and other governmental taxes and non-operating income), subject to a ceiling of 5% of annual profit before tax, based on Tata Motors Limited’s standalone financial statements prepared in accordance with IndAS. | ||
| ii) | We also received other business support services from subsidiaries of Tata Sons for call center and transaction processing work for Tata Motors Limited and some of its subsidiaries. These services are in the normal course of business and the transaction prices represent fair market price of the consideration, and other terms have been based on the normal commercial terms. | |||
| iii) | We received IT-related services from one of the subsidiaries of Tata Sons, TCS, for integrated IT service relating to IT infrastructure for Tata Motors Limited, Jaguar Land Rover and other subsidiary companies. The contract was finalized after evaluation of competitive bids from TCS and other IT service provider. These services are in the normal course of business and the transaction prices represent fair market price of the consideration, and other terms have been based on the normal commercial terms. | |||
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| c. | During Fiscal 2018, we have paid discounting charges for invoice discounting facility availed by vendors, with one of the subsidiary of Tata Sons. These services are in the normal course of business and the transaction price (discounting charges) represents fair market price, considering commercial and market terms. |
Please see Note 38 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F for further details on our related-party transactions.
C. Interests of Experts and Counsel
Not applicable.
| Item 8. | Financial Information |
A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
Consolidated Financial Statements
The information required by this item is set forth beginning on page F-1 of this annual report on Form 20-F.
Legal or Arbitration Proceedings
The information on legal or arbitration proceedings required by this item is set forth in Item 4.B “—Business Overview—Legal Proceedings”.
Dividend Policy
The Company may declare and pay a dividend out of profits for the year or previous financial year(s) as stated in the statutory financial statements of Tata Motors Limited, on a standalone basis, prepared in accordance with Indian GAAP/IndAS, after providing for depreciation in accordance with the provisions of Schedule II to the Companies Act. However, in the absence or inadequacy of said profits, it may declare dividend out of its free reserves, subject to certain conditions as prescribed under the Companies Act and the Companies (Declaration and Payment of Dividend) Rules, 2014. Based on the net income available for appropriation, dividends are recommended by our board of directors for approval by the shareholders at our annual general meeting. Furthermore, our board of directors may also pay an interim dividend at its discretion. The ‘A’ Ordinary Shareholders are entitled to receive a dividend for any financial year at five percentage points more than the aggregate rate of dividend declared on Ordinary Shares for that financial year.
The Company, in accordance with SEBI Notification dated July 8, 2016, formulated a Dividend Distribution Policy, which was adopted by the board of directors at their meeting held on March 30, 2017. A copy of the Dividend Distribution Policy is available on our website at http://www.tatamotors.com/investors/pdf/dividend-distribution-policy.pdf, which website does not form part of this annual report on Form 20-F.
For Fiscal 2018, after considering overall performance and results, and in accordance with the Companies (Declaration and Payment of Dividends) Rules, 2014 and our Dividend Distribution Policy, the Board of Directors has recommended that no dividend be paid to our shareholders. Since Fiscal 1956, we have made dividend distributions in each Fiscal year except for Fiscal 2001, 2002, 2015, 2017 and 2018.
Other than as set forth in this annual report on Form 20-F, no significant change has occurred with respect to us since the date of our audited consolidated IFRS financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.
| Item 9. | The Offer and Listing |
The details on our Share and ADS price history are included in Item 9.C “—Markets”.
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Not applicable.
Ordinary Shares and ADSs
| National Stock Exchange of India Limited or NSE |
BSE Limited or BSE | NYSE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Closing Price per Ordinary Share |
Closing Price per Ordinary Share |
Closing Price per ADS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Period High |
Period Low |
Period High |
Period Low |
Period High |
Period Low |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Rs. per Share) | Average Daily Trading Volume (in ‘000) |
(Rs. per Share) | Average Daily Trading Volume (in ‘000) |
(US$ per ADS) | Average Daily Trading Volume (in ‘000) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fiscal |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 |
481.50 | 326.85 | 7,378.42 | 481.45 | 327.45 | 1121.62 | 37.31 | 24.90 | 1,304.20 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 |
588.70 | 370.50 | 8,057.47 | 589.35 | 370.50 | 702.99 | 44.29 | 27.71 | 1,337.77 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2016 |
568.15 | 276.35 | 8,498.88 | 567.55 | 275.65 | 983.24 | 46.35 | 20.56 | 1,859.87 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2015 |
598.13 | 398.87 | 5,274.10 | 605.10 | 403.00 | 416.51 | 50.89 | 35.61 | 1,277.24 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2014 |
416.95 | 255.20 | 7,227.83 | 417.05 | 255.30 | 820.41 | 35.41 | 22.25 | 495.69 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fiscal |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st Quarter |
481.50 | 419.60 | 6097.13 | 481.45 | 419.75 | 1907.79 | 37.31 | 32.73 | 1,222.14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd Quarter |
464.60 | 373.60 | 6845.45 | 464.60 | 373.35 | 1352.82 | 35.90 | 29.03 | 1,345.18 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd Quarter |
462.90 | 397.05 | 8032.79 | 461.55 | 396.80 | 592.92 | 35.00 | 30.60 | 1,151.89 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4th Quarter |
439.30 | 326.85 | 8,564.49 | 438.85 | 327.45 | 625.90 | 34.32 | 24.90 | 1,503.89 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fiscal |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st Quarter |
487.95 | 370.50 | 10,923.96 | 488.00 | 370.50 | 815.44 | 36.79 | 27.71 | 1,570.80 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd Quarter |
588.70 | 455.15 | 7,304.68 | 589.35 | 455.25 | 870.63 | 44.29 | 33.97 | 1,311.71 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd Quarter |
565.70 | 432.90 | 7,412.43 | 565.70 | 433.05 | 536.47 | 42.18 | 32.00 | 1,059.33 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4th Quarter |
548.90 | 436.45 | 6,588.79 | 548.00 | 436.55 | 592.10 | 40.12 | 32.39 | 1,407.04 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Month |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 2018 |
370.75 | 326.85 | 8,522.60 | 370.85 | 327.45 | 660.20 | 27.98 | 24.90 | 1,559.79 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| February 2018 |
395.80 | 358.50 | 9,553.12 | 396.05 | 358.55 | 685.55 | 30.87 | 27.70 | 1,391.89 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| January 2018 |
439.30 | 395.85 | 7,746.85 | 438.85 | 396.20 | 544.77 | 34.32 | 30.96 | 1,549.32 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 2017 |
431.85 | 397.05 | 6,757.68 | 431.20 | 396.80 | 616.94 | 33.07 | 30.60 | 851.44 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| November 2017 |
462.90 | 404.15 | 11,236.31 | 461.55 | 404.65 | 765.91 | 35.00 | 31.19 | 1,708.02 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| October 2017 |
437.05 | 415.50 | 5,784.02 | 436.55 | 415.25 | 378.61 | 33.33 | 31.72 | 894.18 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes:
On July 30, 2018 the reported closing price of our Shares on the BSE and NSE was Rs. 267.30 per Share and Rs. 267.50 per Share, respectively. On July 30, 2018 the ADS closing price on the NYSE was US$19.39 per ADS.
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‘A’ Ordinary Shares
| NSE | BSE | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Closing Price per ‘A’ Ordinary Share |
Closing Price per ‘A’ Ordinary Share |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
| Period High | Period Low | Period High | Period Low | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (Rs. Per Share) | Avg. Daily Trading Volume (in ‘000) |
(Rs. Per Share) | Avg. Daily Trading Volume (in ‘000) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
| Fiscal |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 |
290.85 | 183.30 | 2,292.88 | 291.10 | 183.90 | 197.06 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 |
373.50 | 259.90 | 2,123.26 | 373.35 | 260.10 | 228.43 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2016 |
354.65 | 206.85 | 2,598.08 | 354.40 | 206.60 | 177.89 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2015 |
383.98 | 209.06 | 2,570.50 | 388.25 | 211.20 | 179.78 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2014 |
208.10 | 124.50 | 1,943.08 | 207.95 | 124.55 | 145.12 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Fiscal |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st Quarter |
290.85 | 258.95 | 2,096.19 | 291.10 | 259.30 | 240.22 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd Quarter |
276.50 | 210.15 | 2,374.57 | 275.80 | 209.55 | 152.60 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd Quarter |
259.65 | 224.90 | 2,107.51 | 259.25 | 224.95 | 181.52 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 4th Quarter |
256.65 | 183.30 | 2,598.64 | 256.55 | 183.90 | 215.92 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Fiscal |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st Quarter |
324.70 | 259.90 | 2,655.57 | 323.85 | 260.10 | 318.03 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd Quarter |
373.75 | 290.95 | 1,883.75 | 373.35 | 291.25 | 263.74 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd Quarter |
366.15 | 285.30 | 1,797.29 | 365.45 | 285.55 | 107.77 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 4th Quarter |
344.74 | 268.30 | 2,156.43 | 343.30 | 268.15 | 226.13 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Month |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 2018 |
207.45 | 183.30 | 2,191.57 | 207.85 | 183.90 | 148.89 | ||||||||||||||||||
| February 2018 |
222.05 | 201.95 | 2,710.36 | 221.80 | 202.45 | 291.92 | ||||||||||||||||||
| January 2018 |
256.65 | 224.55 | 2,853.72 | 256.55 | 224.35 | 208.17 | ||||||||||||||||||
| December 2017 |
244.10 | 224.90 | 1,794.80 | 244.80 | 224.95 | 134.07 | ||||||||||||||||||
| November 2017 |
259.65 | 231.45 | 2,460.92 | 259.25 | 232.30 | 265.48 | ||||||||||||||||||
| October 2017 |
246.10 | 230.35 | 2,031.45 | 245.95 | 230.55 | 136.62 | ||||||||||||||||||
Notes:
On July 30, 2018, the reported closing price of our ‘A’ Ordinary Shares on the BSE and NSE was Rs. 147.20 per Share and Rs. 146.80 per Share, respectively.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Item 10. Additional Information
Not applicable.
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B. Memorandum and Articles of Association
General
The Company is registered with the Registrar of Companies, Mumbai, under registration number 004520 and bearing Corporate Identify Number (CIN) L28920MH1945PLC004520. The following description of our share capital is a summary of the material terms of our Memorandum and Articles of Association and Indian corporate law regarding our Shares and the holders thereof. They may not contain all of the information that is important to you. To understand them fully, you should read our Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association, as amended, which are incorporated by reference into this annual report on Form 20-F as Exhibit 1.2. The following description is qualified in its entirety by reference to our Memorandum and Articles of Association and applicable law.
Authorized and Issued Share Capital
Our authorized share capital is Rs.40 billion divided into:
| • | 4 billion Ordinary Shares of par value Rs.2 each, of which 2,887,843,046 is issued, 2,887,348,694 is subscribed and fully paid, 494,352 are issued but held in abeyance and 570 are issued but partially paid-up as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F; |
| • | 1 billion ‘A’ Ordinary Shares of par value Rs.2/- each, of which 508,736,110 is issued, 508,502,371 is subscribed and fully paid and 233,739 are issued but held in abeyance as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F; and |
| • | 300 million Convertible Cumulative Preference Shares of par value Rs.100/- each; however, the Convertible Cumulative Preference Shares have not been issued. |
None of our Shares are held by us or on our behalf.
Objects and Purposes
Our principal objects, as provided by clause 3 of our Memorandum of Association, include:
| • | Manufacturing, marketing, import, export, hiring and letting on of commercial vehicles, automobile cars, two wheeler vehicles, heavy and construction equipment including components, accessories and spare parts in relation thereto; |
| • | To carry on the business as manufacturers and dealers of machinery articles and goods of all classes; |
| • | To carry on the business of manufacturing materials which may be usefully combined with our manufacturing and engineering business; and |
| • | To carry on the business of financing and re-financing of all types of vehicles, construction equipment, capital equipment and services by way of credit, hire purchases, leases and loans. |
Directors
Under our Articles of Association, the number of our directors may not be less than three or more than 15. Our board of directors comprises nine members as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F. Appointments of new directors and remuneration payable to them are made through a majority vote of the full board of directors and approved by a requisite majority of our shareholders in attendance at each year’s annual general meeting, provided that a quorum is met.
Under the Companies Act, as well as our Articles of Association, each of our directors, who is in any way directly or indirectly concerned or interested in a contract or arrangement or proposed contract or arrangement entered into or to be entered into by or on our behalf is required to disclose the nature of his concern or interest at a meeting of the board of directors in which the contract or arrangement is discussed and shall not vote or participate at such meeting or the first meeting of the board of directors held after the director becomes concerned or interested.
Under the Companies Act and our Articles of Association, we are restricted from, directly or indirectly, advancing any loan, including any loan represented by a book debt, to any of our directors or to any other person in whom the director is interested or give any guarantee or provide any security in connection with any loan taken by the director or such other person.
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Under our Articles of Association, a director is not required to hold any qualification shares. Our Articles of Association do not prescribe an age limit for the retirement of the directors. Under the governance guidelines adopted by our board of directors, executive directors retire at the age of 65, independent directors retire at the age of 75 and other non-executive directors retire at the age of 70. Under the governance guidelines, the maximum tenure of an independent director is five years or until retirement age, whichever is earlier, extendable for up to a total of two terms, based on, among other things, the merit and contribution of each director.
At the annual general meeting in each year, one-third of the directors, being those who have held their position the longest since their appointment, retire by rotation. Under the Companies Act, an independent director holds office for a term of up to five consecutive years on the board of a company and would not be liable to retire by rotation. An independent director would be eligible to be re-appointed for an additional five-year term upon passing of a special resolution by our company. Re-appointment of an independent director is effective upon fulfilling the conditions to appoint a director as described above. No independent director may hold office for more than two consecutive terms of five years each. An independent director may become eligible for re-appointment after the expiration of three years of ceasing to become an independent director, provided that he/she is not directly or indirectly associated with us during such three-year period.
In addition, under the Companies Act, every listed company in India is required to appoint at least one female director on the board of directors of the company. We are in compliance with this requirement as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F.
Dividends
Under the Companies Act, no dividend can be declared or paid by a company for any fiscal year except out of the profits of the company for that fiscal year and/or any previous fiscal year(s) that remain undistributed. Furthermore, no company may declare a dividend unless carried over previous losses and depreciation not provided for in previous years are set off against profits of the company of the current year on a standalone basis. However, in the event of inadequacy or absence of profits during a fiscal year, the board of directors may declare a dividend not exceeding the average rate at which dividends were declared by it in the immediately preceding three years, calculated on a standalone basis. Dividends payable out of the undistributed, accumulated profits of a company from any prior fiscal year(s), and transferred by the company to its reserves, should not exceed 10% of the paid-up capital and free reserves as stated in the latest audited financial statement, after setting off losses incurred in the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared, on a standalone basis. The balance of reserves after such withdrawal must not be below 15% of the paid-up share capital as stated in the latest audited financial statements on a standalone basis.
Under the Companies Act, unless the board of directors of a company recommends the payment of a dividend, the shareholders at a general meeting have no power to declare any dividend. Under our Articles of Association, the shareholders at a general meeting may declare a lower, but not higher, dividend than that recommended by the board of directors. Dividends are generally declared as a percentage of the par value. The board of directors may declare and pay interim dividends.
Under the Companies Act, dividends can be paid in cash only to shareholders listed on the register of shareholders on the date that is specified as the “record date” or “book closure date”. No shareholder is entitled to a dividend while any lien in respect of unpaid calls on any of such shareholder’s shares is outstanding.
The holders of ‘A’ Ordinary Shares are entitled to receive dividends for any fiscal year at a rate that is five percentage points more than the aggregate rate of dividends declared on Ordinary Shares for that fiscal year.
Under the Companies Act, as well as our Articles of Association, if our share capital is divided into different classes of shares, all or any of the rights or privileges attached to each class of shares may be varied, modified, abrogated or dealt with, with the consent in writing of the holders of not less than three-fourths of the issued shares of that class, or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the issued shares of that class. Our Articles of Association further provide that the rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class issued with preferred or other rights shall not, unless otherwise expressly prohibited by the terms of the issue of the shares of that class, be deemed to be varied by the creation or issue of further shares ranking pari passu thereto.
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The Companies Act allows a company to issue shares with differential rights as to dividends, voting or otherwise subject to the authority in its articles of association and other conditions prescribed under the applicable law. In this regard, the applicable laws in India provide that a company may issue shares with differential voting rights, if:
| • | Such issuance is authorized by its shareholders through a postal ballot; |
| • | The company has distributable profits in terms of the Companies Act for a period of three financial years; |
| • | The company has not defaulted in filing financial statements and annual returns for the immediately preceding three years; |
| • | The articles of association of such company allow for the issuance of such shares with differential voting rights; and |
| • | Certain other conditions set forth in the Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) Rules, 2014 are fulfilled. |
In accordance with our Articles of Association, we may issue Ordinary Shares with differential rights as to voting and/or dividends up to an amount not exceeding 25% of our total issued Ordinary Share capital or such other limit as may be prescribed by applicable laws, rules or regulations. This is stricter than the requirement under the Companies Act and the Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) Rules, 2014, according to which no company may issue shares with differential rights exceeding 26% of its total post-issue paid up equity share capital including equity shares with differential rights issued at any point of time. An amendment to the Companies (Share Capital and Debenture) Rules, 2014 on June 18, 2014 clarified that the Companies Act, 1956 continues to govern equity shares with differential rights issued thereunder.
The Company, in accordance with SEBI Notification dated July 8, 2016, formulated a Dividend Distribution Policy, which was adopted by the board of directors at their meeting held on March 30, 2017. A copy of the Dividend Distribution Policy is available on our website at http://www.tatamotors.com/investors/pdf/dividend-distribution-policy.pdf, which website does not form part of this annual report on Form 20-F.
Calls on Shares
Under the Companies Act, as well as our Articles of Association, our board of directors may from time to time make such calls as they think fit upon our members in respect of all moneys unpaid on the shares held by them respectively and each member is required to pay the amount of every call so made on them to our company. Under the Companies Act, a capital call on a particular class of shares shall be made on a uniform basis on all shares falling under such class.
General Meetings of Shareholders
Annual General Meetings
We are required to hold an annual general meeting each year and not more than 15 months should elapse between each annual general meeting. The annual general meeting should be held within a period of six months from the date of closing of the fiscal year, unless extended by a period not exceeding three months by the Registrar of Companies at our request for any special reason.
Extraordinary General Meetings
Our board of directors may convene an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders when necessary or at the request of a shareholder or shareholders holding in aggregate not less than one-tenth of our paid-up share capital.
Notices
Written notices convening a meeting (including an annual general meeting or an extraordinary general meeting) setting forth the date, place and agenda of the meeting must be given to members at least 21 days prior to the date of the proposed meeting. A general meeting may be called after giving shorter notice if consent is received in writing or in electronic mode by not less than 95% of the shareholders entitled to vote at such meeting. We provide written notices of general meetings to all shareholders and, in addition, provide public notice of general meetings of shareholders in a daily newspaper of general circulation in India as prescribed under the Companies Act.
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Quorum
The quorum required for a general meeting of our company under the Companies Act is 5, 15 or 30 shareholders personally present, depending on whether the total number of shareholders on the date of the meeting is less than 1,000, is between 1,000 and 5,000, or exceeds 5,000, respectively.
Scope of General Meetings
Certain matters may not be transacted at a general meeting and instead must be authorized by a resolution passed by means of a postal ballot. These matters include, among others:
| • | Alteration of the objects clause in a memorandum of association; |
| • | Alteration of articles of association in order to constitute as a private company; |
| • | Change in place of registered office outside the local limits of any city, town or village; |
| • | Change in objects for which a company has raised money from public through a prospectus; |
| • | Issue of shares with differential rights as to voting, dividends or otherwise; |
| • | Variation in the rights attached to a class of shares or debentures or other securities; |
| • | Sale of the whole or substantially the whole of an undertaking of a company; |
| • | Buy-back of shares of a company; and |
| • | Granting loans or extending guarantees in excess of limits prescribed under the Companies Act and the rules issued thereunder. |
A notice to all the shareholders shall be sent along with a draft resolution explaining the reasons for the action and requesting them to send their assent or dissent in writing on a postal ballot form or through an electronic voting facility within a prescribed number of days from the date of posting the notice. Such notice shall also be placed on the website of a company after such notice is sent to shareholders and shall remain on the website until the last date of receipt of the postal ballot from members.
Voting Rights
Methods of Voting
At a general meeting, unless a poll is demanded or voting is carried out electronically (including when mandated by Indian law), resolutions at a general meeting are decided by a show of hands, where each member present has one vote. Before or upon the declaration of the result of the voting on any resolution on a show of hands, a poll may be ordered to be taken by the chairman of the meeting or demanded by shareholder(s) holding at least one-tenth of the voting rights in respect of the resolution or aggregate paid-up capital of at least Rs.500,000. Upon a poll, each shareholder entitled to vote and present in person or by proxy shall have voting rights in the same proportion as the capital paid-up on each share held by such holder bears to our total paid-up capital.
Under the provisions of the Listing Regulations, listed companies in India are required to provide their shareholders with the facility to exercise their right to vote by electronic means either at a general meeting of the company or by means of a postal ballot in accordance with the prescribed procedure under the Companies Act. Furthermore, pursuant to the Companies Act, any company having not less than 1,000 shareholders shall provide its members with facilities to exercise their rights at general meetings by electronic means. Accordingly, we provide such electronic voting facilities to all of our shareholders.
Where a resolution is put to vote on a poll, such voting entitlement (excluding fractions, if any), will be applicable to holders of ‘A’ Ordinary Shares. As per the terms of issue, holders of the outstanding ‘A’ Ordinary Shares shall be entitled to one vote for every ten ‘A’ Ordinary Shares held. Where a resolution is put to vote in the meeting and is to be decided on a show of hands, the holders of ‘A’ Ordinary Shares shall be entitled to the same number of votes as available to holders of Ordinary Shares.
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Ordinary and Special Resolutions
Ordinary resolutions may be passed by simple majority of those shareholders present and voting at the meeting. Certain matters are required to be authorized by special resolutions, which require that the votes cast in favor of the resolution must be at least three times the votes cast against the resolution. Our Articles of Association do not permit cumulative voting for the election of our directors. Matters requiring action by special resolution include the following:
| • | Alteration of the Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association; |
| • | Varying the terms of contract or objects in a prospectus; |
| • | Issuance of global depositary receipts or sweat equity shares; |
| • | Variation of shareholders’ rights; |
| • | Reduction of share capital; |
| • | Buy-back of our Shares; |
| • | Sale, lease or other disposal of the whole or substantially the whole of the undertaking of our company; |
| • | Investment in trust securities of the amount of compensation received by us as a result of any merger or amalgamation; |
| • | Borrowing money in excess of our paid-up share capital and free reserves; |
| • | Winding-up or schemes of amalgamation; and |
| • | Removal of statutory auditors. |
Voting by Proxy
A person may act as proxy on behalf of members not exceeding 50 and holding in the aggregate not more than 10% of our total share capital carrying voting rights, provided that a member holding more than 10% of our total share capital carrying voting rights may appoint a single person as a proxy and such person shall not act as a proxy for any other person or shareholder. A shareholder may exercise his or her voting rights by proxy to be given in the form prescribed under the Companies Act. The instrument appointing a proxy is required to be lodged with us at least 48 hours before the time of the meeting. A shareholder may, by a single power of attorney, grant a general power of representation regarding several general meetings of shareholders. Any of our shareholders may appoint a proxy. A corporate shareholder is also entitled to nominate a representative to attend and vote on its behalf at general meetings. A proxy may not vote except on a poll and does not have a right to speak at meetings. An authorized representative shall be entitled to exercise the same rights and powers, including the right to vote by proxy and by postal ballot on behalf of a body corporate that it represents.
Convertible Securities/Warrants
We may issue from time to time debentures that are partly or fully convertible into shares at the time of redemption, provided that such issuance is approved by a special resolution passed at a general meeting of our company as prescribed under the Companies Act.
Register of Shareholders and Record Dates
We are obliged to maintain a register of shareholders at our registered office or at some other place in Mumbai. The register and index of our beneficial owners maintained by a depository under the Depositories Act, 1996 is deemed to be the index of members and register of shareholders. We recognize as shareholders only those persons who appear on our register of shareholders and we cannot recognize any person holding any share or part of it upon any trust, express, implied or constructive, except as permitted by law. In the case of shares held in physical form, we register transfers of shares on the register of shareholders upon lodgment of the share transfer form duly stamped and completed in all respects accompanied by a share certificate, or if there is no certificate, the letter of allotment in respect of shares transferred together with duly stamped and completed transfer forms. In respect of electronic transfers, the depository transfers shares by entering the name of the purchaser in its books as the beneficial owner of the shares. In turn, we enter the name of the depository in our records as the registered owner of the shares. The beneficial owner is entitled to all the rights and benefits as well as the liabilities with respect to the shares that are held by the depository. This activity is done by our registrar and transfer agent.
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For the purpose of determining the shareholders, the register may be closed for periods not exceeding 45 days each year and not exceeding 30 days at any one time, subject to prior notice of at least seven days or such lesser period as may be specified by SEBI for listed companies in India. In order to determine the shareholders entitled to dividends, we generally keep the register of shareholders closed for approximately 21 days each year. Under the Listing Regulations o, we may, upon at least seven working days’ (excluding the date of intimation and the record date) advance notice to such stock exchanges, set a record date and/or close the register of shareholders in order to ascertain the identity of shareholders entitled to the dividend. The trading of shares and the delivery of certificates in respect thereof may continue while the register of shareholders is closed.
Annual Report and Financial Results
Our IndAS audited financial statements for the relevant fiscal year, the directors’ report and the auditors’ report, which are collectively referred to hereafter as the Indian Annual Report, must be prepared before the annual general meeting. The Indian Annual Report also includes other financial information, a corporate governance section, a management discussion and analysis report, and general shareholders’ information and is made available for inspection at our registered office during normal working hours for 21 days prior to our annual general meeting.
Under the Companies Act, we are required to file an annual general meeting report with the Registrar of Companies within 30 days from the date of the annual general meeting. As required under the Listing Regulations, copies of the annual general meeting report are required to be simultaneously sent to all the stock exchanges on which our shares are listed. The annual general meeting report details shall include, among other things, the number of shareholders attending the meeting, the business that was transacted, the time and location of the meeting, a confirmation of quorum and a summary of the proceedings of the meeting. We must also publish our financial results in at least one national English language daily newspaper in India, one newspaper published in the language of the region where our registered office is situated, as well as on our website.
We submit information, including our Indian annual report and half-yearly financial statements, in accordance with the requirements prescribed under the Listing Regulations.
Transfer of Shares
Shares held through depositories are transferred in book-entry form or in electronic form in accordance with SEBI regulations, which govern the functioning of the depositories and participants, prescribe record keeping requirements and safeguards to be followed in this system. Transfers of beneficial ownership of shares held through a depository are exempt from stamp duty. We have entered into an agreement for these depository services with National Securities Depository Limited and the Central Depository Services (India) Limited.
The SEBI requires that all investors hold our Shares in book-entry form for trading and settlement purposes, except for transactions that are not made on a stock exchange and transactions that are not required to be reported to the stock exchange.
Our Shares are freely transferable, subject only to the provisions of the Companies Act under which, if a transfer of securities is in contravention of any of the provisions of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 or the Companies Act or any other law for the time being in force, the Company Law Board, or CLB, may, on an application made by the depository, company, depository participant, the holder of the securities or the SEBI, direct any company or a depository to set right the contravention and rectify its register or records concerned. The National Company Law Tribunal, or NCLT, was constituted with effect from June 1, 2016. By virtue of Section 466(1) of Companies Act, 2013, the CLB stands dissolved, and accordingly all functions and powers of the CLB have been transferred to the NCLT. If a company without sufficient cause refuses to register a transfer of Shares within one month from the date on which the instrument of transfer is delivered to the company, the transferee may appeal to the NCLT seeking to register the transfer of Shares. The NCLT may, after hearing the parties, either dismiss the appeal, or by order, direct that the transfer or transmission shall be registered by the company and the company shall comply with such order within a period of ten days of the receipt of the order; or direct rectification of the register and also direct the company to pay damages, if any, sustained by any party aggrieved.
Pursuant to the Listing Regulations, in the event we have not effected the transfer of Shares within 15 days or where we have failed to communicate to the transferee any valid objection to the transfer within the stipulated time period of 15 days, we are required to compensate the aggrieved party for the opportunity loss caused during the period of the delay.
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The Companies Act provides that the securities or other interest of any member of a public company (such as our company) shall be freely transferable. Our Articles of Association provide for restrictions on the transfer of shares, including granting power to the board of directors in certain circumstances to refuse to register or acknowledge transfer of shares or other securities issued by us. However, under the Companies Act these transfer restrictions are not enforceable; however, transfer restrictions may be enforceable under contract law as between two or more parties to a contract or an arrangement.
Please see Item 7.A “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Major Shareholders” for a description of obligations under Indian law to disclose significant shareholdings to us.
Acquisition of Our Own Shares
Under the Companies Act, companies may purchase their own shares or other specified securities out of their free reserves or their securities premium account or the proceeds of any shares or other specified securities (other than the kind of shares or other specified securities proposed to be bought back) subject to the following conditions:
| i. | The buy-back is authorized by the articles of association; |
| ii. | A special resolution is passed at the general meeting authorizing the buy-back; |
| iii. | The buy-back is 25% or less of the aggregate paid-up capital and free reserves, provided that buy-back of equity shares is limited to 25% of the total equity capital in that fiscal year; |
| iv. | The ratio of the aggregate of secured and unsecured debts owed by the company after buy-back is not more than twice the paid-up capital and its free reserves; |
| v. | All the shares or other specified securities for buy-back are fully paid-up; |
| vi. | The buy-back of the shares or other specified securities listed on any recognized stock exchange is in accordance with the regulations made by SEBI in this regard; and |
| vii. | The buy-back in respect of shares or other specified securities other than those specified in clause vi. above is in accordance with the Companies Act. The condition mentioned in clause ii. above would not be applicable if the buy-back is for less than 10% of the total paid-up equity capital and free reserves of the company provided it has been authorized by the board of directors of the company. A company buying back its securities is required to extinguish and physically destroy the securities so bought back within seven days of the date of completion of the buy-back. Moreover, a company buying back its securities is not permitted to buy-back any securities for a period of one year from the buy-back or to issue further securities of the same kind for six months except by way of bonus issue or in the discharge of subsisting obligations such as conversion of warrants, share option schemes, sweat equity or conversion of preference shares or debentures into equity. Every buy-back has to be completed within a period of one year from the date of passing of the special resolution or resolution of the board of directors, as the case may be. |
A company is also prohibited from purchasing its own shares or specified securities through any subsidiary company or through any investment company, or if the company has defaulted on the repayment of deposit or interest, redemption of debentures or preference shares, payment of dividend to a shareholder, repayment of any term loan or interest payable thereon to any financial institution or bank, or in the event of non-compliance with other provisions of the Companies Act. However, if the default in relation to any such repayment has been remedied and a period of three years has lapsed after the default has been remedied, buy-back is not prohibited.
Rights of Holders of ‘A’ Ordinary Shares
Holders of ‘A’ Ordinary Shares are entitled to enjoy all rights and privileges that are enjoyed by holders of Ordinary Shares pursuant to applicable law and under our Articles of Association, with certain differences with respect to dividend and voting entitlements as further summarized below. Holders of our ‘A’ Ordinary Shares have the following rights:
| • | Right to receive dividends, if declared. ‘A’ Ordinary Shareholders are entitled to receive dividends for any fiscal year at a rate that is five percentage points higher than the aggregate rate of dividends declared on Ordinary Shares for that fiscal year; |
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| • | Right to attend general meetings and class meetings of all Ordinary Shareholders (including a meeting called in relation to any scheme under Sections 391/394 of the Companies Act, 1956 or as amended) and exercise voting powers, unless prohibited by law; |
| • | If any resolution at any such meeting is put to vote by a show of hands, each ‘A’ Ordinary Shareholder is entitled to one vote, which is the same number of votes as available to holders of Ordinary Shares; |
| • | If any resolution at any such meeting is put to vote on a poll, or if any resolution is put to vote by postal ballot, each ‘A’ Ordinary Shareholder is entitled to one vote for every ten ‘A’ Ordinary Shares held. Fractional voting rights of ‘A’ Ordinary Shareholders are disregarded. For example, if an ‘A’ Ordinary Shareholder holds 39 ‘A’ Ordinary Shares, such holder will be entitled to three votes. If an ‘A’ Ordinary Shareholder holds less than ten Ordinary Shares, such holder will not be entitled to vote on a poll. The class of Ordinary Shareholders includes Ordinary Shareholders and ‘A’ Ordinary Shareholders; and |
| • | The right to vote may be exercised by the ‘A’ Ordinary Shareholders in person or by proxy; |
| • | Right to receive offers for shares through a rights issue and be allotted bonus shares. Holders of ‘A’ Ordinary Shares are only entitled to further ‘A’ Ordinary Shares and such rights or bonus issue shall be made to holders of ‘A’ Ordinary Shares in amounts required to maintain the proportion of ‘A’ Ordinary Shares to Ordinary Shares prior to the issue; |
| • | In any scheme for amalgamation of Tata Motors Limited with or into any other entity which results in a share swap or exchange, holders of ‘A’ Ordinary Shares shall receive allotment as per the terms of such scheme and as far as possible receive shares with differential rights to voting or dividend of such other entity; |
| • | Where an offer is made to purchase the outstanding shares, voting rights, equity capital, share capital or voting capital of our company in accordance with SEBI (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) (Amendment) Regulation, 2013, or the Takeover Code, and other applicable laws, holders of ‘A’ Ordinary Shares shall have the right to receive an offer to purchase ‘A’ Ordinary Shares in the same proportion as offered to the holders of Ordinary Shares; |
| • | For example, where an offer is made under the Takeover Code to purchase 20% of our outstanding shares or voting rights or equity capital or share capital or voting capital, such offer shall also include an offer for 20% of the outstanding Ordinary Shares and 20% of the outstanding ‘A’ Ordinary Shares; |
| • | Furthermore, the pricing guidelines as specified under the Takeover Code or any other applicable laws in respect of offer for Ordinary Shares shall apply to an offer for ‘A’ Ordinary Shares and the percentage premium offered for the ‘A’ Ordinary Shares to its floor price shall be equal to the percentage premium offered for the Ordinary Shares to its floor price. The floor price for the Ordinary Shares and the floor price for the ‘A’ Ordinary Shares shall be determined in accordance with the Takeover Code; |
| • | All consideration to be received by the holders of ‘A’ Ordinary Shares in accordance with any such offer shall be paid in the same form and at the same time as that to be received by holders of Ordinary Shares; and |
| • | For the purposes of the Takeover Code, the terms “shares”, “voting rights”, “equity capital”, “share capital” or “voting capital” means and includes Ordinary Shares and ‘A’ Ordinary Shares; |
| • | Where our company’s promoters or any other acquirer of our company proposes at any time to voluntarily delist the Ordinary Shares in accordance with the SEBI (Delisting of Equity Shares) Regulations, 2009 from the stock exchanges on which the Ordinary Shares are listed, such promoter or acquirer shall also make a delisting offer for the ‘A’ Ordinary Shares and the percentage premium offered for the ‘A’ Ordinary Shares to its floor price shall be equal to the percentage premium offered for Ordinary Shares to its floor price; |
| • | Where we make an offer to purchase our securities in accordance with the SEBI (Buy-Back) of Securities Regulations, 1998 and other applicable laws, holders of ‘A’ Ordinary Shares shall have the right to receive an offer in the same proportion and on equitable pricing terms as offered to the holders of Ordinary Shares; |
| • | Right to receive surplus on liquidation as available to holders of Ordinary Shares and in accordance with the proportion of Ordinary Shares to ‘A’ Ordinary Shares; |
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| • | Right to free transferability of ‘A’ Ordinary Shares; and |
| • | Such other rights as may be available to an ordinary shareholder of a listed public company under the Companies Act and articles of association. |
The ‘A’ Ordinary Shares are not convertible into Ordinary Shares at any time. The ‘A’ Ordinary Shares will not at any time exceed 25% of our total issued share capital.
Liquidation Rights
Subject to our statutory duties, the rights of creditors, workmen and of the holders of any other shares entitled by their terms of issue to preferential repayment over our Shares, in the event of our winding-up, the holders of our Shares are entitled to be repaid the amounts of capital paid-up or credited as paid-up on such shares, or in case of shortfall, proportionately. All surplus assets after payment of our statutory duties, amounts due to workmen, the holders of any preference shares and other creditors belong to the holders of the equity shares in proportion to the amount paid-up or credited as paid-up on these shares respectively at the commencement of the winding-up.
Except as given below, we are not a party to any material contract other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F:
| • | The Tata Brand Equity and Business Promotion Agreement, dated December 18, 1998, incorporated by reference into this annual report on Form 20-F as Exhibit 4.1. Tata Motors Limited and certain of our subsidiaries have agreed to pay an annual subscription fee to Tata Sons which is equal to 0.15%-0.25% of annual net income (defined as net revenues exclusive of excise duties and other governmental taxes and non-operating income), subject to a ceiling of 5% of annual profit before tax (defined as profit after interest and depreciation but before income tax) based on Tata Motors Limited’s standalone financial statements prepared in accordance with Indian GAAP for participation and gain from promotion and protection of the Tata brand identity. Pursuant to the agreement, we have also undertaken certain obligations for the promotion and protection of the Tata brand licensed to us under the agreement. |
| • | The agreement dated January 26, 2010, entered into by Jaguar Land Rover with Dr. Ralf Speth in connection with his appointment as CEO and director. The compensation drawn by him pursuant to this agreement is shown in Item 6.B “Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation”. |
| • | The agreement dated March 30, 2016, entered into by Tata Motors Limited with Mr. Guenter Butschek in connection with his appointment as CEO and Managing Director. The compensation drawn by him pursuant to this agreement is shown in Item 6.B “Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation”. |
| • | The agreement effective as of November 14, 2017, entered into by Tata Motors Limited with Mr. P. B. Balaji in connection with his appointment as Group CFO. The compensation drawn by him pursuant to this agreement is shown in Item 6.B “Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation”. |
General
Prior to June 1, 2000, foreign investment in Indian securities, including the acquisition, sale and transfer of securities of Indian companies, was regulated by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 and the notifications issued by the RBI thereunder.
With effect from June 1, 2000, foreign investment in Indian securities is regulated by the Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999, as amended from time to time, or FEMA, and the rules, regulations and notifications made under FEMA. A person resident outside India can transfer any security of an Indian company or any other security to an Indian resident only under the terms and conditions specified in FEMA and the rules and regulations made thereunder or as permitted by the RBI.
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The RBI issued the Foreign Exchange Management (Transfer or Issue of Security by a Person Resident Outside India) Regulations 2017, or the Foreign Exchange Regulations, to regulate the issue of Indian securities, including ADSs, to persons resident outside India and the transfer of Indian securities by or to persons resident outside India. The Foreign Exchange Regulations provide that an Indian entity may issue securities to a person resident outside India or record in its books any transfer of security from or to such person only in the manner set forth in FEMA and the rules and regulations made thereunder or as permitted by the RBI.
Foreign Direct Investment
The Government of India, pursuant to its liberalization policy, introduced FEMA which along with the rules, regulations and notifications issued thereunder, regulates all foreign direct investment into India. Foreign Direct Investment, or FDI, means investment by way of subscription and/or purchase of securities of an Indian company by a non-resident investor. Regulatory approval is required for investment in some sectors, including housing, petroleum (other than refining), defense and strategic industries. Also, the following investments would require prior regulatory permission:
| • | Foreign investments, including a transfer of shares, in excess of foreign investment limits; |
| • | Investments by an unincorporated entity; |
| • | Investment in industries for which industrial licensing is compulsory; and |
| • | All proposals relating to transfer of control and/or ownership pursuant to amalgamation, merger or acquisition of an Indian company currently owned or controlled by resident Indian citizens and Indian companies, which are owned or controlled by resident Indian citizens to a non-resident entity, the activities of which company are not under the “automatic” route under existing Indian foreign investment policy. |
Subject to certain exceptions, FDI and investment by non-resident Indians in Indian companies do not require the prior approval of the Government of India (acting through the concerned ministries or departments, in consultation with the DIPP, Ministry of Commerce and Industry) or the RBI. The Government of India has indicated that in all cases where FDI is allowed under the automatic route pursuant to the FDI policy, the RBI would continue to be the primary agency for the purposes of monitoring and regulating foreign investment. In cases where the approval of the Government of India is obtained, no approval of the RBI is required. In both cases, the prescribed applicable norms with respect to determining the price at which the shares may be issued by the Indian company to the non-resident investor would need to be complied with and a declaration in the prescribed form, detailing the foreign investment, must be filed with the RBI once the foreign investment is made in the Indian company. The foregoing description applies only to an issuance of shares by, and not to a transfer of shares of, Indian companies.
Pricing
Under the requirements of the Consolidated FDI Policy of 2017, or the FDI Policy, which came into effect on August 28, 2017, the price of shares of a listed Indian company issued to non-residents on an automatic basis cannot be less than the price worked out in accordance with the guidelines issued by the SEBI for the preferential allotment of shares where the shares of such company are listed.
Every Indian company issuing shares or convertible debentures in accordance with the Foreign Exchange Regulations is required to submit a report to the RBI within 30 days of receipt of the consideration.
The above description applies only to a primary issue of shares or convertible debentures by an Indian company.
Portfolio Investment by Foreign Portfolio Investors
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (Foreign Portfolio Investors) Regulations, 2014, or the FPI Regulations, have replaced the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Foreign Institutional Investors) Regulations and the regime for investments by qualified institutional investors.
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The FPI Regulations came into effect on June 1, 2014. Under the FPI Regulations, a Foreign Institutional Investor, or FII, who holds a valid certificate of registration from SEBI shall be deemed to be a registered Foreign Portfolio Investor, or FPI, until the expiry of the block of three years for which fees have been paid as per the FII Regulations. An FII shall not be eligible to invest as an FII after registering as an FPI under the FPI Regulations.
FPIs who are registered with the SEBI are required to comply with the provisions of the FPI Regulations. A registered FPI may buy, subject to the ownership restrictions discussed below, and sell freely securities issued by any Indian company, realize capital gains on investments made through the initial amount invested in India, subscribe to or renounce rights offerings for shares, appoint a domestic custodian for custody of investments made and repatriate the capital, capital gains, dividends, income received by way of interest and any compensation received toward sale or renunciation of rights offerings of shares. An FPI may not hold more than 10% of the total issued capital of a company in its own name. The total holding of all FPIs in a company is subject to a cap of 24% of the total paid-up capital of a company, which can be increased to the relevant industry sector cap/ceiling applicable to the particular company under the Foreign Direct Investment Regime, with the passing of a special resolution by the shareholders of a company in a general meeting and subject to prior intimation to the RBI. Pursuant to resolutions of the board of directors and special resolutions passed by our shareholders, the FII and FPI limits have been increased to 35% of the paid-up capital of Ordinary Shares and 75% of the paid-up capital of ‘A’ Ordinary Shares.
FPIs are permitted to purchase shares and convertible debentures, subject to limits, of an Indian company either through:
| • | A public offer, where the price of the shares to be issued is not less than the price at which the shares are issued to Indian residents, or |
| • | A private placement, where the price of the shares to be issued is not less than the price according to the terms of the relevant guidelines or the guidelines issued by SEBI. |
The FPI Regulations specify that the shares purchased by a single FPI or an investor group (which means the same set of ultimate beneficial person(s) investing through multiple entities) must be below 10% of the issued capital of a company. All existing investments by FIIs, qualified foreign investors, which are persons who have opened a dematerialized account with a qualified depository participant as a qualified foreign investor and sub-accounts thereof are grandfathered, thus, if an FPI already holds 10% of the issued capital of a company, it is not required to divest its existing holdings to comply with the stipulation to hold “below 10%”.
Under the FPI Regulations, Offshore Derivative Instruments, or ODIs, may be issued to only those entities that are regulated by an appropriate foreign regulatory authority. Furthermore, such ODIs may only be issued after compliance with applicable know-your-client norms. However, entities that are themselves unregulated but managed by a regulated entity will be eligible counterparties for ODIs under the FPI Regulations if such entities (i) have previously entered into an ODI with an FII at any time prior to January 7, 2014, and (ii) are registered as clients of the FII. Hence, all outstanding ODI transactions and counterparties under the FII Regulations will be treated as permitted ODI transactions and counterparties under the FPI Regulations. SEBI issued a circular on November 24, 2014 aligning the applicable eligibility and investment norms between the FPI regime and subscription through the ODI regime. An FPI shall issue ODIs only to those subscribers who: (i) meet the eligibility criteria that are applicable to an FPI under the FPI Regulations and (ii) do not have “opaque structures”, as defined under the FPI Regulations. The investment restrictions applicable to FPIs under the FPI Regulations apply to subscribers of ODIs as well. Existing ODI positions which are not in accordance with the SEBI circular dated November 24, 2014 may continue until the ODI contract expires.
Investors in ADSs do not need to seek the specific approval from the Government of India to purchase, hold or dispose of their ADSs. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if an FII, non-resident Indian or overseas corporate body were to withdraw its equity shares from an ADS program, its investment in the equity shares would be subject to the general restrictions on foreign ownership.
Registered FIIs are generally subject to tax under Section 115AD of the Income Tax Act of 1961. See Item 10.E “Additional Information—Taxation—Taxation of Capital Gains and Losses—Indian Taxation”.
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Portfolio Investment by Non-Resident Indians
A variety of methods for investing in shares of Indian companies are available to non-resident Indians. These methods allow non-resident Indians to make portfolio investments in shares and other securities of Indian companies on a basis not generally available to other foreign investors. In addition to portfolio investments in Indian companies, non-resident Indians may also make foreign direct investments in Indian companies pursuant to the FDI. See “—Foreign Direct Investment”.
Transfer of Shares and Convertible Debentures of an Indian Company by a Person Resident Outside India
The Government of India has granted general permission to persons residing outside India to transfer shares and convertible debentures held by them to an Indian resident, subject to compliance with certain terms and conditions and reporting requirements. A resident who wishes to purchase shares from a non-resident must, pursuant to the relevant notice requirements, file a declaration with an authorized dealer in the prescribed Form FC-TRS, together with the relevant documents and file an acknowledgment thereof with the Indian company to effect transfer of the shares to his name.
Moreover, the transfer of shares between an Indian resident and a non-resident (other than a non-resident Indian, or NRI) does not require the prior approval of the Government of India or RBI, provided that (i) the activities of the investee company are under the automatic route pursuant to the FDI Policy, and the transfer is not subject to regulations under the Takeover Code, (ii) the non-resident shareholding complies with sector limits under the FDI Policy and (iii) the pricing is in accordance with the guidelines prescribed by the SEBI and RBI.
Indirect Foreign Investment
The FDI Policy, among other things, prescribes the guidelines for (i) the calculation of total indirect foreign investment in Indian companies, (ii) transfer of ownership or control of Indian companies in sectors with caps from resident Indian citizens to non-resident entities and (iii) guidelines on downstream investments by Indian companies. Pursuant to the Consolidated FDI Policy, for the purposes of computation of indirect foreign investment in an Indian company, foreign investments in its parent company, by FPI (holding as at March 31 of the relevant year), NRIs, ADSs, global depositary shares, foreign currency convertible bonds, FDI, convertible preference shares and convertible currency debentures are required to be taken together. The FDI Policy is reissued annually.
Issue of Securities Through the Depository Receipt Mechanism
Issue of securities through the depository receipt mechanism by Indian companies is governed by the Companies Act, 2013, the Companies (Issue of Global Depository Receipts) Rules, 2014 and the Depository Receipts Scheme, 2014, or the DR Scheme.
The Government of India notified the DR Scheme on October 21, 2014, which came into force on December 15, 2014. Consequently, the Issue of Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds and Ordinary Shares (Through Depository Receipt Mechanism) Scheme, 1993, or the 1993 Scheme, has been repealed except to the extent relating to foreign currency convertible bonds. The RBI also issued a circular on January 22, 2015 highlighting the salient features of the DR Scheme.
Under the DR Scheme, an Indian company, listed or unlisted, private or public, is permitted to issue securities, including equity shares, through the depository receipt mechanism if such company has not been specifically prohibited from accessing capital markets or dealing in securities. Permissible securities that may be issued by an Indian company through the depository receipt mechanism are “securities” as defined under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, which includes, among other things, shares, bonds, derivatives, units of mutual funds and similar instruments issued by private companies, provided that such securities are in dematerialized form.
An Indian company may issue securities to a foreign depository for the purpose of issuing depository receipts through any mode permissible for the issue of such securities to other investors. The foreign depository may issue depository receipts by way of a public offering or private placement or in any other manner prevalent in the permissible jurisdiction. A “permissible jurisdiction” is defined as a foreign jurisdiction which is a member of the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering and whose securities regulator is a member of the International Organization of Securities Commissions.
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Under the DR Scheme, securities may be issued through the depository receipt mechanism up to such a limit that the aggregate underlying securities issued to foreign depositories for issuance of depository receipts along with securities already held by persons resident outside India does not exceed the applicable foreign investment limits prescribed by regulations framed under the FEMA. The depository receipts and the underlying securities may be converted into each other subject to the applicable foreign investment limit. For our company, there is no investment limit.
Under the 1993 Scheme, the pricing of deposit receipts for listed companies could not have been less than the average of the weekly high and low closing prices of the related shares quoted on the relevant stock exchange during the two weeks preceding the relevant date. However, the DR Scheme provides that underlying securities shall not be issued to a foreign depository for issuance of depository receipts at a price which is less than the price applicable to a corresponding mode of issuance to domestic investors.
In terms of the DR Scheme, the foreign depository is entitled to exercise voting rights, if any, associated with the underlying securities whether pursuant to voting instructions from the holder of depository receipts or otherwise. Furthermore, a holder of depository receipts issued against underlying equity shares shall have the same obligations as if it is the holder of the equity shares if it has the right to issue voting instructions.
This section describes the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to “U.S. holders” (as defined below) and the Indian stamp duty and income and goods and service tax consequences to “non-residents” (as defined below) of owning Shares or ADSs. It applies to you only if you hold your Shares or ADSs as capital assets for tax purposes. This section does not apply to you if you are a member of a special class of holders subject to special rules, including:
| • | A dealer in securities; |
| • | A trader in securities that elects to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for securities holdings; |
| • | A tax-exempt organization; |
| • | A life insurance company; |
| • | A person liable for alternative minimum tax; |
| • | A person that actually or constructively owns 10% or more of our voting stock; |
| • | A person that holds Shares or ADSs as part of a straddle or a hedging or conversion transaction; |
| • | A person that purchases or sells Shares or ADSs as part of a wash sale for tax purposes; or |
| • | A U.S. holder whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar. |
With regard to United States tax, the following discussion addresses only the material U.S. federal income tax consequences for persons that are “U.S. holders”. You are a U.S. holder if you are a beneficial owner of Shares or ADSs and you are, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
| • | An individual citizen or resident of the United States; |
| • | A corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state therein or the District of Columbia; |
| • | An estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source; or |
| • | A trust if (i) a U.S. court can exercise primary supervision over the trust’s administration and one or more U.S. persons are authorized to control all substantial decisions of the trust, or (ii) it has a valid election in effect under applicable Treasury Regulations to be treated as a U.S. person. |
With regard to Indian tax, the following discussion addresses only the tax consequences for persons that are “non-residents” of India, as defined in the Indian Income Tax Act of 1961, as amended by the Finance Act, 2018, or the Income Tax Act, and is based on the provisions of Section 115AC and other applicable provisions of the Income Tax Act and the Depository Receipts Scheme 2014, or the 2014 Scheme, which has replaced the Issue of Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds and Ordinary Shares (Through Depository Receipt Mechanism) Scheme, 1993 promulgated by the Government of India.
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For purposes of the Income Tax Act, a non-resident means a person who is not a “resident” of India. An individual is a resident of India during any fiscal year, if such person: (i) is in India in that year for 182 days or more or (ii) was in India for 365 days or more during the four preceding years and is in India for 60 days or more in that year. A firm or other association of persons is resident in India except where the control and the management of its affairs are situated wholly outside India. A company is said to be resident in India in any fiscal year if it is an Indian company or its “place of effective management”, in that year, is in India. “Place of effective management” means a place where key management and commercial decisions that are necessary for the conduct of the business of an entity as a whole are, in substance, made. The Residential test based on “place of effective management” is applicable from Fiscal 2017.
With regard to U.S. federal income tax, the following discussion is based upon the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, its legislative history, administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions and final, temporary and proposed Treasury Regulations, all as of the date hereof, changes to any of which may affect the tax consequences described herein, possibly with retroactive effect.
If an entity classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds Shares or ADSs, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner will generally depend on the status of the partner and the tax treatment of the partnership. If you hold Shares or ADSs as a partner in a partnership, you should consult your tax advisor with regard to the U.S. federal income tax treatment of an investment in our Shares or ADSs.
This discussion addresses only U.S. federal income taxation and Indian stamp duty and income and goods and service taxation. In addition, this section is based in part upon the assumption that each obligation in the deposit agreement (as amended) and any related agreement will be performed in accordance with its terms.
This summary is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of the individual tax consequences to non-resident holders for the acquisition, ownership and sale of ADSs and Shares.
Taxation of Dividends
In the descriptions below relating to Indian taxation, references to “you” are to a person resident outside India, subscribing to ADSs or Shares.
Indian Taxation
Dividends paid to you will not be subject to Indian tax. However, we have to pay a “dividend distribution tax” under section 115-O of the Income-tax Act, currently at the effective rate of 20.555% (inclusive of applicable surcharge and cess) on the amount of dividend paid out. Further, in the case of a person (other than a domestic company and certain specified trust or institutions) who is a resident in India as per the Income Tax Act, income by way of dividends from domestic companies that exceed Rs.1,000,000 in the aggregate, shall be subject to income tax at 10% per annum, per Section 115BBDA of the Income Tax Act. For taxation of such dividend, the aggregate amount in excess of Rs.1,000,000 shall be subject to income tax without any deduction with respect to any expenditure or allowance or set off of loss.
If you are a non-resident of India, the distributions made to you of additional ADSs or Shares made with respect to ADSs or Shares should not be subject to Indian tax.
U.S. Federal Income Taxation
Under the U.S. federal income tax laws, and subject to the passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, rules described below, if you are a U.S. holder, the gross amount of any distribution we pay out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes) with respect to Shares or ADSs will be a dividend that is subject to U.S. federal income taxation. If you are a non-corporate U.S. holder, dividends that constitute qualified dividend income will be taxable to you at the preferential rates applicable to long-term capital gains provided that you hold the Shares or ADSs for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the ex-dividend date and meet other holding period requirements. Dividends we pay with respect to our Shares or ADSs will generally be qualified dividend income.
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The dividend is taxable to you when you, in the case of Shares, or the depositary, in the case of ADSs, receive the dividend, actually or constructively. The dividend will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally allowed to United States corporations in respect of dividends received from other United States corporations. The amount of the dividend distribution that you must include in your income as a U.S. holder will be the U.S. dollar value of the Indian rupee payments made, determined at the spot Indian rupee/U.S. dollar rate on the date the dividend distribution is includible in your income, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. Generally, any gain or loss resulting from currency exchange fluctuations during the period from the date you include the dividend payment in your income to the date you convert the payment into U.S. dollars will be treated as ordinary income or loss and will not be eligible for the special tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income. The gain or loss generally will be income or loss from sources within the United States for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. Distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes, will be treated as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of your basis in the Shares or ADSs and thereafter as capital gain. However, we do not expect to calculate earnings and profits in accordance with U.S. federal income tax principles. Accordingly, you should expect to generally treat distributions we make as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Dividends that we pay with respect to Shares and ADSs will generally be income from sources outside the United States and will, depending on your circumstances, be either “passive” or “general” income for purposes of computing the foreign tax credit limitation allowable to you. You will not be entitled to claim a U.S. foreign tax credit for any Indian dividend distribution taxes paid by us on a distribution to you.
Taxation of Capital Gains and Losses
Indian Taxation
Capital Gains
If you are a non-resident of India, any gain realized by you on the sale of ADSs to another non-resident and any gain on conversion of ADS into shares, as per Section 47 of the Income Tax Act will not be subject to Indian capital gains tax under Section 115AC and other applicable provisions of the Income Tax Act.
Capital gains realized by you on the transfer of Shares (including Shares received in exchange of the ADSs) whether in India or outside India to a non-resident of India or Indian resident, will be liable for income tax under the provisions of the Income Tax Act.
Shares (including Shares issuable on the exchange of the ADSs) held by you for a period of more than 12 months will be treated as long-term capital assets and the capital gains arising on the sale thereof will be treated as long-term capital gains. If the Shares are held by you for a period of 12 months or less, such Shares will be treated as short-term capital assets and the capital gains arising on the sale thereof will be treated as short-term capital gains. A non-resident holder’s holding period (for purposes of determining the applicable Indian capital gains tax rate) in respect of Shares received in an exchange or redemption for ADSs commences on the date on which the request for such redemption is made.
For the purpose of computing capital gains tax on the sale of the Shares or ADSs, the cost of acquisition of such Shares received in exchange for ADSs will be determined on the basis of the prevailing price of the Shares on the BSE or NSE, as applicable, as on the date on which the request for such redemption is made, while the cost of acquisition of shares directly converted from the ADSs will be determined on the basis of the price prevailing on the BSE or NSE, as applicable, on the date of conversion into equity shares.
As per the Finance Act 2018, with effect from 1 April 2018, gain realized by you exceeding Rs.1,00,000/- in a financial year on sale of listed Shares on BSE or NSE, held for more than 12 months, will now be subject to Indian capital gains tax in accordance with a newly inserted section 112A of the Income Tax Act. The earlier exemption to such long term capital gains tax under section 10(38) of the Income Tax Act is withdrawn with certain grandfathering provisions to safeguard the interest of existing investors. The grandfathering provisions as per the newly inserted Section 112A is further discussed below for your reference. The Securities Transaction Tax (‘STT’), continues to be levied at the time of acquisition subject to exemption provided as per notification on June 5, 2017. The STT will be levied on and collected by the BSE or NSE, as applicable, on which shares are sold at the rate of 0.025% to 0.1% depending upon the nature of the transaction.
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The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) vide Notification dated 04.02.2018 issued FAQs clarifying that Cost of acquisition for Long-term Capital Asset transferred on or after April 1, 2018 shall be computed as under:
For instance, computation of LTCG on shares acquired on January 1, 2017 and sold on or after April 1, 2018, is illustrated below:
| Sr. No. |
Scenario |
Actual Cost of Acquisition (AC) |
Fair Market Value on January 1, 2018 (FMV) |
Deemed Cost for computing LTCG (DC) |
Sale Price on or after April 1, 2018 (SP) |
LTCG/ (LTCL) |
||||||||||||||||
| 1 | AC<FMV<SP DC = FV | 100 | 200 | 200 | 250 | 50 | ||||||||||||||||
| 2 | AC<FMV>SP DC = SP | 100 | 200 | |
200 (restricted to |
|
150 | NIL | * | |||||||||||||
| 3 | AC>FMV<SP DC = AC | 100 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 50 | ||||||||||||||||
| 4 | AC<FMV>SP DC = AC | 100 | 200 | 100 | ** | 50 | (50 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| * | As FMV is more than Sale Price, Deemed Cost is restricted to Sale Price resulting in LTCG as NIL. |
| ** | Though FMV > Actual Cost but since Sale Price < Actual cost, Deemed Cost is restricted to Actual cost for computation of LTCG. |
| • | In case of listed shares on recognised stock exchange, FMV is the highest price as at January 1, 2018 and in case of unlisted shares the FMV is Net Asset Value as at March 31, 2018. |
| • | The said amendment is prospective in nature and thus, gains accrued on or before March 31, 2018 shall not be taxable. |
Any gains realized by you on sale of listed Shares held for more than 12 months whether STT paid or not will be subject to Indian capital gains tax at the rate of 10% plus applicable surcharge on income tax and education cess at the applicable rates.
Capital gains realized in respect of Shares held by you for 12 months or less (short-term gain) on which STT is paid in the manner and rates set forth above, is subject to tax at the rate of 15% plus applicable surcharge on income tax and cess at the applicable rate. In the event that you do not pay STT, short-term gain will be subject to tax at variable rates with the maximum rate of 40% plus applicable rate of surcharge on income tax and cess at the applicable rate. The actual rate of tax on short-term gains depends on a number of factors, including your legal status and the type of income chargeable in India.
Tax on capital gains is to be deducted at source by the person paying for the shares in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Income Tax Act.
Capital Losses
Section 115AC does not address capital losses arising on a transfer of Shares. In general terms, losses arising from a transfer of a capital asset in India may only be set off against capital gains and not against any other income. A short-term capital loss may be set off against a capital gain, whether short-term or long-term. However, long-term capital loss may only be set off against long-term capital gain and not against short-term capital gain. To the extent that the losses are not absorbed in the year of transfer, you may carry it forward for a period of eight assessment years immediately succeeding the assessment year for which the loss was first determined and may set off against the capital gains assessable for such subsequent assessment years. In order to set off capital losses in this manner, you would be required to file appropriate and timely tax returns in India. The long-term capital loss arising on a sale of shares prior to 01.04.2018 in respect of which STT is paid may not be available for set-off against any capital gains. However, considering the fact that such long term capital gains will now be taxable as per newly inserted section 112A of the Act, you will be allowed to set-off such long term capital loss after April 1, 2018 against any future capital gains.
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U.S. Federal Income Taxation
Generally, subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, if you are a U.S. holder and you sell or otherwise dispose of your Shares or ADSs, you will recognize capital gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes equal to the difference between the U.S. dollar value of the amount you realize and your tax basis, determined in U.S. dollars, in your Shares or ADSs. If you are a non-corporate U.S. holder, your capital gain is generally taxed at preferential rates where you have a holding period greater than one year in the applicable Shares or ADSs at the time of the sale or other disposition. If you are a U.S. holder, certain limitations exist on your ability to deduct capital losses for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Your gain or loss from the disposition or other sale of Shares or ADSs will generally be income or loss from sources within the United States for foreign tax credit limitation purposes.
As discussed under “Taxation of Capital Gains and Losses—Indian Taxation”, above, you may be subject to Indian tax upon a sale or other disposition of Shares or ADSs. The Indian capital gains tax described above should be treated as a creditable tax for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, any capital gain that you recognize upon a sale of Shares or ADSs will generally be treated as U.S. source gain. Accordingly, you will not be able to claim a credit for the capital gains tax under the U.S. foreign tax credit limitation rules unless you recognize a sufficient amount of foreign source income in the appropriate U.S. foreign tax credit limitation basket in the taxable year in which you recognize the capital gain. In addition, the Securities Transaction Tax, levied and collected by BSE and NSE, as applicable depending on which shares are sold, may not be treated as a creditable tax for U.S. federal income tax purposes. You should consult your tax advisor regarding the application of the U.S. foreign tax credit rules to any Indian taxes that you are subject to in respect of a sale or disposition of the Shares or ADSs.
Passive Foreign Investment Companies
We believe that the Shares and ADSs should not be treated as stock of a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, but this conclusion is a factual determination that is made annually and thus may be subject to change. If we were to be treated as a PFIC, then gain realized on the sale or other disposition of your Shares or ADSs would in general not be treated as capital gain. Instead, if you are a U.S. holder that has not made a mark-to-market election with respect to your ADSs or Shares, you would be treated as if you had realized such gain and certain “excess distributions” ratably over your holding period for the Shares or ADSs and would be taxed at the highest tax rate in effect for each such year to which the gain was allocated, together with an interest charged in respect of the tax attributable to each such year. With certain exceptions, your Shares or ADSs will be treated as stock in a PFIC if we were a PFIC at any time during your holding period in your Shares or ADSs. Dividends that you receive from us will not be eligible for the special tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income if we are treated as a PFIC with respect to you either in the taxable year of the distribution or the preceding taxable year, but instead will be taxable at rates applicable to ordinary income.
Indian Tax Treaties
The provisions of the tax treaty entered into by India and the country of your residence will be applicable to the extent they are more beneficial to you. There is a Double Tax Avoidance Agreement between the United States and India. The Government of India has introduced a provision related to General Anti Avoidance Rules, or GAAR, under which certain arrangements could be declared to be an impermissible avoidance arrangement. The consequences of such arrangements include denial of a tax benefit or benefit under tax treaty. As per the Income Tax Act, the GAAR provisions are applicable from the Government of India’s fiscal year 2018. The Income Tax Rules in this regard have been amended, and accordingly, investments made prior to April 1, 2017 are exempt from these GAAR provisions. Further, it has been clarified by amendment to the rules that GAAR provisions would apply to any arrangement (irrespective of the date on which such arrangement has been entered into) in respect of which tax benefit has been obtained on or after April 1, 2017. Also, the Government of India has introduced a provision by which you would not be entitled to claim any relief under the tax treaty unless a tax residency certificate is obtained by you from the government of the country of which you are resident. Furthermore, you shall be required to provide such other required information as has been publicly stated by the Government of India.
Dividend income will not be subject to tax in India in your hands. If any Shares are held by you following withdrawal thereof from the depository under the deposit agreement, the provisions of a tax treaty, if any, entered into by India and the country of which you are resident will be applicable to determine the taxation of any capital gain arising from a transfer of such Shares.
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Under the 1993 Scheme, during the period of fiduciary ownership of Shares in the hands of the depository, the provisions of the tax treaty entered into by India and the country of residence of the depository will be applicable to determine the taxation of any capital gains in respect of ADSs.
Indian Stamp Duty
Under Indian law, any transfer of ADSs will be exempt from liability to Indian stamp duty. Purchasers of Shares who seek to register such Shares on our share register are required to pay Indian stamp duty at the rate of Rs.0.25 for every Rs.100 or part thereof of the market value of such Shares. In order to register a transfer of Shares in physical form with the company, it is necessary to present a stamped deed of transfer. An acquisition of Shares in physical form from the depository in exchange for ADSs representing such Shares will not render an investor liable to Indian stamp duty but we will be required to pay stamp duty at the applicable rate on the share certificate. However, since our Shares are compulsorily deliverable in dematerialized form (except for trades of up to 500 Shares which may be delivered in physical form), no stamp duty is payable on the acquisition or transfer of Shares in dematerialized form.
Indian Goods and Services Tax
Brokerage or commission fees paid to stockbrokers in India in connection with the sale or purchase of Shares are now subject to an Indian Goods and Services tax of 18% effective July 1, 2017. A stockbroker is responsible for collecting such goods and services tax at such rate and for paying the same to the relevant authority.
F. Dividends and Paying Agents
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
You may review a copy of this annual report on Form 20-F at the SEC’s public reference room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may call the SEC at 1-800-732-0330 for additional information on how to obtain copies of all or any portion of the documents we file with or furnish to the SEC. The SEC also maintains a web site www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy statements and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC.
We are subject to the information requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and, in accordance therewith, are obligated to file annual reports on Form 20-F within the time specified by the SEC and furnish other reports and information on Form 6-K to the SEC. These reports and other information can be inspected at the public reference room at the SEC. You can also obtain copies of this material from the public reference room or by calling or writing the SEC upon payment of a prescribed fee. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements to shareholders.
Not applicable.
| Item 11. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk |
Our exposure to financial risks derives primarily from changes in interest rates and foreign exchange rates. To mitigate these risks, we utilize derivative financial instruments, including interest rate option contracts and currency swap agreements, the application of which is primarily for hedging purposes and not for speculative purposes.
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Commodity price risk
Commodity price risk is the possibility of impact from changes in the price of commodities, such as non-ferrous metals (like aluminum), ferrous alloys (like steel) and others (like rubber, platinum and rhodium), which we use in production of automotive vehicles and their components.
See Note 35 of our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F for additional disclosures on market risk and financial instruments, including disclosure on the fair value of financial instruments.
| Item 12. | Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities |
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Fees Payable by ADS Holders
Citibank, N.A., as depositary under our ADS program, collects fees for issuance and cancellation of ADSs directly from investors depositing shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them on such fees as per the deposit agreement.
An ADS holder is required to pay the following service fees to the depositary:
| Service |
Fees | |
| Issuance of ADSs, delivery of deposited securities against surrender of ADSs, distribution of ADSs pursuant to stock dividends, free stock distributions or exercise of rights and distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs | Up to US$0.05 per ADS issued or surrendered or held, as applicable | |
| Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions | Up to US$0.02 per ADS held | |
| Depositary services | Up to US$0.02 per ADS held on the last business day of each calendar year | |
An ADS holder or beneficial owner will also be responsible to pay certain fees and expenses incurred by the depositary and certain taxes and governmental charges such as:
| • | Taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges; |
| • | Such registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of shares or other deposited securities on the share register and applicable to transfers of Ordinary Shares or other deposited securities to or from the name of the custodian, the depositary or any nominees upon the making of deposits and withdrawals, respectively; |
| • | Such cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery expenses as are expressly provided in the deposit agreement; |
| • | The expenses and charges incurred by the depositary in the conversion of foreign currency; |
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| • | Such fees and expenses as are incurred by the depositary in connection with compliance with exchange control regulations and other regulatory requirements applicable to shares, deposited securities, ADSs and ADRs; and |
| • | The fees and expenses incurred by the depositary, the custodian or any nominee in connection with the servicing or delivery of deposited securities. |
The fees and charges an ADS holder may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary. ADS holders will receive prior notice of increases in such fees and charges.
Fees and Other Payments Made by the Depositary to us
In Fiscal 2018, we have received US$1,640,978.56 from the depositary for standard out-of-pocket maintenance costs of our ADS program, including, but not limited to, continuing annual stock exchange listing fees, special investor promotion activities, issue-related expenses, cost for preparing and audit of IFRS accounts, legal and accounting fees associated with listing on the New York Stock Exchange, miscellaneous expenses such as costs associated with votes by ADS holders and payments made to proxy firms.
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| Item 13. | Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies |
None.
| Item 14. | Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds |
None.
| Item 15. | Controls and Procedures |
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of disclosure controls and procedures as at March 31, 2018. Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, were not effective as at March 31, 2018 as a result of a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described below.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d -15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with IFRS. Our internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that:
| i. | pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect transactions and dispositions of assets; |
| ii. | provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and |
| iii. | provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements. |
Our management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management has concluded that a material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting existed as at March 31, 2018 and hence, the internal control over financial reporting was not effective as at March 31, 2018. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
Details of the material weakness are set out below. Following the identification of these deficiency, management undertook additional procedures which have confirmed that the material weakness did not result in any material error with respect to the financial statements and, therefore, no adjustment to the financial statement was required.
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Privileged system access at third party logistics provider
We use a third party service provider to manage logistics and finance with respect to Land Rover aftermarket parts. This service provider operates its own Information Technology (IT) system, independent of Jaguar Land Rover’s IT systems and maintains the majority of financial transactions and records relating to aftermarket parts for Land Rover vehicles, which are then used for JLR’s financial statements. Two default system accounts on the provider’s IT system had privileged access rights, including the right to process transactions and make changes to data relied upon in preparation of JLR’s financial statements with respect to Land Rover aftermarket parts and were accessed during Fiscal 2018. Whilst no evidence exists to suggest these privileged accounts were used inappropriately, and they appear only to have been accessed by relevant IT personnel, we have been unable to obtain sufficient and appropriate evidence to confirm that access to these accounts was properly governed and restricted during Fiscal 2018. These accounts had access only to the provider’s IT system and not to JLRs IT systems. However, given the pervasive nature of the access provided to these privileged accounts including, for instance, the potential to make changes to system configuration within the provider’s IT system, it is not possible to rely on a number of reports generated by the provider’s IT system with respect to data used for JLR’s financial statement preparation. While the information given by the provider is subject to additional controls and review procedures operated by JLR, these procedures are largely dependent on the data coming from the provider’s IT system. In particular, such a risk has the potential to affect recognition and measurement of revenue and the valuation accuracy of inventory in respect of Land Rover aftermarket parts.
Management perform procedures such as independent checks over inventory, validation of cash allocation and settlement of sales transactions during the year. Due to the insufficient and appropriate evidence to confirm the restricted access, Management performed additional procedures to ensure that there are no material misstatements in the financial statements as a result of this deficiency. These included a review of physical security controls and the validation of inventory valuation cost against JLR purchasing data. No material misstatements have been identified in the financial statements as a result of this deficiency.
We have also worked with the third party provider to undertake remedial measures to improve the evidence that supports the appropriate granting of the privileged access and reduce the risk of such an event occurring again. To supplement this, the third party provider has introduced a new daily automated detective control that would identify any instances where such privileged access is assigned. Checking of other, relevant third-party providers has noted no such issues.
Due to its inherent limitations, however, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
The attestation report of KPMG, an independent registered public accounting firm, on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as at March 31, 2018, is included in our consolidated financial statements, beginning on page F-3 of this annual report on Form 20-F.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the period covered by this annual report, except as discussed above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.
| Item 16A. | Audit Committee Financial Expert |
Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Nasser Munjee, an independent director and a member of our Audit Committee, is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined under the applicable rules of the SEC issued pursuant to Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Mr. Munjee is independent under NYSE standards.
| Item 16B. | Code of Ethics |
We have adopted the “Tata Code of Conduct”, hereinafter referred as to the Code, which is a written code of ethics applicable to all our employees. The Code is available at all our offices and on our website at: http://corp-content.tatamotors.com.s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/tata-code-of-conduct.pdf , which website does not form part of this annual report on Form 20-F.
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In August 2004, our Audit Committee adopted a Whistle Blower Policy, or the Policy, which provides a formal mechanism for all our directors and employees to approach our management (or the Audit Committee in cases where the concern involves the senior management) and make protected disclosures to management about unethical behavior, actual or suspected fraud or violations of the Code or our ethics policies. The Policy was updated on August 9, 2017, pursuant to the provisions of the Companies Act. The Policy is an extension of the Code, which requires every employee to promptly report to management any actual or possible violation of the Code or an event such director or employee becomes aware of that could affect our business or reputation. The disclosures reported are addressed in the manner and within the time frames prescribed in the Policy. The Policy is available on our website, at http://investors.tatamotors.com/pdf/whistle-blower-policy.pdf, which website does not form part of this annual report on Form 20-F.
The information contained on our websites does not constitute a part of this annual report on Form 20-F.
| Item 16C. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services |
Our financial statements, prepared in accordance with IFRS, are audited by KPMG, a firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board in the United States.
KPMG has served as our independent public accountant for the year ended March 31, 2018, whereas Deloitte Haskins and Sells LLP, or DHS has served as our independent public accountant for the year ended March 31, 2017, for which audited financial statements appear in this annual report on Form 20-F. The following table presents the aggregate fees for professional services and other services rendered by KPMG and DHS and the various member firms of KPMG and Deloitte to us, including some of our subsidiaries in Fiscal 2018 and 2017.
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||
| US$ in million |
Rs. in million | |||||||||||||
| Audit Fees |
8.8 | 576.4 | 592.8 | Audit and review of financial statements | ||||||||||
| Tax Fees |
0.3 | 17.1 | 27.0 | Tax audit, certification of foreign remittances and tax advisory services | ||||||||||
| All Other Fees |
0.7 | 47.7 | 40.7 | Other certifications and advisory services | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
9.8 | 641.1 | 660.5 | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
The above amount in Fiscal 2018, includes Rs.125.4 million paid to predecessor accountant, Deloitte Haskins and Sells LLP and its affiliates.
Audit Committee pre-approval for services rendered by independent accountants:
| • | We have adopted a policy for pre-approval of services to be rendered by our independent accountants for us and our subsidiaries based on an elaborate procedure for ensuring auditor independence and objectivity. |
| • | At the beginning of each year, the Audit Committee approves the proposed services, including the nature, type and scope of services contemplated and/or the related fees to be rendered by these firms during the year. |
| • | In addition, Audit Committee pre-approval is also required for those engagements that may arise during the course of the year that are outside the scope of the initial services, and such fees are pre-approved by the Audit Committee. |
| • | We do not engage our independent accountants for ‘prohibited services’. |
| • | Our Audit Committee recommends the appointment and compensation of independent accountants. |
| • | In case of urgent requirements, our Chief Financial Officer and the Chairman of our Audit Committee jointly approve any services that may be rendered by our independent accountants or their member firms, and such services are subsequently ratified at the next Audit Committee meeting. |
| • | The pre-approval is not required where the fees proposed to be paid for the non-audit services do not exceed 5% of the total amount of fees paid by us to our independent accountants and their member firms during the Fiscal year, provided that such services were not recognized as non-audit services at the time of the engagement of services. Such services are also brought to the attention of the Audit Committee at the next meeting. However, in Fiscal 2018 and 2017, we obtained pre-approval for all services rendered by our independent accountant and fees from the Audit Committee. |
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| Item 16D. | Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees |
Not applicable.
| Item 16E. | Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers |
None.
| Item 16F. | Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant |
Pursuant to Section 139(2) of the Companies Act of India, 2013 (the “Companies Act”), as an Indian-listed company, TML is required to mandatorily replace its auditor once the auditor has served in this capacity for a consecutive period of ten or more years. Further, each Indian company is required to comply with this provision within three years from the date of commencement of the Companies Act. The requirement came into effect with respect to TML on April 1, 2017. Deloitte Haskins & Sells LLP (“Deloitte”), the predecessor auditor of TML, has served as TML’s auditor for a period of 11 years. Consequently, in order to ensure compliance with applicable Indian regulations, the audit committee and board of directors of TML have changed the auditor of TML for the audit period commencing on April 1, 2017.
The audit committee and board of directors of TML, at meetings on April 18, 2017, and May 23, 2017, respectively, discussed and approved the appointment of B S R & Co. LLP (“BSR”) as the successor auditor for TML and its subsidiaries for the audit period commencing April 1, 2017. BSR is an Indian limited liability partnership, with access to KPMG International’s knowledge, databases and methodologies, and also qualifies for referral practice by other member firms. While BSR will audit financial statements of TML and its subsidiaries prepared in accordance with IndAS, KPMG (“KPMG”), an Indian partnership firm, will audit financial statements of TML and its subsidiaries prepared in accordance with IFRS, and is therefore the current auditor for TML and its subsidiaries for Exchange Act reporting purposes.
Deloitte served as the statutory auditor for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, for financial statements prepared in accordance with IndAS. In accordance with the Companies Act, Deloitte’s engagement period terminated at TML’s Annual General Meeting on August 22, 2017. For purposes of Indian law, BSR’s engagement period commenced immediately upon the termination of Deloitte’s engagement. However, for purposes of applicable U.S. securities laws and regulations, Deloitte’s engagement ceased upon filing of the Fiscal 2017 Annual Report on Form 20-F with the SEC on July 28, 2017, and KPMG’s engagement period commenced as of April 1, 2017.
During the years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, and through July 28, 2017, there were no disagreements with Deloitte on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosures, or auditing scope or procedure, which such disagreements, if not resolved to the satisfaction of Deloitte, would have caused Deloitte to make reference thereto in its reports on the financial statements of TML for such years.
For the two fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, and through July 28, 2017, there were no “reportable events” as that term is described in paragraphs (A) through (D) of Item 16F(a)(1)(v) of Form 20-F.
TML provided Deloitte with a copy of the disclosure it is making in the Fiscal 2017 Annual Report on Form 20-F, and requested that Deloitte furnish TML with a letter addressed to the SEC, as contemplated under Item 16F(a)(3) of Form 20-F, stating whether Deloitte agrees with the statements made by TML in this annual report on Form 20-F, and if not, the respects in which Deloitte does not agree. A copy of Deloitte’s letter to the SEC dated July 28, 2017 is attached as Exhibit 15.2 to the Fiscal 2017 Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on July 28, 2017.
During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, neither TML, nor anyone on its behalf, consulted KPMG regarding either (i) the application of accounting principles to a specified transaction, either completed or proposed, or the type of audit opinion that might be rendered with respect to the financial statements of TML, and neither a written report was provided to TML or oral advice was provided that KPMG concluded was an important factor considered by TML in reaching a decision as to the accounting, auditing or financial reporting issue or (ii) any matter that was either the subject of a “disagreement,” as that term is defined in Item 16F(a)(1)(iv) of Form 20-F and the related instructions to Item 16F of Form 20-F, or a “reportable event,” as that term is described in Item 16F(a)(1)(v) of Form 20-F.
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| Item 16G. | Corporate Governance |
As a foreign private issuer, as defined under Rule 3b-4 of the Exchange Act, Tata Motors Limited is permitted under the NYSE listing standards to follow applicable Indian corporate governance practices with regard to various corporate governance matters. The following is a summary comparison of significant differences between our corporate governance practices and those required by the NYSE for non-U.S. issuers.
We constantly strive to evolve and follow up on our corporate governance guidelines and best practices. Our purpose has always been transparency, long term shareholder value and respect for the minority shareholders. We disclose timely and accurate information regarding our operations and performance.
This section on corporate governance as well as other relevant sections of this annual report on Form 20-F provide further details pertaining to our corporate governance mechanisms.
As on the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, there have been no further clarifications sought by our Indian regulators.
Independent directors
Our board of directors has determined the independence of its directors pursuant to applicable Indian listing requirements. As on June 30, 2018, five directors of our board of directors are independent directors pursuant to such requirements. Under such requirements, a non-executive director is considered independent if he/she:
| i. | in the opinion of the Board, is a person of integrity and possess relevant expertise and experience; |
| ii. | is or was not our promoter or a promoter of our holding, subsidiary or associate company; |
| iii. | is not related to our promoters or directors, or of our holding, subsidiary or associate company; |
| iv. | apart from receiving director’s remuneration, does not have any material pecuniary relationship with us or our holding, subsidiary and associate companies or their promoters or directors, during the two immediately preceding financial years or during the current financial year; |
| v. | has or had no pecuniary relationship or transaction entered by their relatives with us or our holding, subsidiary or associate company, or their promoters, or directors, amounting to two per cent or more of its gross turnover or total income or fifty lakh rupees or such higher amount as may be prescribed from time to time, whichever is lower, during the two immediately preceding financial years or during the current financial year; |
| vi. | has neither themselves, nor whose relative(s): |
| A. | holds or has held the position of a key managerial personnel or is or has been an employee of our Company or its holding, subsidiary or associate company in any of the three financial years immediately preceding the financial year in which he/she is proposed to be appointed; |
| B. | is or has been an employee or proprietor or a partner, in any of the three financial years immediately preceding the financial year in which he/she is proposed to be appointed, of — |
| 1. | a firm of auditors or company secretaries in practice or cost auditors of our Company or its holding, subsidiary or associate company; or |
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| 2. | any legal or a consulting firm that has or had any transaction with our Company, its holding, subsidiary or associate company amounting to ten per cent or more of the gross turnover of such firm; |
| C. | holds together with his/her relatives two per cent or more of the total voting power of our Company; or |
| D. | is a chief executive or director, by whatever name called, of any non-profit organisation that receives twenty-five per cent or more of its receipts or corpus from our Company, any of its promoters, directors or its holding, subsidiary or associate company or that holds two per cent or more of the total voting power of the listed entity; |
| E. | is a material supplier, service provider or customer or a lessor or lessee of our Company; |
| vii. | is not less than 21 years of age. |
Non-management Directors’ Meetings
The NYSE listing standards require regularly scheduled executive sessions of non-management directors without management participation or regularly scheduled executive sessions consisting of only independent directors. Under applicable Indian legal requirements, one meeting on March 22, 2018 was held, displaying full attendance of only Independent Directors thereat, for the purpose of reviewing the performance of Non-Executive Non-Independent Directors, including the Chairman of the Board and the performance of the Board and Board constituted Committees, as a whole..
Please refer to Item 10.B “Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Directors” for more information regarding our directors.
Nomination and Remuneration Committee
The NYSE listing standards require a listed company to maintain a remuneration committee, composed entirely of independent directors. Our Nomination and Remuneration Committee comprises of two independent members and one non-independent non-executive member, which is in compliance with the requirement regarding the number of independent members of the Nomination and Remuneration Committee under applicable Indian laws. We believe the constitution and main functions of our Nomination and Remuneration Committee generally comply with the spirit of the NYSE requirements for non-U.S. issuers. Please see Item 6.C “Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Board Practices—Committees” for more information regarding our Nomination and Remuneration Committee.
| Item 16H. | Mine Safety Disclosure |
Not applicable.
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| Item 17. | Financial Statements |
We have responded to Item 18 in lieu of Item 17.
| Item 18. | Financial Statements |
The information required by this item is set forth beginning on page F-1 of this annual report on Form 20-F.
|
|
Schedule 1 | Tata Motors Limited (“Parent Company”) – condensed financial information as at March 31, 2018 and 2017 and for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 on page F-95 of this annual report on Form 20-F. |
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| Item 19. | Exhibits |
We have not included as exhibits certain instruments with respect to our long-term debt, the amount of debt authorized under each of which does not exceed 10% of our total assets, and we agree to furnish a copy of any such instrument to the Securities Exchange Commission upon request.
| 1 | Incorporated by reference to our Registration Statement on Form 20-F File No. 001-32294 filed on September 15, 2004. |
| 2 | Incorporated by reference to our Registration Statement on Form F-6 File No 333-119066 filed on September 16, 2004. |
| 3 | Incorporated by reference to our annual report on Form 20-F File No. 001-32294 filed on September 27, 2005. |
| 4 | Incorporated by reference to our annual report on Form 20-F File No. 001-32294 filed on September 28, 2008. |
| 5 | Incorporated by reference to our annual report on Form 20-F File No. 001-32294 filed on July 31, 2012. |
| 6 | Incorporated by reference to our annual report on Form 20-F File No. 001-32294 filed on July 28, 2016. |
| 7 | Filed with this annual report on Form 20-F. |
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SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.
July 31, 2018
| TATA MOTORS LIMITED | ||
| By | /s/ Guenter Butschek | |
| Name: | Guenter Butschek | |
| Title: | CEO & Managing Director | |
| By | /s/ P B Balaji | |
| Name: | P B Balaji | |
| Title: | Tata Motors’ Group Chief Financial Officer | |
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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
| Page | ||||
| Consolidated Financial Statements of Tata Motors Limited and subsidiaries : |
||||
| F-2-F-5 | ||||
| F-6 | ||||
| Consolidated income statements for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 |
F-7 | |||
| Consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 |
F-8 | |||
| Consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 |
F-9 | |||
| Consolidated statements of changes in equity for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 |
F-11 | |||
| F-14 | ||||
| F-94 | ||||
F-1
Table of Contents
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of
Tata Motors Limited
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Tata Motors Limited and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2018, the related consolidated income statement, statement of comprehensive income, statement of cash flows, and statement of changes in equity for the year ended March 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedule 1 (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statement present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended March 31, 2018, in conformity with the International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IFRS”).
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated July, 31, 2018 expressed an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.
/s/ KPMG
Mumbai, India
July 31, 2018
F-2
Table of Contents
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of
Tata Motors Limited
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Tata Motors Limited’s and subsidiairies’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weakness described below, on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, the Company has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of March 31, 2018, the related consolidated income statement, statement of comprehensive income, statement of cash flows, and statement of changes in equity, for the year ended March 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedule 1 (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated July 31, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. A material weakness related to inappropriate system access restrictions at a third party logistics provider has been identified and included in management’s assessment. The material weakness was considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2018 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Item 15 under Controls and Procedures of the accompanying Form 20F titled “Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” . Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
F-3
Table of Contents
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Disclaimer on Additional Information in Management’s Report
We do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance on management’s statements, included in the accompanying Item 15 titled “Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” referring to responsive or corrective actions taken after March 31, 2018, relative to the aforementioned material weakness in internal control over financial reporting.
/s/ KPMG
Mumbai, India
July 31, 2018
F-4
Table of Contents
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of
Tata Motors Limited
Mumbai, India
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Tata Motors Limited and its subsidiaries (the “Company” or “Tata Motors”) as of March 31, 2017 , and the related consolidated income statements, statements of comprehensive income, statements of cash flows, and statements of changes in equity for each of the two years in the period ended March 31, 2017. Our audit also included the financial statement schedule balance sheet as of March 31, 2017, and the related income statements, statements of comprehensive income and statements of cash flows, for each of the two years in the period ended March 31, 2017, included as Schedule 1 at Item 18. These consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Tata Motors Limited and its subsidiaries as of March 31, 2017 , and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended March 31, 2017, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Also, in our opinion, such financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
/s/ Deloitte Haskins & Sells LLP
Mumbai, India
July 28, 2017
F-5
Table of Contents
Tata Motors Limited and subsidiaries
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| Notes | 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| ASSETS: |
||||||||||||||||
| Current assets: |
||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents |
3 | US$ | 2,258.0 | Rs. | 147,167.5 | Rs. | 139,867.6 | |||||||||
| Short-term deposits |
2,970.7 | 193,615.7 | 218,927.6 | |||||||||||||
| Finance receivables |
4 | 1,289.1 | 84,016.5 | 68,101.2 | ||||||||||||
| Trade receivables |
3,052.3 | 198,933.0 | 140,755.5 | |||||||||||||
| Investments |
6 | 2,249.9 | 146,637.5 | 150,411.5 | ||||||||||||
| Other financial assets |
7 | 896.7 | 58,443.6 | 24,647.5 | ||||||||||||
| Inventories |
9 | 6,510.1 | 424,296.2 | 352,953.8 | ||||||||||||
| Other current assets |
10 | 1,175.7 | 76,625.5 | 65,439.9 | ||||||||||||
| Current income tax assets |
32.0 | 2,087.4 | 2,231.8 | |||||||||||||
| Investments in equity accounted investees (held for sale) |
16 | 76.3 | 4,973.5 | — | ||||||||||||
| Assets classified as held for sale |
40 | 396.7 | 25,851.9 | — | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Total current assets |
20,907.5 | 1,362,648.3 | 1,163,336.4 | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Non-current assets: |
||||||||||||||||
| Finance receivables |
4 | 2,377.8 | 154,973.2 | 107,531.3 | ||||||||||||
| Investments |
6 | 116.3 | 7,576.5 | 6,868.2 | ||||||||||||
| Other financial assets |
8 | 776.3 | 50,592.8 | 36,647.7 | ||||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment |
12 | 13,048.6 | 850,444.1 | 651,199.4 | ||||||||||||
| Goodwill |
14 | 17.9 | 1,164.5 | 6,733.2 | ||||||||||||
| Intangible assets |
15 | 10,512.7 | 685,167.9 | 571,513.8 | ||||||||||||
| Investments in equity accounted investees |
16 | 750.0 | 48,878.9 | 46,060.1 | ||||||||||||
| Non-current income tax assets |
138.1 | 8,999.0 | 9,723.1 | |||||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes |
17 | 630.1 | 41,064.6 | 44,221.7 | ||||||||||||
| Other non-current assets |
11 | 374.8 | 24,427.4 | 22,811.1 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Total non-current assets |
28,742.6 | 1,873,288.9 | 1,503,309.6 | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Total assets |
US$ | 49,650.1 | Rs. | 3,235,937.2 | Rs. | 2,666,646.0 | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| LIABILITIES AND EQUITY: |
||||||||||||||||
| Liabilities: |
||||||||||||||||
| Current liabilities: |
||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable |
12,345.2 | 804,601.6 | 610,201.4 | |||||||||||||
| Acceptances |
752.0 | 49,013.4 | 48,342.4 | |||||||||||||
| Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt |
18 | 4,254.5 | 277,287.4 | 179,526.7 | ||||||||||||
| Other financial liabilities |
20 | 1,827.7 | 119,118.6 | 182,202.0 | ||||||||||||
| Provisions |
22 | 1,218.5 | 79,418.5 | 58,082.7 | ||||||||||||
| Other current liabilities |
23 | 1,105.5 | 72,050.7 | 60,605.2 | ||||||||||||
| Current income tax liabilities |
239.2 | 15,590.7 | 13,925.8 | |||||||||||||
| Liabilities directly associated with Assets classified as held for sale |
40 | 164.2 | 10,701.8 | — | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Total current liabilities |
21,906.8 | 1,427,782.7 | 1,152,886.2 | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Non-current liabilities: |
||||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt |
19 | 9,381.2 | 611,419.4 | 605,644.5 | ||||||||||||
| Other financial liabilities |
21 | 427.9 | 27,887.4 | 114,664.3 | ||||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes |
17 | 939.9 | 61,257.8 | 11,806.4 | ||||||||||||
| Provisions |
22 | 1,680.0 | 109,493.3 | 90,025.1 | ||||||||||||
| Other liabilities |
24 | 1,291.1 | 84,149.3 | 152,777.3 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Total non-current liabilities |
13,720.1 | 894,207.2 | 974,917.6 | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Total liabilities |
35,626.9 | 2,321,989.9 | 2,127,803.8 | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Equity: |
||||||||||||||||
| Ordinary shares |
25 | 88.6 | 5,775.2 | 5,775.2 | ||||||||||||
| ‘A’ Ordinary shares |
25 | 15.6 | 1,017.0 | 1,017.0 | ||||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital |
4,009.3 | 261,303.4 | 261,303.4 | |||||||||||||
| Reserves* |
9,739.6 | 634,764.4 | 529,009.9 | |||||||||||||
| Other components of equity |
26 | 87.9 | 5,729.8 | (262,908.5 | ) | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Equity attributable to shareholders of Tata Motors Limited |
13,941.0 | 908,589.8 | 534,197.0 | |||||||||||||
| Non-controlling interests |
82.2 | 5,357.5 | 4,645.2 | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Total equity |
14,023.2 | 913,947.3 | 538,842.2 | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Total liabilities and equity |
US$ | 49,650.1 | Rs. | 3,235,937.2 | Rs. | 2,666,646.0 | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| * | Includes other comprehensive income relating to assets classified as held for sale amounting to Rs. 125.9 million as at March 31, 2018. |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
F-6
Table of Contents
Tata Motors Limited and subsidiaries
Consolidated Income Statements
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Notes | 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||
| (In millions, except per share amounts) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues |
US$ | 43,834.4 | Rs. | 2,856,910.8 | Rs. | 2,632,176.8 | Rs. | 2,682,793.8 | ||||||||||||
| Finance revenues |
399.5 | 26,040.3 | 24,318.3 | 22,318.8 | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Total revenues |
44,233.9 | 2,882,951.1 | 2,656,495.1 | 2,705,112.6 | ||||||||||||||||
| Change in inventories of finished goods and work-in-progress |
(314.0 | ) | (20,465.8 | ) | (73,751.2 | ) | (27,540.1 | ) | ||||||||||||
| Purchase of products for sale |
2,440.2 | 159,039.9 | 139,245.3 | 128,494.6 | ||||||||||||||||
| Raw materials, components, and consumables |
26,360.2 | 1,718,028.0 | 1,593,803.1 | 1,536,255.1 | ||||||||||||||||
| Employee cost |
28 | 4,643.2 | 302,624.8 | 283,588.0 | 288,117.4 | |||||||||||||||
| Defined benefit pension plan amendment |
32 | (553.7 | ) | (36,090.1 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization |
3,219.3 | 209,818.2 | 182,405.4 | 168,074.9 | ||||||||||||||||
| Other expenses |
29 | 9,662.5 | 629,755.4 | 608,461.6 | 585,321.4 | |||||||||||||||
| Provision/(Reversal) for loss of inventory (net of insurance recoveries) |
9 | (1.7 | ) | (111.9 | ) | (13,301.0 | ) | 16,383.9 | ||||||||||||
| Expenditure capitalized |
(2,852.0 | ) | (185,882.0 | ) | (168,768.8 | ) | (166,783.2 | ) | ||||||||||||
| Assets written off/loss on sale of assets and others (net) |
15 | (4) | 447.2 | 29,148.6 | 11,418.6 | 9,477.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Other (income)/loss (net) |
30 | (734.5 | ) | (47,873.3 | ) | (39,590.1 | ) | (12,613.0 | ) | |||||||||||
| Foreign exchange (gain)/loss (net) |
42.3 | 2,758.8 | 13,284.8 | 20,588.0 | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest income |
(109.3 | ) | (7,122.4 | ) | (5,640.7 | ) | (7,186.6 | ) | ||||||||||||
| Interest expense (net) |
31 | 711.4 | 46,365.0 | 42,365.7 | 47,912.6 | |||||||||||||||
| Share of (profit)/loss of equity accounted investees (net) |
16 | (349.6 | ) | (22,782.6 | ) | (14,930.0 | ) | (5,774.7 | ) | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Net income before tax |
1,622.4 | 105,740.5 | 97,904.4 | 124,384.9 | ||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense |
17 | (583.9 | ) | (38,058.5 | ) | (35,670.0 | ) | (27,512.7 | ) | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Net income |
US$ | 1,038.5 | Rs. | 67,682.0 | Rs. | 62,234.4 | Rs. | 96,872.2 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Attributable to: |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Shareholders of Tata Motors Limited |
1,022.8 | 66,660.8 | 61,210.5 | 95,883.4 | ||||||||||||||||
| Non-controlling interests |
15.7 | 1,021.2 | 1,023.9 | 988.8 | ||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share: |
39 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Ordinary shares: |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic |
US$ | 0.3 | Rs. | 19.6 | Rs. | 18.0 | Rs. | 28.4 | ||||||||||||
| Diluted |
US$ | 0.3 | Rs. | 19.6 | Rs. | 18.0 | Rs. | 28.4 | ||||||||||||
| ‘A’ Ordinary shares: |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic |
US$ | 0.3 | Rs. | 19.7 | Rs. | 18.1 | Rs. | 28.5 | ||||||||||||
| Diluted |
US$ | 0.3 | Rs. | 19.7 | Rs. | 18.1 | Rs. | 28.5 | ||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
F-7
Table of Contents
Tata Motors Limited and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Net income |
US$ | 1,038.5 | Rs. | 67,682.0 | Rs. | 62,234.4 | Rs. | 96,872.2 | ||||||||
| Other comprehensive income : |
||||||||||||||||
| (i) Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit and loss : |
||||||||||||||||
| Remeasurement gains and (losses) on defined benefit obligations (net) |
717.3 | 46,751.0 | (78,045.0 | ) | 49,062.3 | |||||||||||
| Share of remeasurement gains and (losses) on defined benefit obligations (net) of equity accounted investees |
(0.7 | ) | (47.5 | ) | (40.0 | ) | (8.7 | ) | ||||||||
| Income tax relating to items that will not be reclassified subsequently |
(116.8 | ) | (7,613.9 | ) | 12,407.4 | (11,402.1 | ) | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| 599.8 | 39,089.6 | (65,677.6 | ) | 37,651.5 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| (ii) Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit and loss : |
||||||||||||||||
| Currency translation differences |
1,480.4 | 96,484.5 | (94,148.0 | ) | 16,856.7 | |||||||||||
| Gain/(loss) on cash flow hedges (net) |
3,176.9 | 207,055.7 | (157,447.3 | ) | 5,370.3 | |||||||||||
| Available-for-sale investments |
6.1 | 399.6 | 752.6 | 4.7 | ||||||||||||
| Share of other comprehensive income of equity accounted investees |
62.1 | 4,044.2 | (3,047.0 | ) | 291.1 | |||||||||||
| Income tax relating to items that may be reclassified subsequently |
(599.5 | ) | (39,069.7 | ) | 29,298.9 | (1,637.1 | ) | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| 4,126.0 | 268,914.3 | (224,590.8 | ) | 20,885.7 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Other comprehensive income/(loss) for the year, net of tax (i+ii) |
4,725.8 | 308,003.9 | (290,268.4 | ) | 58,537.2 | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total comprehensive income/(loss) for the year |
US$ | 5,764.3 | Rs. | 375,685.9 | Rs. | (228,034.0 | ) | Rs. | 155,409.4 | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Attributable to: |
||||||||||||||||
| Shareholders of Tata Motors Limited |
5,744.5 | 374,392.8 | (228,715.6 | ) | 154,323.2 | |||||||||||
| Non-controlling interests |
19.8 | 1,293.1 | 681.6 | 1,086.2 | ||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
F-8
Table of Contents
Tata Motors Limited and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: |
||||||||||||||||
| Net income |
US$ | 1,038.5 | Rs. 67,682.0 | Rs. 62,234.4 | Rs. 96,872.2 | |||||||||||
| Adjustments for: |
||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization expense |
3,219.3 | 209,818.2 | 182,405.4 | 168,074.9 | ||||||||||||
| Inventory write-down/(reversals) |
93.2 | 6,074.2 | (4,579.1 | ) | 25,012.2 | |||||||||||
| Allowances for finance receivables |
3.9 | 255.2 | 5,653.5 | 8,600.3 | ||||||||||||
| Defined benefit pension plan ammendment |
(553.7 | ) | (36,090.1 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||
| Allowances for trade and other receivables |
2.2 | 145.7 | 1,706.0 | 6,719.1 | ||||||||||||
| Impairment of Goodwill |
— | — | 142.5 | — | ||||||||||||
| Share of (profit)/loss of equity accounted investees (net) |
(349.6 | ) | (22,782.6 | ) | (14,930.0 | ) | (5,774.7 | ) | ||||||||
| Loss on sale of assets/assets written off and others (net) |
365.6 | 23,825.5 | 11,418.6 | 9,477.4 | ||||||||||||
| (Gain) on sale/loss on fair valuation of available-for-sale investments (net) |
(24.0 | ) | (1,561.7 | ) | (1,826.0 | ) | (1,813.9 | ) | ||||||||
| (Gain)/Loss on change in fair value of commodity derivatives |
2.6 | 170.9 | (12,973.4 | ) | 5,818.7 | |||||||||||
| Fair value gain on disposal of joint venture |
(2.9 | ) | (190.6 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||
| Foreign exchange (gain)/loss (net) |
41.0 | 2,673.5 | (12,840.5 | ) | 1,507.9 | |||||||||||
| Income tax expense |
583.9 | 38,058.5 | 35,670.0 | 27,512.7 | ||||||||||||
| Interest expense |
711.4 | 46,365.0 | 42,365.7 | 47,912.6 | ||||||||||||
| Interest income |
(109.3 | ) | (7,122.4 | ) | (5,640.7 | ) | (7,186.6 | ) | ||||||||
| Dividend income and income on mutual funds |
(2.4 | ) | (157.7 | ) | (105.1 | ) | (422.7 | ) | ||||||||
| Gain on fair value of below market interest loans |
(0.9 | ) | (60.2 | ) | (465.2 | ) | (508.1 | ) | ||||||||
| Non-cash dividend income on mutual funds |
— | — | — | (24.0 | ) | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities before changes in following assets and liabilities |
5,018.8 | 327,103.4 | 288,236.1 | 381,778.0 | ||||||||||||
| Trade receivables |
(663.8 | ) | (43,265.8 | ) | (23,677.8 | ) | (7,945.6 | ) | ||||||||
| Finance receivables |
(976.0 | ) | (63,612.2 | ) | (17,916.3 | ) | (13,954.5 | ) | ||||||||
| Other financial assets |
(517.5 | ) | (33,730.5 | ) | (1,193.2 | ) | (4,066.1 | ) | ||||||||
| Other current assets |
27.9 | 1,820.0 | (7,700.4 | ) | 1,373.3 | |||||||||||
| Inventories |
(546.3 | ) | (35,604.3 | ) | (66,309.4 | ) | (57,341.5 | ) | ||||||||
| Other non-current assets |
(4.7 | ) | (307.6 | ) | (4,292.0 | ) | (1,100.4 | ) | ||||||||
| Accounts payable |
1,113.4 | 72,565.7 | 84,935.1 | 40,776.5 | ||||||||||||
| Acceptances |
9.7 | 631.0 | 8,527.3 | (974.3 | ) | |||||||||||
| Other current liabilities |
86.4 | 5,631.7 | 7,854.0 | 8,359.4 | ||||||||||||
| Other financial liabilities |
236.6 | 15,419.8 | 7,651.3 | 7,292.2 | ||||||||||||
| Other non-current liabilities |
(719.3 | ) | (46,878.3 | ) | 16,348.7 | 27,586.4 | ||||||||||
| Provisions |
1,058.8 | 69,012.9 | 29,594.9 | 13,327.4 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Cash generated from operations |
4,124.0 | 268,785.8 | 322,058.3 | 395,110.8 | ||||||||||||
| Income tax paid (net) |
(463.5 | ) | (30,211.6 | ) | (18,951.0 | ) | (20,397.8 | ) | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities |
3,660.5 | 238,574.2 | 303,107.3 | 374,713.0 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities: |
||||||||||||||||
| Deposits with banks/financial institutions |
(7,344.6 | ) | (478,682.9 | ) | (447,429.4 | ) | (434,418.0 | ) | ||||||||
| Realization of deposits with banks / financial institutions |
8,031.3 | 523,438.0 | 334,465.5 | 414,663.0 | ||||||||||||
| (Purchase)/sale of available-for-sale investments (net) |
362.3 | 23,610.9 | 19,143.8 | (47,147.3 | ) | |||||||||||
| Purchases of available-for-sale investments/other investments |
(50.4 | ) | (3,287.8 | ) | (63.6 | ) | (128.7 | ) | ||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale investments/other investments |
3.0 | 194.3 | 506.1 | 892.1 | ||||||||||||
| Excess of cash acquired on acquisition of subsidiary company |
2.2 | 144.5 | — | — | ||||||||||||
F-9
Table of Contents
Tata Motors Limited and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Deposits of margin money and other restricted deposits |
US$ | (60.1 | ) | Rs.(3,917.6) | Rs.(4,192.5) | Rs.(57,287.5 | ) | |||||||||
| Realization of margin money and other restricted deposits |
32.7 | 2,134.0 | 7,862.2 | 55,327.0 | ||||||||||||
| (Increase)/decrease in short term inter-corporate deposits |
— | — | 300.0 | 650.0 | ||||||||||||
| Loan to others |
— | — | (97.8 | ) | (7.5 | ) | ||||||||||
| Repayment of loan by others |
— | — | 7.5 | 83.3 | ||||||||||||
| Repayments of loan by joint operation |
— | — | 1,325.0 | — | ||||||||||||
| Investments in equity accounted investees |
(0.6 | ) | (42.1 | ) | (1,069.5 | ) | — | |||||||||
| Dividends received from equity accounted investees |
273.4 | 17,816.4 | 6,091.9 | 154.2 | ||||||||||||
| Interest received |
105.9 | 6,904.7 | 6,381.8 | 7,309.6 | ||||||||||||
| Dividend received |
2.4 | 157.7 | 105.1 | 422.7 | ||||||||||||
| Payments for property, plant and equipment |
(3,048.0 | ) | (198,654.3 | ) | (162,798.7 | ) | (159,537.9 | ) | ||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment |
4.6 | 303.0 | 533.9 | 588.4 | ||||||||||||
| Payments for intangible assets |
(2,334.3 | ) | (152,134.9 | ) | (143,798.9 | ) | (152,064.7 | ) | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities |
(4,020.2 | ) | (262,016.1 | ) | (382,727.6 | ) | (370,501.3 | ) | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities: |
||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of shares |
— | — | * | 45.5 | 74,904.8 | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of shares to non-controlling interests shareholders |
— | — | 6.2 | 1.9 | ||||||||||||
| Shares issuance costs |
— | — | — | (572.6 | ) | |||||||||||
| Dividends paid (including dividend distribution tax) |
— | — | (730.0 | ) | — | |||||||||||
| Dividends paid to non-controlling interests shareholders of subsidiaries (including dividend distribution tax) |
(8.6 | ) | (559.7 | ) | (482.2 | ) | (1,058.6 | ) | ||||||||
| Interest paid |
(830.2 | ) | (54,106.4 | ) | (52,223.8 | ) | (56,068.2 | ) | ||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of short-term debt |
2,302.8 | 150,087.3 | 150,052.6 | 84,602.0 | ||||||||||||
| Repayment of short-term debt |
(2,973.0 | ) | (193,766.2 | ) | (117,537.1 | ) | (90,004.4 | ) | ||||||||
| Net change in other short-term debt (with maturity up to three months) |
1,124.4 | 73,282.4 | (7,662.5 | ) | (13,377.4 | ) | ||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt |
2,333.9 | 152,108.8 | 183,845.2 | 110,587.0 | ||||||||||||
| Repayments of long-term debt |
(1,624.4 | ) | (105,872.5 | ) | (92,121.3 | ) | (145,854.8 | ) | ||||||||
| Debt issuance cost |
(10.1 | ) | (656.7 | ) | (1,139.6 | ) | (1,088.4 | ) | ||||||||
| Distribution to non-controlling interests |
(6.1 | ) | (399.9 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities |
308.7 | 20,117.1 | 62,053.0 | (37,928.7 | ) | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Net change in cash and cash equivalents |
(51.0 | ) | (3,324.8 | ) | (17,567.3 | ) | (33,717.0 | ) | ||||||||
| Classified as held for sale |
(37.4 | ) | (2,439.4 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||
| Effect of foreign exchange on cash and cash equivalents |
200.4 | 13,064.1 | (14,101.2 | ) | 7,822.2 | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the year |
2,146.0 | 139,867.6 | 171,536.1 | 197,430.9 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents, end of the year |
US$ | 2,258.0 | Rs.147,167.5 | Rs.139,867.6 | Rs.171,536.1 | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Non-cash transactions: |
||||||||||||||||
| Liability towards property, plant and equipment and intangible assets purchased on credit/deferred credit |
US$ | 1,280.6 | Rs.83,465.4 | Rs.33,463.5 | Rs.37,960.4 | |||||||||||
| Increase/(decrease) in liabilities arising from financing activities on account of non-cash transactions: |
||||||||||||||||
| Exchange differences |
US$ | 424.7 | Rs.27,680.3 | |||||||||||||
| Classified as held for sale |
US$ | (21.9 | ) | Rs.(1,425.5 | ) | |||||||||||
| Amortisation of prepaid discounting charges |
US$ | 31.1 | Rs.2,027.0 | |||||||||||||
| * | less than Rs. 50,000 |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
F-10
Table of Contents
Tata Motors Limited and subsidiaries
Consolidated statements of changes in equity
For each of the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016
| Other components of equity | Reserves* | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share capital |
Additional paid-in capital |
Currency translation reserve |
Available- for-sale investments |
Hedging reserve |
Capital redemption reserve |
Debenture redemption reserve |
Reserve for research and human resource development |
Special reserve |
Earned surplus reserve |
Retained earnings |
Equity attributable to shareholders of Tata Motors Limited |
Non-controlling interests |
Total equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as at April 1, 2017 |
Rs. | 6,792.2 | Rs. | 261,303.4 | Rs. | (50,933.2 | ) | Rs. | 1,062.8 | Rs. | (213,038.1 | ) | Rs. | 22.8 | Rs. | 10,859.5 | Rs. | 1,644.3 | Rs. | 2,924.5 | Rs. | 317.1 | Rs. | 513,241.7 | Rs. | 534,197.0 | Rs. | 4,645.2 | Rs. | 538,842.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income for the year |
66,660.8 | 66,660.8 | 1,021.2 | 67,682.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income /(loss) for the year |
100,322.0 | 359.3 | 167,957.0 | 39,093.7 | 307,732.0 | 271.9 | 308,003.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
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|
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total comprehensive income/(loss) for the year |
— | — | 100,322.0 | 359.3 | 167,957.0 | — | — | — | — | — | 105,754.5 | 374,392.8 | 1,293.1 | 375,685.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
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|
|
|
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|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issue of shares held in abeyance |
0.0 | ** | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.0 | ** | — | 0.0 | ** | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-controlling interest on Acquisitions during the year |
— | 986.2 | 986.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Distribution to non-controlling interest |
(399.9 | ) | (399.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Changes to non-controlling interest |
(607.4 | ) | (607.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividend paid (including dividend tax) |
— | (559.7 | ) | (559.7 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transfer (from)/to retained earnings |
349.6 | 869.7 | 118.8 | (1,338.1 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as at March 31, 2018 |
Rs. | 6,792.2 | Rs. | 261,303.4 | Rs. | 49,388.8 | Rs. | 1,422.1 | Rs. | (45,081.1 | ) | Rs. | 22.8 | Rs. | 10,859.5 | Rs. | 1,993.9 | Rs. | 3,794.2 | Rs. | 435.9 | Rs. | 617,658.1 | Rs. | 908,589.8 | Rs. | 5,357.5 | Rs. | 913,947.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rs. | 5,729.8 | Rs. | 634,764.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| US$ | 104.2 | US$ | 4,009.3 | US$ | 757.8 | US$ | 21.8 | US$ | (691.7 | ) | US$ | 0.3 | US$ | 166.6 | US$ | 30.6 | US$ | 58.5 | US$ | 6.7 | US$ | 9,476.9 | US$ | 13,941.0 | US$ | 82.2 | US$ | 14,023.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| US$ | 87.9 | US$ | 9,739.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| * | Refer to note 27 |
| ** | Less than Rs.50,000 |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
F-11
Table of Contents
| Other components of equity | Reserves* | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share capital |
Additional paid-in capital |
Currency translation reserve |
Available- for-sale investments |
Hedging reserve |
Capital redemption reserve |
Debenture redemption reserve |
Reserve for research and human resource development |
Special reserve |
Earned surplus reserve |
Retained earnings |
Equity attributable to shareholders of Tata Motors Limited |
Non-controlling interests |
Total equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as at April 1, 2016 |
Rs. | 6,791.8 | Rs. | 261,258.3 | Rs. | 45,936.6 | Rs. | 274.6 | Rs. | (84,860.0 | ) | Rs. | 22.8 | Rs. | 10,421.6 | Rs. | 1,644.3 | Rs. | 2,924.5 | Rs. | 235.3 | Rs. | 518,947.3 | Rs. | 763,597.1 | Rs. | 4,439.6 | Rs. | 768,036.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income for the year |
61,210.5 | 61,210.5 | 1,023.9 | 62,234.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income /(loss) for the year |
(96,869.8 | ) | 788.2 | (128,178.1 | ) | (65,666.4 | ) | (289,926.1 | ) | (342.3 | ) | (290,268.4 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total comprehensive income for the year |
— | — | (96,869.8 | ) | 788.2 | (128,178.1 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | (4,455.9 | ) | (228,715.6 | ) | 681.6 | (228,034.0 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
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|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issue of shares held in abeyance |
0.4 | 45.1 | 45.5 | 45.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares issued to non-controlling interests |
— | 6.2 | 6.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividend paid (including dividend tax) |
(730.0 | ) | (730.0 | ) | (482.2 | ) | (1,212.2 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transfer to debenture redemption reserve |
437.9 | (437.9 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transfer to earned surplus reserve |
81.8 | (81.8 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as at March 31, 2017 |
Rs. | 6,792.2 | Rs. | 261,303.4 | Rs. | (50,933.2 | ) | Rs. | 1,062.8 | Rs. | (213,038.1 | ) | Rs. | 22.8 | Rs. | 10,859.5 | Rs. | 1,644.3 | Rs. | 2,924.5 | Rs. | 317.1 | Rs. | 513,241.7 | Rs. | 534,197.0 | Rs. | 4,645.2 | Rs. | 538,842.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Rs. | (262,908.5 | ) | Rs. | 529,009.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| * | Refer to note 27 |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
F-12
Table of Contents
| Other components of equity | Reserves* | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share capital |
Additional paid-in capital |
Currency translation reserve |
Available- for-sale investments |
Hedging reserve |
Capital redemption reserve |
Debenture redemption reserve |
Reserve for research and human resource development |
Special reserve |
Earned surplus reserve |
Retained earnings |
Equity attributable to shareholders of Tata Motors Limited |
Non-controlling interests |
Total equity |
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| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as at April 1, 2015 |
Rs. | 6,437.8 | Rs. | 187,280.1 | Rs. | 28,887.9 | Rs. | 280.6 | Rs. | (88,603.2 | ) | Rs. | 22.8 | Rs. | 10,421.6 | Rs. | 1,644.3 | Rs. | 2,695.8 | Rs. | 140.0 | Rs. | 385,734.0 | Rs. | 534,941.7 | Rs. | 4,410.1 | Rs. | 539,351.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income for the year |
95,883.4 | 95,883.4 | 988.8 | 96,872.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income /(loss) for the year |
17,048.7 | (6.0 | ) | 3,743.2 | 37,653.9 | 58,439.8 | 97.4 | 58,537.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Total comprehensive income for the year |
— | — | 17,048.7 | (6.0 | ) | 3,743.2 | — | — | — | — | — | 133,537.3 | 154,323.2 | 1,086.2 | 155,409.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Issue of shares pursuant to Rights (net of issue expenses of Rs. 572.6 million) |
354.0 | 73,978.2 | 74,332.2 | 74,332.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares issued to non-controlling interests |
— | 1.9 | 1.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividend paid (including dividend tax) |
— | (1,058.6 | ) | (1,058.6 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transfer to earned surplus reserve |
95.3 | (95.3 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transfer to special reserve |
228.7 | (228.7 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Balance as at March 31, 2016 |
Rs. | 6,791.8 | Rs. | 261,258.3 | Rs. | 45,936.6 | Rs. | 274.6 | Rs. | (84,860.0 | ) | Rs. | 22.8 | Rs. | 10,421.6 | Rs. | 1,644.3 | Rs. | 2,924.5 | Rs. | 235.3 | Rs. | 518,947.3 | Rs. | 763,597.1 | Rs. | 4,439.6 | Rs. | 768,036.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Rs. | (38,648.8 | ) | Rs. | 534,195.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| * | Refer to note 27 |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
F-13
Table of Contents
Tata Motors Limited and subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
| 1. | Background and operations |
Tata Motors Limited and its subsidiaries and joint operations, (collectively referred to as “the Company” or “Tata Motors”), designs, manufactures and sells a wide range of automotive vehicles. The Company provides financing for the vehicles sold by dealers of the Company in certain markets. The Company also manufactures engines for industrial and marine applications, aggregates such as axles and transmissions for commercial vehicles and factory automation equipment, and provides information technology services.
Tata Motors Limited is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in India and has its registered office at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
The Company’s subsidiaries include the Jaguar Land Rover business (referred to as JLR or Jaguar Land Rover).
As on March 31, 2018, Tata Sons Limited (or Tata Sons), together with its subsidiaries, owns 36.46% of the Ordinary shares and 0.09% of ‘A’ Ordinary shares of Tata Motors Limited, and has the ability to significantly influence the Company’s operations (refer note 25 for voting rights relating to Ordinary shares and ‘A’ Ordinary shares).
The consolidated financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors and authorized for issue on July 31, 2018.
| 2. | Significant accounting policies |
| a. | Statement of compliance |
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (referred to as “IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (referred to as “IASB”).
| b. | Basis of preparation |
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on historical cost basis except for certain financial instruments measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period as explained in the accounting policies below.
| c. | Basis of consolidation |
Subsidiaries
The consolidated financial statements include Tata Motors Limited and its subsidiaries. Subsidiaries are entities controlled by the Company. Control exists when the Company (a) has power over the investee, (b) it is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and (c) has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee. The Company reassesses whether or not it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements listed above. In assessing control, potential voting rights that currently are exercisable are taken into account. The results of subsidiaries acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated financial statements from the effective date of acquisition and up to the effective date of disposal, as appropriate.
Inter-company transactions and balances including unrealized profits are eliminated in full on consolidation.
Non-controlling interests in the net assets (excluding goodwill) of consolidated subsidiaries are identified separately from the Company’s equity. The interest of non-controlling shareholders may be initially measured either at fair value or at the non-controlling interests’ proportionate share of the fair value of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets. The choice of measurement basis is made on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis. Subsequent to acquisition, the carrying amount of non-controlling interests is the amount of those interests at initial recognition plus the non-controlling interests’ share of subsequent changes in equity. Total comprehensive income is attributed to non-controlling interests even if it results in the non-controlling interest having a deficit balance.
Changes in the Company’s interests in subsidiaries that do not result in a loss of control are accounted for as equity transactions. The carrying amount of the Company’s interests and the non-controlling interests are adjusted to reflect the changes in their relative interests in the subsidiaries. Any difference between the amount by which the non-controlling interests are adjusted and the fair value of the consideration paid or received is recognized directly in equity and attributed to owners of the Company.
F-14
Table of Contents
When the Company loses control of a subsidiary, the profit or loss on disposal is calculated as the difference between (i) the aggregate of the fair value of consideration received and the fair value of any retained interest and (ii) the previous carrying amount of the assets (including goodwill), and liabilities of the subsidiary and any non-controlling interests. Amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income in relation to the subsidiary are accounted for (i.e., reclassified to profit or loss) in the same manner as would be required if the relevant assets or liabilities were disposed off. The fair value of any investment retained in the former subsidiary at the date when control is lost is regarded as the fair value on initial recognition for subsequent accounting under IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement or, when applicable, the cost on initial recognition of an investment in an associate or jointly controlled entity.
Interests in joint arrangements
A joint arrangement is an arrangement of which two or more parties have joint control. Joint control is the contractually agreed sharing of control of an arrangement, which exists only when decisions about the relevant activities require the unanimous consent of the parties sharing control.
Joint operations
Certain of the Company’s activities, are conducted through joint operations, which are joint arrangements whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the assets, and obligations for the liabilities, relating to the arrangement. The Company recognizes, in the consolidated financial statements, its share of the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of these joint operations incurred jointly with the other partners, along with its share of income from the sale of the output and any assets, liabilities and expenses that it has incurred in relation to the joint operation.
Joint ventures
A joint venture is a joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the net assets of the arrangement. The results, assets and liabilities of a joint venture are incorporated in these financial statements using the equity method of accounting as described below.
Associates
Associates are those entities in which the Company has significant influence. Significant influence is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee but not control or joint control of those policies. Significant influence is presumed to exist when the Company holds between 20 and 50 percent of the voting power of another entity. The results, assets and liabilities of associates are incorporated in these financial statements using the equity method of accounting as described below.
Equity method of accounting (equity accounted investees)
An interest in an associate or joint venture is accounted for using the equity method from the date in which the investee becomes an associate or a joint venture and are recognized initially at cost. The Company’s investment includes goodwill identified on acquisition, net of any accumulated impairment losses. The consolidated financial statements include the Company’s share of profits or losses and equity movements of equity accounted investees, from the date that significant influence or joint control commences until the date that significant influence or joint control ceases. When the Company’s share of losses exceeds its interest in an equity accounted investee, the carrying amount of that interest (including any long-term investments in the nature of net investments) is reduced to nil and the recognition of further losses is discontinued except to the extent that the Company has an obligation or has made payments on behalf of the investee.
When the Company transacts with an associate or joint venture of the Company, unrealized profits and losses are eliminated to the extent of the Company’s interest in its associate or joint venture.
| d. | Business Combinations |
Acquisitions of subsidiaries and businesses are accounted for using the acquisition method. Acquisition related costs are recognized in profit or loss as incurred. The acquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities
F-15
Table of Contents
that meet the conditions for recognition are recognized at their fair value at the acquisition date, except certain assets and liabilities required to be measured as per the applicable standard.
Purchase consideration in excess of the Company’s interest in the acquiree’s net fair value of identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities is recognized as goodwill. Excess of the Company’s interest in the net fair value of the acquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities over the purchase consideration is recognized, after reassessment of fair value of net assets acquired, in the income statement.
| e. | Use of estimates and judgments |
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions, that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income, expenses and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of these financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the years presented. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed at each balance sheet date. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised and future periods affected.
In particular, information about significant areas of estimation uncertainty and critical judgments in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the financial statements are included in the following notes:
| i) | Note 12 and 15 – Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets - useful lives and impairment, product development costs – capitalization |
| ii) | Note 14 – Impairment of goodwill |
| iii) | Note 15 – Impairment of indefinite life intangible assets |
| iv) | Note 17 – Recoverability/recognition of deferred tax assets |
| v) | Note 22 – Provision for product warranty |
| vi) | Note 32 – Measurement of assets and obligations relating to employee benefits |
| vii) | Note 5 – Allowances for credit losses for finance receivables |
| viii) | Estimated discounts/incentives required to be paid to dealers on retail of vehicles Previously wholesaled |
| f. | Revenue recognition |
Revenue is measured at fair value of consideration received or receivable.
i) Sale of products
The Company recognizes revenues on the sale of products, net of discounts, sales incentives, customer bonuses and rebates granted, when products are delivered to dealers or when delivered to a carrier for export sales, which is when title and risks and rewards of ownership pass to the customer. Sale of products includes export and other recurring and non-recurring incentives from governments (referred to as “incentives”). Sale of products is presented net of excise duty where applicable and other indirect taxes.
Revenues are recognized when collectability of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured.
For sale with repurchase agreements, revenue is measured as the difference between initial sale price and agreed repurchase price. Such revenue is recognized on a straight line basis over the terms of the agreement.
If the sale of products includes a determinable amount for subsequent services (multiple component contracts) the related revenues are deferred and recognized as income over the relevant service period. Amounts are normally recognized as income by reference to the pattern of related expenditure.
Incentives are recognized when there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions and the incentive will be received. Incentives are recorded at fair value where applicable. Revenues include incentives of Rs. 8,929.6 million, Rs. 9,302.2 million and Rs.20,814.4 million for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
During the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, Rs.4,746.4 million, Rs.5,610.4 million and Rs.9,960.8 million, respectively (included above), were received by a foreign subsidiary as an indirect tax incentive that requires
F-16
Table of Contents
the subsidiary to meet certain criteria relating to vehicle efficiency and investment in engineering and research and development. The indirect tax incentive received is reduced from indirect tax, which in turn is netted off against Revenue. The incentive is provided as a partial off set to the higher sales tax payable following implementation of new legislation.
ii) Finance revenues
Finance and service charges are accrued on the unpaid principal balance of finance receivables using the effective interest method.
| g. | Cost recognition |
Costs and expenses are recognized when incurred and are classified according to their nature. Expenditure capitalized represents employee costs, stores and other manufacturing supplies, and other expenses incurred for construction including product development undertaken by the Company.
| h. | Provisions |
A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability.
i) Product warranty expenses
The estimated liability for product warranties is recorded when products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claims and management estimates regarding possible future incidences based on actions on product failures. The timing of outflows will vary as and when warranty claim will arise, being typically up to six years.
The Company also has back-to-back contractual arrangement with its suppliers in the event that a vehicle fault is proven to be a supplier’s fault. Estimates are made of the expected reimbursement claim based upon historical levels of recoveries from supplier, adjusted for inflation and applied to the population of vehicles under warranty as on balance sheet date. Supplier reimbursements are recognized as separate asset.
ii) Residual risk
In certain markets, the Company is responsible for the residual risk arising on vehicles sold by dealers under leasing arrangements. The provision is based on the latest available market expectations of future residual value trends. The timing of the outflows will be at the end of the lease arrangements – being typically up to three years.
iii) Legal and product liability
Legal and product liability provision is recorded in respect of compliance with regulations and known litigations which impact the Company. The product liability claim primarily relates to motor accident claims, consumer complaints, dealer/supplier terminations, personal injury claims and compliance with regulations.
iv) Environmental liability
Environmental liability relates to various environmental remediation cost such as asbestos removal and land clean up. The timing of when these costs will be incurred is not known with certainty.
| i. | Foreign currency |
These consolidated financial statements are presented in Indian rupees, which is the functional currency of Tata Motors Limited. Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing on the date of transaction. Foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities are re-measured into the functional currency at the exchange rate prevailing on the balance sheet date. Exchange differences are recognized in the income statement except to the extent, exchange differences which are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs on foreign currency borrowings, are capitalized as part of borrowing costs.
For the purpose of consolidation, the assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign operations are translated to Indian rupees at the exchange rate prevailing on the balance sheet date, and the income and expenses at the average rate of exchange for the respective months. Exchange differences arising are recognized as currency translation reserve under equity.
Exchange differences arising from the translation of foreign operation previously recognized in currency translation reserve in equity are not reclassified from equity to the income statement until the disposal of such operation.
F-17
Table of Contents
| j. | Income taxes |
Income tax expense comprises current and deferred taxes. Income tax expense is recognized in the income statement except when they relate to items that are recognized outside profit or loss (whether in other comprehensive income or directly in equity), in which case tax is also recognized outside profit or loss, or where they arise from the initial accounting for business combination. In the case of a business combination the tax effect is included in the accounting for the business combination.
Current income taxes are determined based on respective taxable income of each taxable entity and tax rules applicable for respective tax jurisdictions.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying values of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and unutilized business loss and depreciation carry-forwards and tax credits. Such deferred tax assets and liabilities are computed separately for each taxable entity and for each taxable jurisdiction. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable income will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses, depreciation carry-forwards and unused tax credits could be utilized.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured based on the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.
Current and Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and when they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the Company intends to settle its current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis.
| k. | Earnings per share |
Basic earnings per share has been computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year. Partly paid up shares are included as fully paid equivalents according to the fraction paid up. Diluted earnings per share has been computed using the weighted average number of shares and dilutive potential shares, except where the result would be anti-dilutive.
| l. | Inventories |
Inventories (other than those recognized consequent to the sale of vehicles subject to repurchase arrangements) are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost of raw materials, components and consumables are ascertained on a first in first out basis. Cost, including fixed and variable production overheads, are allocated to work-in-progress and finished goods determined on a full absorption cost basis. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less estimated cost of completion and selling expenses.
Inventories include vehicles sold subject to repurchase arrangements. These vehicles are carried at cost to the Company and are amortized in changes in inventories of finished goods to their residual values (i.e., estimated second hand sale value) over the term of the arrangement.
| m. | Property, plant and equipment |
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost of acquisition or construction less accumulated depreciation less accumulated impairment, if any.
Freehold land is measured at cost and is not depreciated.
Heritage assets, comprising antique vehicles purchased by the Company, are not depreciated as they are considered to have a residual value in excess of cost. Residual values are re-assessed on an annual basis.
Cost includes purchase price, taxes and duties, labor cost and direct overheads for self-constructed assets and other direct costs incurred up to the date the asset is ready for its intended use.
Interest cost incurred for constructed assets is capitalized up to the date the asset is ready for its intended use, based on borrowings incurred specifically for financing the asset or the weighted average rate of all other borrowings, if no specific borrowings have been incurred for the asset.
F-18
Table of Contents
Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives of the assets. Estimated useful lives of the assets are as follows:
| Type of Asset |
Estimated useful life | |
| Buildings |
20 to 60 years | |
| Plant and equipment |
3 to 30 years | |
| Computers |
3 to 6 years | |
| Vehicles |
3 to 11 years | |
| Furniture and fixtures |
3 to 21 years |
Assets held under finance leases are depreciated over their expected useful lives on the same basis as owned assets or, where shorter, the term of the relevant lease.
The depreciation period is reviewed at least at each year–end. Changes in expected useful lives are treated as changes in accounting estimates.
Depreciation is not recorded on capital work-in-progress until construction and installation are complete and the asset is ready for its intended use. Capital-work-in-progress includes capital advances.
| n. | Intangible assets |
Intangible assets purchased, including those acquired in business combinations, are measured at cost or fair value as of the date of acquisition where applicable less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment, if any. Intangible assets with indefinite lives are reviewed annually to determine whether indefinite-life assessment continues to be supportable. If not, the change in the useful-life assessment from indefinite to finite is made on a prospective basis.
Amortization is provided on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives of the intangible assets as per details below
| Type of Asset |
Estimated amortization period | |
| Patents and technological know-how |
2 to 12 years | |
| Customer related intangibles–Dealer network |
20 years | |
| Intellectual property rights |
3 to 10 years | |
| Software |
1 to 8 years |
The amortization period for intangible assets with finite useful lives is reviewed at least at each year-end. Changes in expected useful lives are treated as changes in accounting estimates.
Capital work-in-progress includes capital advances.
Internally generated intangible asset
Research costs are charged to the income statement in the year in which they are incurred.
Product development costs incurred on new vehicle platform, engines, transmission and new products are recognized as intangible assets, when feasibility has been established, the Company has committed technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and it is probable that asset will generate probable future economic benefits.
The costs capitalized include the cost of materials, direct labor and directly attributable overhead expenditure incurred up to the date the asset is available for use. Interest cost incurred is capitalized up to the date the asset is ready for its intended use, based on borrowings incurred specifically for financing the asset or the weighted average rate of all other borrowings if no specific borrowings have been incurred for the asset.
Product development cost is amortized over a period of 24 months to 120 months or on the basis of actual production or planned production volume (whichever is higher) over such period.
Capitalized development expenditure is measured at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment, if any.
F-19
Table of Contents
In Fiscal 2018, assets written off/loss on sale of assets and others (net) amounting to Rs. 29,148 million has been presented as a separate line in the income statement. Previously, these were included and presented in the income statement within the line item “Other (income)/loss (net). The change in presentation has been retrospectively applied for all the periods presented.
The change in presentation does not affect Net income, Total comprehensive income and earnings per share in any of the periods presented.
| o. | Leases |
At the inception of a lease, the lease arrangement is classified as either a finance lease or an operating lease, based on the substance of the lease arrangement.
Assets taken on finance lease
A finance lease is recognized as an asset and a liability at the commencement of the lease, at the lower of the fair value of the asset and the present value of the minimum lease payments. Initial direct costs, if any, are also capitalized and, subsequent to initial recognition, the asset is accounted for in accordance with the accounting policy applicable to that asset. Minimum lease payments made under finance leases are apportioned between the finance expense and the reduction of the outstanding liability. The finance expense is allocated to each period during the lease term so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability.
Assets taken on operating lease
Leases other than finance leases are operating leases which are not recognized on the Company’s balance sheet. Payments made under operating leases are recognized in the income statement on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.
| p. | Impairment |
| i) | Goodwill |
Cash generating units to which goodwill is allocated are tested for impairment annually at each balance sheet date, or more frequently when there is an indication that the unit may be impaired. If the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit is less than the carrying amount of the unit, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to that unit and then to the other assets of the unit pro rata on the basis of carrying amount of each asset in the unit. Goodwill impairment loss recognized is not reversed in subsequent period.
| ii) | Property, plant and equipment and other intangible assets |
At each balance sheet date, the Company assesses whether there is any indication that any property, plant and equipment and intangible assets with finite lives may be impaired. If any such impairment exists the recoverable amount of an asset is estimated to determine the extent of impairment, if any. Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs.
Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use, are tested for impairment annually at each balance sheet date, or earlier, if there is an indication that the asset may be impaired.
Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.
If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognized immediately in the income statement.
| q. | Employee benefits |
| i) | Pension plans |
The Jaguar Land Rover subsidiaries operate several defined benefit pension plans, which were contracted out of the second state pension scheme until April 5, 2016. The assets of the plan are held in separate trustee administered funds. The plans provide for monthly pension after retirement as per salary drawn and service period as set out in rules of each fund.
F-20
Table of Contents
Contributions to the plans by the subsidiary group take into consideration the results of actuarial valuations. The plans with a surplus position at the year-end have been limited to the maximum economic benefit available from unconditional rights to refund from the scheme or reduction in future contributions. Where the subsidiary group is considered to have a contractual obligation to fund the pension plan above the accounting value of the liabilities, an onerous obligation is recognized.
A separate defined contribution plan is available to employees of Jaguar Land Rover. Costs in respect of this plan are charged to the income statement as incurred.
| ii) | Gratuity |
Tata Motors Limited and its subsidiaries and joint operations in India have an obligation towards gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan covering eligible employees. The plan provides for a lump-sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death while in employment or on termination of employment of an amount equivalent to 15 to 30 days salary payable for each completed year of service. Vesting occurs upon completion of five years of service. Tata Motors Limited and such subsidiaries make annual contributions to gratuity funds established as trusts or insurance companies. Tata Motors Limited and its subsidiaries and joint operations in India account for the liability for gratuity benefits payable in the future based on an actuarial valuation.
| iii) | Superannuation |
Tata Motors Limited and some of its subsidiaries in India have two superannuation plans, a defined benefit plan and a defined contribution plan. An eligible employee on April 1, 1996 could elect to be a member of either plan.
Employees who are members of the defined benefit superannuation plan are entitled to benefits depending on the years of service and salary drawn. The monthly pension benefits after retirement range from 0.75% to 2% of the annual basic salary for each year of service. Tata Motors Limited and such subsidiaries account for superannuation benefits payable in future under the plan based on an actuarial valuation.
With effect from April 1, 2003, this plan was amended and benefits earned by covered employees have been protected as at March 31, 2003. Employees covered by this plan are prospectively entitled to benefits computed on a basis that ensures that the annual cost of providing the pension benefits would not exceed 15% of salary.
During the year ended March 31, 2015, the employees covered by this plan were given a one-time option to exit from the plan prospectively. Furthermore, the employees who opted for exit were given one- time option to withdraw accumulated balances from the superannuation plan.
Separate irrevocable trusts are maintained for employees covered and entitled to benefits. Tata Motors Limited and its subsidiaries contribute up to 15% or Rs.150,000, whichever is lower, of the eligible employees’ salary to the trust every year. Such contributions are recognized as an expense when incurred. Tata Motors Limited and such subsidiaries have no further obligation beyond this contribution.
| iv) | Bhavishya Kalyan Yojana (BKY) |
Bhavishya Kalyan Yojana is an unfunded defined benefit plan for employees of Tata Motors Limited and some of its subsidiaries. The benefits of the plan include pension in certain cases, payable up to the date of normal superannuation had the employee been in service, to an eligible employee at the time of death or permanent disablement, while in service, either as a result of an injury or as certified by the appropriate authority. The monthly payment to dependents of the deceased/disabled employee under the plan equals 50% of the salary drawn at the time of death or accident or a specified amount, whichever is greater. Tata Motors Limited and these subsidiaries account for the liability for BKY benefits payable in the future based on an actuarial valuation.
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| v) | Provident fund and family pension |
In accordance with Indian law, eligible employees of Tata Motors Limited and some of its subsidiaries and joint operations are entitled to receive benefits in respect of provident fund, a defined contribution plan, in which both employees and the Company make monthly contributions at a specified percentage of the covered employees’ salary (currently 12% of employees’ salary). The contributions, as specified under the law, are made to the provident fund and pension fund set up as an irrevocable trust by Tata Motors Limited and its subsidiaries or to respective Regional Provident Fund Commissioner and the Central Provident Fund under the State Pension scheme. The interest rate payable to the members of the trust shall not be lower than the statutory rate of interest declared by the Central Government under the Employees Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 and shortfall, if any, shall be made good by the Company. The liability in respect of the shortfall of interest earnings of the Fund is determined on the basis of an actuarial valuation. The interest guarantee is considered to be defined benefit.There is no shortfall as at March 31, 2018.
| vi) | Severance indemnity |
Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Company Limited, or TDCV, a subsidiary company incorporated in Korea; has an obligation towards severance indemnity, a defined benefit retirement plan, covering eligible employees. The plan provides for a lump sum payment to all employees with more than one year of employment equivalent to 30 days’ salary payable for each completed year of service.
| vii) | Post-retirement medicare scheme |
Under this unfunded scheme, employees of Tata Motors Limited and some of its subsidiaries receive medical benefits subject to certain limits on amounts of benefits, periods after retirement and types of benefits, depending on their grade and location at the time of retirement. Employees separated from the Company as part of an Early Separation Scheme, on medical grounds or due to permanent disablement are also covered under the scheme. Tata Motors Limited and such subsidiaries account for the liability for post-retirement medical scheme based on an actuarial valuation.
| viii) | Compensated absences |
Tata Motors Limited and some of its subsidiaries and joint operations provide for the encashment of leave or leave with pay subject to certain rules. The employees are entitled to accumulate leave subject to certain limits, for future encashment. The liability is provided based on the number of days of unutilised leave at each balance sheet date on the basis of an actuarial valuation.
| ix) | Remeasurement gains and losses |
Remeasurement comprising actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the asset ceiling and the return on assets (excluding interest) relating to retirement benefit plans, are recognized directly in other comprehensive income in the period in which they arise. Remeasurement recorded in other comprehensive income is not reclassified to income statement.
Actuarial gains and losses relating to long-term employee benefits are recognized in the income statement in the period in which they arise.
| x) | Measurement date |
The measurement date of retirement plans is March 31.
| xi) | The Present value of the defined benefit liability and the related current service cost and past service cost are measured using Projected Unit Credit Method. |
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| r. | Dividends |
Any dividend declared or paid by Tata Motors Limited for any financial year is based on the profits available for distribution as reported in the unconsolidated statutory financial statements of Tata Motors Limited (Standalone) prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in India. Indian law permits the declaration and payment of dividend out of profits for the year or previous financial year(s) as stated in the statutory financial statements of Tata Motors Limited (Standalone) prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in India after providing for depreciation in accordance with the provisions of Schedule II to the Companies Act. However, in the absence or inadequacy of the said profits, it may declare dividend out of free reserves, subject to certain conditions as prescribed under the Companies (Declaration and payment of Dividend) Rules, 2014. Accordingly, in certain years the net income reported in these financial statements may not be fully distributable. The amount available for distribution is Rs.Nil as at March 31, 2018.
| s. | Segments |
The Company primarily operates in the automotive segment. The automotive segment comprises two reportable segments i.e. Tata and other brand vehicles, including financing thereof and Jaguar Land Rover. Other operating segments do not meet the quantitative thresholds for disclosure and have been aggregated.
| t. | Financial instruments |
| i) | Classification, initial recognition and measurement |
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity. Financial assets are classified into categories: financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, held-to-maturity investments, loans and receivables and available-for-sale financial assets. Financial liabilities are classified into financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss and other financial liabilities.
Financial instruments are recognized on the balance sheet when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
Initially, a financial instrument is recognized at its fair value. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial instruments are recognized in determining the carrying amount, if it is not classified as at fair value through profit or loss. Subsequently, financial instruments are measured according to the category in which they are classified.
Financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss: Derivatives, including embedded derivatives separated from the host contract, unless they are designated as hedging instruments, for which hedge accounting is applied, are classified into this category. These are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the income statement.
Loans and receivables: Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market and which are not classified as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss or financial assets available-for-sale. Subsequently, these are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method less any impairment losses.
These include trade receivables, finance receivables, balances with banks, short-term deposits with banks, other financial assets and investments with fixed or determinable payments.
Available-for-sale financial assets: Available-for-sale financial assets are those non-derivative financial assets that are either designated as such upon initial recognition or are not classified in any of the other financial assets categories. Subsequently, these are measured at fair value and changes therein, other than impairment losses are recognized directly in other comprehensive income, net of applicable deferred income taxes.
Dividends from available-for-sale debt securities are recognized in the income statement when the right to receive payment has been established.
Equity instruments that do not have a quoted market price in an active market and whose fair value cannot be reliably measured, are measured at cost.
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When the financial asset is derecognized, the cumulative gain or loss in equity is transferred to the income statement.
Equity instruments: An equity instrument is any contract that evidences residual interests in the assets of the Company after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by the Company are recorded at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs.
Other financial liabilities: These are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.
| ii) | Determination of fair value: |
The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is normally the transaction price (fair value of the consideration given or received). Subsequent to initial recognition, the Company determines the fair value of financial instruments that are quoted in active markets using the quoted bid prices (financial assets held) or quoted ask prices (financial liabilities held) and using valuation techniques for other instruments. Valuation techniques include discounted cash flow method and other valuation models.
| iii) | Derecognition of financial assets and financial liabilities: |
The Company derecognizes a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expires or it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another entity. If the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership and continues to control the transferred asset, the Company recognizes its retained interest in the asset and an associated liability for amounts it may have to pay. If the Company retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of a transferred financial asset, the Company continues to recognize the financial asset and also recognizes a collateralized borrowing for the proceeds received.
Financial liabilities are derecognized when these are extinguished, that is when the obligation is discharged, cancelled or has expired.
| iv) | Impairment of financial assets: |
The Company assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired. A financial asset is considered to be impaired if objective evidence indicates that one or more events have had a negative effect on the estimated future cash flows of that asset.
Loans and receivables: Objective evidence of impairment includes default in payments with respect to amounts receivable from customers.
Impairment loss in respect of loans and receivables is calculated as the difference between their carrying amount and the present value of the estimated future cash flows discounted at the original effective interest rate. Such impairment loss is recognized in the income statement. If the amount of an impairment loss decreases in a subsequent period, and the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognized, the previously recognized impairment loss is reversed. The reversal is recognized in the income statement. Loans and receivables are generally written off against the allowance only after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.
Available-for-sale financial assets: If the available-for-sale financial asset is impaired, the difference between the financial asset’s acquisition cost (net of any principal repayments and amortization) and the current fair value, less any previous impairment loss recognized in the income statement, is reclassified from equity to income statement. If, in a subsequent period, the fair value of a debt instrument classified as available-for-sale increases and the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognized, the impairment loss is reversed. The reversal is recognized in the income statement. Reversal of impairment loss on equity investments classified as available-for-sale is not recognized in the income statement. Increase in their fair value after impairment is recognized in other comprehensive income.
Impairment loss on equity investments carried at cost is not reversed.
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| u. | Hedge accounting |
The Company uses foreign currency forward contracts, foreign currency option contracts and borrowings denominated in foreign currency to hedge its risks associated with foreign currency fluctuations relating to highly probable forecast transactions and repayment of borrowings in foreign currency. The Company designates these forward and option contracts and borrowings denominated in foreign currency in a cash flow hedging relationship by applying the hedge accounting principles.
These forward and option contracts are stated at fair value at each reporting date. Changes in the fair value of these forward and option contracts that are designated and effective as hedges of future cash flows are recognized in other comprehensive income (net of tax) and the ineffective portion is recognized immediately in the consolidated income statement under ‘Foreign exchange (gain)/loss’. The effective portion of changes in the carrying value of foreign currency borrowings that are designated and effective hedges, arising from changes in the foreign currency spot rates are recognized in other comprehensive income (net of tax). Amounts accumulated in equity relating to revenues and purchases of Raw materials are reclassified to income statement, in the periods in which the forecasted transactions occurs.
In Fiscal 2017, foreign exchange in respect of revenues and purchases of raw materials, respectively which has been reclassified from Hedging reserve to Income Statement, has been included and presented as part of “Revenues” and “Raw Materials, Components and Consumables”, respectively. Previously these were included and presented in the Income statement within the line item “Foreign exchange (gain)/loss”. The change in presentation has been retrospectively applied to all the periods presented and accordingly foreign exchange gain of Rs.7,690.6 million in respect of revenues and foreign exchange loss of Rs.25,570.8 million in respect of purchases of raw materials, which has been reclassified from Hedging reserve to Income statement in the year ended March 31, 2016, have been reclassified and included as part of “Revenues” and “Raw Materials, Components and Consumables”, respectively. The change in presentation does not affect Net Income, Total comprehensive income and earnings per share.
For options, the time value is not considered part of the hedge, and this is treated as an ineffective portion of hedge and any changes attributable to changes in time value are recognized immediately in the consolidated income statement.
Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. For forecast transactions, any cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument recognized in equity is retained there until the forecast transaction occurs.
If the forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the net cumulative gain or loss recognized in equity is immediately transferred to the consolidated income statement for the year.
| v. | Cash and cash equivalents |
Cash and cash equivalents are short-term (three months or less from the date of acquisition), highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
| w. | Recent accounting pronouncements |
New Accounting pronouncements affecting amounts reported and /or disclosures in the financial statements
The Company has not applied the following new and revised IFRSs that have been issued but are not yet effective.
| IFRS 9 |
Financial Instruments1 | |
| IFRS 15 |
Revenue from Contracts with Customers1 | |
| IFRS 16 |
Leases2 | |
| Amendments to IFRS 10 & IAS 28 |
Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture3 | |
| Amendment to IFRS 2 |
Share-based Payment1 | |
| IFRIC 22 |
Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration1 | |
| Amendments to IAS 40 |
Investment Property1 | |
| IFRS 17 |
Insurance Contracts4 | |
| IFRIC 23 |
Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments2 |
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| 1 | Effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018 |
| 2 | Effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019 |
| 3 | The IASB has postponed indefinitely the effective date, with early adoption permitted |
| 4 | Effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2021 |
IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments
In July 2014, the IASB issued IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, which included changes in the classification and measurement of financial instruments, expected loss impairment model, hedge accounting.
The new impairment model requires the recognition of impairment provision based on expected credit losses rather than only incurred credit losses as under IAS 39. The Company has assessed that the impairment model for its finance receivables will have to factor certain future probable events and changes in the current internal factors such as collection efficiency and external macro -economic factors affecting probability of defaults and collections. Based on this assessment, estimated decrease in the opening retained earnings as a result of factoring future probable events in the provisioning for finance receivables is Rs.177.8 million as at April 1, 2018, which is not significant. The Company has assessed and concluded that there will be no change in the provisioning for its trade receivables as a result of adoption of IFRS 9.
The new hedge accounting requirement will align more closely with the Company’s risk management practices. More hedge relationships might be eligible for hedge accounting as the standard introduces a more principles-based approach. The Company has undertaken an assessment of its IAS 39 hedge relationships against the requirements of IFRS 9 and concluded that its current hedge relationships will qualify as continuing hedges upon the adoption of IFRS 9. The Company has identified a change with respect to the treatment of the cost of hedging, specifically the time value of the foreign exchange options and foreign currency basis spread included in the foreign exchange forwards. The Company has assessed and concluded that the time value of foreign exchange options and the foreign currency basis included in the foreign exchange forwards will be recorded as a separate component in the statement of comprehensive income.
Under the transition rules of IFRS 9, the Company will restate income statement and statement of comprehensive income for accounting of the time value of options and has voluntarily chosen to apply retrospectively, accounting for cross-currency basis spread.
The expected impact on initial application of IFRS 9 is summarized below,
| (Rs. in millions) | ||||||||||||||
| Changes as at March 31, | Reason for change | |||||||||||||
| Balance sheet item |
2016 (unaudited) |
2017 (unaudited) |
2018 (unaudited) |
|||||||||||
| Retained Earnings |
3,179.0 | (82.0 | ) | (1,432.4 | ) | Time value of options recognized in Hedge Reserve as per IFRS 9 | ||||||||
| Hedge reserve |
837.6 | 8,490.6 | 7,088.9 | Cross currency basis spread adjustment recognized in cost of Hedge Reserve as per IFRS 9 | ||||||||||
| Cost of hedge reserve |
(4,016.6 | ) | (8,408.6 | ) | (5,656.5 | ) | Time value of options and cross currency basis spread adjustment recognized as a separate component of OCI | |||||||
IFRS 9 establishes three primary measurement categories for financial assets: amortised cost, fair value through other comprehensive income and fair value through profit or loss. The standard eliminates the existing categories under IAS 39 of held to maturity, loans and receivables, and available for sale. The basis of classification under IFRS 9 depends on the entity’s business model and nature of cash flows.
Unquoted equity instruments are required to be carried at fair value through income statement or other comprehensive income as per IFRS 9. The Company has certain unquoted equity instruments that are held for medium and long term strategic purpose. The Company has assessed that the range of possible fair values derived for its unquoted equity instruments is wide and as a result cost represents the best estimate of the fair value within that range.
The new standard also introduces expanded disclosure requirements and changes in presentation. These are expected to change the nature and extent of the Company’s disclosures about its financial instruments on adoption of the new standard.
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IFRS 15 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers
The standard outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. The core principle of the new standard is to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration (that is, payment) to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new standard also will result in enhanced disclosures about revenue, provide guidance for transactions that were not previously addressed comprehensively (for example, service revenue and contract modifications) and improve guidance for multiple-element arrangements.
The Company has adopted IFRS 15 w.e.f April 1, 2018, with a modified retrospective approach. The cumulative effect of initially applying this Standard will be recorded as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings, which is not material. The figures for the comparative periods will not be restated/reclassified.
The standard provides additional guidance which will result in reclassification to or from revenue, other income and other expenses.
The Company makes transport arrangements for delivering its vehicles to the customers. The gross consideration received in respect of these arrangements are presented in revenue whereas the costs associated with these arrangements are presented within other expenses in the income statement. In accordance with IFRS 15, the consideration received in respect of such arrangements will be recognized net of their costs within revenues in the income statement.
Certain payouts made to customers such as infrastructure support are to be treated as variable components of consideration and therefore in accordance with IFRS 15, will be recognized as revenue deductions in future. These costs have been reported within other expenses.
Incentives received from Government are currently included within Revenue. As per IFRS 15, the incentives received will not form part of revenue and hence will be included within other income.
IFRS 16 – Leases
In January 2016, the IASB issued IFRS 16 - Leases, which sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract and replaces the previous standard on leasing, IAS 17 - Leases. IFRS 16, which is not applicable to service contracts, but only applicable to leases or lease components of a contract, defines a lease as a contract that conveys to the customer (lessee) the right to use an asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. IFRS 16 eliminates the classification of leases for the lessee as either operating leases or finance leases as required by IAS 17 and instead, introduces a single lessee accounting model whereby a lessee is required to recognize assets and liabilities for all leases with a term that is greater than 12 months, unless the underlying asset is of low value, and to recognize depreciation of leased assets separately from interest on lease liabilities in the income statement. As IFRS 16 substantially carries forward the lessor accounting requirements in IAS 17, a lessor will continue to classify its leases as operating leases or finance leases and to account for those two types of leases differently.
The Company will be adopting IFRS 16 with a modified retrospective approach. The cumulative effect of initially applying this Standard will be recorded as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. The figures for the comparative periods will not be restated. The Company will use the grandfather clause available for existing leases and apply the available exemptions regarding the recognition of short term leases and low value leasing assets. From its preliminary assessment, the Company expects its arrangements under operating leases, which are currently off balance sheet, to be recorded as right to use assets and the future obligations in respect of such leases to be recorded as a liability in the balance sheet.
Amendments to IFRS 10 – Consolidated Financial Statements and IAS 28 – Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures: Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture
In September 2014, IASB issued an amendment to IFRS 10 and IAS 28 to clarify the treatment of the sale or contribution of assets from an investor to its associate or joint venture, as follows:
| • | Requires full recognition in the investor’s financial statements of gains and losses arising on the sale or contribution of assets that constitute a business (as defined in IFRS 3 Business Combinations) |
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| • | Requires the partial recognition of gains and losses where the assets do not constitute a business, i.e., a gain or loss is recognized only to the extent of the unrelated investors’ interests in that associate or joint venture. |
| • | These requirements apply regardless of the legal form of the transaction, for example, whether the sale or contribution of assets occurs by an investor transferring shares in a subsidiary that holds the assets (resulting in loss of control of the subsidiary), or by the direct sale of the assets themselves. |
The IASB has postponed indefinitely the effective date, with early adoption permitted.
Amendments to IFRS 2 – Share-based Payments
In June 2016, the IASB issued amendments to IFRS 2 – Share-based Payments that clarify how to account certain share-based payment transactions. The amendments for:
| • | Accounting requirements with respect to the effects of vesting and non-vesting conditions on the measurement of cash-settled share-based payments; |
| • | Accounting requirements with respect to share-based payment transactions with a net settlement feature for withholding tax obligations; and |
| • | Modification to the terms and conditions of a share-based payment that changes the classification of the transaction from cash-settled to equity-settled. The amendments are effective from January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. |
The Company has assessed and concluded there is no impact arising from adoption of these amendments.
IFRIC 22 – Foreign Currency Transaction and Advance Consideration
In December 2016, the IASB issued IFRIC 22 which clarified accounting requirements with respect to exchange rate to be used for reporting foreign currency transactions when payment is made or received in advance. This is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018. The Company has assessed and concluded that there is no impact arising from adoption of these amendments.
Amendments to IAS 40 – Investment Property
The amendments concern the application of paragraph 57 of IAS 40 Investment Property, which provides guidance on transfers to, or from, investment properties. This is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018. The Company has assessed and concluded that there is no impact arising from adoption of these amendments.
IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts
In May 2017, IASB issued IFRS 17 which establishes the principles for recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of insurance contracts and supersedes IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts. The standard outlines a General Model, which is modified for insurance contracts with direct participation features, described as Variable Fee Approach. The General Model is simplified if certain criteria are met by measuring the liability for remaining coverages using the Premium Allocation Approach. The General Model will use current assumptions to estimate the amounts, timings and uncertainty of future cash flows and it will explicitly measure the cost of that uncertainty; it takes into account market interest rates and impact of policyholders’ options and guarantee. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2021 with early application permitted; it is applied retrospectively unless impracticable, in which case the modified retrospective approach or the fair value approach is applied. The Company is currently assessing the impact of IFRS 17.
IFRIC 23 Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments
In June 2017, IASB issued IFRIC 23 which sets out how to determine the accounting tax position when there is uncertainty over income tax treatments. The Interpretation requires an entity to:
| • | determine whether uncertain tax positions are assessed separately or as a group; and |
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| • | assess whether it is probable that a tax authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment used, or proposed to be used, by an entity in its income tax filings: If yes, the entity should determine its accounting tax position consistently with the tax treatment used or planned to be used in its income tax filings. If no, the entity should reflect the effect of uncertainty in determining its accounting tax position. |
The company is currently assessing impact of IFRIC 23.
| x. | Convenience translation |
The consolidated financial statements have been presented in Indian rupees (“Rs.”), Tata Motors Limited’s functional currency. For the convenience of the reader, the financial statements as at and for the year ended March 31, 2018, have been translated into U.S. dollars at US$1.00 = Rs. 65.175 based on fixing rate in the City of Mumbai on March 31, 2018, for cable transfers in Indian rupees as published by the Foreign Exchange Dealers’ Association of India (FEDAI).
Such translation should not be construed as representation that the rupee amounts have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars at that or any other rate, or at all.
| 3. | Cash and cash equivalents |
Cash and cash equivalents consist of the following:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Cash balances |
US$ | 4.8 | Rs. | 314.2 | Rs. | 326.2 | ||||||
| Balances with banks (including deposits with original maturity of up to three months) |
2,253.2 | 146,853.3 | 139,541.4 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 2,258.0 | Rs. | 147,167.5 | Rs. | 139,867.6 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| 4. | Finance receivables |
Finance receivables consist of vehicle loans, the details of which are as follows:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Finance receivables |
US$ | 3,846.7 | Rs. | 250,707.6 | Rs. | 211,607.6 | ||||||
| Less: allowance for credit losses |
179.8 | 11,717.9 | 35,975.1 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 3,666.9 | Rs. | 238,989.7 | Rs. | 175,632.5 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Current portion |
1,289.1 | 84,016.5 | 68,101.2 | |||||||||
| Non-current portion |
2,377.8 | 154,973.2 | 107,531.3 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 3,666.9 | Rs. | 238,989.7 | Rs. | 175,632.5 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Changes in the allowance for credit losses in finance receivables are as follows:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Balance at the beginning |
US$ | 552.0 | Rs.35,975.1 | Rs.44,131.9 | Rs.46,554.3 | |||||||||||
| Allowances made during the year |
3.9 | 255.2 | 5,653.5 | 8,600.3 | ||||||||||||
| Written off |
(376.1 | ) | (24,512.4 | ) | (13,810.3 | ) | (11,022.7 | ) | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Balance at the end |
US$ | 179.8 | Rs.11,717.9 | Rs.35,975.1 | Rs.44,131.9 | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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| 5. | Allowance for trade and other receivables |
Change in the allowances for trade and other receivables are as follows:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Balance at the beginning |
US$ | 232.8 | Rs.15,170.3 | Rs.14,460.4 | Rs. 8,727.8 | |||||||||||
| Allowances made during the year |
2.2 | 145.7 | 1,706.0 | 6,719.1 | ||||||||||||
| Written off |
(7.0 | ) | (454.9 | ) | (1,340.3 | ) | (889.3 | ) | ||||||||
| Foreign exchange translation differences |
0.7 | 45.6 | 344.2 | (97.2 | ) | |||||||||||
| Assets classified as held for sale |
(2.0 | ) | (130.5 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Balance at the end |
US$ | 226.7 | Rs.14,776.2 | Rs.15,170.3 | Rs.14,460.4 | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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| 6. | Investments |
Investments consist of the following:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
|
Available-for-sale, at fair value |
US$ | 2,255.6 | Rs.147,007.0 | Rs.153,265.3 | ||||||||
| Unquoted equity investments, at cost* | 31.3 | 2,036.9 | 3,823.1 | |||||||||
| Unquoted equity investments, at fair value** | 62.5 | 4,076.1 | — | |||||||||
| Loans and receivables | 16.8 | 1,094.0 | 191.3 | |||||||||
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 2,366.2 | Rs.154,214.0 | Rs.157,279.7 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Available-for-sale, financial assets (investments) are as follows:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Quoted equity shares |
US$ | 52.1 | Rs. 3,404.8 | Rs. 2,602.9 | ||||||||
| Mutual funds |
2,203.5 | 143,602.2 | 150,662.4 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total available for sale securities |
US$ | 2,255.6 | Rs.147,007.0 | Rs.153,265.3 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
The current and non-current classifications of investments are as follows:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Current investments |
US$ | 2,249.9 | Rs.146,637.5 | Rs.150,411.5 | ||||||||
| Non-current investments |
116.3 | 7,576.5 | 6,868.2 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 2,366.2 | Rs.154,214.0 | Rs.157,279.7 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| * | The fair value of the unquoted equity investments cannot be reliably measured as the variability in the range of fair value estimates is significant and the probabilities of the various estimates cannot be reasonably assessed. |
| ** | The Company holds certain investments in unquoted equity instruments which are not held for trading, but for medium or long term strategic purposes. This includes investments with restrictions on transfer. The fair value sometimes is subject to significant variability and difficult to estimate due to factors such as complexity of the underlying businesses, etc. The fair value, which approximates cost, has been estimated using methods such as dividend yield, acquisition cost, net asset value, etc. |
F-30
Table of Contents
| 7. | Other financial assets - current |
Other financial assets - current consist of the following:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Derivative financial instruments |
US$ | 379.9 | Rs. | 24,761.3 | Rs. | 15,101.8 | ||||||
| Advances and other receivables recoverable in cash (including supplier recoveries) |
371.4 | 24,209.2 | 7,159.0 | |||||||||
| Inter corporate deposits |
— | 3.2 | 3.1 | |||||||||
| Margin money with banks |
6.4 | 417.1 | — | |||||||||
| Government grant receivables |
63.1 | 4,114.0 | — | |||||||||
| Restricted bank deposits |
75.9 | 4,938.8 | 2,383.6 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 896.7 | Rs. | 58,443.6 | Rs. | 24,647.5 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Restricted bank deposits include Rs. 3,030.8 million and Rs. 1,861.4 million as at March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, held as security in relation to interest and repayment of borrowings. Out of these deposits, Rs. 850.9 million and Rs. 1,186.4 million as at March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, are pledged till the maturity of the respective borrowings.
| 8. | Other financial assets (non-current) |
Other financial assets - non-current consist of the following:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Margin money with banks |
US$ | 16.1 | Rs. | 1,048.0 | Rs. | 745.6 | ||||||
| Restricted deposits |
10.6 | 690.6 | 571.9 | |||||||||
| Loans to employees |
4.3 | 280.6 | 277.3 | |||||||||
| Derivative financial instruments |
436.8 | 28,469.0 | 27,753.4 | |||||||||
| Advance and other receivables recoverable in cash (including supplier recoveries) |
164.6 | 10,728.4 | — | |||||||||
| Others |
143.9 | 9,376.2 | 7,299.5 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 776.3 | Rs. | 50,592.8 | Rs. | 36,647.7 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Margin money with banks is restricted cash deposits and consists of collateral provided for transfer of finance receivables.
Restricted deposits as at March 31, 2018 and 2017 include Rs. 507.6 million and Rs. 323.7 million, respectively held as a financial deposit in relation to ongoing legal cases.
F-31
Table of Contents
| 9. | Inventories |
Inventories consist of the following:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Raw materials, components and consumables |
US$ | 693.1 | Rs. | 45,175.0 | Rs. | 34,220.0 | ||||||
|
Work-in-progress |
620.4 | 40,431.7 | 36,425.6 | |||||||||
| Finished goods |
5,196.6 | 338,689.5 | 282,308.2 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 6,510.1 | Rs. | 424,296.2 | Rs. | 352,953.8 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Inventories of finished goods include Rs.40,236.1 million and Rs. 26,379.4 million as at March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, relating to vehicles sold subject to repurchase arrangements.
Cost of inventories (including cost of purchased products) recognized as expense during the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 amounted to Rs. 2,172,364.1 million, Rs. 1,975,324.2 million and Rs. 1,938,179.8 million, respectively.
During the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded inventory write-down expenses of Rs. 6,074.2 million, Rs. 3,725.1 million and Rs. 3,285.9 million (excluding provision for loss of inventory at port of Tianjin in China mentioned below), respectively.
A provision of Rs. 16,383.9 million (GBP 157 million)(net of insurance recoveries of Rs. 5,342.4 million (GBP 55 million)) has been recognized against the carrying value of inventory during the year ended March 31, 2016, for the damage due to explosion at the port of Tianjin in China in August 2015. During the year ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, Rs. 111.9 million (GBP 1.4 million) and Rs. 13,301.0 million (GBP 151 million), respectively relating to insurance recoveries, recovery of import duties and taxes and an updated assessment of the condition of the remaining vehicles led to a reversal of the initial provision recorded.
| 10. | Other current assets |
Other current assets consist of the following:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Advances to suppliers and contractors |
US$ | 55.9 | Rs. 3,640.2 | Rs. 4,029.4 | ||||||||
| Taxes recoverable, statutory deposits and dues from government |
870.7 | 56,749.8 | 49,049.8 | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses |
221.0 | 14,403.5 | 11,063.0 | |||||||||
| Others |
28.1 | 1,832.0 | 1,297.7 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 1,175.7 | Rs. 76,625.5 | Rs. 65,439.9 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| 11. | Other non-current assets |
Other non-current assets consist of the following:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Taxes recoverable, statutory deposits and dues from government |
US$ | 161.0 | Rs. 10,496.3 | Rs. 11,252.6 | ||||||||
| Prepaid rentals on operating leases |
58.6 | 3,817.2 | 3,261.0 | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses |
124.1 | 8,086.3 | 6,312.4 | |||||||||
| Others |
31.1 | 2,027.6 | 1,985.1 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 374.8 | Rs. 24,427.4 | Rs. 22,811.1 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Others include Rs.15.7 million and Rs. 103.6 million towards pension assets as at March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
F-32
Table of Contents
| 12. | Property, plant and equipment |
Property, plant and equipment consists of the following:
| Land and buildings |
Plant and equipment |
Vehicles | Computers | Furniture and fixtures |
Heritage Assets |
Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost as at April 1, 2017 |
Rs. | 146,419.0 | Rs. | 791,127.5 | Rs. | 2,989.0 | Rs. | 19,466.4 | Rs. | 12,223.1 | Rs. | 4,233.6 | Rs. | 976,458.6 | ||||||||||||||
| Additions |
34,576.8 | 156,105.9 | 1,340.2 | 2,708.2 | 1,464.3 | — | 196,195.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset acquired in business combination |
21.6 | 2.2 | — | 131.2 | 427.3 | — | 582.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets classified as held for sale |
(1,273.1 | ) | (3,675.3 | ) | (38.8 | ) | (1,606.9 | ) | (407.3 | ) | — | (7,001.4 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Write down of assets |
— | (5,368.2 | ) | — | — | — | (1,100.6 | ) | (6,468.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Currency translation differences |
16,380.8 | 83,892.9 | 114.6 | 1,436.4 | 1,218.2 | 500.0 | 103,542.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Disposal |
(93.7 | ) | (29,661.3 | ) | (563.5 | ) | (834.4 | ) | (631.8 | ) | (86.1 | ) | (31,870.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Cost as at March 31, 2018 |
196,031.4 | 992,423.7 | 3,841.5 | 21,300.9 | 14,293.8 | 3,546.9 | 1,231,438.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Accumulated Depreciation as at April 1, 2017 |
(24,775.8 | ) | (388,261.8 | ) | (1,832.6 | ) | (11,673.6 | ) | (6,016.6 | ) | — | (432,560.4 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Depreciation for the year |
(6,560.6 | ) | (97,363.3 | ) | (483.8) | (1,869.4) | (1,343.8) | — | (107,620.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Assets classified as held for sale |
340.5 | 1,160.3 | 25.8 | 955.6 | 133.6 | — | 2,615.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Write down of assets |
— | 3,890.8 | — | — | — | — | 3,890.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Currency translation differences |
(2,181.0 | ) | (37,328.0) | (62.1) | (519.1) | (543.4) | — | (40,633.6 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Disposal |
27.8 | 27,556.0 | 493.5 | 774.3 | 570.9 | — | 29,422.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Accumulated Depreciation as at March 31, 2018 |
(33,149.1 | ) | (490,346.0 | ) | (1,859.2 | ) | (12,332.2 | ) | (7,199.3 | ) | — | (544,885.8 | ) | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Net carrying amount as at March 31, 2018 |
Rs. | 162,882.3 | Rs. | 502,077.7 | Rs. | 1,982.3 | Rs. | 8,968.7 | Rs. | 7,094.5 | Rs. | 3,546.9 | Rs. | 686,552.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Capital work-in-progress |
163,891.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 850,444.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| US$ | 13,048.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost as at April 1, 2016 |
Rs. | 151,738.8 | Rs. | 790,647.8 | Rs. | 2,790.4 | Rs. | 18,131.6 | Rs. | 12,396.4 | Rs. | 4,977.8 | Rs. | 980,682.8 | ||||||||||||||
| Additions |
11,796.2 | 94,006.5 | 529.3 | 3,182.6 | 1,433.5 | 14.8 | 110,962.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Write down of assets |
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Currency translation differences |
(16,112.7 | ) | (88,612.9 | ) | (115.4 | ) | (1,375.9 | ) | (1,312.1 | ) | (759.0 | ) | (108,288.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Disposal |
(1,003.3 | ) | (4,913.9 | ) | (215.3 | ) | (471.9 | ) | (294.7 | ) | — | (6,899.1 | ) | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Cost as at March 31, 2017 |
146,419.0 | 791,127.5 | 2,989.0 | 19,466.4 | 12,223.1 | 4,233.6 | 976,458.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Accumulated Depreciation as at April 1, 2016 |
(21,900.4 | ) | (341,171.9 | ) | (1,580.7 | ) | (10,648.8 | ) | (5,438.5 | ) | — | (380,740.3 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Depreciation for the year |
(5,229.4 | ) | (85,693.0) | (471.2) | (1,816.7) | (1,346.6) | — | (94,556.9 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Write down of assets |
— | (1,020.4) | — | — | — | — | (1,020.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Currency translation differences |
1,841.6 | 35,933.7 | 47.9 | 411.1 | 507.2 | — | 38,741.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Disposal |
512.4 | 3,689.8 | 171.4 | 380.8 | 261.3 | — | 5,015.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Accumulated Depreciation as at March 31, 2017 |
(24,775.8 | ) | (388,261.8 | ) | (1,832.6 | ) | (11,673.6 | ) | (6,016.6 | ) | — | (432,560.4 | ) | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Net carrying amount as at March 31, 2017 |
Rs. | 121,643.2 | Rs. | 402,865.7 | Rs. | 1,156.4 | Rs. | 7,792.8 | Rs. | 6,206.5 | Rs. | 4,233.6 | Rs. | 543,898.2 | ||||||||||||||
| Capital work-in-progress |
107,301.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 651,199.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes:
| 1. | Net carrying amounts of property, plant and equipment under finance lease arrangements were as follows: |
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Buildings |
US$ | 5.8 | Rs. | 378.5 | Rs. | 1,139.7 | ||||||
| Plant and equipment |
10.6 | 693.2 | 559.2 | |||||||||
| Computers |
1.9 | 121.0 | 155.2 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 18.3 | Rs. | 1,192.7 | Rs. | 1,854.1 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| 2. | Land and buildings includes freehold land of Rs. 30,097.9 million and Rs. 24,921.4 million as at March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. |
| 3. | In Fiscal 2017, the Company revised useful life of certain plant and equipment resulting in additional depreciation of Rs. 7,037.2 million. |
F-33
Table of Contents
| 13. | Leases |
The Company has taken land, buildings, plant and equipment, computers and furniture and fixtures under operating and finance leases. The following is the summary of future minimum lease rental payments under non-cancellable operating leases and finance leases entered into by the Company:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating | Finance | Operating | Finance | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Minimum Lease Payments |
Minimum Lease Payments |
Present value of minimum lease payments |
Minimum Lease Payments |
Minimum Lease Payments |
Present value of minimum lease payments |
|||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Not later than one year |
Rs. | 8,808.0 | Rs. | 253.9 | Rs. | 222.3 | Rs. | 6,597.7 | Rs. | 258.2 | Rs. | 221.3 | ||||||||||||
| Later than one year but not later than five years |
21,527.8 | 282.5 | 221.9 | 17,871.4 | 417.1 | 338.1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Later than five years |
23,342.9 | 380.6 | 245.6 | 14,645.5 | 372.2 | 202.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Total minimum lease commitments |
Rs. | 53,678.7 | Rs. | 917.0 | Rs. | 689.8 | Rs. | 39,114.6 | Rs. | 1,047.5 | Rs. | 761.4 | ||||||||||||
| US$ | 823.6 | US$ | 14.1 | US$ | 10.6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Less: future finance charges |
Rs. | (227.2 | ) | Rs. | (286.1 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
| Present value of minimum lease payments |
Rs. | 689.8 | Rs. | 761.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
| Included in the financial statements as: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other financial liabilities — current (refer note 20) |
Rs. | 222.3 | Rs. | 221.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Other financial liabilities — non-current (refer note 21) |
467.5 | 540.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
| Rs. | 689.8 | Rs. | 761.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
| US$ | 10.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Total operating lease rent expenses were Rs. 10,223.9 million, Rs. 8,224.8 million and Rs. 7,740.3 million for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
| 14. | Goodwill |
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Balance at the beginning |
US$ | 103.3 | Rs. | 6,733.2 | Rs. | 7,598.0 | ||||||
| Classified as held for sale |
US$ | (85.6 | ) | Rs. | (5,579.1 | ) | Rs. | — | ||||
| Impairment |
— | — | (142.5 | ) | ||||||||
| Currency translation differences |
0.2 | 10.4 | (722.3 | ) | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Balance at the end |
US$ | 17.9 | Rs. | 1,164.5 | Rs. | 6,733.2 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
As at March 31, 2018, goodwill of Rs. 1,164.5 million relates to the automotive and related activity segment (Tata and other brand vehicles including financing thereof) . As at March 31, 2017, goodwill of Rs. 1,154.1 million and Rs. 5,579.1 million relates to the automotive and related activity segment (Tata and other brand vehicles including financing thereof) and “others” segment, respectively.
As at March 31, 2018, goodwill of Rs. 990.9 million has been allocated to a joint operation. The recoverable amount of the cash generating unit has been determined based on value in use. Value in use has been determined based on future cash flows, after considering current economic conditions and trends, estimated future operating results, growth rates and anticipated future economic conditions.
As at March 31, 2018, the estimated cash flows for a period of 5 years were developed using internal forecasts, and a pre-tax discount rate of 12.4% The cash flows beyond 5 years have been extrapolated assuming 2% growth rates. The management believes that any reasonably possible change in the key assumptions would not cause the carrying amount to exceed the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit.
F-34
Table of Contents
| 15. | Intangible assets |
Intangible assets consist of the following:
| Software | Patents and technological know how |
Customer related |
Intellectual property rights and other intangibles |
Product development |
Indefinite life trademarks and brands |
Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost as at April 1, 2017 |
Rs. | 52,128.4 | Rs. | 13,136.9 | Rs. | 5,166.0 | Rs. | 1,950.0 | Rs. | 468,329.6 | Rs. | 50,035.0 | Rs. | 590,745.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Additions |
8,472.0 | 427.5 | 223.1 | 615.3 | 155,417.4 | — | 165,115.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset acquired in Business Combination |
126.2 | — | — | 335.9 | — | — | 462.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets classified as held for sale |
(2,488.3 | ) | (16.8 | ) | (486.9 | ) | — | — | — | (2,992.0 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| Currency translation differences |
6,943.2 | 1,673.6 | 710.5 | 367.1 | 69,602.0 | 7,028.1 | 86,324.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Fully amortized not in use |
(2,166.2 | ) | — | — | — | (11,928.4 | ) | — | (14,094.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Cost as at March 31, 2018 |
63,015.3 | 15,221.2 | 5,612.7 | 3,268.3 | 681,420.6 | 57,063.1 | 825,601.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Accumulated amortization at April 1, 2017 |
(22,148.2 | ) | (10,960.5 | ) | (2,254.4 | ) | (396.2 | ) | (207,832.3 | ) | — | (243,591.6 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Amortization for the year |
(9,972.6 | ) | (1,350.7 | ) | (260.9 | ) | (536.7 | ) | (90,076.4 | ) | — | (102,197.3 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Assets Held for Sale |
1,700.5 | 6.4 | 109.6 | — | — | — | 1,816.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Write down of assets |
(1,127.1 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | (1,127.1 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Currency translation differences |
(2,970.2 | ) | (1,651.6 | ) | (325.5 | ) | 50.6 | (31,727.3 | ) | — | (36,624.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| Fully amortized not in use |
2,166.2 | — | — | — | 11,928.4 | — | 14,094.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Accumulated amortization at March 31, 2018 |
(32,351.4 | ) | (13,956.4 | ) | (2,731.2 | ) | (882.3 | ) | (317,707.6 | ) | — | (367,628.9 | ) | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Net carrying amount as at March 31, 2018 |
Rs. | 30,663.9 | Rs. | 1,264.8 | Rs. | 2,881.5 | Rs. | 2,386.0 | Rs. | 363,713.0 | Rs. | 57,063.1 | Rs. | 457,972.3 | ||||||||||||||
| Capital work-in-progress |
227,195.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 685,167.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| US$ | 10,512.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost as at April 1, 2016 |
Rs. | 59,652.4 | Rs. | 15,255.7 | Rs. | 6,050.0 | Rs. | 820.8 | Rs. | 499,825.3 | Rs. | 59,021.8 | Rs. | 640,626.0 | ||||||||||||||
| Additions |
7,991.3 | 17.9 | — | 1,294.3 | 75,330.0 | — | 84,633.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Currency translation differences |
(8,214.7 | ) | (2,136.7 | ) | (884.0 | ) | (165.1 | ) | (70,353.9 | ) | (8,986.8 | ) | (90,741.2 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Fully amortized not in use |
(7,300.6 | ) | — | — | — | (36,471.8 | ) | — | (43,772.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Cost as at March 31, 2017 |
52,128.4 | 13,136.9 | 5,166.0 | 1,950.0 | 468,329.6 | 50,035.0 | 590,745.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Accumulated amortization at April 1, 2016 |
(24,918.1 | ) | (11,499.5 | ) | (2,282.7 | ) | (397.1 | ) | (193,706.3 | ) | — | (232,803.7 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Amortization for the year |
(7,597.3 | ) | (1,316.7 | ) | (289.7 | ) | (10.6 | ) | (78,634.2 | ) | — | (87,848.5 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Write down of assets |
— | — | — | — | (310.4 | ) | — | (310.4 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Currency translation differences |
3,066.6 | 1,855.7 | 318.0 | 11.5 | 28,346.8 | — | 33,598.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Fully amortized not in use |
7,300.6 | — | — | — | 36,471.8 | 43,772.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accumulated amortization at March 31, 2017 |
(22,148.2 | ) | (10,960.5 | ) | (2,254.4 | ) | (396.2 | ) | (207,832.3 | ) | — | (243,591.6 | ) | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Net carrying amount as at March 31, 2017 |
Rs. | 29,980.2 | Rs. | 2,176.4 | Rs. | 2,911.6 | Rs. | 1,553.8 | Rs. | 260,497.3 | Rs. | 50,035.0 | Rs. | 347,154.3 | ||||||||||||||
| Capital work-in-progress |
224,359.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 571,513.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1. | The useful life of trademarks and brands in respect of the acquired Jaguar Land Rover businesses have been determined to be indefinite as the Company expects to generate future economic benefits indefinitely from these assets. |
These indefinite life intangible assets have been allocated to the Jaguar Land Rover businesses. The recoverable amount of the cash generating unit has been determined based on value in use. Value in use has been determined based on future cash flows after considering current economic conditions and trends, estimated future operating results, growth rates and anticipated future economic conditions.
The estimated cash flows for a period of five years were developed using internal forecasts, and has been discounted using a pre-tax discount rate of 8.7%. The cash flows beyond five years have been extrapolated assuming 2.0% growth rate. The management believes that any reasonably possible change in the key assumptions would not cause the carrying amount to exceed the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit.
| 2. | During the year ended March 31, 2014, legislation was enacted that allows United Kingdom (UK) companies to elect for the Research and Development Expenditure Credit (RDEC) on qualifying expenditures incurred since April 1, 2013, instead of the existing super-deduction rules. As a result of this election by the Company’s subsidiary in the UK, Rs. 8,717.5 million, Rs. 7,626.7 million and Rs. 6,509.0 million of the RDEC, for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, the proportion relating to capitalized product development expenditure, have been off set against these assets. The remaining Rs. 3,845.9 million, Rs. 3,331.1 million and Rs.3,747.6million for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017and 2016, respectively, have been recognized as miscellaneous income, a component of other income/(loss) (net). |
| 3. | In Fiscal 2017, the Company revised useful life of intangible assets, resulting in additional amortization of Rs. 2,003.5 million. |
F-35
Table of Contents
| 4. | The Company discontinued development of certain product development programs included in capital work in progress and has consequently written off Rs. 20,601.5 million and Rs. 9,176.6 million for the year ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively (included in assets written off/loss on sale of assets and others (net). |
| 5. | For the year ended March 31, 2018, additions to capital work in progress was Rs.164,960.7 million, amount classified as held for sale was Rs.1,901.0 million and the impact of foreign currency translation adjustment was a gain of Rs.24,267.4 million. |
| 16. | Investments in equity accounted investees: |
| (a) | Associates: |
The Company has no material associates as at March 31, 2018. The aggregate summarized financial information in respect of the Company’s immaterial associates that are accounted for using the equity method is set forth below.
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Carrying amount of the Company’s interest in associates |
US$ | 143.2 | Rs. | 9,333.4 | Rs. | 8,726.3 | ||||||
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Company’s share of profit/(loss) in associates* |
US$ | 18.2 | Rs. | 1,183.0 | Rs. | 1,109.3 | Rs. | (214.0 | ) | |||||||
| Company’s share of other comprehensive income in associates |
(0.3 | ) | (19.0 | ) | (155.1 | ) | (84.5 | ) | ||||||||
| Company’s share of total comprehensive income in associates |
US$ | 17.9 | Rs. | 1,164.0 | Rs. | 954.2 | Rs. | (298.5 | ) | |||||||
| (i) | Fair value of investment in an equity accounted associate for which published price quotation is available, which is a level 1 input, was Rs. 3,380.4 million and Rs. 1,922.2 million as at March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The carrying amount as at March 31, 2018 and 2017, was Rs. 1,414.8 million and Rs. 1,368.4 million, respectively. |
| (ii) | During the year ended March 31, 2018, the Company purchased 25.08% of the share capital of Driveclubservice Pte. Limited for Rs. 30.1 million. In addition, the Company also purchased 1% of the share capital of Driveclub Limited, the wholly owned subsidiary of Driveclubservice Pte. Limited. However, the Company has 25.83% of the voting rights, being the 1% of share capital held and the indirect shareholding held through Driveclubservice Pte. Limited. Both Driveclubservice Pte. Limited and Driveclub Limited are therefore accounted for as equity accounted investments as the Company has significant influence over the companies. |
| (b) | Joint ventures: |
| (i) | Details of the Company’s material joint venture as at March 31, 2018 are as follows: |
| Principal activity |
Principal place of the business |
% holding as at March 31, |
||||||||||||
| Name of joint venture |
2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||
| Chery Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Co. Limited (Chery) |
Manufacture and assembly of vehicles |
China | 50 | % | 50 | % | ||||||||
Chery is a limited liability company, whose legal form confers separation between the parties to the joint arrangement. There is no contractual arrangement or any other facts and circumstances that indicate that the parties to the joint venture have rights to the assets and obligations for the liabilities of the joint arrangement. Accordingly, Chery is classified as a joint venture. The summarized financial information in respect of Chery that is accounted for using the equity method is set forth below.
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Current assets |
US$ | 1,263.0 | Rs. | 82,317.9 | Rs. | 76,082.8 | ||||||
| Non-current assets |
1,874.7 | 122,184.9 | 88,525.6 | |||||||||
| Current liabilities |
(1,523.6 | ) | (99,298.3 | ) | (75,650.7 | ) | ||||||
| Non-current liabilities |
(217.6 | ) | (14,184.1 | ) | (14,249.7 | ) | ||||||
| The above amounts of assets and liabilities include the following: |
||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents |
620.9 | 40,466.8 | 50,258.5 | |||||||||
| Current financial liabilities (excluding trade and other payables and provisions) |
(59.6 | ) | (3,885.2 | ) | (17.0 | ) | ||||||
| Non-current financial liabilities (excluding trade and other payables and provisions) |
(214.8 | ) | (13,999.6 | ) | (14,168.8 | ) | ||||||
| Share of net assets of material joint venture |
698.3 | 45,510.2 | 37,354.0 | |||||||||
| Other consolidation adjustments |
(15.6 | ) | (1,016.2 | ) | (667.9 | ) | ||||||
| Carrying amount of the Company’s interest in joint venture |
US$ | 682.7 | Rs. | 44,494.0 | Rs. | 36,686.1 | ||||||
F-36
Table of Contents
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Revenue |
US$ | 3,649.8 | Rs. | 237,876.1 | Rs. | 189,601.3 | Rs. | 109,048.6 | ||||||||
| Net income/(loss) |
665.6 | 43,381.3 | 27,320.6 | 11,866.4 | ||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income |
— | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Total comprehensive income for the year |
665.6 | 43,381.3 | 27,320.6 | 11,866.4 | ||||||||||||
| The above net income includes the following: |
||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization |
183.3 | 11,947.8 | 9,201.1 | 5,720.1 | ||||||||||||
| Interest income |
(35.3 | ) | (2,298.7 | ) | (993.2 | ) | (789.0 | ) | ||||||||
| Interest expense (net) |
9.3 | 609.0 | 706.6 | 986.2 | ||||||||||||
| Income tax expense/(credit) |
178.5 | 11,630.5 | 9,014.4 | 4,339.4 | ||||||||||||
Reconciliation of above summarized financial information to the carrying amount of the interest in the joint venture recognized in the consolidated financial statements:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Net assets of the joint venture |
US$ | 1,396.6 | Rs. | 91,020.4 | Rs. | 74,708.0 | ||||||
| Proportion of the Company’s interest in joint venture |
698.3 | 45,510.2 | 37,354.0 | |||||||||
| Other consolidation adjustments |
(15.6 | ) | (1,016.2 | ) | (667.9 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Carrying amount of the Company’s interest in joint venture |
US$ | 682.7 | Rs. | 44,494.0 | Rs. | 36,686.1 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
During the year ended March 31, 2018, a dividend of Rs. 17,644.9 million was received by a subsidiary in UK from Chery Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Co. Ltd. (2017: Rs. 5,928.8 million, 2016: Rs. Nil)
| (ii) | The aggregate summarized financial information in respect of the Company’s immaterial joint ventures that are accounted for using the equity method is set forth below. |
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Carrying amount of the Company’s interest in joint ventures |
US$ | 0.4 | Rs. | 25.0 | Rs. | 647.7 | ||||||
During the year ended March 31, 2018, the Company acquired a further 10,000 ‘B’ shares in Spark 44 (JV) Ltd (Spark 44), increasing its share of the voting rights of Spark 44 from 50% to 50.5%. In addition, Spark 44’s Articles of Association together with the Shareholder Agreement were amended to give Jaguar Land Rover Limited control of Spark 44 as the majority shareholder.
Prior to this, Jaguar Land Rover Limited had joint control over Spark44 (JV) Limited and equity accounted for Spark44 (JV) Limited as a Joint Venture. Following the additional share purchase and change to Articles of Association and Shareholder Agreement Spark44 (JV) Limited has been consolidated as a subsidiary from August 31, 2017.
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Company’s share of profit/(loss) in immaterial joint ventures* |
US$ | 2.5 | Rs. | 162.5 | Rs. | 276.5 | Rs. | 207.4 | ||||||||
| Company’s share of other comprehensive income in immaterial joint ventures |
— | — | (130.3 | ) | — | |||||||||||
| Company’s share of total comprehensive income in immaterial joint ventures |
US$ | 2.5 | Rs. | 162.5 | Rs. | 146.2 | Rs. | 207.4 | ||||||||
F-37
Table of Contents
| (c) | Summary of carrying amount of the Company’s interest in equity accounted investees: |
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Carrying amount in immaterial associates |
US$ | 143.2 | Rs. 9,333.4 | Rs. 8,726.3 | ||||||||
| Carrying amount in material joint venture |
682.7 | 44,494.0 | 36,686.1 | |||||||||
| Carrying amount in immaterial joint ventures |
0.4 | 25.0 | 647.7 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 826.3 | Rs. 53,852.4 | Rs. 46,060.1 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Current (held for sale)# |
US$ | 76.3 | Rs. 4,973.5 | Rs. — | ||||||||
| Non current |
750.0 | 48,878.9 | 46,060.1 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 826.3 | Rs. 53,852.4 | Rs. 46,060.1 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| # | Carrying amount of investments in Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery Co. Pvt Ltd. |
| (d) | Summary of Company’s share of profit/(loss) in equity accounted investees: |
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Share of profit/(loss) in immaterial associates |
US$ | 18.2 | Rs. | 1,183.0 | Rs. | 1,109.3 | Rs. | (214.0 | ) | |||||||
| Share of profit/(loss) in material joint venture |
332.8 | 21,690.7 | 13,660.3 | 5,933.2 | ||||||||||||
| Share of profit/(loss) on other adjustments in material joint venture |
(3.9 | ) | (253.6 | ) | (116.1 | ) | (151.9 | ) | ||||||||
| Share of profit/(loss) in immaterial joint ventures |
2.5 | 162.5 | 276.5 | 207.4 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| US$ | 349.6 | Rs. | 22,782.6 | Rs. | 14,930.0 | Rs. | 5,774.7 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| (e) | Summary of Company’s share of other comprehensive income in equity accounted investees: |
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Share of other comprehensive income in immaterial associates |
US$ | (1.7 | ) | Rs. | (113.8 | ) | Rs. | (40.0 | ) | Rs. | (84.5 | ) | ||||
| Currency translation differences-immaterial associates |
1.5 | 94.8 | (115.1 | ) | — | |||||||||||
| Currency translation differences-material joint venture |
61.6 | 4,015.7 | (2,801.6 | ) | 358.5 | |||||||||||
| Currency translation differences-immaterial joint ventures |
— | — | (130.3 | ) | 8.4 | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| US$ | 61.4 | Rs. | 3,996.7 | Rs. | (3,087.0 | ) | Rs. | 282.4 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| * | Company’s share of profit/(loss) of the equity accounted investees has been determined after giving effect for the subsequent amortization / depreciation and other adjustments arising on account of fair value adjustments made to the identifiable net assets of the equity accounted investee as at the date of acquisition and other adjustment (mainly unrealized profits on inventories) arising under the equity method of accounting. |
F-38
Table of Contents
| 17. | Income taxes |
The domestic and foreign components of net income before income tax:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Net income before income taxes |
||||||||||||||||
| India |
US$ | (136.1) | Rs. | (8,867.9) | Rs. | (46,507.6) | Rs. | (19,696.5) | ||||||||
| Other than India |
1,758.5 | 114,608.4 | 144,412.0 | 144,081.4 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
US$ | 1,622.4 | Rs. | 105,740.5 | Rs. | 97,904.4 | Rs. | 124,384.9 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
The domestic and foreign components of income tax expense:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Current taxes |
||||||||||||||||
| India |
US$ | 37.1 | Rs. | 2,420.0 | Rs. | 1,842.8 | Rs. | 762.3 | ||||||||
| Other than India |
469.6 | 30,608.5 | 29,531.1 | 17,608.2 | ||||||||||||
| Deferred taxes |
||||||||||||||||
| India |
7.6 | 494.6 | 3,111.6 | 1,862.7 | ||||||||||||
| Other than India |
69.6 | 4,535.4 | 1,184.5 | 7,279.5 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total income tax expense |
US$ | 583.9 | Rs. | 38,058.5 | Rs. | 35,670.0 | Rs. | 27,512.7 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
The reconciliation of estimated income tax to income tax expense is as follows:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes |
US$ | 1,622.4 | Rs. | 105,740.5 | Rs. | 97,904.4 | Rs. | 124,384.9 | ||||||||
| Income tax expense at tax rates applicable to individual entities |
324.2 | 21,127.0 | 14,260.2 | 23,634.1 | ||||||||||||
| Additional deduction for patent, research and product development cost |
(62.9 | ) | (4,099.8 | ) | (7,455.8 | ) | (14,494.0 | ) | ||||||||
| Items (net) not deductible for tax |
||||||||||||||||
| - foreign currency (gain)/loss relating to loans and deposits (net) |
20.5 | 1,336.2 | (739.8 | ) | 1,140.6 | |||||||||||
| - interest, loss on conversion option and other expenses relating to borrowings for investment |
5.2 | 337.8 | 531.0 | 1,203.7 | ||||||||||||
| - Dividend from subsidiaries, joint operations, equity accounted investees and available-for-sale investments |
(0.8 | ) | (50.1 | ) | 27.1 | 1,345.3 | ||||||||||
| Undistributed earnings of subsidiaries, joint operations and equity accounted investees |
140.7 | 9,170.1 | 4,134.3 | 5,402.2 | ||||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets not recognized because realization is not probable |
151.9 | 9,902.3 | 29,372.1 | 13,288.8 | ||||||||||||
| Utilization/credit of unrecognized tax losses, unabsorbed depreciation and other tax benefits |
(55.0 | ) | (3,583.3 | ) | (2,950.5 | ) | (843.2 | ) | ||||||||
| Profit on sale of business by a subsidiary to another subsidiary |
— | — | 4,078.9 | — | ||||||||||||
| Profit on sale of investments to wholly owned subsidiaries |
— | — | — | 550.3 | ||||||||||||
| Tax on share of (profit)/loss of equity accounted investees (net) |
(70.6 | ) | (4,601.4 | ) | (3,146.7 | ) | (1,137.6 | ) | ||||||||
| Impact of change in statutory tax rates |
82.7 | 5,392.6 | (5,684.6 | ) | (5,930.6 | ) | ||||||||||
| Others |
48.0 | 3,127.1 | 3,243.8 | 3,353.1 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Income tax expense reported |
US$ | 583.9 | Rs. | 38,058.5 | Rs. | 35,670.0 | Rs. | 27,512.7 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
The UK Finance Act 2016 was enacted during the year ended March 31, 2017, which included provisions for a reduction in the UK Corporation tax rate to 17% with effect from April 1, 2020. Accordingly, UK deferred tax has been provided at rates applicable when the temporary difference is expected to reverse.
Included within ‘Impact of change in statutory tax rates’ is a charge of Rs. 4,648.4 million for the impact of the change in the US federal rates from 35% to 21% on deferred tax assets for the year ended March 31, 2018.
F-39
Table of Contents
Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the year ended March 31, 2018 are as follows:
| Opening balance |
Recognized in profit or loss |
Recognized in /reclassified from other comprehensive income |
Classified as held for sale |
Closing balance |
||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets: |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Unabsorbed depreciation |
Rs. | 19,921.0 | Rs. | 2,150.3 | Rs. | 15.8 | Rs. | (132.1 | ) | Rs. | 21,955.0 | |||||||||
| Business loss carry forwards |
27,509.3 | 11,944.0 | 3,284.1 | — | 42,737.4 | |||||||||||||||
| Expenses deductible in future years: |
||||||||||||||||||||
| - provisions, allowances for doubtful receivables and others |
26,824.2 | 2,191.5 | 1,233.1 | (34.9 | ) | 30,213.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Compensated absences and retirement benefits |
21,729.6 | (7,224.7 | ) | (5,941.6 | ) | (137.0 | ) | 8,426.3 | ||||||||||||
| Minimum alternate tax carry-forward |
749.2 | (329.5 | ) | — | (37.8 | ) | 381.9 | |||||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment |
1,119.0 | (308.3 | ) | 115.8 | — | 926.5 | ||||||||||||||
| Derivative financial instruments |
44,289.4 | (465.4 | ) | (36,267.6 | ) | (3.9 | ) | 7,552.5 | ||||||||||||
| Unrealized profit on inventory |
15,696.4 | (3,038.2 | ) | 2,421.0 | — | 15,079.2 | ||||||||||||||
| Others |
7,985.3 | 2,346.5 | 689.5 | (93.4 | ) | 10,927.9 | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Total deferred tax assets |
Rs. | 165,823.4 | Rs. | 7,266.2 | Rs. | (34,449.9 | ) | Rs. | (439.1 | ) | Rs. | 138,200.6 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities: |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment |
14,335.3 | 2,221.9 | 453.5 | (158.7 | ) | 16,852.0 | ||||||||||||||
| Intangible assets |
104,848.9 | 5,305.1 | 11,657.1 | 27.4 | 121,838.5 | |||||||||||||||
| Undistributed earnings in subsidiaries, joint operations and equity accounted investees |
13,376.3 | 5,081.6 | * | 939.3 | — | 19,397.2 | ||||||||||||||
| Fair valuation of retained interest in a subsidiary subsequent to disposal of controlling equity interest |
169.5 | — | — | — | 169.5 | |||||||||||||||
| Derivative financial instruments |
231.2 | (231.2 | ) | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Others |
446.9 | (81.2 | ) | (132.9 | ) | (96.2 | ) | 136.6 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Total deferred tax liabilities |
Rs. | 133,408.1 | Rs. | 12,296.2 | Rs. | 12,917.0 | Rs. | (227.5 | ) | Rs. | 158,393.8 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Net assets/(liabilities) |
Rs. | 32,415.3 | Rs. | (5,030.0 | ) | Rs. | (47,366.9 | ) | Rs. | (211.6 | ) | Rs. | (20,193.2 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| US$ | 497.4 | US$ | (77.2 | ) | US$ | (726.9 | ) | US$ | (3.1 | ) | US$ | (309.8 | ) | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets |
US$ | 630.1 | Rs. | 41,064.6 | ||||||||||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities |
US$ | (939.9 | ) | Rs. | (61,257.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| * | Net off Rs. 4,088.5 million reversed on dividend distribution by subsidiaries. |
F-40
Table of Contents
As at March 31, 2018, unrecognized deferred tax assets amount to Rs. 39,382.1 million and Rs. 69,114.1 million, which can be carried forward indefinitely and up to a specified period, respectively. These relate primarily to business and capital losses and other deductible temporary differences. The deferred tax asset has not been recognized on the basis that its recovery is not probable in the foreseeable future.
Unrecognized deferred tax assets expire unutilized based on the year of origination as follows:
| March 31, |
In millions | |||||||
| 2019 |
Rs. | 297.2 | US$ | 4.6 | ||||
| 2020 |
543.5 | 8.3 | ||||||
| 2021 |
6,297.0 | 96.6 | ||||||
| 2022 |
4,348.8 | 66.7 | ||||||
| 2023 |
12,171.7 | 187.7 | ||||||
| Thereafter |
Rs. | 45,455.9 | US$ | 697.4 | ||||
The Company has not recognized deferred tax liability on undistributed profits of certain subsidiaries amounting to Rs. 745,891.7 million and Rs. 409,655.3 million as at March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, because it is able to control the timing of the reversal of temporary differences associated with such undistributed profits and it is probable that such differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.
Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the year ended March 31, 2017 are as follows:
| Opening balance |
Recognized in profit or loss |
Recognized in /reclassified from other comprehensive income |
Closing balance |
|||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets: |
||||||||||||||||
| Unabsorbed depreciation |
Rs. | 19,432.6 | Rs. | 489.0 | Rs. | (0.6 | ) | Rs. | 19,921.0 | |||||||
| Business loss carry forwards |
34,321.9 | (4,177.0 | ) | (2,635.6 | ) | 27,509.3 | ||||||||||
| Expenses deductible in future years: |
||||||||||||||||
| - provisions, allowances for doubtful receivables and others |
33,149.5 | (5,127.0 | ) | (1,198.3 | ) | 26,824.2 | ||||||||||
| Compensated absences and retirement benefits |
11,859.0 | (6.2 | ) | 9,876.8 | 21,729.6 | |||||||||||
| Minimum alternate tax carry-forward |
582.6 | 166.6 | — | 749.2 | ||||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment |
2,109.3 | (738.1 | ) | (252.2 | ) | 1,119.0 | ||||||||||
| Derivative financial instruments |
22,966.4 | (1,917.7 | ) | 23,240.7 | 44,289.4 | |||||||||||
| Unrealized profit on inventory |
12,233.4 | 5,519.4 | (2,056.4 | ) | 15,696.4 | |||||||||||
| Others |
5,745.0 | 3,044.4 | (804.1 | ) | 7,985.3 | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total deferred tax assets |
Rs. | 142,399.7 | Rs. | (2,746.6 | ) | Rs. | 26,170.3 | Rs. | 165,823.4 | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities: |
||||||||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment |
16,117.2 | (1,787.8 | ) | 5.9 | 14,335.3 | |||||||||||
| Intangible assets |
115,877.7 | 2,879.2 | (13,908.0 | ) | 104,848.9 | |||||||||||
| Undistributed earnings of subsidiaries joint operations and equity accounted investees |
13,436.3 | 480.7 | * | (540.7 | ) | 13,376.3 | ||||||||||
| Fair valuation of retained interest in a subsidiary subsequent to disposal of controlling equity interest |
169.5 | — | — | 169.5 | ||||||||||||
| Derivative financial instruments |
40.4 | 200.2 | (9.4 | ) | 231.2 | |||||||||||
| Others |
624.1 | (222.8 | ) | 45.6 | 446.9 | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total deferred tax liabilities |
Rs. | 146,265.2 | Rs. | 1,549.5 | Rs. | (14,406.6 | ) | Rs. | 133,408.1 | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Net assets/(liabilities) |
Rs. | (3,865.5 | ) | Rs. | (4,296.1 | ) | Rs. | 40,576.9 | Rs. | 32,415.3 | ||||||
| Deferred tax assets |
Rs. | 44,221.7 | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities |
Rs. | (11,806.4 | ) | |||||||||||||
| * | Net off Rs. 3,653.6 million reversed on dividend distribution by subsidiaries. |
F-41
Table of Contents
Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the year ended March 31, 2016 are as follows:
| Opening balance |
Recognized in profit or loss |
Recognized in/reclassified from other comprehensive income |
Closing balance |
|||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets: |
||||||||||||||||
| Unabsorbed depreciation |
Rs. | 15,844.4 | Rs. | 3,588.2 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 19,432.6 | ||||||||
| Business loss carry forwards |
38,184.0 | (4,717.0 | ) | 854.9 | 34,321.9 | |||||||||||
| Expenses deductible in future years: |
||||||||||||||||
| - provisions, allowances for doubtful receivables and others |
34,102.7 | (1,660.3 | ) | 707.1 | 33,149.5 | |||||||||||
| Compensated absences and retirement benefits |
18,693.1 | 3,795.6 | (10,629.7 | ) | 11,859.0 | |||||||||||
| Minimum alternate tax carry-forward |
898.7 | (316.1 | ) | — | 582.6 | |||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment |
861.8 | 1,276.4 | (28.9 | ) | 2,109.3 | |||||||||||
| Derivative financial instruments |
24,151.0 | (437.6 | ) | (747.0 | ) | 22,966.4 | ||||||||||
| Unrealized profit on inventory |
13,565.7 | (1,745.9 | ) | 413.6 | 12,233.4 | |||||||||||
| Others |
4,162.1 | 1,384.4 | 198.5 | 5,745.0 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total deferred tax assets |
Rs. | 150,463.5 | Rs. | 1,167.7 | Rs. | (9,231.5 | ) | Rs. | 142,399.7 | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities: |
||||||||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment |
15,819.9 | 293.2 | 4.1 | 16,117.2 | ||||||||||||
| Intangible assets |
102,641.2 | 11,071.7 | 2,164.8 | 115,877.7 | ||||||||||||
| Undistributed earnings in subsidiaries, joint operations and equity accounted investees |
14,265.4 | (1,122.2 | )* | 293.1 | 13,436.3 | |||||||||||
| Fair valuation of retained interest in a subsidiary subsequent to disposal of controlling equity interest |
169.5 | — | — | 169.5 | ||||||||||||
| Derivative financial instruments |
17.5 | (2.7 | ) | 25.6 | 40.4 | |||||||||||
| Others |
538.0 | 69.9 | 16.2 | 624.1 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total deferred tax liabilities |
Rs. | 133,451.5 | Rs. | 10,309.9 | Rs. | 2,503.8 | Rs. | 146,265.2 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Net assets/(liabilities) |
Rs. | 17,012.0 | Rs. | (9,142.2 | ) | Rs. | (11,735.3 | ) | Rs. | (3,865.5 | ) | |||||
| Deferred tax assets |
Rs. | 39,575.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities |
Rs. | (43,441.4 | ) | |||||||||||||
| * | Net off Rs. 6,524.4 million reversed on dividend distribution by subsidiaries. |
F-42
Table of Contents
| 18. | Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt |
Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt consist of the following:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Commercial paper |
US$ | 1,623.6 | Rs. | 105,815.5 | Rs. | 81,796.7 | ||||||
| Loans from banks/financial institutions |
940.1 | 61,273.0 | 56,242.7 | |||||||||
| Inter-corporate deposits |
13.2 | 860.0 | 560.0 | |||||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt (refer note 19) |
1,677.6 | 109,338.9 | 40,927.3 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 4,254.5 | Rs. | 277,287.4 | Rs. | 179,526.7 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
For details of carrying amount of assets pledged as security for secured borrowings refer note 36.
| 19. | Long-term debt |
Long-term debt consists of the following:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Non-convertible debentures |
US$ | 2,272.5 | Rs. | 148,107.9 | Rs. | 145,163.4 | ||||||
| Collateralized debt obligations |
202.6 | 13,205.8 | 10,271.2 | |||||||||
| Buyers credit from banks at floating interest rate |
230.1 | 15,000.0 | 15,190.7 | |||||||||
| Loan from banks/financial institutions |
2,104.8 | 137,181.5 | 127,410.4 | |||||||||
| Senior notes |
6,080.6 | 396,301.9 | 342,278.1 | |||||||||
| Others |
168.2 | 10,961.2 | 6,258.0 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
11,058.8 | 720,758.3 | 646,571.8 | |||||||||
| Less: current portion (refer note 18) |
1,677.6 | 109,338.9 | 40,927.3 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Long-term debt |
US$ | 9,381.2 | Rs. | 611,419.4 | Rs. | 605,644.5 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
F-43
Table of Contents
Collateralized debt obligations
These represent amount received against finance receivables securitized/assigned, which do not qualify for derecognition.
Non-convertible debentures
The interest rate on non-convertible debentures range from 7.28% to 11.50% and maturity ranging from April 2018 to September 2024. During Fiscal 2018, the Company has exercised call option to redeem in full, at the end of 8th year from the date of allotment i.e. on April 30, 2018 non-convertible debentures amounting to Rs. 5,000 million.
Buyers credit
The buyers line of credit from banks is repayable within four years from drawdown dates.
Loan from banks / financial institutions
Certain of the Company’s loans set limits on and/or require prior lender consent for, among other things, undertaking new projects, issuing new securities, changes in management, mergers, sales of undertakings and investment in subsidiaries. In addition, certain negative covenants may limit Company’s ability to borrow additional funds or to incur additional liens, and/or provide for increased costs in case of breach. Certain of the financing arrangements also include financial covenants to maintain certain debt-to-equity ratios, debt-to-earnings ratios, liquidity ratios, capital expenditure ratios and debt coverage ratios.
Long-term loans from banks/financial institutions maturity is ranging from April 2018 to July 2023. Interest rate is based on marginal cost of funds lending rate (MCLR) of respective banks for loans amounting to Rs. 71,769.9 million. Interest rate is based on LIBOR for loans amounting to Rs. 65,411.6 million.
Commercial Paper
Commercial paper are unsecured short term papers, issued at discount bearing no coupon interest. The yield on commercial paper issued by the Company ranges from 6.08% to 8.15%.
Senior notes (Euro MTF listed debt)
The senior notes of Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Plc (JLR) are listed on the Euro MTF market, which is a listed market regulated by the Luxembourg Stock Exchange.
Details of the tranches of the senior notes outstanding at March 31, 2018 are as follows:
| Issued on |
Currency | Initial Principal amounts (in millions) |
Outstanding Principal amounts (in millions) |
Outstanding (In millions) |
Interest rate |
Redeemable on | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| January 2013 |
USD | 500 | 500 | Rs. | 32,485.2 | Rs. | 32,096.3 | 5.625 | % | February 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||
| February 2015 |
GBP | 400 | 400 | 36,664.8 | 32,108.4 | 3.875 | % | March 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| January 2014 |
GBP | 400 | 400 | 36,598.4 | 32,027.6 | 5.000 | % | February 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| March 2015 |
USD | 500 | 500 | 32,713.6 | 32,298.6 | 3.500 | % | March 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| December 2013 |
USD | 700 | 700 | 45,844.7 | 45,185.2 | 4.125 | % | December 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| October 2014 |
USD | 500 | 500 | 32,738.4 | 32,314.8 | 4.250 | % | November 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| January 2017 |
GBP | 300 | 300 | 27,504.6 | 24,065.2 | 2.750 | % | January 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| January 2017 |
EUR | 650 | 650 | 52,112.4 | 44,668.8 | 2.200 | % | January 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| October 2017 |
USD | 500 | 500 | 31,569.2 | — | 4.500 | % | March 2027 | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 328,231.3 | Rs. | 274,764.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
These senior notes are subject to customary covenants and events of defult, which include, among other things, restrictions or limitations on the amount of cash which can be transferred outside the Jaguar Land Rover group of companies in the form of dividends, loans or investments.
Senior notes (SGX-ST listed debt)
The senior notes of Tata Motors Limited and TML Holdings Pte Ltd are listed on the SGX-ST market, which is a listed market regulated by the Singapore Stock Exchange.
F-44
Table of Contents
Details of the tranches of the senior notes outstanding at March 31, 2018 are as follows:
| Issued on |
Currency | Initial Principal amounts (in millions) |
Outstanding Principal amounts (in millions) |
Outstanding (In millions) |
Interest rate |
Redeemable on | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| October 2014 |
USD | 250 | 250 | Rs. | 16,194.3 | Rs. | 16,087.8 | 5.750 | % | October 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||
| May 2014 |
USD | 300 | 300 | 19,487.7 | 19,249.8 | 5.750 | % | May 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| October 2014* |
USD | 500 | 500 | 32,388.6 | 32,175.6 | 4.625 | % | April 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 68,070.6 | Rs. | 67,513.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| * | Subsequent to the year ended March 31, 2018, the Company prepaid USD 237 million (Rs 15,447.1 million) of 4.625% senior notes at a premium of 2.5%. These were prepaid by funds raised through External Commercial Borrowings of USD 237 million. |
For details of carrying amount of assets pledged as security for secured borrowings refer note 36
| 20. | Other financial liabilities – current |
Other current financial liabilities consist of the following:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Liability towards vehicles sold under repurchase arrangements |
US$ | 678.7 | Rs. | 44,235.8 | Rs. | 28,283.8 | ||||||
| Interest accrued but not due |
168.1 | 10,957.2 | 9,432.4 | |||||||||
| Lease liabilities |
3.4 | 222.3 | 221.3 | |||||||||
| Derivative financial instruments |
952.5 | 62,076.6 | 142,579.5 | |||||||||
| Deferred payment liability |
— | — | 700.8 | |||||||||
| Unclaimed matured fixed deposits |
1.7 | 107.7 | 126.2 | |||||||||
| Others |
23.3 | 1,519.0 | 858.0 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 1,827.7 | Rs. | 119,118.6 | Rs. | 182,202.0 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| 21. | Other financial liabilities – non-current |
Other financial liabilities non-current consist of the following:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Lease liabilities |
US$ | 7.2 | Rs. | 467.5 | Rs. | 540.1 | ||||||
| Derivative financial instruments |
375.9 | 24,502.0 | 112,595.7 | |||||||||
| Liability towards employee separation scheme |
13.1 | 852.2 | 723.6 | |||||||||
| Retention money, security deposits and others |
31.7 | 2,065.7 | 804.9 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 427.9 | Rs. | 27,887.4 | Rs. | 114,664.3 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
F-45
Table of Contents
| 22. | Provisions |
Provisions consist of the following:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Current |
||||||||||||
| Product warranty |
US$ | 994.5 | Rs. | 64,815.0 | Rs. | 46,706.4 | ||||||
| Legal and product liability |
168.8 | 10,999.2 | 8,809.6 | |||||||||
| Provision for residual risk |
9.5 | 622.0 | 548.0 | |||||||||
| Provision for environmental liability |
15.0 | 978.8 | 965.8 | |||||||||
| Employee related and other provisions |
30.7 | 2,003.5 | 1,052.9 | * | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total-Current |
US$ | 1,218.5 | Rs. | 79,418.5 | Rs. | 58,082.7 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Non-current |
||||||||||||
| Employee benefits obligations |
US$ | 113.2 | Rs. | 7,380.0 | Rs. | 7,329.7 | ||||||
| Product warranty |
1,450.3 | 94,521.6 | 73,592.6 | |||||||||
| Legal and product liability |
33.7 | 2,199.5 | 3,845.2 | |||||||||
| Provision for residual risk |
39.1 | 2,547.6 | 2,190.7 | |||||||||
| Provision for environmental liability |
23.0 | 1,500.5 | 1,780.0 | |||||||||
| Other provisions |
20.7 | 1,344.1 | 1,286.9 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
Total-Non-current |
US$ | 1,680.0 | Rs. | 109,493.3 | Rs. | 90,025.1 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
* Includes provision towards employee claims in foreign subsidiaries. |
| |||||||||||
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | |||||||||||||
| Product Warranty | Legal and product Liability | |||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Balance at the beginning |
US$ | 1,845.8 | Rs. | 120,299.0 | US$ | 194.2 | Rs. | 12,654.8 | ||||||||
| Provision made during the year |
1,309.4 | 85,338.8 | 32.1 | 2,091.3 | ||||||||||||
| Provision used during the year |
(1,011.2 | ) | (65,905.9 | ) | (48.6 | ) | (3,161.3 | ) | ||||||||
| Impact of discounting |
23.3 | 1,521.3 | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Impact of foreign exchange translation |
278.2 | 18,130.3 | 24.8 | 1,613.9 | ||||||||||||
| Liability for assets classified as held for sale |
(0.7 | ) | (46.9 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Balance at the end |
US$ | 2,444.8 | Rs. | 159,336.6 | * | US$ | 202.5 | Rs. | 13,198.7 | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Current |
US$ | 994.5 | Rs. | 64,815.0 | US$ | 168.8 | Rs. | 10,999.2 | ||||||||
| Non-current |
US$ | 1,450.3 | Rs. | 94,521.6 | US$ | 33.7 | Rs. | 2,199.5 | ||||||||
|
* Provision includes estimated recovery from suppliers Rs. 17,451.2 million. |
| |||||||||||||||
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | |||||||||||||
| Provision for residual risk | Provision for environmental liability | |||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Balance at the beginning |
US$ | 42.0 | Rs. | 2,738.7 | US$ | 42.1 | Rs. | 2,745.8 | ||||||||
| Provision made during the year |
6.8 | 441.0 | (2.3 | ) | (147.9 | ) | ||||||||||
| Provision used during the year |
(3.2 | ) | (211.1 | ) | (7.0 | ) | (456.4 | ) | ||||||||
| Impact of foreign exchange translation |
3.0 | 201.0 | 5.2 | 337.8 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Balance at the end |
US$ | 48.6 | Rs. | 3,169.6 | US$ | 38.0 | Rs. | 2,479.3 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Current |
US$ | 9.5 | Rs. | 622.0 | US$ | 15.0 | Rs. | 978.8 | ||||||||
| Non-current |
US$ | 39.1 | Rs. | 2,547.6 | US$ | 23.0 | Rs. | 1,500.5 | ||||||||
F-46
Table of Contents
| 23. | Other current liabilities |
Other current liabilities consist of the following:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Advances received from customers |
US$ | 219.6 | Rs. | 14,312.5 | Rs. | 17,111.5 | ||||||
| Statutory dues |
487.4 | 31,768.6 | 26,589.3 | |||||||||
| Deferred revenue |
356.8 | 23,249.9 | 14,173.3 | |||||||||
| Others |
41.7 | 2,719.7 | 2,731.1 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 1,105.5 | Rs. | 72,050.7 | Rs. | 60,605.2 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
Statutory dues include goods and service tax, sales tax, excise duty and other taxes payable. |
| |||||||||||
| 24. | Other liabilities - non-current |
Other liabilities non-current consist of the following:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Employee benefit obligations |
US$ | 629.2 | Rs. | 41,007.6 | Rs. | 119,840.3 | ||||||
| Deferred revenue |
630.8 | 41,116.2 | 29,956.2 | |||||||||
| Others |
31.1 | 2,025.5 | 2,980.8 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | 1,291.1 | Rs. | 84,149.3 | Rs. | 152,777.3 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
F-47
Table of Contents
| 25. | Equity |
Ordinary shares and ‘A’ Ordinary shares
The movement of number of shares and share capital is as follows:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ordinary shares | ‘A’ Ordinary shares | Ordinary shares | ‘A’ Ordinary shares | Ordinary shares | ‘A’ Ordinary shares | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| No. of shares | (In millions) | No. of shares | (In millions) | No. of shares | (In millions) | No. of shares | (In millions) | No. of shares | (In millions) | No. of shares | (In millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares at the beginning |
2,887,348,428 | Rs. | 5,775.2 | 508,502,291 | Rs. | 1,017.0 | 2,887,203,602 | Rs. | 5,774.8 | 508,476,704 | Rs. | 1,017.0 | 2,736,713,122 | Rs. | 5,473.8 | 481,966,945 | Rs. | 964.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares issued pursuant to Rights issue |
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 150,490,480 | 301.0 | 26,509,759 | 53.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares issued # |
266 | 0.00 | * | 80 | 0.00 | * | 144,826 | 0.4 | 25,587 | 0.0 | * | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares at the end |
2,887,348,694 | Rs. | 5,775.2 | 508,502,371 | Rs. | 1,017.0 | 2,887,348,428 | Rs. | 5,775.2 | 508,502,291 | Rs. | 1,017.0 | 2,887,203,602 | Rs. | 5,774.8 | 508,476,704 | Rs. | 1,017.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| US$ | 88.6 | US$ | 15.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| # | Out of shares held in abeyance - Rights issue of 2001, 2008 and 2015. |
| * | Amounts less than Rs. 50,000 |
F-48
Table of Contents
Authorized share capital
Authorized share capital includes 3,500,000,000 Ordinary shares of Rs. 2 each as at March 31, 2018 (3,500,000,000 Ordinary shares of Rs. 2 each as at March 31, 2017 and 2016 ), 1,000,000,000 ‘A’ Ordinary shares of Rs. 2 each as at March 31, 2018 (1,000,000,000 ‘A’ Ordinary shares of Rs. 2 each as at March 31, 2017 and 2016) and 300,000,000 convertible cumulative preference shares of Rs. 100 each as at March 31, 2018 (300,000,000 convertible cumulative preference shares of Rs. 100 each as at March 31, 2017 and 2016).
Subsequent to March 31, 2018, the Company completed the merger of TML Drivelines Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary and accordingly the authorized share capital increased to 4,000,000,000 Ordinary shares of Rs. 2 each. There is no change for ‘A’ Ordinary shares.
Issued and subscribed share capital
Share issued includes partly paid up shares of 570 Ordinary shares of Rs. 2 each as at March 31, 2018 and 2017 and 68,750 Ordinary shares as at March 31, 2016.
Ordinary shares and ‘A’ Ordinary shares:
| • | The Company has two classes of shares – the Ordinary shares and the ‘A’ Ordinary shares both of Rs.2 each (together referred to as shares). In respect of every Ordinary share (whether fully or partly paid), voting rights shall be in the same proportion as the capital paid up on such Ordinary share bears to the total paid up Ordinary share capital of the Company. In case of every ‘A’ Ordinary share, if any resolution is put to vote on a poll or by postal ballot at any general meeting of shareholders, the holder shall be entitled to one vote for every ten ‘A’ Ordinary shares held as per the terms of its issue and if a resolution is put to vote on a show of hands, the holders of ‘A’ Ordinary shares shall be entitled to the same number of votes as available to holders of Ordinary shares. |
| • | Under the provisions of the revised Indian Listing Agreement with domestic Indian Stock Exchanges, every listed company is required to provide its shareholders with the facility to exercise their right to vote, by electronic means, either at a general meeting of the Company or by means of a postal ballot. |
| • | The dividend proposed by Tata Motors Limited’s Board of Directors is subject to the approval of the shareholders in the ensuing Annual General Meeting. Further, the Board of Directors may also announce an interim dividend which would need to be confirmed by the shareholders at the forthcoming Annual General Meeting. The holders of ‘A’ Ordinary shares shall be entitled to receive dividend for each financial year at five percentage point more than the aggregate rate of dividend declared on Ordinary shares for that financial year. |
| • | In the event of liquidation, the shareholders are eligible to receive the remaining assets of the Company after distribution of all preferential amounts, in proportion to their shareholdings. |
F-49
Table of Contents
| 26. | Other components of equity |
| (a) | The movement of Currency translation reserve is as follows: |
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Balance at the beginning |
US$ | (781.5 | ) | Rs. | (50,933.2 | ) | Rs. | 45,936.6 | Rs. | 28,887.9 | ||||||
| Exchange differences arising on translating the net assets of foreign operations (net) |
1,476.2 | 96,211.5 | (93,822.8 | ) | 16,758.7 | |||||||||||
| Net change in translation reserve – equity accounted investees (net) |
63.1 | 4,110.5 | (3,047.0 | ) | 290.0 | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Balance at the end |
US$ | 757.8 | Rs. | 49,388.8 | Rs. | (50,933.2 | ) | Rs. | 45,936.6 | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| (b) | The movement of Available-for-sale investments reserve is as follows: |
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Balance at the beginning |
US$ | 16.3 | Rs.1,062.8 | Rs.274.6 | Rs.280.6 | |||||||||||
| Gain/(loss) arising on revaluation of available-for-sale investments (net) |
8.6 | 565.8 | 905.6 | 23.9 | ||||||||||||
| Income tax relating to gain/loss arising on revaluation of available-for-sale investments (net), where applicable |
(0.2 | ) | (16.2 | ) | (16.0 | ) | (16.6 | ) | ||||||||
| Cumulative (gain)/loss reclassified to profit or loss on available-for-sale investments (net) |
(2.6 | ) | (169.2 | ) | (143.9 | ) | (22.0 | ) | ||||||||
| Income tax relating to cumulative gain/loss reclassified to profit or loss on available-for-sale investments (net), where applicable |
0.7 | 45.2 | 42.5 | 7.6 | ||||||||||||
| Net change in share of available-for-sale investments reserves – equity accounted investees (net) |
(1.0 | ) | (66.3 | ) | — | 1.1 | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Balance at the end |
US$ | 21.8 | Rs.1,422.1 | Rs.1,062.8 | Rs.274.6 | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| (c) | The movement of Hedging reserve is as follows: |
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Balance at the beginning |
US$ | (3,268.7 | ) | Rs. | (213,038.1 | ) | Rs. | (84,860.0 | ) | Rs. | (88,603.2 | ) | ||||
| Gain/(loss) recognized on cash flow hedges |
1,603.6 | 104,519.0 | (266,264.8 | ) | (12,677.6 | ) | ||||||||||
| Income tax relating to gain/loss recognized on cash flow hedges |
(301.0 | ) | (19,616.7 | ) | 50,952.5 | 1,982.5 | ||||||||||
| (Gain)/loss reclassified to profit or loss |
1,573.3 | 102,536.7 | 108,817.5 | 18,047.9 | ||||||||||||
| Income tax relating to gain/loss reclassified to profit or loss |
(298.9 | ) | (19,482.0 | ) | (21,683.3 | ) | (3,609.6 | ) | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Balance at the end |
US$ | (691.7 | ) | Rs. | (45,081.1 | ) | Rs. | (213,038.1 | ) | Rs. | (84,860.0 | ) | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| (d) | Summary of Other components of equity: |
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Currency translation reserve |
US$ | 757.8 | Rs. | 49,388.8 | Rs. | (50,933.2 | ) | Rs. | 45,936.6 | |||||||
| Available-for-sale investments reserve |
21.8 | 1,422.1 | 1,062.8 | 274.6 | ||||||||||||
| Hedging reserve |
(691.7 | ) | (45,081.1 | ) | (213,038.1 | ) | (84,860.0 | ) | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
US$ | 87.9 | Rs. | 5,729.8 | Rs. | (262,908.5 | ) | Rs. | (38,648.8 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
F-50
Table of Contents
| 27. | Notes to reserves and dividends |
Additional paid-in capital
The amount received in excess of face value of the equity shares is recognised in additional paid-in capital.
Retained earnings
Retained earnings are the profits that the Company has earned till date.
Capital redemption reserve
The Companies Act requires that where a company purchases its own shares out of free reserves or securities premium account, a sum equal to the nominal value of the shares so purchased shall be transferred to a capital redemption reserve account and details of such transfer shall be disclosed in the balance sheet. The capital redemption reserve account may be applied by the company, in paying up unissued shares of the company to be issued to shareholders of the company as fully paid bonus shares. Tata Motors Limited established this reserve pursuant to the redemption of preference shares issued in earlier years.
Debenture redemption reserve
The Companies Act requires that where a company issues debentures, it shall create a debenture redemption reserve out of profits of the company available for payment of dividend. The company is required to maintain a Debenture Redemption Reserve of 25% of the value of debentures issued, either by a public issue or on a private placement basis. The amounts credited to the debenture redemption reserve may not be utilized by the company except to redeem debentures.
Reserve for research and human resource development
In terms of Article 9 of the Act on Special Taxation Restriction in Korea, Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Company Limited (TDCV, a subsidiary of Tata Motors Limited) is entitled for deferment of tax in respect of expenditures incurred on product development cost subject to fulfillment of certain conditions, by way of deduction from the taxable income, provided that TDCV appropriates an equivalent amount from “Retained Earnings” to “Reserve for Research and Human Resource Development”.
The deferment is for a period of three years and from the fourth year onwards one-third of the reserve is offered to tax and an equal amount is then transferred from the reserve to “Retained earnings available for appropriation”.
Special reserve
The special reserve represents the reserve created by two subsidiaries of Tata Motors Limited pursuant to the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (the “RBI Act”) and related regulations applicable to those companies. Under the RBI Act, a non-banking finance company is required to transfer an amount not less than 20% of its net profit to a reserve fund before declaring any dividend. Appropriation from this reserve fund is permitted only for the purposes specified by the RBI.
Earned surplus reserve
Under the Korean commercial code, TDCV is required to appropriate at least 10% of cash dividend declared each year to a legal reserve until such reserves equal to 50% of capital stock. This reserve may not be utilized for cash dividends, but may only be used to offset against future deficits, if any, or may be transferred to capital stock.
Hedge reserve
Effective portion of fair value gain/(loss) on all financial insturments designated in cash flow hedge relationship are accumulated in hedge reserve.
Dividends
The final dividend is recommended by the Board of Directors and is recorded in the books of account upon its approval by the shareholders. For the year ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, considering the losses in the Tata Motors Limited (standalone, no dividend is permitted to be paid to the members, as per the Companies Act, 2013 and the rules framed thereunder. For the year ended March 31, 2016, dividend per share of Rs. 0.2 for Ordinary Shares (face value of Rs. 2 each) and Rs. 0.3 for ‘A’ Ordinary Shares (face value of Rs. 2 each) was declared which was paid in year ended March 31, 2017.
F-51
Table of Contents
| 28. | Employee cost |
Employee cost consists of the following:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Salaries, wages and welfare expenses |
US$ | 4,149.5 | Rs. | 270,441.8 | Rs. | 255,325.7 | Rs. | 253,989.3 | ||||||||
| Contribution to provident fund and other funds |
493.7 | 32,183.0 | 28,262.3 | 34,128.1 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
US$ | 4,643.2 | Rs. | 302,624.8 | Rs. | 283,588.0 | Rs. | 288,117.4 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
A subsidiary of the Company operates a Long Term Incentive Plan (LTIP) arrangement for certain employees. The scheme provides a cash payment to the employee based on a specific number of phantom shares at grant and the share price of Tata Motors Limited at the vesting date. The cash payment is dependent on the performance of the underlying shares of Tata Motors Limited over the 3 year vesting period and continued employment at the end of the vesting period. The fair value of the awards is calculated using a Black-Scholes model at the grant date. The fair value is updated at each reporting date as the awards are accounted for as cash-settled plan. The inputs into the model are based on the Tata Motors Limited historic data, the risk-free rate and the weighted average fair value of shares, in the scheme at the reporting date. During the year ended March 31, 2016, the subsidiary company issued its final LTIP based on the share price of Tata Motors Limited. The amount recognized in relation to the LTIP was Rs. 85.5 million, Rs. 701.3 million and Rs. 295.9 million for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The Company considers these amounts as not material and accordingly has not provided further disclosures as required by IFRS 2 “Share-based Payment”.
During the year ended March 31, 2017, the subsidiary has launched a new long-term employment benefit scheme which provides a cash payment to certain employees based on subsidiary’s performance against long-term business metrics. This new LTIP scheme has been accounted for in accordance with IAS 19 “Employee benefits”.
| 29. | Other expenses |
Other expenses consist of the following:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Stores, spare parts and tools consumed |
US$ | 339.2 | Rs. | 22,105.6 | Rs. | 24,191.1 | Rs. | 20,961.9 | ||||||||
| Freight and transportation expenses |
1,762.0 | 114,840.9 | 103,534.4 | 103,350.9 | ||||||||||||
| Research and product development cost |
541.9 | 35,318.7 | 34,135.7 | 34,687.7 | ||||||||||||
| Warranty and product liability expenses |
1,073.7 | 69,978.9 | 85,866.4 | 67,539.3 | ||||||||||||
| Allowance for trade and other receivables, and finance receivables |
6.1 | 400.9 | 7,359.5 | 15,319.4 | ||||||||||||
| Works operation and other expenses |
4,010.8 | 261,407.3 | 232,674.8 | 223,315.3 | ||||||||||||
| Repairs to building and plant and machinery |
95.0 | 6,189.7 | 6,273.2 | 6,175.7 | ||||||||||||
| Processing charges |
205.5 | 13,390.8 | 11,720.3 | 11,106.8 | ||||||||||||
| Power and fuel |
200.7 | 13,080.8 | 11,598.2 | 11,436.3 | ||||||||||||
| Insurance |
51.5 | 3,355.9 | 4,121.2 | 3,743.5 | ||||||||||||
| Publicity |
1,376.1 | 89,685.9 | 86,986.8 | 87,684.6 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
US$ | 9,662.5 | Rs.629,755.4 | Rs. | 608,461.6 | Rs. | 585,321.4 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
F-52
Table of Contents
| 30. | Other income/(loss) (net) |
Other income/(loss) (net) consist of the following:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous income |
US$ |
675.2 |
|
Rs. | 44,007.6 | Rs. | 28,475.0 | Rs. | 21,907.7 | |||||||
| Gain / (Loss) on change in fair value of commodity derivatives |
32.9 | 2,146.3 | 9,184.0 | (11,555.3 | ) | |||||||||||
| Dividend income and income on mutual funds |
2.4 | 157.7 | 105.1 | 446.7 | ||||||||||||
| Gain/(loss) on sale, change in fair value of available-for-sale investments (net) |
24.0 | 1,561.7 | 1,826.0 | 1,813.9 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
US$ | 734.5 | Rs. | 47,873.3 | Rs. | 39,590.1 | Rs. | 12,613.0 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| 31. | Interest expense (net) |
Interest expense (net) consists of the following:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Gross interest expense |
US$ | 910.0 | Rs. | 59,308.2 | Rs. | 55,306.7 | Rs. | 60,167.8 | ||||||||
| Less: Interest capitalized * |
(198.6 | ) | (12,943.2 | ) | (12,941.0 | ) | (12,255.2 | ) | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
US$ | 711.4 | Rs. | 46,365.0 | Rs. | 42,365.7 | Rs. | 47,912.6 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| * | Represents borrowing costs capitalized during the year on qualifying assets (property plant and equipment and product development). |
The weighted average rate for capitalization of interest relating to general borrowings was approximately 4.3 %, 4.4% and 6.3% for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
F-53
Table of Contents
| 32. | Employee benefits |
Defined Benefit Plan
Pension and post retirement medical plans
The following table sets out the funded and unfunded status and the amounts recognized in the financial statements for the pension and the post retirement medical plans in respect of Tata Motors, its Indian subsidiaries and joint operations:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pension benefits | Post retirement medical benefits | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in defined benefit obligations : |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Defined benefit obligation, beginning of the year |
US$ | 150.5 | Rs. | 9,807.6 | Rs. | 9,238.6 | US$ | 28.2 | Rs. | 1,838.6 | Rs. | 1,600.5 | ||||||||||||
| Current service cost |
11.1 | 722.5 | 657.1 | 1.6 | 102.0 | 81.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Interest cost |
10.5 | 687.6 | 695.1 | 2.0 | 130.6 | 123.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Remeasurements (gains) / losses |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Actuarial (gains) / losses arising from changes in demographic assumptions |
(2.5 | ) | (160.3 | ) | (9.6 | ) | (1.7 | ) | (114.0 | ) | 21.7 | |||||||||||||
| Actuarial (gains) / losses arising from changes in financial assumptions |
3.5 | 228.8 | 160.1 | (0.4 | ) | (27.0 | ) | 218.2 | ||||||||||||||||
| Actuarial (gains) / losses arising from changes in experience adjustments |
1.6 | 105.0 | (65.0 | ) | (4.4 | ) | (289.6 | ) | (104.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Benefits paid from plan assets |
(17.9 | ) | (1,168.5 | ) | (778.9 | ) | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| Benefits paid directly by employer |
(0.9 | ) | (59.8 | ) | (89.8 | ) | (1.5 | ) | (100.1 | ) | (102.4 | ) | ||||||||||||
| Past service cost—Plan amendments |
1.3 | 85.0 | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Defined benefit obligation, end of the year |
US$ | 157.2 | Rs. | 10,247.9 | Rs. | 9,807.6 | US$ | 23.8 | Rs. | 1,540.5 | Rs. | 1,838.6 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Change in plan assets: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value of plan assets, beginning of the year |
US$ | 129.2 | Rs. | 8,417.8 | Rs. | 7,996.9 | US$ | — | Rs. | — | Rs. | — | ||||||||||||
| Interest income |
9.7 | 633.3 | 600.5 | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Remeasurements gains / (losses) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Return on plan assets, (excluding amount included in net Interest cost) |
(0.4 | ) | (26.9 | ) | 264.1 | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| Employer’s contributions |
18.5 | 1,204.7 | 335.2 | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Benefits paid |
(17.9 | ) | (1,168.5 | ) | (778.9 | ) | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Fair value of plan assets, end of the year |
US$ | 139.1 | Rs. | 9,060.4 | Rs. | 8,417.8 | US$ | — | Rs. | — | Rs. | — | ||||||||||||
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pension benefits | Post retirement medical benefits | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amount recognized in the balance sheet consists of: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Present value of defined benefit obligation |
US$ | 157.2 | Rs. | 10,247.9 | Rs. | 9,807.6 | US$ | 23.8 | Rs. | 1,540.5 | Rs. | 1,838.6 | ||||||||||||
| Fair value of plan assets |
139.1 | 9,060.4 | 8,417.8 | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Net liability |
US$ | (18.1 | ) | Rs. | (1,187.5 | ) | Rs. | (1,389.8 | ) | US$ | (23.8 | ) | Rs. | (1,540.5 | ) | Rs. | (1,838.6 | ) | ||||||
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Amounts in the balance sheet: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non–current assets |
US$ | 0.2 | Rs. | 15.7 | 65.5 | US$ | — | Rs. | — | Rs. | — | |||||||||||||
| Non–current liabilities |
(16.3 | ) | (1,069.8 | ) | (1,455.3 | ) | (22.0 | ) | (1,420.1 | ) | (1,838.6 | ) | ||||||||||||
| Liabilities for assets classified as held for sale |
(2.0 | ) | (133.4 | ) | — | (1.8 | ) | (120.4 | ) | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Net liability |
US$ | (18.1 | ) | Rs. | (1,187.5 | ) | Rs. | (1,389.8 | ) | US$ | (23.8 | ) | Rs. | (1,540.5 | ) | Rs. | (1,838.6 | ) | ||||||
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F-54
Table of Contents
Total amount recognized in other comprehensive income consists of:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pension benefits | Post retirement medical benefits | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Remeasurements (gains) /losses |
US$ | 36.4 | Rs. | 2,372.5 | Rs. | 2,172.1 | Rs. | 2,350.7 | US$ | (0.8) | Rs. | (51.7 | ) | Rs. | 378.9 | Rs. | 243.6 | |||||||||||||||
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| US$ | 36.4 | Rs. | 2,372.5 | Rs. | 2,172.1 | Rs. | 2,350.7 | US$ | (0.8) | Rs. | (51.7 | ) | Rs. | 378.9 | Rs. | 243.6 | ||||||||||||||||
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|
|||||||||||||||||
Information for funded plans with a defined benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| Pension benefits | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Defined benefit obligation |
US$ | 21.6 | Rs. | 1,410.8 | Rs. | 7,953.7 | ||||||
| Fair value of plan assets |
US$ | 19.4 | Rs. | 1,262.9 | Rs. | 7,575.5 | ||||||
Information for funded plans with a defined benefit obligation less than plan assets:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| Pension benefits | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Defined benefit obligation |
US$ | 119.4 | Rs. | 7,781.8 | Rs. | 776.9 | ||||||
| Fair value of plan assets |
US$ | 119.7 | Rs. | 7,797.5 | Rs. | 842.3 | ||||||
Information for unfunded plans:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pension benefits | Post retirement medical benefits | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Defined benefit obligation |
US$ | 16.2 | Rs. | 1,055.3 | Rs. | 1,077.0 | US$ | 23.8 | Rs. | 1,540.5 | Rs. | 1,838.6 | ||||||||||||
Net pension and post retirement medical cost consist of the following components:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pension benefits | Post retirement medical benefits | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service cost |
US$ | 11.1 | Rs. | 722.5 | Rs. | 657.1 | Rs. | 642.6 | US$ | 1.6 | Rs. | 102.0 | Rs. | 81.9 | Rs. | 76.8 | ||||||||||||||||
| Past Service cost—Plan amendment |
1.3 | 85.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest cost / (income) |
0.8 | 54.3 | 94.6 | 68.6 | 2.0 | 130.6 | 123.3 | 121.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|||||||||||||||||
| Net periodic cost |
US$ | 13.2 | Rs. | 861.8 | Rs. | 751.7 | Rs. | 711.2 | US$ | 3.6 | Rs. | 232.6 | Rs. | 205.2 | Rs. | 198.6 | ||||||||||||||||
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Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligation recognized in other comprehensive income.
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pension benefits | Post retirement medical benefits | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Remeasurements (gains) / losses |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Return on plan assets, (excluding amount included in net Interest expense) |
US$ | 0.4 | Rs. | 26.9 | Rs. | (264.1 | ) | Rs. | (203.4 | ) | US$ | — | Rs. | — | Rs. | — | Rs. | — | ||||||||||||||
| Actuarial (gains) / losses arising from changes in demographic assumptions |
(2.5 | ) | (160.3 | ) | (9.6 | ) | 14.6 | (1.7 | ) | (114.0 | ) | 21.7 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Actuarial (gains) / losses arising from changes in financial assumptions |
3.5 | 228.8 | 160.1 | 38.7 | (0.4 | ) | (27.0 | ) | 218.2 | 78.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Actuarial (gains) / losses arising from changes in experience adjustments on plan liabilities |
1.6 | 105.0 | (65.0 | ) | 61.7 | (4.4 | ) | (289.6 | ) | (104.6 | ) | (165.3 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
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|||||||||||||||||
| Total recognized in other comprehensive income |
US$ | 3.0 | Rs. | 200.4 | Rs. | (178.6 | ) | Rs. | (88.4 | ) | US$ | (6.5 | ) | Rs. | (430.6 | ) | Rs. | 135.3 | Rs. | (86.9 | ) | |||||||||||
|
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|
|||||||||||||||||
| Total recognized in income statement and statement of other comprehensive income |
US$ | 16.2 | Rs. | 1,062.2 | Rs. | 573.1 | Rs. | 622.8 | US$ | (2.9 | ) | Rs. | (198.0 | ) | Rs. | 340.5 | Rs. | 111.7 | ||||||||||||||
F-55
Table of Contents
The assumptions used in accounting for the pension and post retirement medical plans are set out below:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| Pension benefits | Post retirement medical benefits | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||
| Discount rate |
7.50% - 8.00% | 6.75% - 7.50% | 6.75% - 8.00% | 8.00% | 7.30% | 8.00% | ||||||
| Rate of increase in compensation level of covered employees |
5.00% - 12.00% | 4.00% - 11.00% | 5.00% - 12.00% | NA | NA | NA | ||||||
| Increase in health care cost |
NA | NA | NA | 6.00% | 6.00% | 6.00% | ||||||
Plan Assets
The fair value of Company’s pension plan asset as of March 31, 2018 and 2017 by category are as follows:
| Pension benefits | ||||||||
| As at March 31 | ||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | |||||||
| Asset category: |
||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents |
6.0 | % | 1.0 | % | ||||
| Debt instruments (quoted) |
68.4 | % | 72.0 | % | ||||
| Debt instruments (unquoted) |
0.3 | % | 5.0 | % | ||||
| Equity instruments (quoted) |
1.7 | % | 1.0 | % | ||||
| Deposits with Insurance companies |
23.6 | % | 21.0 | % | ||||
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|||||
| 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | |||||
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|||||
The Company’s policy is driven by considerations of maximizing returns while ensuring credit quality of the debt instruments. The asset allocation for plan assets is determined based on investment criteria prescribed under the Indian Income Tax Act, 1961, and is also subject to other exposure limitations. The Company evaluates the risks, transaction costs and liquidity for potential investments. To measure plan asset performance, the Company compares actual returns for each asset category with published bench marks.
The weighted average duration of the defined benefit obligation as at March 31, 2018 is 14.51 years (2017 : 16.06 years)
The Company expects to contribute Rs.856.3 million to the funded pension plans in Fiscal 2019.
The table below outlines the effect on the service cost, the interest cost and the defined benefit obligation in the event of a decrease/increase of 1% in the assumed rate of discount rate, salary escalation and health care cost:
| Assumption |
Change in assumption |
Impact on defined benefit |
Impact on service cost and | |||
| Discount rate |
Increase by 1% Decrease by 1% |
Decrease by Rs.918.0 million Increase by Rs.1,067.3 million |
Decrease by Rs.211.1 million Increase by Rs.216.7 million | |||
| Salary escalation rate |
Increase by 1% Decrease by 1% |
Increase by Rs.815.1 million Decrease by Rs.722.4 million | Increase by Rs.195.0 million Decrease by Rs.186.2 million | |||
| Health care cost |
Increase by 1% Decrease by 1% |
Increase by Rs.191.2 million Decrease by Rs.160.7 million | Increase by Rs.45.7 million Decrease by Rs.37.2 million | |||
F-56
Table of Contents
Severance indemnity plan
Severance indemnity is a funded plan of Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Limited (TDCV), a subsidiary of Tata Motors Limited.
The following table sets out the amounts recognized in the financial statements for the severance indemnity plan.
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||
| Change in defined benefit obligation: |
||||||||||||||
| Defined benefit obligation, beginning of the year |
US$ | 53.4 | Rs. | 3,482.6 | Rs. | 3,339.2 | ||||||||
| Service cost |
6.9 | 452.6 | 486.2 | |||||||||||
| Interest cost |
1.2 | 79.0 | 63.4 | |||||||||||
| Remeasurements (gains) / losses |
||||||||||||||
| Actuarial (gains) / losses arising from changes in financial assumptions |
— | (1.4 | ) | (156.5 | ) | |||||||||
| Actuarial (gains) / losses arising from changes in experience adjustments on plan liabilities |
2.3 | 147.0 | (195.3 | ) | ||||||||||
| Benefits paid from plan assets |
(1.1 | ) | (70.8 | ) | (42.6 | ) | ||||||||
| Benefits paid directly by employer |
(0.5 | ) | (34.9 | ) | (13.5 | ) | ||||||||
| Foreign currency translation |
3.1 | 202.2 | 1.7 | |||||||||||
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|
|
|
|||||||||
| Defined benefit obligation, end of the year |
US$ | 65.3 | Rs. | 4,256.3 | Rs. | 3,482.6 | ||||||||
|
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|
|
|||||||||
| Change in plan assets: |
||||||||||||||
| Fair value of plan assets, beginning of the year |
US$ | 49.8 | 3,245.3 | 2,617.6 | ||||||||||
| Interest income |
1.3 | 81.5 | 55.8 | |||||||||||
| Remeasurements gain / (loss) |
||||||||||||||
| Return on plan assets, (excluding amount included in net Interest expense) |
(0.8 | ) | (51.3 | ) | (25.4 | ) | ||||||||
| Employer’s contributions |
10.1 | 656.4 | 642.2 | |||||||||||
| Benefits paid |
(1.1 | ) | (70.8 | ) | (42.6 | ) | ||||||||
| Foreign currency translation |
3.0 | 192.5 | (2.3 | ) | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Fair value of plan assets, end of the year |
US$ | 62.3 | Rs. | 4,053.6 | Rs. | 3,245.3 | ||||||||
|
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|
|
|||||||||
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||
| Amount recognized in the balance sheet consist of: |
||||||||||||||
| Present value of defined benefit obligation |
US$ | 65.3 | Rs. | 4,256.3 | Rs. | 3,482.6 | ||||||||
| Fair value of plan assets |
62.3 | 4,053.6 | 3,245.3 | |||||||||||
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|||||||||
| Net liability |
US$ | (3.0 | ) | Rs. | (202.7 | ) | Rs. | (237.3) | ||||||
|
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|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Amounts in the balance sheet: |
||||||||||||||
| Non- current liabilities |
US$ | (3.0) | Rs. | (202.7) | Rs. | (237.3) | ||||||||
Total amount recognized in other comprehensive income for severance indemnity consists of:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Remeasurements (gains) / losses |
US$ | (9.4 | ) | Rs. | (611.1 | ) | Rs. | (808.0 | ) | Rs. | (481.6 | ) | ||||
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| US$ | (9.4 | ) | Rs. | (611.1 | ) | Rs. | (808.0 | ) | Rs. | (481.6 | ) | |||||
|
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|||||||||
F-57
Table of Contents
Net severance indemnity cost consist of the following components:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Service cost |
US$ | 6.9 | Rs. | 452.6 | Rs. | 486.2 | Rs. | 555.3 | ||||||||
| Net interest cost |
(0.1 | ) | (2.5 | ) | 7.6 | 23.7 | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Net periodic pension cost |
US$ | 6.8 | Rs. | 450.1 | Rs. | 493.8 | Rs. | 579.0 | ||||||||
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligation recognized in other comprehensive income for severance indemnity plan:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Remeasurements (gains) / losses |
||||||||||||||||
| Return on plan assets, (excluding amount included in net Interest expense) |
US$ | 0.8 | Rs. | 51.3 | Rs. | 25.4 | Rs. | 19.3 | ||||||||
| Actuarial (gains) / losses arising from changes in financial assumptions |
— | (1.4 | ) | (156.5 | ) | (653.2 | ) | |||||||||
| Actuarial (gains) / losses arising from changes in experience adjustments on plan liabilities |
2.3 | 147.0 | (195.3 | ) | (40.9 | ) | ||||||||||
| Actuarial (gains) / losses arising from changes in demographic assumptions |
— | — | — | 33.1 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total recognized in other comprehensive income |
US$ | 3.1 | Rs. | 196.9 | Rs. | (326.4 | ) | Rs. | (641.7 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total recognized in income statement and statement of other comprehensive income |
US$ | 9.9 | Rs. | 647.0 | Rs. | 167.4 | Rs. | (62.7 | ) | |||||||
|
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|
|||||||||
The assumptions used in accounting for the Severance indemnity plan is set out below:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||
| Discount rate |
2.8 | % | 2.3 | % | 1.9 | % | ||||||
| Rate of increase in compensation level of covered employees |
3.5 | % | 3.0 | % | 3.0 | % | ||||||
The table below outlines the effect on the service cost, the interest cost and the defined benefit obligation in the event of a decrease/increase of 1% in the assumed rate of discount rate, salary escalation rate:
| Assumption | Change in assumption | Impact on defined benefit obligation | Impact on service cost | |||
| and interest cost | ||||||
| Discount rate | Increase by 1% Decrease by 1% |
Decrease by Rs. 414.9 millions Increase by Rs. 484.3 millions |
Decrease by Rs. 113.2 millions Increase by Rs. 124.3 millions | |||
| Salary escalation rate | Increase by 1% Decrease by 1% |
Increase by Rs. 475.9 millions Decrease by Rs. 416.0 millions |
Increase by Rs. 132.6 millions Decrease by Rs. 114.6 millions |
Severance indemnity plans asset allocation by category is as follows:
| As at March 31, | ||||
| 2018 | 2017 | |||
| Deposit with banks |
100% | 100% | ||
The weighted average duration of the defined benefit obligation as at March 31, 2018 is 10.7 years (2017 : 10.9 years)
The Company expects to contribute Rs.237.9 million to the funded severance indemnity plans in Fiscal 2019.
F-58
Table of Contents
Jaguar Land Rover Pension plan
Jaguar Land Rover Ltd UK, have pension arrangements providing for qualifying employees with defined benefits related to pay and service as set out in the rules of each fund.
The UK defined benefit schemes are administered by a separate fund that is legally separated from the Company. The trustees of the pension schemes are required by law to act in the interest of the fund, and of all relevant stakeholders in the scheme, are responsible for the investment policy with regard to the assets of the schemes and all other governance matters. The board of trustees must be composed of representatives of the Company and plan participants in accordance with the plan’s regulations.
Through its defined benefit pension plans, the Company is exposed to a number of risks, the most significant of which are detailed below :
Asset volatility
The plan liabilities are calculated using a discount rate set with references to corporate bond yields; if plan assets under perform compared to the corporate bonds discount rate, this will create or increase a deficit. The defined benefit plans hold a significant proportion of equity type assets, which are expected to outperform corporate bonds in the long-term while providing volatility and risk in the short-term.
As the plans mature, the Company intends to reduce the level of investment risk by investing more in assets that better match the liabilities.
However, the Company believes that due to the long-term nature of the plan liabilities and the strength of the supporting group, a level of continuing equity type investments is an appropriate element of the Company’s long term strategy to manage the plans efficiently.
Changes in bond yields
A decrease in corporate bond yields will increase plan liabilities, although this is expected to be partially offset by an increase in the value of the plans’ bond holdings and interest rate hedging instruments.
Inflation risk
Some of the Company’s pension obligations are linked to inflation, and higher inflation will lead to higher liabilities (although, in most cases, caps on the level of inflationary increases are in place to protect the plan against extreme inflation). The plans hold a significant proportion of assets in index linked gilts, together with other inflation hedging instruments and also assets which are more loosely correlated with inflation. However an increase in inflation will also increase the deficit to some degree.
Life expectancy
The majority of the plan’s obligations are to provide benefits for the life of the member, so increases in life expectancy will result in an increase in the plan’s liabilities. This is particularly significant in the UK defined benefit plans, where inflationary increases result in higher sensitivity to changes in life expectancy.
F-59
Table of Contents
The following table sets out the disclosure pertaining to employee benefits of Jaguar Land Rover Limited
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| Pension benefits | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Change in defined benefit obligation: |
||||||||||||
| Defined benefit obligation, beginning of the year |
US$ | 12,376.6 | Rs. | 806,676.9 | Rs. | 731,790.6 | ||||||
| Service cost |
284.8 | 18,561.3 | 17,357.3 | |||||||||
| Interest cost |
315.8 | 20,584.3 | 24,107.4 | |||||||||
| Remeasurements (gains) / losses |
||||||||||||
| Actuarial (gains) / losses arising from changes in demographic assumptions |
(276.0 | ) | (17,990.4 | ) | (6,662.4 | ) | ||||||
| Actuarial (gains) / losses arising from changes in financial assumptions |
(463.0 | ) | (30,177.8 | ) | 204,693.3 | |||||||
| Actuarial (gains) / losses arising from changes in experience adjustments on plan liabilities |
(130.2 | ) | (8,487.5 | ) | (18,672.2 | ) | ||||||
| Past service cost |
(553.7 | ) | (36,090.1 | ) | — | |||||||
| Plan settlement |
(27.7 | ) | (1,807.6 | ) | — | |||||||
| Benefits paid |
(1,295.6 | ) | (84,441.3 | ) | (19,724.2 | ) | ||||||
| Member contributions |
5.0 | 324.8 | 175.3 | |||||||||
| Foreign currency translation |
1,544.2 | 100,647.8 | (126,388.2 | ) | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Defined benefit obligation, end of the year |
US$ | 11,780.2 | Rs. | 767,800.4 | Rs. | 806,676.9 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Change in plan assets: |
||||||||||||
| Fair value of plan assets, beginning of the year |
US$ | 10,562.8 | Rs. | 688,454.9 | Rs. | 678,033.0 | ||||||
| Interest Income |
286.3 | 18,661.3 | 22,617.1 | |||||||||
| Remeasurements gains / (losses) |
||||||||||||
| Return on plan assets, (excluding amount included in net Interest expense) |
(153.0 | ) | (9,974.6 | ) | 100,724.9 | |||||||
| Employer’s contributions |
376.7 | 24,554.2 | 19,899.5 | |||||||||
| Members contributions |
5.0 | 324.8 | 175.3 | |||||||||
| Plan settlement |
(26.8 | ) | (1,749.5 | ) | — | |||||||
| Benefits paid |
(1,295.6 | ) | (84,441.3 | ) | (19,724.2 | ) | ||||||
| Expenses paid |
(11.9 | ) | (777.7 | ) | (789.0 | ) | ||||||
| Foreign currency translation |
1,416.5 | 92,326.8 | (112,481.7 | ) | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Fair value of plan assets, end of the year |
US$ | 11,160.0 | Rs. | 727,378.9 | Rs. | 688,454.9 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| Pension benefits | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Amount recognized in the balance sheet consist of: |
||||||||||||
| Present value of defined benefit obligation |
US$ | 11,780.2 | Rs. | 767,800.4 | Rs. | 806,676.9 | ||||||
| Fair value of plan assets |
11,160.0 | 727,378.9 | 688,454.9 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Net liability |
US$ | (620.2 | ) | Rs. | (40,421.5 | ) | Rs. | (118,222.0 | ) | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Amount recognized in the balance sheet consist of: |
||||||||||||
| Non- current assets |
US$ | — | Rs. | — | Rs. | 38.1 | ||||||
| Non -current liabilities |
(620.2 | ) | (40,421.5 | ) | (118,260.1 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Net liability |
US$ | (620.2 | ) | Rs. | (40,421.5 | ) | Rs. | (118,222.0 | ) | |||
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|
|
|
|
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F-60
Table of Contents
Total amount recognized in other comprehensive income consist of:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| Pension benefits | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Remeasurements (gains) / losses |
US$ | 1,967.1 | Rs. | 128,212.1 | Rs. | 174,893.2 | Rs. | 96,259.4 | ||||||||
| Restriction of Pension asset (as per IFRIC 14) |
(213.7 | ) | (13,928.1 | ) | (13,928.1 | ) | (13,928.1 | ) | ||||||||
| Onerous obligation, excluding amounts included in interest expenses |
(132.7 | ) | (8,650.4 | ) | (8,650.4 | ) | (8,475.1 | ) | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| US$ | 1,620.7 | Rs. | 105,633.6 | Rs. | 152,314.7 | Rs. | 73,856.2 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Net pension and post retirement cost consist of the following components:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| Pension benefits | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Current service cost |
US$ | 284.8 | Rs. | 18,561.3 | Rs. | 17,357.3 | Rs. | 22,125.8 | ||||||||
| Past service cost |
(553.7 | ) | (36,090.1 | ) | — | 13.8 | ||||||||||
| Administrative expenses |
11.9 | 777.7 | 789.0 | 824.5 | ||||||||||||
| Interest cost on Onerous obligations |
— | — | — | 1.0 | ||||||||||||
| Plan settlement |
(0.9 | ) | (58.1 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||
| Net interest cost / (income) |
29.5 | 1,923.0 | 1,490.3 | 2,899.5 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Net periodic pension cost |
US$ | (228.4 | ) | Rs. | (14,886.2 | ) | Rs. | 19,636.6 | Rs. | 25,864.6 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Amount recognized in other comprehensive income
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| Pension benefits | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Remeasurements (gains) / losses |
||||||||||||||||
| Actuarial (gains) / losses arising from changes in demographic assumptions |
US$ | (276.0) | Rs. | (17,990.4) | Rs. | (6,662.4) | Rs. | (3,560.2) | ||||||||
| Actuarial (gains) / losses arising from changes in financial assumptions |
(463.0 | ) | (30,177.8 | ) | 204,693.3 | (56,145.3 | ) | |||||||||
| Actuarial (gains) / losses arising from changes in experience adjustments on plan liabilities |
(130.2 | ) | (8,487.5 | ) | (18,672.2 | ) | 6,252.6 | |||||||||
| Return on plan assets, (excluding amount included in net Interest expense) |
153.0 | 9,974.6 | (100,724.9 | ) | 5,079.0 | |||||||||||
| Change in onerous obligation, excluding amounts included in interest expenses |
— | — | (175.3 | ) | 98.6 | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total recognized in other comprehensive income |
US$ | (716.2 | ) | Rs. | (46,681.1 | ) | Rs. | 78,458.5 | Rs. | (48,275.3 | ) | |||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total recognized in income statement and statement of other comprehensive income |
US$ | (944.6 | ) | Rs. | (61,567.3 | ) | Rs. | 98,095.1 | Rs. | (22,410.7 | ) | |||||
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F-61
Table of Contents
The assumptions used in accounting for the pension plans are set out below:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| Pension benefits | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||
| Discount rate |
2.70 | % | 2.60 | % | 3.60 | % | ||||||
| Expected rate of increase in compensation level of covered employees |
2.30 | % | 3.70 | % | 3.50 | % | ||||||
| Inflation increase |
3.10 | % | 3.20 | % | 3.00 | % | ||||||
| The assumed life expectations on retirement at age 65 are (years) |
||||||||||||
| Retiring today : |
||||||||||||
| Males |
21.3 | 21.5 | 21.5 | |||||||||
| Females |
23.4 | 24.5 | 24.4 | |||||||||
| Retiring in 20 years : |
||||||||||||
| Males |
22.5 | 23.3 | 23.2 | |||||||||
| Females |
25.1 | 26.3 | 26.2 | |||||||||
For the valuation at March 31, 2018, the mortality assumptions used are the SAPS based table, in particular S2PxA tables and the Light table for members of the Jaguar Executive Pension Plan.
For the Jaguar Pension Plan, scaling factors of 113% to 119% have been used for male members and scaling factors of 102% to 114% have been used for female members. For the Land Rover Pension Scheme, scaling factors of 108% to 113% have been used for male members and scaling factors of 102% to 111% have been used for female members. For the Jaguar Executive Pension Plan, an average scaling factor of 95% has been used for male members and an average scaling factor of 85% has been used for female members.
For the valuation at March 31, 2017 and 2016, the mortality assumptions used are the SAPS base table, in particular S2NxA tables and the Light table for members of the Jaguar Executive Pension Plan. A scaling factor of 120% for males and 110% for females has been used for the Jaguar Pension Plan, 115% for males and 105% for females for the Land Rover Pension Scheme and 95% for males and 85% for females for Jaguar Executive Pension Plan.
There is an allowance for future improvements in line with the CMI (2017) projections and an allowance for long-term improvements of 1.25% per annum (2017, 2016: CMI (2014) projections with 1.25% per annum improvements).
Pension plans asset allocation by category is as follows:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quoted * | Unquoted | Total | Quoted * | Unquoted | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity Instruments |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Information Technology |
12,181.6 | — | 12,181.6 | 11,490.4 | — | 11,490.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Energy |
5,167.9 | — | 5,167.9 | 4,936.0 | — | 4,936.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Manufacturing |
8,859.3 | — | 8,859.3 | 8,415.5 | — | 8,415.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Financials |
13,935.0 | — | 13,935.0 | 13,270.6 | — | 13,270.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Others |
38,482.7 | — | 38,482.7 | 36,494.3 | — | 36,494.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| 78,626.5 | — | 78,626.5 | 74,606.8 | — | 74,606.8 | |||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Debt Instruments |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Government |
351,696.7 | — | 351,696.7 | 237,091.3 | — | 237,091.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate Bonds (Investment Grade) |
1,845.7 | 169,434.6 | 171,280.3 | 1,618.4 | 167,582.3 | 169,200.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate Bonds (Non Investment Grade) |
— | 53,894.2 | 53,894.2 | 9,953.0 | 33,500.3 | 43,453.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| 353,542.4 | 223,328.8 | 576,871.2 | 248,662.7 | 201,082.6 | 449,745.3 | |||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Property Funds |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| UK |
— | 15,227.0 | 15,227.0 | — | 15,374.5 | 15,374.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other |
— | 14,765.5 | 14,765.5 | — | 12,623.3 | 12,623.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| — | 29,992.5 | 29,992.5 | — | 27,997.8 | 27,997.8 | |||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Cash and Cash equivalents |
20,109.4 | — | 20,109.4 | 7,525.4 | — | 7,525.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Other |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hedge Funds |
— | 32,853.3 | 32,853.3 | — | 32,610.2 | 32,610.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Private Markets |
184.6 | 23,255.7 | 23,440.3 | — | 14,079.9 | 14,079.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Alternatives |
43,373.8 | 19,748.9 | 63,122.7 | 26,460.4 | 30,668.1 | 57,128.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| 43,558.4 | 75,857.9 | 119,416.3 | 26,460.4 | 77,358.2 | 103,818.6 | |||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Derivatives |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange contracts |
— | 92.3 | 92.3 | — | 1,375.6 | 1,375.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Interest Rate and inflation |
— | 21,041.0 | 21,041.0 | — | 91,599.8 | 91,599.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| — | 21,133.3 | 21,133.3 | — | 92,975.4 | 92,975.4 | |||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Collateralized debt obligations |
— | (118,770.3 | ) | (118,770.3 | ) | — | (68,214.4 | ) | (68,214.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| — | (118,770.3 | ) | (118,770.3 | ) | — | (68,214.4 | ) | (68,214.4 | ) | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Total |
495,836.7 | 231,542.2 | 727,378.9 | 357,255.3 | 331,199.6 | 688,454.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| * | determined on the basis of quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. |
The split of Level 1 assets is 71% (2017: 52%), Level 2 assets 20% (2017: 41%) and Level 3 assets 9% (2017: 7%). Private market holdings are classified as Level 3 instruments. Included in the value for Government securities, Interest Rate and Inflation derivatives are Repo transactions, as noted above.
F-62
Table of Contents
The sensitivity analysis below is based on a change in an assumption while holding all other assumptions constant. In practice, this is unlikely to occur, and changes in some of the assumptions may be correlated. When calculating the sensitivity of the defined benefit obligation to significant actuarial assumptions the same method (present value of the defined benefit obligation calculated with the projected unit credit method at the end of the reporting period) has been applied as when calculating the pension liability recognised within the consolidated balance sheet.
| Assumption |
Change in assumption |
Impact on defined benefit obligation |
Impact on service cost and interest cost | |||||||
| Discount rate |
Increase / decrease by 0.25% | |
Decrease/increase by Rs. 40,743.7 million |
|
Decrease/increase by Rs. 747.5 million |
|||||
| Inflation rate |
Increase / decrease by 0.25% | |
Increase/decrease by Rs. 34,689.8 million |
|
Increase/decrease by Rs. 885.9 million |
|||||
| Mortality rate |
Increase / decrease by 1 year | |
Increase/decrease by Rs. 22,194.5 million |
|
Increase/decrease by Rs. 479.9 million |
|||||
Jaguar Land Rover contributes towards the UK defined benefit schemes. Following the April 5, 2015 valuations, it is intended to eliminate the pension scheme funding deficits over the 10 years following the valuation date. As at 31 March 2018, there is no additional liability; however, following the changes to the defined benefit schemes’ rules in April 2017, an additional obligation may arise in the future. The current agreed contribution rate for defined benefit accrual is 31% of pensionable salaries in the UK. Deficit contribution levels remain in line with the schedule of contributions agreed following the 2015 statutory valuation. Both the ongoing and deficit contribution rates these are expected to reduce following the completion of the 2018 statutory valuation during 2019.
The average duration of the benefit obligation at March 31, 2018 is 20.1 years (2017: 21.6 years).
On April 3, 2017, Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Plc approved and communicated to its Defined Benefit schemes’ members that the defined benefit schemes’ rules were to be amended with effect from April 6, 2017 so that, amongst other changes, retirement benefits will be calculated on a career average basis rather than based upon a member’s final salary at retirement. These changes were effective from April 6, 2017 and as a result of the re-measurement of the scheme’s liabilities, a past service credit of Rs. 36,090.1 million has recognised in year ended March 31, 2018.
Excluding this past service credit but allowing for the new benefit structure effective April 6, 2017, the expected net periodic pension cost for Fiscal 2019 is Rs. 21,203.9 million. The Company expects to pay Rs.23,717.1 million to its defined benefit schemes in Fiscal 2019.
Defined contribution plan
The Company’s contribution to defined contribution plans aggregated Rs. 8,995.9 million, Rs.7,549.5 million and Rs.6,768.5 million for years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
F-63
Table of Contents
| 33. | Commitments and contingencies |
In the ordinary course of business, the Company faces claims and assertions by various parties. The Company assesses such claims and assertions and monitors the legal environment on an ongoing basis, with the assistance of external legal counsel, wherever necessary. The Company records a liability for any claims where a potential loss is probable and capable of being estimated and discloses such matters in its financial statements, if material. For potential losses that are considered possible, but not probable, the Company provides disclosure in the financial statements but does not record a liability in its accounts unless the loss becomes probable.
The following is a description of claims and assertions where a potential loss is possible, but not probable. The Company believes that none of the contingencies described below would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Litigation
The Company is involved in legal proceedings, both as plaintiff and as defendant. There are claims which the Company does not believe to be of material nature, other than those described below.
Income Tax
The Company has ongoing disputes with income tax authorities relating to tax treatment of certain items. These mainly include disallowed expenses, the tax treatment of certain expenses claimed by the Company as deductions and the computation of, or eligibility of, the Company’s use of certain tax incentives or allowances.
Most of these disputes and/or disallowances, being repetitive in nature, have been raised by the income tax authorities consistently in most of the years.
The Company has a right of appeal to the Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals), or CIT (A), the Dispute Resolution Panel, or DRP, and to the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, or ITAT, against adverse decisions by the assessing officer, DRP or CIT (A), as applicable. The income tax authorities have similar rights of appeal to the ITAT against adverse decisions by the CIT (A) or DRP. The Company has a further right of appeal to the Bombay High Court or the Supreme Court against adverse decisions by the appellate authorities for matters involving substantial question of law. The income tax authorities have similar rights of appeal.
As at March 31, 2018, there are matters and/or disputes pending in appeal amounting to Rs.3,031 million, which includes Rs. 22 million in respect of equity accounted investees (Rs.949 million, which includes Rs.22 million in respect of equity accounted investees as at March 31, 2017).
Customs, Excise Duty and Service Tax
As at March 31, 2018, there are pending litigations for various matters relating to customs, excise duty and service taxes involving demands, including interest and penalties, of Rs. 16,717 million, which includes Rs. 50 million in respect of equity accounted investees (Rs.14,851 million, which includes Rs.60 million in respect of equity accounted investees, as at March 31, 2017). These demands challenged the basis of valuation of the Company’s products and denied the Company’s claims of Central Value Added Tax, or CENVAT, credit on inputs. The details of the demands for more than Rs.200 million are as follows:
The Excise Authorities have raised a demand for Rs. 907 million as at March 31, 2018 (Rs. 907 million as at March 31, 2017), on account of alleged undervaluation of ex-factory discounts given by Company on passenger vehicles through invoices. The matter is being contested by the Company before the Bombay High Court.
As at March 31, 2018, the Excise Authorities have raised a demand and penalty of Rs. 2,399 million, (Rs. 2,399 million as at March 31, 2017), due to the classification of certain chassis (as dumpers instead of goods transport vehicles) which were sent to automotive body builders by the Company, which the Excise Authorities claim requires the payment of the National Calamity Contingent Duty, or NCCD. The Company has obtained a technical expert certificate on the classification. The appeal is pending before the Custom Excise & Service Tax Appellate Tribunal.
The Excise Authorities had denied the Company’s claim of a CENVAT credit of Rs. 360 million (Rs. 250 million as at March 31, 2017) claimed by the Company from Fiscal 1992 to Fiscal 2013, on technical grounds. The matter is being contested by the Company before the appellate authorities.
F-64
Table of Contents
| 33. | Commitments and contingencies |
As at March 31, 2018, the Excise Authorities had levied penalties and interest amounting to Rs. 6,799 million (Rs. 6,799 million as at March 31, 2017) with respect to CENVAT credit claimed by the Company from March 2010 to November 2012, on inputs, stating that vehicles manufactured at Uttarakhand plant are “Exempted Products” and the Company may not claim a CENVAT credit on these vehicles. The Company has challenged this demand as NCCD and the automobile cess is assessed on those vehicles, which are “duties of excise”. Therefore, the Company asserts that these vehicles are not “Exempted Products”. The matter is being contested by the Company before the appellate authorities.
As at March 31, 2018, the Excise Authorities have raised a demand amounting to Rs. 295 million (Rs. 295 million as at March 31, 2017) on pre-delivery inspection charges and free after-sales service charges incurred by dealers on Company’s products on the alleged grounds that the pre-delivery inspection charges and free after-sales services are provided by the dealer on behalf of the Company and should be included in excisable value of the vehicle. The case is pending before Tribunal.
As at March 31, 2018, the Service Tax Authorities has raised Service Tax demand of Rs. 549 million, (Rs. Nil as at March 31, 2017) wherein department alleged that the fee charged for securitization contract by one of our subsidiary, TMFL are not adequate. The matter is being contested by TMFL before the appellate authorities.
As at March 31, 2018, the Exicse Authorities have confirmed demand & penalty totalling to Rs. 909 million (Rs. Nil as at March 31, 2017) towards vehicles allegedly sold below cost of production with an intention to penetrate the market. The matter is being contested by the Company before the appellate authorities.
As at March 31, 2018, the Exicse Authorities have filed Appeal before appellate authority against the Order of adjudicating authority allowing Cenvat credit of service tax of Rs. 362 million (Rs. 362 million as at March 31, 2017) availed on consulting engineers services.
Sales Tax
The total sales tax demands (including interest and penalty), that are being contested by the Company amount to Rs. 10,962 million, which includes Rs. 109 million in respect of equity accounted investees as at March 31, 2018 (Rs.10,521 million, which includes Rs.115 million in respect of equity accounted investees, as at March 31, 2017). The details of the demands for more than Rs.200 million are as follows:
The Sales Tax Authorities have raised demand of Rs. 2,694 million(Rs. 1,995 million as at March 31, 2017) towards rejection of certain statutory forms for concessional lower/nil tax rate (Form F and Form C) on technical grounds such as late submission, single form issued against different months / quarters dispatches / sales, etc. and denial of exemption from tax in absence of proof of export for certain year. The Company has contended that the benefit cannot be denied on technicalities, which are being complied with. The matter is pending at various levels.
The Sales Tax authorities have denied input tax credit and levied interest and penalty thereon due to varied reasons aggregating to Rs. 4,360 million as at March 31, 2018 (Rs. 3,074 million as at March 31, 2017). The reasons for disallowing credit was mainly due to Taxes not paid by Vendors, incorrect method of calculation of set off as per the department, alleging suppression of sales as per the department etc. The matter is contested in appeal.
As at March 31, 2018, Sales Tax demand aggregating Rs. 958 million has been raised by Sales Tax Authorities for non submission of Maharashtra Trial Balance. This is relating to VAT assessment for the Financial year 2010-2013. The matter is contested in appeal.
The Sales Tax Authorities have raised demand for Entry Tax liability at various states amouting to Rs. 239 million. The Company is contesting this issue.
F-65
Table of Contents
| 33. | Commitments and contingencies |
Other Taxes and Dues
Other amounts for which the Company may contingently be liable aggregate to Rs. 3,670 million, which includes Rs. 18 million in respect of equity accounted investees as at March 31, 2018 (Rs.3,000 million, which includes Rs.18 million in respect of equity accounted investees, as at March 31, 2017). Following are the cases involving more than Rs.200 million:
The municipal authorities in certain states levy octroi duty (a local indirect tax) on goods brought inside the municipal limits at rates based on the classification of goods. Demands aggregating Rs.617 million as at March 31, 2018 (Rs.617 million as at March 31, 2017) had been raised demanding higher octroi duties on account of classification disputes relating to components purchased for the manufacture of vehicles and retrospective increase in octroi rates relating to past periods. The dispute relating to classification is presently pending before the Bombay High Court and the other dispute is pending before the Supreme Court.
As at March 31, 2018, property tax amounting to Rs. 568 million (Rs.537 million as at March 31, 2017) has been demanded by the local municipal authorities in respect of vacant land of the Company in the plants in Pimpri, Chinchwad and Chikhali. The Company has filed Special Leave Petition (SLP) before the Supreme Court against an unfavorable decision of the Bombay High Court. The Supreme Court has disposed of the SLP and remanded the matter back to the local municipal corporation for fresh adjudication.
As at March 31, 2018, Sales tax / VAT amounting to Rs. 305 million (Rs. 300 million as at March 31, 2017) has been demanded on local authorities on dealers in respect of spare parts used for carrying out warranty repairs. The dispute is pending before the Supreme Court of India.
Other claims
There are other claims against the Company, the majority of which pertain to government body investigations with regards to regulatory compliances, motor accident claims, product liability claims and consumer complaints. Some of the cases also relate to the replacement of parts of vehicles and/or the compensation for deficiencies in the services by the Company or its dealers.
Commitments
The Company has entered into various contracts with vendors and contractors for the acquisition of plant and machinery, equipment and various civil contracts of a capital nature amounting to Rs. 100,187 million, which includes Rs. 127 million in respect of equity accounted investees as at March 31, 2018 (Rs.196,109 million, which includes Rs.14,038 million in respect of equity accounted investees, as at March 31, 2017), which are yet to be executed.
The Company has entered into various contracts with vendors and contractors for the acquisition of intangible assets of a capital nature amounting to Rs.5,814 million as at March 31, 2018, (Rs.6,402 million as at March 31, 2017), which are yet to be executed.
Under the joint venture agreement with Chery Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Co. Limited, the Company is committed to contribute Rs. 36,221 million as at March 31, 2018 (Rs.32,956 million as at March 31, 2017) towards its share in the capital of the joint venture of which Rs. 29,753 million (Rs.27,071 million as at March 31, 2017) has been contributed as at March 31, 2018. As at March 31, 2018, the Company has an outstanding commitment of Rs. 6,468 million (Rs.5,885 million as at March 31, 2017).
F-66
Table of Contents
| 34. | Capital Management |
The Company’s capital management is intended to create value for shareholders by facilitating the meeting of long-term and short-term goals of the Company.
The Company determines the amount of capital required on the basis of annual operating plans and long-term product and other strategic investment plans. The funding requirements are met through equity, convertible and non-convertible debt securities, senior notes and other long-term/short-term borrowings. The Company’s policy is aimed at combination of short-term and long-term borrowings.
The Company monitors the capital structure on the basis of total debt to equity ratio and maturity profile of the overall debt portfolio of the Company.
Total debt includes all long and short-term debts as disclosed in notes 18 and 19 to the consolidated financial statements. Equity comprises all components excluding (profit)/loss on cash flow hedges and foreign currency translation reserve.
The following table summarizes the capital of the Company:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Equity* |
US$ | 13,954.1 | Rs. | 909,441.8 | Rs. | 802,888.7 | ||||||
| Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt |
4,254.5 | 277,287.4 | 179,526.7 | |||||||||
| Long-term debt |
9,381.2 | 611,419.4 | 605,644.5 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total debt |
13,635.7 | 888,706.8 | 785,171.2 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total capital (Debt + Equity) |
US$ | 27,589.8 | Rs. | 1,798,148.6 | Rs. | 1,588,059.9 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| * | Details of equity : |
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Total equity as reported in balance sheet |
US$ | 14,023.2 | Rs. | 913,947.3 | Rs. | 538,842.2 | ||||||
| Currency translation reserve attributable to |
||||||||||||
| - Shareholders of Tata Motors Limited |
(757.8 | ) | (49,388.8 | ) | 50,933.2 | |||||||
| - Non-controlling interests |
(3.0 | ) | (197.8 | ) | 75.2 | |||||||
| Hedging reserve |
691.7 | 45,081.1 | 213,038.1 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Equity as reported above |
US$ | 13,954.1 | Rs. | 909,441.8 | Rs. | 802,888.7 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
F-67
Table of Contents
| 35. | Disclosures on financial instruments |
This section gives an overview of the significance of financial instruments for the Company and provides additional information on balance sheet items that contain financial instruments.
The details of significant accounting policies, including the criteria for recognition, the basis of measurement and the basis on which income and expenses are recognized, in respect of each class of financial asset, financial liability and equity instrument are disclosed in note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.
| (a) | Financial assets and liabilities |
The following table presents the carrying amounts and fair value of each category of financial assets and liabilities as at March 31, 2018.
| Financial assets |
Cash, and loans and receivables |
Available- for-sale financial assets |
Derivatives other than in hedging relationship |
Derivatives in hedging relationship |
Total carrying value |
Total fair value | Total carrying value |
Total fair value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents |
Rs. | 147,167.5 | Rs. | — | Rs. | — | Rs. | — | Rs. | 147,167.5 | Rs. | 147,167.5 | US$ | 2,258.0 | US$ | 2,258.0 | ||||||||||||||||
| Short-term deposits |
193,615.7 | — | — | — | 193,615.7 | 193,615.7 | 2,970.7 | 2,970.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finance receivables |
238,989.7 | — | — | — | 238,989.7 | 238,235.9 | 3,666.9 | 3,655.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trade receivables |
198,933.0 | — | — | — | 198,933.0 | 198,933.0 | 3,052.3 | 3,052.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unquoted equity investments* |
— | 2,036.9 | — | — | 2,036.9 | — | 31.3 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unquoted equity investments, at fair value |
— | 4,076.1 | — | — | 4,076.1 | 4,076.1 | 62.5 | 62.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other investments |
1,094.0 | 147,007.0 | — | — | 148,101.0 | 148,101.0 | 2,272.4 | 2,272.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other financial assets: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - current |
33,682.3 | — | 13,931.8 | 10,829.5 | 58,443.6 | 58,443.6 | 896.7 | 896.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - non-current |
22,123.8 | — | 11,880.7 | 16,588.3 | 50,592.8 | 50,592.8 | 776.3 | 776.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 835,606.0 | Rs. | 153,120.0 | Rs. | 25,812.5 | Rs. | 27,417.8 | Rs. | 1,041,956.3 | Rs. | 1,039,165.6 | US$ | 15,987.1 | US$ | 15,944.2 | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
| * | The fair value in respect of the unquoted equity investments cannot be reliably measured. |
| Financial liabilities |
Derivatives other than in hedging relationship |
Derivatives in hedging relationship |
Other financial liabilities |
Total carrying value |
Total fair value | Total carrying value |
Total fair value | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable |
Rs. | — | Rs. | — | Rs. | 804,601.6 | Rs. | 804,601.6 | Rs. | 804,601.6 | US$ | 12,345.2 | US$ | 12,345.2 | ||||||||||||||
| Acceptances |
— | — | 49,013.4 | 49,013.4 | 49,013.4 | 752.0 | 752.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term debt (excluding current portion of long-term debt) |
— | — | 167,948.5 | 167,948.5 | 167,948.5 | 2,576.9 | 2,576.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt (including current portion of long-term debt) (refer note below) |
— | — | 720,758.3 | 720,758.3 | 727,920.3 | 11,058.8 | 11,168.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Other financial liabilities: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - current |
8,090.1 | 53,986.5 | 57,042.0 | 119,118.6 | 119,118.6 | 1,827.7 | 1,827.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| - non-current |
1,395.1 | 23,106.9 | 3,385.4 | 27,887.4 | 27,887.4 | 427.9 | 427.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 9,485.2 | Rs. | 77,093.4 | Rs. | 1,802,749.2 | Rs. | 1,889,327.8 | Rs. | 1,896,489.8 | US$ | 28,988.5 | US$ | 29,098.5 | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| * | Includes USD denominated bonds designated as cash flow hedges against forecasted USD revenue amounting to Rs.111,664.4 million (USD 1,700 million) |
| ** | Includes Rs.31,560.0 million designated as hedged item in fair value hedge relationship. This includes a loss of Rs.928.0 million on account of fair value changes attributable to the hedged interest rate risk. |
F-68
Table of Contents
The following table presents the carrying amounts and fair value of each category of financial assets and liabilities as at March 31, 2017.
| Financial assets |
Cash, and loans and receivables |
Available- for-sale financial assets |
Derivatives other than in hedging relationship |
Derivatives in hedging relationship |
Total carrying value |
Total fair value | ||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents |
Rs. | 139,867.6 | Rs. | — | Rs. | — | Rs. | — | Rs. | 139,867.6 | Rs. | 139,867.6 | ||||||||||||
| Short-term deposits |
218,927.6 | — | — | — | 218,927.6 | 218,927.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Finance receivables |
175,632.5 | — | — | — | 175,632.5 | 175,290.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Trade receivables |
140,755.5 | — | — | — | 140,755.5 | 140,755.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Unquoted equity investments* |
— | 3,823.1 | — | — | 3,823.1 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other investments |
191.3 | 153,265.3 | — | — | 153,456.6 | 153,456.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other financial assets: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - current |
9,545.7 | — | 4,272.3 | 10,829.5 | 24,647.5 | 24,647.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
| - non-current |
8,894.3 | — | 11,165.1 | 16,588.3 | 36,647.7 | 36,647.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 693,814.5 | Rs. | 157,088.4 | Rs. | 15,437.4 | Rs. | 27,417.8 | Rs. | 893,758.1 | Rs. | 889,592.9 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| * | The fair value in respect of the unquoted equity investments cannot be reliably measured. |
| Financial liabilities |
Derivatives other than in hedging relationship |
Derivatives in hedging relationship |
Other financial liabilities |
Total carrying value |
Total fair value | |||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable |
Rs. — | Rs. — | Rs. 610,201.4 | Rs. 610,201.4 | Rs. 610,201.4 | |||||||||||||||
| Acceptances |
— | — | 48,342.4 | 48,342.4 | 48,342.4 | |||||||||||||||
| Short-term debt (excluding current portion of long-term debt) |
— | — | 138,599.4 | 138,599.4 | 138,599.4 | |||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt (including current portion of long-term debt)* |
— | — | 646,571.8 | 646,571.8 | 662,442.1 | |||||||||||||||
| Other financial liabilities: |
||||||||||||||||||||
| - current |
19,826.1 | 122,753.4 | 39,622.5 | 182,202.0 | 182,202.0 | |||||||||||||||
| - non-current |
1,009.1 | 111,586.6 | 2,068.6 | 114,664.3 | 114,664.3 | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Total |
Rs. 20,835.2 | Rs. 234,340.0 | Rs. 1,485,406.1 | Rs. 1,740,581.3 | Rs. 1,756,451.6 | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| * | Includes USD denominated bonds designated as cash flow hedges against forecasted USD revenue amounting to Rs.77,820 million (USD 1,200 million) |
F-69
Table of Contents
The following table provides an analysis of financial instruments that are measured subsequent to initial recognition at fair value, grouped into Level 1 to Level 3, as described below.
Quoted prices in an active market (Level 1): This level of hierarchy includes financial assets that are measured by reference to quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. This category consists quoted equity shares, quoted corporate debt instruments and mutual fund investments.
Valuation techniques with observable inputs (Level 2): This level of hierarchy includes financial assets and liabilities, measured using inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e., as prices) or indirectly (i.e., derived from prices). This level of hierarchy includes Company’s over-the-counter (OTC) derivative contracts. Fair values of forward derivatives and commodity swap contracts are estimated by discounting expected future contractual cash flows using prevailing market interest rate curves. Option contracts are fair valued using standard options pricing methodology, based on prevailing market interest rates and volatilities.
Valuation techniques with significant unobservable inputs (Level 3): This level of hierarchy includes financial assets and liabilities measured using inputs that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs). Fair values are determined in whole or in part, using a valuation model based on assumptions that are neither supported by prices from observable current market transactions in the same instrument nor based on available market data. The main items in this category are unquoted available-for-sale financial assets, measured at fair value.
| As at March 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Financial assets measured at fair value |
||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale financial assets |
Rs. | 147,007.0 | Rs. | — | Rs. | — | Rs. | 147,007.0 | ||||||||
| Unquoted equity investments |
— | — | 4,076.1 | 4,076.1 | ||||||||||||
| Derivative assets |
— | 53,230.3 | — | 53,230.3 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 147,007.0 | Rs. | 53,230.3 | Rs. | 4,076.1 | Rs. | 204,313.4 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| US$ | 2,255.6 | US$ | 816.7 | US$ | 62.5 | US$ | 3,134.8 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Financial liabilities measured at fair value |
||||||||||||||||
| Derivative liabilities |
Rs. | — | Rs. | 86,578.6 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 86,578.6 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | — | Rs. | 86,578.6 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 86,578.6 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| US$ | — | US$ | 1,328.4 | US$ | — | US$ | 1,328.4 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| As at March 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Financial assets measured at fair value |
||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale financial assets |
Rs. | 153,265.3 | Rs. | — | Rs. | — | Rs. | 153,265.3 | ||||||||
| Derivative assets |
— | 42,855.2 | — | 42,855.2 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 153,265.3 | Rs. | 42,855.2 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 196,120.5 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Financial liabilities measured at fair value |
||||||||||||||||
| Derivative liabilities |
Rs. | — | Rs. | 255,175.2 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 255,175.2 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | — | Rs. | 255,175.2 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 255,175.2 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
There have been no transfers between level 1 and level 2 for the years ended March 31, 2018 and 2017.
F-70
Table of Contents
The following table provides an analysis of fair value of financial instruments that are not measured at fair value on recurring basis, grouped into Level 1 to Level 3 categories:
| As at March 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Financial assets not measured at fair value |
||||||||||||||||
| Finance receivables |
— | — | 238,235.9 | 238,235.9 | ||||||||||||
| Other investments |
— | 1,094.0 | — | 1,094.0 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | — | Rs. | 1,094.0 | Rs. | 238,235.9 | Rs. | 239,329.9 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| US$ | — | US$ | 16.8 | US$ | 3,655.3 | US$ | 3,672.2 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Financial liabilities not measured at fair value |
||||||||||||||||
| Short-term debt (excluding current portion of long-term debt) |
— | 167,948.5 | — | 167,948.5 | ||||||||||||
| Long-term debt (including current portion of long-term debt) |
399,497.0 | 328,423.3 | — | 727,920.3 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 399,497.0 | Rs. | 496,371.8 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 895,868.8 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| US$ | 6,129.6 | US$ | 7,616.1 | US$ | — | US$ | 13,745.7 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| As at March 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Financial assets not measured at fair value |
||||||||||||||||
| Finance receivables |
— | — | 175,290.4 | 175,290.4 | ||||||||||||
| Other investments |
— | 191.3 | — | 191.3 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | — | Rs. | 191.3 | Rs. | 175,290.4 | Rs. | 175,481.7 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Financial liabilities not measured at fair value |
||||||||||||||||
| Short-term debt (excluding current portion of long-term debt) |
— | 138,599.4 | — | 138,599.4 | ||||||||||||
| Long-term debt (including current portion of long-term debt) |
353,235.2 | 309,206.9 | — | 662,442.1 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 353,235.2 | Rs. | 447,806.3 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 801,041.5 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Notes
The short-term financial assets and liabilities are stated at amortized cost which is approximately equal to their fair value.
Derivatives are fair valued using market observable rates and published prices together with forecast cash flow information where applicable.
The fair value of finance receivables has been estimated by discounting expected cash flows using rates at which loans of similar credit quality and maturity would be made and internal assumptions such as expected credit losses and estimated collateral value for repossessed vehicles as at March 31, 2018 and 2017. As unobservable inputs are applied, finance receivables are classified in Level 3.
Available-for-sale securities are carried at their fair values, which are generally based on market price quotations. The fair value in respect of the unquoted equity investments cannot be reliably measured.
The fair value of borrowings which have a quoted market price in an active market is based on its market price and for other borrowings the fair value is estimated by discounting expected future cash flows, using a discount rate equivalent to the risk-free rate of return, adjusted for the credit spread considered by the lenders for instruments of the similar maturity.
F-71
Table of Contents
Management uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of its financial instruments. However, there are inherent limitations in any estimation technique. Therefore, for substantially all financial instruments, the fair value estimates presented above are not necessarily indicative of all the amounts that the Company could have realized or paid in sale transactions as of respective dates. As such, the fair value of the financial instruments subsequent to the respective reporting dates may be different from the amounts reported at each year end.
Offsetting
Certain financial assets and financial liabilities are subject to offsetting where there is currently a legally enforceable right to set off recognized amounts and the Company intends to either settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability, simultaneously.
Certain derivative financial assets and financial liabilities are subject to master netting arrangements, whereby in the case of insolvency, derivative financial assets and financial liabilities will be settled on a net basis.
The following table discloses the amounts that have been offset, in arriving at the balance sheet presentation and the amounts that are available for offset only under certain conditions as at March 31, 2018:
| Gross amount recognized |
Gross amount recognized as set off in the balance sheet |
Net amount presented in the balance sheet |
Amounts subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement |
Net amount after offsetting |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial assets |
Financial instruments |
Cash collateral |
||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative financial instruments |
Rs. | 53,230.3 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 53,230.3 | Rs. | (49,058.2 | ) | Rs. | — | Rs. | 4,172.1 | |||||||||||
| Trade receivables |
199,905.7 | (972.7 | ) | 198,933.0 | — | — | 198,933.0 | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents |
163,843.3 | (16,675.8 | ) | 147,167.5 | — | — | 147,167.5 | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 416,979.3 | Rs. | (17,648.5 | ) | Rs. | 399,330.8 | Rs. | (49,058.2 | ) | Rs. | — | Rs. | 350,272.6 | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| US$ | 6,397.9 | US$ | (270.8 | ) | US$ | 6,127.2 | US$ | (752.7 | ) | US$ | — | US$ | 5,374.5 | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Financial liabilities |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative financial instruments |
Rs. | 86,578.6 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 86,578.6 | Rs. | (49,058.2 | ) | Rs. | — | Rs. | 37,520.4 | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable |
805,574.3 | (972.7 | ) | 804,601.6 | — | — | 804,601.6 | |||||||||||||||||
| Loans from banks/financial institutions (short-term) |
77,948.8 | (16,675.8 | ) | 61,273.0 | — | — | 61,273.0 | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 970,101.7 | Rs. | (17,648.5 | ) | Rs. | 952,453.2 | Rs. | (49,058.2 | ) | Rs. | — | Rs. | 903,395.0 | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| US$ | 14,884.7 | US$ | (270.8 | ) | US$ | 14,613.9 | US$ | (752.7 | ) | US$ | — | US$ | 13,861.2 | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
The following table discloses the amounts that have been offset in arriving at the balance sheet presentation and the amounts that are available for offset only under certain conditions as at March 31, 2017:
| Gross amount recognized |
Gross amount recognized as set off in the balance sheet |
Net amount presented in the balance sheet |
Amounts subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement |
Net amount after offsetting |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial assets |
Financial instruments |
Cash collateral |
||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative financial instruments |
Rs. | 42,855.2 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 42,855.2 | Rs. | (34,021.3 | ) | Rs. | — | Rs. | 8,833.9 | |||||||||||
| Trade receivables |
141,032.6 | (277.1 | ) | 140,755.5 | — | — | 140,755.5 | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents |
142,376.1 | (2,508.5 | ) | 139,867.6 | — | — | 139,867.6 | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 326,263.9 | Rs. | (2,785.6 | ) | Rs. | 323,478.3 | Rs. | (34,021.3 | ) | Rs. | — | Rs. | 289,457.0 | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Financial liabilities |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative financial instruments |
Rs. | 255,175.2 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 255,175.2 | Rs. | (34,021.3 | ) | Rs. | — | Rs. | 221,153.9 | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable |
610,478.5 | (277.1 | ) | 610,201.4 | — | — | 610,201.4 | |||||||||||||||||
| Loans from banks/financial institutions (short-term) |
58,751.2 | (2,508.5 | ) | 56,242.7 | — | — | 56,242.7 | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 924,404.9 | Rs. | (2,785.6 | ) | Rs. | 921,619.3 | Rs. | (34,021.3 | ) | Rs. | — | Rs. | 887,598.0 | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
F-72
Table of Contents
| (b) | Transfer of financial assets |
The Company transfers finance receivables in securitization transactions and direct assignments. In such transactions the Company surrenders control over the receivables, though it continues to act as an agent for the collection of receivables. In most of these transactions, the Company also provides credit enhancements to the transferee.
Because of the existence of credit enhancements in such transactions, the Company continues to have the obligation to pay to the transferee, limited to the extent of credit enhancement, even if it does not collect the equivalent amounts from the original asset and continues to retain substantially all risks and rewards associated with the receivables, and hence, such transfer or assignment does not meet the derecognition criteria resulting into the transfer not being recorded as sale. Consequently, the proceeds received from the transfer are recorded as collateralized debt obligation.
Further the Company transfers certain trade receivables under the debt factoring arrangements. These do not qualify for derecognition, due to the recourse arrangement in place. Consequently the proceeds received from transfer are recorded as loans from banks / financial institutions and classified under short-term borrowings.
The carrying amount of trade receivables and finance receivables along with the associated liabilities is as follows:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nature of Asset |
Carrying amount of asset sold |
Carrying amount of associated liabilities |
Carrying amount of asset sold |
Carrying amount of associated liabilities |
Carrying amount of asset sold |
Carrying amount of associated liabilities |
||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trade receivables |
US$ | 231.3 | US$ | 231.3 | Rs. | 15,074.4 | Rs. | 15,074.4 | Rs. | 14,948.7 | Rs. | 14,948.7 | ||||||||||||
| Finance receivables |
US$ | 200.5 | US$ | 202.6 | Rs. | 13,069.1 | * | Rs. | 13,205.8 | Rs. | 10,043.8 | * | Rs. | 10,271.2 | ||||||||||
| * | Net of provision of Rs. 226.2 million and Rs. 290.0 million as at March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. |
| (c) | Cash flow hedges |
As at March 31, 2018, the Company has a number of cash flow hedging instruments in a hedging relationship. The Company and its subsidiaries uses foreign currency forward and option contracts, to hedge future cash flows from sales, purchases and repayment of borrowings. The Company and its subsidiaries have designated some of its U.S dollar denominated bonds as cash flow hedging instruments of foreign currency risk arising from future anticipated sales. Cash flow hedges are expected to be recognized in profit or loss during the years ending March 31, 2019 to 2023.
The Company and its subsidiaries also has a number of foreign currency derivative contracts, which are entered into as an economic hedge of the financial risks of the Company. These contracts do not meet the hedge accounting criteria of IAS 39, hence the change in fair value is recognized immediately in the income statement.
The time value of options is considered ineffective in the hedge relationship and thus the change in time value is recognised in the income statement, as it arises.
Changes in fair value of foreign currency derivative contracts and foreign currency bonds, to the extent determined to be an effective hedge, is recognized in other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion of the fair value change is recognized in income statement.
The following table summarizes the gain (loss) from cash flow hedges recognized in other comprehensive income and income statement.
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Fair value gain/(loss) of foreign currency derivative contracts recognized in Hedging reserve |
US$ | 1,418.3 | Rs. 92,442.8 | (253,124.1 | ) | (12,677.6 | ) | |||||||||
| Fair value gain/(loss) of foreign currency bonds recognized in Hedging reserve |
US$ | 190.8 | Rs. 12,435.2 | (13,140.7 | ) | — | ||||||||||
| Fair value gain/(loss) of cross currency interest rate swaps entered for cash flow hedges of repayment of foreign currency denominated borrowings recognized in Hedging reserve |
US$ | (5.5 | ) | Rs. (359.0) | — | — | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Gain/(loss) recognized in Hedging reserve |
1,603.6 | 104,519.0 | (266,264.8 | ) | (12,677.6 | ) | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Gain/(loss) reclassified from Hedging reserve and recognized in ‘Revenue’ in the income statament on occurance of forecast sales |
US$ | (1,822.3 | ) | Rs. (118,767.0) | (112,697.8 | ) | 7,690.6 | |||||||||
| Gain/(loss) reclassified out of Hedging reserve and recorded in ‘Raw materials, components and consumables’ in the income statement when forecast purchases affect income statement |
US$ | 240.5 | Rs. 15,674.8 | 7,553.4 | (25,570.8 | ) | ||||||||||
| Gain/(loss) reclassified from Hedging reserve and recognized in ‘Foreign exchange (gain)/loss (net)’ in the income statement on account of forecast transactions no longer expected to occur |
US$ | 8.5 | Rs. 555.5 | (3,673.1 | ) | (167.7 | ) | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Gain/(loss) reclassified from Hedging reserve to the income statement |
(1,573.3 | ) | (102,536.7 | ) | (108,817.5 | ) | (18,047.9 | ) | ||||||||
|
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|
|
|
|
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|
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F-73
Table of Contents
| (d) | Financial risk management |
In the course of its business, the Company is exposed primarily to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, equity prices, liquidity and credit risk, which may adversely impact the fair value of its financial instruments.
The Company has a risk management policy which not only covers the foreign exchange risks but also other risks associated with the financial assets and liabilities such as interest rate risks and credit risks. The risk management policy is approved by the board of directors. The risk management framework aims to:
| • | Create a stable business planning environment by reducing the impact of currency and interest rate fluctuations on the Company’s business plan. |
| • | Achieve greater predictability to earnings by determining the financial value of the expected earnings in advance. |
| (i) | Market risk |
Market risk is the risk of any loss in future earnings, in realizable fair values or in future cash flows that may result from a change in the price of a financial instrument. The value of a financial instrument may change as a result of changes in the interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, equity price fluctuations, liquidity and other market changes. Future specific market movements cannot be normally predicted with reasonable accuracy.
(i) – (a) Foreign currency exchange rate risk:
The fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates may have potential impact on the income statement and equity, where any transaction references more than one currency or where assets/liabilities are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the respective consolidated entities.
Considering the countries and economic environment in which the Company operates, its operations are subject to risks arising from fluctuations in exchange rates in those countries. The risks primarily relate to fluctuations in U.S. dollar, Chinese renminbi, Japanese yen, Singapore dollar and Euro, against the respective functional currencies of Tata Motors Limited and its subsidiaries.
The Company, as per its risk management policy, uses foreign exchange and other derivative instruments primarily to hedge foreign exchange and interest rate exposure. Furthermore, any movement in the functional currencies of the various operations of the Company against major foreign currencies may impact the Company’s revenues from its international operations. Any weakening of the functional currency may impact the Company’s cost of imports and cost of borrowings and consequently may increase the cost of financing the Company’s capital expenditures.
The Company evaluates the impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations by assessing its exposure to exchange rate risks. It hedges a part of these risks by using derivative financial instruments in accordance with its risk management policies.
The foreign exchange rate sensitivity is calculated for each currency by aggregation of the net foreign exchange rate exposure of a currency and a simultaneous parallel foreign exchange rates shift in the foreign exchange rates of each currency by 10%.
F-74
Table of Contents
The following analysis is based on the gross exposure as of the relevant balance sheet dates, which could affect the income statement. There is no exposure to the income statement on account of translation of financial statements of consolidated foreign entities. Furthermore, the exposure as indicated below is mitigated by some of the derivative contracts entered into by the Company as disclosed at clause (iv) below.
The following table sets forth information relating to foreign currency exposure (other than risk arising from derivatives disclosed at clause (iv) below) as at March 31, 2018:
| U.S. dollar | Euro | Chinese Renminbi |
GBP | Japanese Yen |
Others* | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial assets |
Rs.135,310.7 | Rs.128,171.7 | Rs.49,977.2 | Rs.15,115.0 | Rs.4,750.2 | Rs.41,652.4 | 374,977.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial liabilities |
Rs.369,091.0 | Rs.311,926.9 | Rs.53,989.1 | Rs.63,716.6 | Rs.5,456.5 | Rs.35,389.5 | 839,569.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| * | Others mainly include currencies such as the Russian rouble, Singapore dollars, Swiss franc, Australian dollars, South African rand, Singapore dollars, Thai baht and Korean won. |
10% appreciation/depreciation of the respective foreign currencies with respect to functional currency of the Company would result in decrease/increase in the Company’s net income before tax by approximately Rs. 37,497.7 million and Rs. 72,790.6 million for financial assets and financial liabilities respectively for the year ended March 31, 2018 and decrease/increase in the Company’s other comprehensive income by approximately Rs. 11,166.4 million in respect of financial liabilities designated in cash flow hedges for the year ended March 31, 2018.
The following table set forth information relating to foreign currency exposure (other than risk arising from derivatives disclosed at clause (iv) below) as at March 31, 2017:
| U.S. dollar | Euro | Chinese Renminbi |
Japanese Yen |
Others* | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial assets |
Rs.104,987.4 | Rs. | 98,624.2 | Rs.40,009.6 | Rs.1,279.8 | Rs.44,323.2 | Rs.289,224.2 | |||||||||||||||||
| Financial liabilities |
Rs.375,478.7 | Rs. | 213,018.3 | Rs.33,991.9 | Rs.5,382.2 | Rs.29,392.5 | Rs.657,263.6 | |||||||||||||||||
| * | Others mainly include currencies such as the Russian rouble, Swiss franc, Australian dollars, South African rand, Singapore dollars, Thai baht and Korean won. |
10% appreciation/depreciation of the respective foreign currencies with respect to functional currency of the Company would result in decrease/increase in the Company’s net income before tax by approximately Rs. 28,922.4 million and Rs. 58,201.0 million for financial assets and financial liabilities respectively, for the year ended March 31, 2017 and decrease/increase in the Company’s other comprehensive income before tax by approximately Rs. 7,525.4 million in respect of financial liabilities designated in cash flow hedges for the year ended March 31, 2017.
The following table set forth information relating to foreign currency exposure (other than risk arising from derivatives disclosed at clause (iv) below) as at March 31, 2016:
| U.S. dollar | Euro | Chinese Renminbi |
Japanese Yen |
Others* | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial assets |
Rs. | 73,411.8 | Rs. | 66,207.6 | Rs.63,929.2 | Rs.2,577.6 | Rs.41,348.7 | Rs.247,474.9 | ||||||||||||||||
| Financial liabilities |
Rs. | 367,796.8 | Rs. | 165,362.8 | Rs.54,509.4 | Rs.6,163.9 | Rs.27,896.5 | Rs.621,729.4 | ||||||||||||||||
| * | Others mainly include currencies such as the Russian rouble, Swiss franc, Australian dollars, South African rand, Singapore Dollars, Thai baht and Korean won. |
10% appreciation/depreciation of the respective foreign currencies with respect to functional currency of the Company would result in decrease/increase in the Company’s net income before tax by approximately Rs. 24,747.5 million and Rs. 62,172.9 million for financial assets and financial liabilities respectively for the year ended March 31, 2016.
(Note: The impact is indicated on the income/loss before tax basis).
F-75
Table of Contents
(i) – (b) Interest rate risk
Interest rate risk is measured by using the cash flow sensitivity for changes in variable interest rates. Any movement in the reference rates could have an impact on the Company’s cash flows as well as costs.
The Company is subject to variable interest rates on some of its interest bearing liabilities. The Company’s interest rate exposure is mainly related to debt obligations. The Company also uses a mix of interest rate sensitive financial instruments to manage the liquidity and fund requirements for its day to day operations like short term non-convertible bonds and short term loans.
In its financing business, the Company enters into transactions with customers which primarily result in receivables at fixed rates. In order to manage this risk, the Company has a policy to match funding in terms of maturities and interest rates and also for certain part of the portfolio, the Company does not match funding with maturities, in order to take advantage of market opportunities.
The Company also enters into arrangements of securitization of receivables in order to reduce the impact of interest rate movements. Further, the Company also enters in to interest rate swap contracts with banks to manage its interest rate risk.
As at March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, financial liability of Rs. 210,182.8 million, Rs. 189,283.6 million and Rs. 221,171.2 million, respectively, was subject to variable interest rates. Increase/decrease of 100 basis points in interest rates at the balance sheet date would result in an impact (decrease/increase in case of net income) of Rs. 2,101.8 million, Rs. 1,892.8 million and Rs. 2,211.7 million on income for the year ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
The model assumes that interest rate changes are instantaneous parallel shifts in the yield curve. Although some assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods to re-pricing, these may not react correspondingly to changes in market interest rates. Also, the interest rates on some types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate with changes in market interest rates, while interest rates on other types of assets may change with a lag.
The risk estimates provided assume a parallel shift of 100 basis points interest rate across all yield curves. This calculation also assumes that the change occurs at the balance sheet date and has been calculated based on risk exposures outstanding as at that date. The period end balances are not necessarily representative of the average debt outstanding during the period.
This analysis assumes that all other variables, in particular foreign currency rates, remain constant.
(Note: The impact is indicated on the income/loss before tax basis).
The Company uses cross currency interest rate swaps to hedge some of its exposure to interest rate arising from variable rate foreign currency denominated debt.
The Company uses cross currency interest rate swaps to hedge some of its exposure to interest rate arising from variable rate foreign currency denominated debt. The Company and its subsidiaries also uses cross currency interest rate swaps to convert some of its foreign currency denominated fixed rate debt to floating rate debt.
(i) – (c) Equity Price risk
Equity Price Risk is related to the change in market reference price of the investments in equity securities.
The fair value of some of the Company’s investments in available-for-sale securities exposes the Company to equity price risks. In general, these securities are not held for trading purposes. These investments are subject to changes in the market price of securities. The fair value of available-for-sale equity securities as at March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, was Rs. 3,404.8 million, Rs. 2,602.9 million and Rs. 2,105.0 million, respectively. A 10% change in equity prices of available-for-sale securities held as at March 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, would result in an impact of Rs. 340.5 million, Rs. 260.3 million and Rs. 210.5 million on equity, respectively.
The Company has investments in unquoted equity shares of Rs. 2,036.9 million as at March 31, 2018, Rs. 3,823.1 million as at March 31, 2017 and Rs.3,900.0 million as at March 31, 2016, the fair value of which cannot be reliably measured .
(Note: The impact is indicated on equity before consequential tax impact, if any).
F-76
Table of Contents
(ii) Credit risk
Credit risk is the risk of financial loss arising from counterparty failure to repay or service debt according to the contractual terms or obligations. Credit risk encompasses both the direct risk of default and the risk of deterioration of creditworthiness as well as concentration risks.
Financial instruments that are subject to concentrations of credit risk, principally consist of investments classified as loans and receivables, available-for-sale debt instruments, trade receivables, finance receivables, loans and advances and derivative financial instruments. None of the financial instruments of the Company result in material concentrations of credit risks.
Exposure to credit risk
The carrying amount of financial assets represents the maximum credit exposure. The maximum exposure to credit risk was Rs. 1,035,065.2 million as at March 31, 2018 and Rs. 887,129.2 million as at March 31, 2017, being the total of the carrying amount of balances with banks, short term deposits with banks, trade receivables, finance receivables, margin money and other financial assets excluding equity investments.
Financial assets that are neither past due nor impaired
None of the Company’s cash equivalents, including time deposits with banks, are past due or impaired. Regarding trade receivables and other receivables, and other loans or receivables that are neither impaired nor past due, there were no indications as at March 31, 2018, that defaults in payment obligations will occur.
Credit quality of financial assets and impairment loss
The ageing of trade receivables and finance receivables as of balance sheet date is given below. The age analysis have been considered from the due date.
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trade receivables |
Gross | Allowance | Net | Gross | Allowance | Net | Gross | Allowance | Net | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Period (in months) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Not due |
US$ | 2,447.6 | US$ | (3.3 | ) | US$ | 2,444.3 | Rs.159,519.0 | Rs.(215.7 | ) | Rs.159,303.3 | Rs.119,438.7 | Rs.(909.9 | ) | Rs.118,528.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Overdue up to 3 months |
503.6 | (5.7 | ) | 497.9 | 32,819.4 | (371.5 | ) | 32,447.9 | 17,718.2 | (319.8 | ) | 17,398.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Overdue 3-6 months |
34.4 | (5.4 | ) | 29.0 | 2,243.6 | (354.8 | ) | 1,888.8 | 1,859.3 | (254.9 | ) | 1,604.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Overdue more than 6 months |
260.2 | (179.1 | ) | 81.1 | * | 16,967.8 | (11,674.8 | ) | 5,293.0 | * | 15,513.7 | (12,289.8 | ) | 3,223.9 | * | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
| Total |
US$ | 3,245.8 | US$ | (193.5 | ) | US$ | 3,052.3 | Rs.211,549.8 | Rs. (12,616.8 | ) | Rs.198,933.0 | Rs.154,529.9 | Rs. (13,774.4 | ) | Rs.140,755.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
| * | Trade receivables overdue more than six months include Rs. 4,622.2 million as at March 31, 2018 (Rs. 2,122.9 million as at March 31, 2017) outstanding from state government organizations in India, which are considered recoverable. |
The Company makes allowances for losses on its portfolio of finance receivable on the basis of expected future collection from receivables. The future collection are estimated on the basis of past collection trend which are adjusted for changes in current circumstances as well as expected changes in collection on account of future with respect to certain macro economic factor like GDP growth, fuel price and inflation.
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finance receivables # |
Gross | Allowance | Net | Gross | Allowance | Net | Gross | Allowance | Net | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Period (in months) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Not due* |
US$ | 3,669.3 | US$ | (114.2 | ) | US$ | 3,555.1 | Rs.239,142.5 | Rs. (7,443.7) | Rs.231,698.8 | Rs.180,047.7 | Rs. (14,036.4) | Rs.166,011.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Overdue up to 3 months |
69.4 | (2.4 | ) | 67.0 | 4,526.3 | (154.5 | ) | 4,371.8 | 7,029.2 | (407.5 | ) | 6,621.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Overdue more than 3 months |
108.0 | (63.2 | ) | 44.8 | 7,038.8 | (4,119.7 | ) | 2,919.1 | 24,530.7 | (21,531.2 | ) | 2,999.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
| Total |
US$ | 3,846.7 | US$ | (179.8 | ) | US$ | 3,666.9 | Rs.250,707.6 | Rs. (11,717.9) | Rs.238,989.7 | Rs.211,607.6 | Rs. (35,975.1) | Rs.175,632.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
| * | Allowance in the “Not due” category includes allowance against installments pertaining to impaired finance receivables which have not yet fallen due. |
| # | Finance receivables originated in India. |
F-77
Table of Contents
| (iii) | Liquidity risk |
Liquidity risk refers to the risk that the Company cannot meet its financial obligations. The objective of liquidity risk management is to maintain sufficient liquidity and ensure that funds are available for use as per requirements.
The Company has obtained fund and non-fund based working capital lines from various banks. Furthermore, the Company has access to funds from debt markets through commercial paper programs, non-convertible debentures, senior notes and other debt instruments. The Company invests its surplus funds in bank fixed deposit and liquid and liquid plus schemes of mutual funds, which carry no/low mark to market risks. The Company has also invested 15% of the non-convertible debentures (issued by the Company) falling due for repayment in the next 12 months in bank deposits, to meet the regulatory norms of liquidity requirements.
The Company also constantly monitors funding options available in the debt and capital markets with a view to maintaining financial flexibility.
The table below provides details regarding the contractual maturities of financial liabilities, including estimated interest payments as at March 31, 2018:
| Carrying amount |
Due in 1st Year |
Due in 2nd Year |
Due in 3rd to 5th Year |
Due after 5th Year |
Total contractual cash flows | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial liabilities |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable and acceptances |
Rs. | 853,615.0 | Rs. | 853,615.0 | Rs. | — | Rs. | — | Rs. | — | Rs. | 853,615.0 | US$ | 13,097.3 | ||||||||||||||
| Borrowings and interest thereon |
899,664.0 | 311,803.8 | 149,973.7 | 398,648.1 | 160,292.0 | 1,020,717.6 | 15,661.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Other financial liabilities |
49,470.2 | 46,273.1 | 1,717.9 | 1,176.9 | 1,069.2 | 50,237.1 | 770.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative liabilities |
86,578.6 | 62,076.6 | 29,688.0 | 12,188.2 | 1,207.6 | 105,160.4 | 1,613.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 1,889,327.8 | Rs. | 1,273,768.5 | Rs. | 181,379.6 | Rs. | 412,013.2 | Rs. | 162,568.8 | Rs. | 2,029,730.1 | US$ | 31,142.8 | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
Contractual maturities of borrowings includes cash flows relating to collateralized debt obligations. This represents the amount received against the transfer of finance receivables in securitization transactions and/or direct assignments, which do not qualify for derecognition. The liability of the Company in such cases is limited to the extent of credit enhancements provided. The contractual maturities of such collateralized debt obligations are as follows:
| Carrying amount |
Due in 1st Year |
Due in 2nd Year |
Due in 3rd to 5th Year |
Total contractual cash flows | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Collateralized debt obligations |
Rs. | 13,205.8 | Rs. | 7,280.9 | Rs. | 5,924.9 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 13,205.8 | US$ | 202.6 | ||||||||||||
F-78
Table of Contents
The table below provides details regarding the contractual maturities of financial liabilities, including estimated interest payments as at March 31, 2017:
| Carrying amount |
Due in 1st Year |
Due in 2nd Year |
Due in 3rd to
5th Year |
Due after 5th Year |
Total contractual cash flows |
|||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial liabilities |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable and acceptances |
Rs. | 658,543.8 | Rs. | 658,543.8 | Rs. | — | Rs. | — | Rs. | — | Rs. | 658,543.8 | ||||||||||||
| Borrowings and interest thereon |
794,603.6 | 217,085.8 | 130,287.8 | 395,994.5 | 193,108.9 | 936,477.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other financial liabilities |
32,258.7 | 30,190.1 | 577.1 | 843.5 | 1,161.3 | 32,772.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative liabilities |
255,175.2 | 157,918.7 | 104,708.5 | 60,528.2 | 11.6 | 323,167.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Total |
Rs. | 1,740,581.3 | Rs. | 1,063,738.4 | Rs. | 235,573.4 | Rs. | 457,366.2 | Rs. | 194,281.8 | Rs. | 1,950,959.8 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
Contractual maturities of borrowings includes cash flows relating to collateralized debt obligations. This represents the amount received against the transfer of finance receivables in securitization transactions and/or direct assignments, which do not qualify for derecognition. The liability of the Company in such cases is limited to the extent of credit enhancements provided. The contractual maturities of such collateralized debt obligations are as follows:
| Carrying amount |
Due in 1st Year |
Due in 2nd Year |
Due in 3rd to 5th Year |
Total contractual cash flows |
||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Collateralized debt obligations |
Rs. | 10,271.2 | Rs. | 6,296.7 | Rs. | 3,671.0 | Rs.1,108.2 | Rs. | 11,075.9 | |||||||||||
F-79
Table of Contents
| (iv) | Derivative financial instruments and risk management |
The Company has entered into variety of foreign currency, interest rates and commodity forward contracts and options to manage its exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, interest rates and commodity price risk. These financial exposures are managed in accordance with the Company’s risk management policies and procedures.
The Company also enters into interest rate swaps and interest rate currency swap agreements, mainly to manage exposure on its fixed rate or variable rate debt. The Company uses interest rate derivatives or currency swaps to hedge exposure to exchange rate fluctuations on principal and interest payments for borrowings denominated in foreign currencies.
Specific transactional risks include risks like liquidity and pricing risks, interest rate and exchange rate fluctuation risks, volatility risks, counterparty risks, settlement risks and gearing risks.
Fair value of derivative financial instruments are determined using valuation techniques based on information derived from observable market data.
The fair value of derivative financial instruments is as follows:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward exchange contracts and options |
US$ | (569.1 | ) | Rs. | (37,089.3 | ) | Rs. | (216,852.0 | ) | |||
| Commodity Derivatives |
— | (2.4 | ) | 3,856.6 | ||||||||
| Others including interest rate and currency swaps |
57.4 | 3,743.4 | 675.4 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total |
US$ | (511.7 | ) | Rs. | (33,348.3 | ) | Rs. | (212,320.0 | ) | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
The gain/loss on foreign currency derivatives which are not hedge accounted, recognized in ‘Foreign exchange (gain)/loss (net)’ in the income statement was Rs.2,187.9 million (gain) , Rs.5,044.8 million (gain) and Rs.1,198.9 million (gain) for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
The gain/loss on commodity derivative contracts, recognized in the income statement was Rs. 2,146.3 million (gain), Rs. 9,184.0 million (gain) and Rs. 11,555.3 million (loss) for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10% depreciation of foreign currency: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gain/(loss) in hedging reserve |
US$ | 695.5 | Rs. | 45,329.0 | Rs. | 130,197.9 | Rs. | 161,493.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gain/(loss) in statement of Profit and loss |
US$ | 32.7 | Rs. | 2,134.2 | Rs. | (9,157.6 | ) | Rs. | 9,028.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10% Appreciation of foreign currency: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gain/(loss) in hedging reserve |
US$ | (818.6 | ) | Rs. | (53,353.8 | ) | Rs. | (136,266.8 | ) | Rs. | (174,283.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Gain/(loss) in statement of Profit and loss |
US$ | (20.7 | ) | Rs. | (1,346.5 | ) | Rs. | 14,314.8 | Rs. | 2,453.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
In respect of the Company’s commodity derivative contracts, a 10% depreciation/appreciation of all commodity prices underlying such contracts, would have resulted in an approximate gain/(loss) of (Rs. 4,614.2 million)/Rs. 4,614.2 million, (Rs. 4,612.4 million)/Rs. 4,612.4 million and (Rs. 4,963.5 million)/Rs. 4,963.5 million in the income statement for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Exposure to gain/loss on derivative instruments offset to some extent the exposure to foreign currency risk, interest rate risk as disclosed above.
(Note: The impact is indicated on the income/loss before tax basis).
F-80
Table of Contents
| 36. | Collaterals |
Inventory, trade receivables, finance receivables, other financial assets, property, plant and equipment with a carrying amount of Rs. 181,969.1 million and Rs. 171,051.8 million are pledged as collateral/security against the borrowings as at March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Fair value of collaterals over which the Company has taken possession and held as at March 31, 2018 and 2017, amounted to Rs. 606.2 million and Rs. 2,007.3 million, respectively. The collateral represents vehicles financed by the Company and the Company normally undertakes disposal of these vehicles through an auction process.
| 37. | Segment reporting |
The Company primarily operates in the Automotive segment. The Automotive segment includes all activities relating to development, design, manufacture, assembly and sale of vehicles including financing thereof, as well as sale of related parts and accessories. The Company provides financing for vehicles sold by dealers in India. The vehicle financing is intended to drive sale of vehicles by providing financing to the dealers’ customers and as such is an integral part of automotive business. The financing activity is assessed as an integral part of the overall automotive business. The operating results of the financing activity does not include all of the interest or cost of funds employed for the purposes of financing, and therefore the operating results of this activity is not used to make decisions about resources to be allocated or to assess performance.
The Company’s products mainly include Tata and other brand vehicles and Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles.
As at March 31, 2018, the automotive segment is bifurcated into the following two reportable segments:
Tata and other brand vehicles, including financing thereof and Jaguar Land Rover.
The Company’s other segment comprises primarily activities relating to information technology or IT services, machine tools and factory automation solutions.
The segment information presented is in accordance with the accounting policies adopted for preparing the consolidated financial statements of the Company. Segment revenues, expenses and results include inter-segment transfers. Such transfers are undertaken either at competitive market prices charged to unaffiliated customers for similar goods or at contracted rates. These transfers are eliminated on consolidation.
F-81
Table of Contents
| For the year ended/as at March 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive and related activity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tata and other brand vehicles including financing thereof * |
Jaguar Land Rover |
Intra-segment eliminations |
Total | Others | Inter-segment eliminations |
Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External revenue |
Rs. | 649,894.1 | Rs. | 2,214,492.3 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 2,864,386.4 | Rs. | 18,564.7 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 2,882,951.1 | US$ | 44,233.9 | ||||||||||||||||
| Inter-segment/intra-segment revenue |
77.9 | — | — | 77.9 | 12,770.0 | (12,847.9 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues |
Rs. | 649,972.0 | Rs. | 2,214,492.3 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 2,864,464.3 | Rs. | 31,334.7 | Rs. | (12,847.9 | ) | Rs. | 2,882,951.1 | US$ | 44,233.9 | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
| Earnings before other income, interest and tax(a) |
19,692.8 | 84,952.3 | — | 104,645.1 | 3,045.8 | (1,456.3 | ) | 106,234.6 | 1,629.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share of profit/(loss) of equity accounted investees (net) |
301.8 | 21,389.2 | — | 21,691.0 | 1,091.6 | — | 22,782.6 | 349.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reconciliation to net income: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets written off/loss on sale of assets and others (net) |
|
(29,148.6 |
) |
(447.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income/(loss) (net) |
47,873.3 | 734.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange gain/(loss) (net) |
(2,758.8 | ) | (42.3 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income |
7,122.4 | 109.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense (net) |
(46,365.0 | ) | (711.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense |
(38,058.5 | ) | (583.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Income |
Rs. | 67,682.0 | US$ | 1,038.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization |
Rs. | 31,426.2 | Rs. | 177,830.8 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 209,257.0 | Rs. | 561.2 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 209,818.2 | US$ | 3,219.3 | ||||||||||||||||
| Capital expenditure |
34,030.9 | 380,417.9 | — | 414,448.8 | 841.6 | (187.8 | ) | 415,102.6 | 6,369.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
| Segment assets |
Rs. | 683,474.6 | Rs. | 1,968,420.4 | Rs. | (6.0 | ) | Rs. | 2,651,889.0 | Rs. | 3,303.8 | Rs. | (12,031.4 | ) | Rs. | 2,643,161.4 | US$ | 40,554.8 | ||||||||||||||
| Assets classified as held for sale |
2,233.3 | — | — | 2,233.3 | 27,569.1 | (3,950.5 | ) | 25,851.9 | 396.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment in equity accounted investees |
3,071.7 | 45,023.9 | — | 48,095.6 | 5,758.8 | — | 53,854.4 | 826.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reconciliation to total assets: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments |
154,214.0 | 2,366.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current and non-current income tax assets |
11,086.4 | 170.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes |
41,064.6 | 630.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other unallocated financial assets1 |
306,706.5 | 4,705.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets |
Rs. | 3,235,937.2 | US$ | 49,650.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment liabilities |
Rs. | 201,185.8 | Rs. | 1,048,546.1 | Rs. | (7.1 | ) | Rs. | 1,249,724.8 | Rs. | 840.2 | Rs. | (3,152.2 | ) | Rs. | 1,247,412.8 | US$ | 19,139.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Liabilities classified as held for sale |
— | — | — | — | 10,701.8 | — | 10,701.8 | 164.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reconciliation to total liabilities: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Borrowings |
888,706.8 | 13,635.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current income tax liabilities |
15,590.7 | 239.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes |
61,257.8 | 939.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other unallocated financial liabilities2 |
98,320.0 | 1,508.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities |
Rs. | 2,321,989.9 | US$ | 35,626.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| * | Tata and other brand vehicles include Tata Daewoo and Fiat brand vehicles. |
| 1. | Includes interest-bearing loans and deposits and accrued interest income. |
| 2. | Includes interest accrued and other interest bearing liabilities. |
| (a) | Earnings before other income, interest and tax is Earnings before share of profit/(loss) of equity accounted investees (net), assets written off/loss on sale of assets and others (net), other income/(loss) (net), foreign exchange gains/(loss) (net), interest income, interest expense (net) and income tax expense. |
F-82
Table of Contents
| For the year ended/as at March 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive and related activity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tata and other brand vehicles including financing thereof * |
Jaguar Land Rover |
Intra-segment eliminations |
Total | Others | Inter-segment eliminations |
Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External revenue |
Rs. | 518,398.3 | Rs. | 2,120,676.6 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 2,639,074.9 | Rs. | 17,420.2 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 2,656,495.1 | ||||||||||||||
| Inter-segment/intra-segment revenue |
33.1 | — | (46.7 | ) | (13.6 | ) | 13,734.0 | (13,720.4 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Total revenues |
Rs. | 518,431.4 | Rs. | 2,120,676.6 | Rs. | (46.7 | ) | Rs. | 2,639,061.3 | Rs. | 31,154.2 | Rs. | (13,720.4 | ) | Rs. | 2,656,495.1 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Earnings before other income, interest and tax(a) |
(17,909.0 | ) | 120,866.8 | ** | — | 102,957.8 | 3,797.7 | (1,942.8 | ) | 104,812.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Share of profit/(loss) of equity accounted investees |
252.1 | 13,843.7 | — | 14,095.8 | 834.2 | — | 14,930.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Reconciliation to net income: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets written off/loss on sale of assets and others (net) |
(11,418.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income/(loss) (net) |
39,590.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange gain/(loss) (net) |
(13,284.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income |
5,640.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense (net) |
(42,365.7 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense |
(35,670.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Income |
Rs. | 62,234.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization |
Rs. | 36,676.3 | Rs. | 144,472.0 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 181,148.3 | Rs. | 1,257.1 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 182,405.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Capital expenditure |
40,056.9 | 269,658.7 | — | 309,715.6 | 3,652.3 | (1,740.6 | ) | 311,627.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Segment assets |
Rs. | 598,266.7 | Rs. | 1,526,362.8 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 2,124,629.5 | Rs. | 22,051.3 | Rs. | (10,237.2 | ) | Rs. | 2,136,443.6 | |||||||||||||
| Investment in equity accounted investees |
3,773.1 | 38,357.2 | — | 42,130.3 | 3,929.8 | — | 46,060.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Reconciliation to total assets: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments |
157,279.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current and non-current income tax assets |
11,954.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes |
44,221.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other unallocated financial assets1 |
270,686.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets |
Rs. | 2,666,646.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment liabilities |
Rs. | 173,195.2 | Rs. | 872,507.1 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 1,045,702.3 | Rs. | 7,477.5 | Rs. | (2,504.4 | ) | Rs. | 1,050,675.4 | |||||||||||||
| Reconciliation to total liabilities: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Borrowings |
785,171.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current income tax liabilities |
13,925.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes |
11,806.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other unallocated financial liabilities2 |
266,225.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities |
Rs. | 2,127,803.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| * | Tata and other brand vehicles include Tata Daewoo and Fiat brand vehicles. |
| ** | includes reversal of provision for loss of inventories and insurance recoveries on account of loss of inventories Rs.13,301.0 million |
| 1. | Includes interest-bearing loans and deposits and accrued interest income. |
| 2. | Includes interest accrued and other interest bearing liabilities. |
| (a) | Earnings before other income, interest and tax is Earnings before share of profit/(loss) of equity accounted investees (net), assets written off/loss on sale of assets and others (net), other income/(loss) (net), foreign exchange gains/(loss) (net), interest income, interest expense (net) and income tax expense. |
F-83
Table of Contents
| For the year ended March 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive and related activity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tata and other brand vehicles including financing thereof * |
Jaguar Land Rover |
Intra-segment eliminations |
Total | Others | Inter-segment eliminations |
Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External revenue # |
Rs. | 490,273.9 | Rs. | 2,200,750.0 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 2,691,023.9 | Rs. | 14,088.7 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 2,705,112.6 | ||||||||||||||
| Inter-segment/intra-segment revenue |
69.8 | — | (75.7 | ) | (5.9 | ) | 15,027.0 | (15,021.1 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Total revenues |
Rs. | 490,343.7 | Rs. | 2,200,750.0 | Rs. | (75.7 | ) | Rs. | 2,691,018.0 | Rs. | 29,115.7 | Rs. | (15,021.1 | ) | Rs. | 2,705,112.6 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| Earnings before other income, interest and tax #(a) |
9,432.5 | 163,882.6 | ** | — | 173,315.1 | 4,212.2 | (738.7 | ) | 176,788.6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Share of profit/(loss) of equity accounted investees (net) |
206.7 | 5,987.1 | — | 6,193.8 | (419.1 | ) | — | 5,774.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Reconciliation to net income: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets written off/loss on sale of assets and others (net) |
(9,477.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income /(loss) (net) |
12,613.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange gain/(loss) (net) # |
(20,588.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income |
7,186.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense (net) |
(47,912.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense |
(27,512.7 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Income |
Rs. | 96,872.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization |
Rs. | 27,796.5 | Rs. | 139,597.6 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 167,394.1 | Rs. | 680.8 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 168,074.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Capital expenditure |
39,064.7 | 266,777.2 | — | 305,841.9 | 1,243.1 | (851.8 | ) | 306,233.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| * | Tata and other brand vehicles include Tata Daewoo and Fiat brand vehicles. |
| ** | Includes provision for loss of inventory ( net of insurance recoveries) of Rs. 16,383.9 million |
| # | External Revenues and Earnings before other Income, interest and tax have been retrospectively adjusted for the change in presentation of foreign currency (gain) / loss reclassified from hedging reserve to Income statement as described in Note 2(u). |
| (a) | Earnings before other income, interest and tax is Earnings before share of profit/(loss) of equity accounted investees (net), assets written off/loss on sale of assets and others (net), other income/(loss) (net), foreign exchange gains/(loss) (net), interest income, interest expense (net) and income tax expense. |
F-84
Table of Contents
Entity-wide disclosures
Information concerning principal geographic areas is as follows:
Net sales to external customers by geographic area by location of customers:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016* | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| India |
US$ | 8,874.5 | Rs. | 578,403.3 | Rs. | 422,499.1 | Rs. | 411,399.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States of America |
6,887.3 | 448,881.5 | 413,469.9 | 431,592.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United Kingdom |
6,428.4 | 418,970.3 | 486,091.5 | 448,389.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rest of Europe |
7,215.8 | 470,288.0 | 469,926.9 | 415,022.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| China |
7,390.5 | 481,675.0 | 410,721.9 | 485,384.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rest of the World |
7,437.4 | 484,733.0 | 453,785.8 | 513,325.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues |
US$ | 44,233.9 | Rs. | 2,882,951.1 | Rs. | 2,656,495.1 | Rs. | 2,705,112.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-current assets (Property, plant and equipment, Intangible assets, other non-current assets and Goodwill) by geographic area:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| India |
US$ | 3,446.4 | Rs. | 224,623.2 | Rs. | 239,755.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
| United States of America |
45.9 | 2,990.0 | 2,518.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| United Kingdom |
18,594.9 | 1,211,921.5 | 947,375.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Rest of Europe |
1,111.2 | 72,420.6 | 12,089.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| China |
25.5 | 1,661.1 | 910.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Rest of the World |
413.9 | 26,977.3 | 30,057.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
| Total |
US$ | 23,637.8 | Rs. | 1,540,593.7 | Rs. | 1,232,707.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
Information about product revenues:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016* | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tata and Fiat vehicles |
US$ | 8,829.8 | Rs. | 575,483.5 | Rs. | 436,306.2 | Rs. | 420,212.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tata Daewoo commercial vehicles |
742.2 | 48,370.3 | 57,773.8 | 47,742.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finance revenues |
399.5 | 26,040.3 | 24,318.3 | 22,318.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jaguar Land Rover vehicles |
33,977.6 | 2,214,492.3 | 2,120,676.6 | 2,200,750.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Others |
284.8 | 18,564.7 | 17,420.2 | 14,088.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues |
US$ | 44,233.9 | Rs. | 2,882,951.1 | Rs. | 2,656,495.1 | Rs. | 2,705,112.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| * | External Revenues have been retrospectively adjusted for the change in presentation of foreign currency (gain) / loss reclassified from hedging reserve to Income statement as described in Note 2(u) |
F-85
Table of Contents
| 38. | Related-party transactions |
The Company’s related parties principally consist of Tata Sons Limited, subsidiaries and joint ventures of Tata Sons Limited, the Company’s associates and their subsidiaries, joint operations and joint ventures of the Company. The Company routinely enters into transactions with these related parties in the ordinary course of business. The Company enters into transactions for sale and purchase of products and services with its associates, joint operations and joint ventures. Transactions and balances with its own subsidiaries are eliminated on consolidation.
The following table summarizes related-party transactions and balances included in the consolidated financial statements for the year ended/as at March 31, 2018:
| Associates and its subsidiaries |
Joint ventures |
Joint operations |
Tata Sons Ltd, its subsidiaries and joint ventures |
Total | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of products |
Rs. | 26,057.0 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 31,631.0 | Rs. | 1,713.0 | Rs. | 59,401.0 | US$ | 911.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sale of products |
2,016.0 | 60,082.1 | 5,454.9 | 7,091.0 | 74,644.0 | 1,145.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Services received |
89.0 | 5,500.9 | 1.6 | 17,353.0 | 22,944.5 | 352.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Services rendered |
190.0 | 12,077.2 | 43.4 | 241.0 | 12,551.6 | 192.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acceptances |
— | — | — | 41,350.3 | 41,350.3 | 634.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of property, plant and equipment |
624.0 | — | — | 2.0 | 626.0 | 9.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of investments |
— | 25.0 | — | — | 25.0 | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest (income)/expense, dividend (income)/paid, (net) |
(95.0 | ) | (17,644.9 | ) | (46.0 | ) | 263.0 | (17,522.9 | ) | (268.9 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans taken |
4,890.0 | — | — | — | 4,890.0 | 75.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans repaid by us |
4,890.0 | — | — | — | 4,890.0 | 75.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts receivable in respect of loans and interest thereon |
— | — | — | 40.0 | 40.0 | 0.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts payable in respect of loans and interest thereon |
560.0 | — | — | 48.0 | 608.0 | 9.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trade and other receivables |
633.0 | 10,371.4 | (0.7 | ) | 1,511.0 | 12,514.7 | 192.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable |
1,496.0 | 2.5 | 1,848.8 | 3,357.0 | 6,704.3 | 102.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acceptances |
— | — | — | 2,201.6 | 2,201.6 | 33.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deposit given as security |
— | — | — | 30.0 | 30.0 | 0.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note: With the introduction of GST from July 1, 2017, the related party transactions reported do not include indirect tax component. The previous period figures to that extent are not comparable.
F-86
Table of Contents
The following table summarizes related-party transactions and balances included in the consolidated financial statements for the year ended/as at March 31, 2017:
| Associates and its subsidiaries |
Joint ventures |
Joint operations |
Tata Sons Ltd, its subsidiaries and joint ventures |
Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of products |
Rs. | 20,585.2 | Rs. | 213.0 | Rs. | 22,757.5 | Rs. | 668.4 | Rs. | 44,224.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sale of products |
2,504.9 | 49,835.3 | 3,237.2 | 4,615.0 | 60,192.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Services received |
109.8 | 10,885.7 | 0.7 | 19,701.5 | 30,697.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Services rendered |
166.4 | 7,718.8 | 161.2 | 1,301.3 | 9,347.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acceptances |
— | — | — | 32,027.7 | 32,027.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of property, plant and equipment |
137.9 | — | — | 1.1 | 139.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest (income)/expense, dividend (income)/paid, (net) |
(111.0 | ) | (5,943.6 | ) | (121.2 | ) | 642.6 | (5,533.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts receivable in respect of loans and interest thereon |
— | — | — | 93.3 | 93.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts payable in respect of loans and interest thereon |
560.0 | — | — | 1,055.5 | 1,615.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trade and other receivables |
495.2 | 5,658.6 | — | 1,600.1 | 7,753.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable |
397.6 | 226.3 | 1,239.6 | 4,711.1 | 6,574.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conversion of Optionally Convertible Preference shares in to equity shares |
1,600.0 | — | — | — | 1,600.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans given |
— | — | — | 303.0 | 303.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans given, repaid |
— | — | 1,325.0 | 603.0 | 1,928.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans taken |
3,290.0 | — | — | 5,896.3 | 9,186.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans repaid by us |
3,000.0 | — | — | 6,269.5 | 9,269.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deposit given as security |
— | — | — | 30.0 | 30.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The following table summarizes related-party transactions and balances included in the consolidated financial statements for the year ended/as at March 31, 2016:
| Associates and its subsidiaries |
Joint ventures |
Joint operations |
Tata Sons Ltd, its subsidiaries and joint ventures |
Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of products |
Rs. | 17,687.4 | Rs. | — | Rs. | 27,814.5 | Rs. | 674.0 | Rs. | 46,175.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sale of products |
2,123.8 | 31,051.5 | 5,971.2 | 7,566.8 | 46,713.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Services received |
96.4 | 8,427.0 | 1.2 | 18,503.6 | 27,028.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Services rendered |
218.5 | 6,263.5 | 79.7 | 1,123.1 | 7,684.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acceptances |
— | — | — | 29,018.0 | 29,018.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sale of Investments |
— | — | — | 71.5 | 71.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of property, plant and equipment |
114.5 | — | — | 9.2 | 123.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest (income)/expense, dividend (income)/paid, (net) |
(119.8 | ) | — | (143.3 | ) | 376.3 | 113.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts receivable in respect of loans and interest thereon |
1,600.0 | — | 1,917.8 | 353.4 | 3,871.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts payable in respect of loans and interest thereon |
270.0 | — | — | 1,061.7 | 1,331.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trade and other receivables |
222.7 | 6,737.1 | — | 4,545.2 | 11,505.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable |
585.1 | 148.1 | 1,680.4 | 1,626.0 | 4,039.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans given |
— | — | — | 300.0 | 300.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans given, repaid |
— | — | — | 950.0 | 950.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans taken |
1,860.0 | — | — | 4,693.2 | 6,553.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans repaid by us |
1,590.0 | — | — | 4,488.1 | 6,078.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from issue of shares |
— | — | — | 19,667.6 | 19,667.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deposits receivable |
— | — | — | 30.0 | 30.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
F-87
Table of Contents
Compensation of key management personnel:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Short-term benefits |
US$ | 12.3 | Rs. | 798.4 | Rs. | 693.1 | Rs. | 557.8 | ||||||||
| Post-employment benefits* |
0.3 | 17.6 | 184.7 | 112.0 | ||||||||||||
| * | Excludes provision for encashable leave and gratuity for certain key management personnel as a separate actuarial valuation is not available. |
Other transactions with key management personnel:
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Issue of shares pursuant to rights issue |
US$ | — | Rs. — | Rs. — | Rs. 0.8 | |||||||||||
| Sale of products |
— | 8.1 | 11.0 | |||||||||||||
| Dividend paid |
— | — | — | ** | — | |||||||||||
| ** | amount less than Rs. 50,000 |
Refer note 32 for information on transactions with post-employment benefit plans.
F-88
Table of Contents
| 39. | Earnings per share (“EPS”) |
| Net income attributable to shareholders of Tata Motors Limited (In millions) |
Weighted average shares (Nos.) |
Earnings per share |
||||||||||||||
| For the year ended March 31, 2018: |
||||||||||||||||
| Ordinary Shares |
||||||||||||||||
| Basic net earnings per share |
Rs. | 56,635.6 | 2,887,348,357 | Rs. | 19.6 | |||||||||||
| US$ | 869.0 | US$ | 0.3 | |||||||||||||
| Effect of shares kept in abeyance |
Rs. | (2.4 | ) | 494,469 | Rs. | (4.9 | ) | |||||||||
| US$ | — | US$ | (0.1) | |||||||||||||
| Diluted earnings per share |
Rs. | 56,633.2 | 2,887,842,826 | Rs. | 19.6 | |||||||||||
| US$ | 868.9 | US$ | 0.3 | |||||||||||||
| ‘A’ Ordinary Shares |
||||||||||||||||
| Basic net earnings per share |
Rs. | 10,025.2 | 508,502,336 | Rs. | 19.7 | |||||||||||
| US$ | 153.8 | US$ | 0.3 | |||||||||||||
| Effect of shares kept in abeyance |
Rs. | 2.4 | 233,774 | Rs. | 10.8 | |||||||||||
| US$ | — | US$ | 0.2 | |||||||||||||
| Diluted earnings per share |
Rs. | 10,027.6 | 508,736,110 | Rs. | 19.7 | |||||||||||
| US$ | 153.9 | US$ | 0.3 | |||||||||||||
| For the year ended March 31, 2017: |
||||||||||||||||
| Ordinary Shares |
||||||||||||||||
| Basic net earnings per share |
Rs. | 52,001.4 | 2,887,218,310 | Rs. | 18.0 | |||||||||||
| Effect of shares kept in abeyance |
Rs. | (2.3 | ) | 599,766 | Rs. | (3.8 | ) | |||||||||
| Diluted earnings per share |
Rs. | 51,999.1 | 2,887,818,076 | Rs. | 18.0 | |||||||||||
| ‘A’ Ordinary Shares |
||||||||||||||||
| Basic net earnings per share |
Rs. | 9,209.1 | 508,483,714 | Rs. | 18.1 | |||||||||||
| Effect of shares kept in abeyance |
Rs. | 2.3 | 252,396 | Rs. | 9.1 | |||||||||||
| Diluted earnings per share |
Rs. | 9,211.4 | 508,736,110 | Rs. | 18.1 | |||||||||||
| For the year ended March 31, 2016: |
||||||||||||||||
| Ordinary Shares |
||||||||||||||||
| Basic net earnings per share |
Rs. | 81,481.3 | 2,873,188,838 | Rs. | 28.4 | |||||||||||
| Effect of shares kept in abeyance |
Rs. | (3.6 | ) | 621,045 | Rs. | (5.8 | ) | |||||||||
| Diluted earnings per share |
Rs. | 81,477.7 | 2,873,809,883 | Rs. | 28.4 | |||||||||||
| ‘A’ Ordinary Shares |
||||||||||||||||
| Basic net earnings per share |
Rs. | 14,402.1 | 506,063,234 | Rs. | 28.5 | |||||||||||
| Effect of shares kept in abeyance |
Rs. | 3.6 | 257,745 | Rs. | 14.0 | |||||||||||
| Diluted earnings per share |
Rs. | 14,405.7 | 506,320,979 | Rs. | 28.5 | |||||||||||
‘A’ Ordinary shareholders are entitled to receive dividend at 5 percentage points more than the aggregate rate of dividend determined by the Company on Ordinary shares for the financial year.
F-89
Table of Contents
| 40. | The assets and liabilities of Tata Technologies Limited, TAL Manufacturing Solutions Limited, Company’s certain assets related to defence business are classified as “Held for sale” as they meet criteria laid out under IFRS 5. |
Details of assets and liabilities classifed as held for sale as at March 31, 2018 are as follows.
| As at March 31, | ||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | |||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||
| ASSETS: |
||||||||
| Current assets: |
||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents |
US$ | 37.4 | Rs.2,439.4 | |||||
| Short-term deposits |
3.1 | 201.2 | ||||||
| Trade receivables |
80.5 | 5,245.8 | ||||||
| Other financial assets |
4.9 | 319.0 | ||||||
| Inventories |
14.7 | 958.0 | ||||||
| Other current assets |
9.0 | 584.7 | ||||||
| Current income tax assets |
11.1 | 726.4 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Total current assets |
160.7 | 10,474.5 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Non-current assets: |
||||||||
| Investments |
4.9 | 317.9 | ||||||
| Other financial assets |
8.4 | 546.9 | ||||||
| Property, plant and equipment |
69.7 | 4,545.3 | ||||||
| Goodwill |
85.6 | 5,579.1 | ||||||
| Intangible assets |
47.2 | 3,076.1 | ||||||
| Non-current income tax assets |
4.9 | 318.4 | ||||||
| Deferred income taxes |
3.2 | 211.6 | ||||||
| Other non-current assets |
12.1 | 782.1 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Total non-current assets |
236.0 | 15,377.4 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Total assets |
US$ | 396.7 | Rs.25,851.9 | |||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| LIABILITIES |
||||||||
| Current liabilities: |
||||||||
| Accounts payable |
60.2 | 3,926.4 | ||||||
| Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt |
14.4 | 939.0 | ||||||
| Other financial liabilities |
1.0 | 67.0 | ||||||
| Provisions |
1.8 | 117.1 | ||||||
| Other current liabilities |
28.3 | 1,844.1 | ||||||
| Current income tax liabilities |
11.0 | 714.3 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Total current liabilities |
116.7 | 7,607.9 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Non-current liabilities: |
||||||||
| Long-term debt |
7.5 | 486.5 | ||||||
| Other financial liabilities |
0.2 | 13.4 | ||||||
| Provisions |
4.6 | 297.0 | ||||||
| Other liabilities |
35.2 | 2,297.0 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Total non-current liabilities |
47.5 | 3,093.9 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Total liabilities |
US$ | 164.2 | Rs.10,701.8 | |||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
F-90
Table of Contents
| 41. | We had the following subsidiaries as at March 31, 2018: |
| Sr. No. |
Name of the Subsidiary Company |
Country of incorporation |
% of Equity Shareholding |
|||||
| 1 |
Concorde Motors (India) Limited | India | 100.00 | |||||
| 2 |
TAL Manufacturing Solutions Limited | India | 100.00 | |||||
| 3 |
Tata Motors European Technical Centre PLC | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| 4 |
Tata Motors Insurance Broking and Advisory Services Limited | India | 100.00 | |||||
| 5 |
TMF Holdings Limited (formerly known as Tata Motors Finance Limited) | India | 100.00 | |||||
| 6 |
TML Holdings Pte. Limited | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| 7 |
TML Distribution Company Limited | India | 100.00 | |||||
| 8 |
Tata Hispano Motors Carrocera S.A. | Spain | 100.00 | |||||
| 9 |
Tata Hispano Motors Carrocerries Maghreb SA | Morocco | 100.00 | |||||
| 10 |
TML Drivelines Limited | India | 100.00 | |||||
| 11 |
Trilix S.r.l. | Italy | 80.00 | |||||
| 12 |
Tata Precision Industries Pte. Limited | Singapore | 78.39 | |||||
| 13 |
Tata Technologies Limited | India | 72.39 | |||||
| 14 |
Tata Marcopolo Motors Limited | India | 51.00 | |||||
| (B) INDIRECT SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| (i) Subsidiaries of TML Holdings Pte. Ltd. | ||||||||
| 15 |
Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Company Limited | South Korea | 100.00 | |||||
| 16 |
Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Sales and Distribution Company Limited | South Korea | 100.00 | |||||
| 17 |
Tata Motors (Thailand) Limited | Thailand | 95.49 | |||||
| 18 |
Tata Motors (SA) (Proprietary) Limited | South Africa | 60.00 | |||||
| 19 |
PT Tata Motors Indonesia | Indonesia | 100.00 | |||||
| 20 |
PT Tata Motors Distribusi Indonesia | Indonesia | 100.00 | |||||
| 21 |
TMNL Motor Services Nigeria Limited | Nigeria | 100.00 | |||||
| 22 |
Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Plc | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| (ii) Subsidiaries of Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Plc | ||||||||
| 23 |
Jaguar Land Rover Holdings Limited | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| (iii) Subsidiaries of Jaguar Land Rover Holdings Limited | ||||||||
| 24 |
Jaguar Land Rover Limited | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| 25 |
Jaguar Land Rover Austria GmbH | Austria | 100.00 | |||||
| 26 |
Jaguar Land Rover Japan Limited | Japan | 100.00 | |||||
| 27 |
JLR Nominee Company Limited | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| 28 |
Jaguar Land Rover Deutschland GmbH | Germany | 100.00 | |||||
| 29 |
Jaguar Land Rover North America LLC | USA | 100.00 | |||||
| 30 |
Jaguar Land Rover Nederland BV | Netherlands | 100.00 | |||||
| 31 |
Jaguar Land Rover Portugal - Veículos e Peças, Lda. | Portugal | 100.00 | |||||
| 32 |
Jaguar Land Rover Australia Pty Limited | Australia | 100.00 | |||||
| 33 |
Jaguar Land Rover Italia Spa | Italy | 100.00 | |||||
| 34 |
Jaguar Land Rover Korea Company Limited | South Korea | 100.00 | |||||
| 35 |
Jaguar Land Rover (China) Investment Co. Limited | China | 100.00 | |||||
F-91
Table of Contents
| Sr. No. |
Name of the Subsidiary Company |
Country of incorporation |
% of Equity Shareholding |
|||||
| 36 |
Jaguar Land Rover Canada ULC | Canada | 100.00 | |||||
| 37 |
Jaguar Land Rover France, SAS | France | 100.00 | |||||
| 38 |
Jaguar Land Rover (South Africa) (Pty) Limited | South Africa | 100.00 | |||||
| 39 |
Jaguar e Land Rover Brasil Indústria e Comércio de Veículos LTDA | Brazil | 100.00 | |||||
| 40 |
Limited Liability Company “Jaguar Land Rover” (Russia) | Russia | 100.00 | |||||
| 41 |
Jaguar Land Rover (South Africa) Holdings Limited | South Africa | 100.00 | |||||
| 42 |
Jaguar Land Rover India Limited | India | 100.00 | |||||
| 43 |
Jaguar Land Rover Espana SL | Spain | 100.00 | |||||
| 44 |
Jaguar Land Rover Belux NV | Belgium | 100.00 | |||||
| 45 |
Jaguar Cars South Africa (Pty) Limited | South Africa | 100.00 | |||||
| 46 |
The Jaguar Collection Limited | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| 47 |
Jaguar Cars Limited | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| 48 |
Land Rover Exports Limited | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| 49 |
Land Rover Ireland Limited | Ireland | 100.00 | |||||
| 50 |
The Daimler Motor Company Limited | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| 51 |
Daimler Transport Vehicles Limited | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| 52 |
S.S. Cars Limited | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| 53 |
The Lanchester Motor Company Limited | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| 54 |
Shanghai Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Services Company Limited | China | 100.00 | |||||
| 55 |
Jaguar Land Rover Pension Trustees Limited | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| 56 |
Jaguar Land Rover Slovakia s.r.o | Slovakia | 100.00 | |||||
| 57 |
Jaguar Land Rover Singapore Pte. Ltd. | Singapore | 100.00 | |||||
| 58 |
Jaguar Racing Limited | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| 59 |
InMotion Ventures Limited | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| 60 |
InMotion Ventures 1 Limited | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| 61 |
InMotion Ventures 2 Limited | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| 62 |
InMotion Ventures 3 Limited | UK | 100.00 | |||||
| 63 |
Jaguar Land Rover Colombia S.A.S | Columbia | 100.00 | |||||
| 64 |
Jaguar Land Rover Ireland (Services) Limited | Ireland | 100.00 | |||||
| 65 |
Jaguar Land Rover Taiwan Company Limited | Taiwan | 100.00 | |||||
| 66 |
Jaguar Land Rover Servicios México, S.A. de C.V. | Mexico | 100.00 | |||||
| 67 |
Jaguar Land Rover México, S.A.P.I. de C.V. | Mexico | 100.00 | |||||
| 68 |
Spark44 (JV) Limited | UK | 50.50 | |||||
| (iv) Subsidiaries of Spark44 (JV) Limited | ||||||||
| 69 |
Spark44 Pty. Ltd. | Australia | 50.50 | |||||
| 70 |
Spark44 GmbH | Germany | 50.50 | |||||
| 71 |
Spark44 LLC | USA | 50.50 | |||||
| 72 |
Spark44 Shanghai Limited | China | 50.50 | |||||
| 73 |
Spark44 DMCC | UAE | 50.50 | |||||
| 74 |
Spark44 Demand Creation Partners Pvt. Limited | India | 50.50 | |||||
| 75 |
Spark44 Limited | UK | 50.50 | |||||
| 76 |
Spark44 Singapore Pte. Ltd. | Singapore | 50.50 | |||||
| 77 |
Spark44 Communications SL | Spain | 50.50 | |||||
F-92
Table of Contents
|
Sr. No. |
Name of the Subsidiary Company |
Country of incorporation |
% of Equity Shareholding |
|||||
| 78 |
Spark44 S.r.l. | Italy | 50.50 | |||||
| 79 |
Spark44 Seoul Limited | Korea | 50.50 | |||||
| 80 |
Spark44 Japan K.K. | Japan | 50.50 | |||||
| 81 |
Spark44 Canada Inc | Canada | 50.50 | |||||
| 82 |
Spark44 Pty. Limited | South Africa | 50.50 | |||||
| (v) Subsidiaries of Tata Technologies Limited | ||||||||
| 83 |
Tata Technologies Pte Limited | Singapore | 72.29 | |||||
| 84 |
Tata Technologies (Thailand) Limited | Thailand | 72.29 | |||||
| 85 |
Tata Manufacturing Technologies (Shanghai) Limited | China | 72.29 | |||||
| 86 |
INCAT International Plc. | UK | 72.29 | |||||
| 87 |
INCAT GmbH | Germany | 72.29 | |||||
| 88 |
Tata Technologies Europe Limited | UK | 72.29 | |||||
| 89 |
Escenda Engineering AB | Sweden | 72.29 | |||||
| 90 |
Tata Technologies Inc. | USA | 72.35 | |||||
| 91 |
Tata Technologies de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. | Mexico | 72.35 | |||||
| 92 |
Cambric GmbH | Germany | 72.35 | |||||
| 93 |
Cambric Limited | USA | 72.32 | |||||
| 94 |
Tata Technologies SRL Romania | Romania | 72.32 | |||||
| (vi) Subsidiaries of TMF Holdings Ltd. | ||||||||
| 95 |
Tata Motors Finance Solutions Limited | India | 100.00 | |||||
| 96 |
Tata Motors Finance Limited (formerly known as Sheba Properties Limited) | India | 100.00 | |||||
| 42. | Subsequent events |
On July 31, 2018, the company has decided to cease the current manufacturing operations of Tata Motors Thailand Ltd. The Company will address the Thailand market with a revamped product portfolio, suitable to local market needs, delivered through a CBU distribution model. The relevant restructuring costs will be accounted in Q2 of Fiscal 2019.
F-93
Table of Contents
Condensed Financial Information of Tata Motors Limited
(“Parent Company”)
on a standalone basis
| A. | Balance Sheet |
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| ASSETS: |
||||||||||||
| Current assets: |
||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents |
US$ | 83.9 | Rs.5,465.3 | Rs.1,883.9 | ||||||||
| Short-term deposits |
— | 0.7 | 110.7 | |||||||||
| Finance receivables |
2.4 | 157.9 | 161.9 | |||||||||
| Trade receivables |
534.1 | 34,811.4 | 21,280.0 | |||||||||
| Investments |
380.3 | 24,789.3 | 24,009.2 | |||||||||
| Other financial assets |
163.0 | 10,624.7 | 4,025.3 | |||||||||
| Inventories |
863.0 | 56,246.4 | 55,044.2 | |||||||||
| Other current assets |
216.8 | 14,130.6 | 18,075.9 | |||||||||
| Assets classified as held for sale |
34.3 | 2,233.3 | — | |||||||||
| Investments in equity accounted investees (held for sale) |
3.7 | 238.5 | — | |||||||||
| Current income tax assets |
11.3 | 737.0 | 1,293.1 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total current assets |
2,292.8 | 149,435.1 | 125,884.2 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Non-current assets: |
||||||||||||
| Investments |
47.6 | 3,101.5 | 5,283.1 | |||||||||
| Other financial assets |
143.6 | 9,362.0 | 5,859.3 | |||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment |
2,217.2 | 144,507.4 | 150,045.3 | |||||||||
| Goodwill |
15.2 | 990.9 | 990.9 | |||||||||
| Intangible assets |
1,094.4 | 71,324.7 | 81,397.4 | |||||||||
| Investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and equity accounted investees |
2,214.2 | 144,307.3 | 148,101.4 | |||||||||
| Non-current income tax assets |
100.5 | 6,548.9 | 7,245.8 | |||||||||
| Other non-current assets |
192.5 | 12,544.8 | 12,947.8 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total non-current assets |
6,025.2 | 392,687.5 | 411,871.0 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total assets |
US$ | 8,318.0 | Rs.542,122.6 | Rs.537,755.2 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| LIABILITIES AND EQUITY: |
||||||||||||
| Liabilities: |
||||||||||||
| Current liabilities: |
||||||||||||
| Accounts payable |
1,481.8 | 96,579.3 | 73,229.8 | |||||||||
| Acceptances |
738.7 | 48,145.8 | 43,792.9 | |||||||||
| Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt |
882.0 | 57,486.5 | 58,795.3 | |||||||||
| Other financial liabilities |
241.1 | 15,712.3 | 16,533.6 | |||||||||
| Provisions |
130.4 | 8,501.8 | 4,679.8 | |||||||||
| Other current liabilities |
283.1 | 18,453.7 | 17,753.2 | |||||||||
| Current income tax liabilities |
3.3 | 217.7 | 806.4 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total current liabilities |
3,760.4 | 245,097.1 | 215,591.0 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Non-current liabilities: |
||||||||||||
| Long-term debt |
2,017.0 | 131,458.6 | 136,766.5 | |||||||||
| Other financial liabilities |
33.1 | 2,158.8 | 7,103.6 | |||||||||
| Deferred income taxes |
23.7 | 1,546.1 | 971.9 | |||||||||
| Provisions |
148.5 | 9,678.2 | 8,507.1 | |||||||||
| Other liabilities |
23.6 | 1,537.7 | 1,805.3 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total non-current liabilities |
2,245.9 | 146,379.4 | 155,154.4 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total liabilities |
6,006.3 | 391,476.5 | 370,745.4 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Equity: |
||||||||||||
| Ordinary shares |
88.6 | 5,775.1 | 5,775.1 | |||||||||
| ‘A’ Ordinary shares |
15.6 | 1,017.1 | 1,017.1 | |||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital |
4,043.7 | 263,549.0 | 263,549.0 | |||||||||
| Reserves |
(1,854.8 | ) | (120,909.9 | ) | (104,245.7 | ) | ||||||
| Other components of equity |
18.6 | 1,214.8 | 914.3 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Equity attributable to shareholders of Tata Motors Limited |
2,311.7 | 150,646.1 | 167,009.8 | |||||||||
| Non-controlling interests |
— | — | — | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total equity |
2,311.7 | 150,646.1 | 167,009.8 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total liabilities and equity |
US$ | 8,318.0 | Rs.542,122.6 | Rs.537,755.2 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
F-94
Table of Contents
| B. | Income Statement |
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions, except per share amounts) | ||||||||||||||||
| Revenues |
US$ | 8,855.2 | Rs. | 577,137.6 | Rs. | 426,155.0 | Rs. | 428,526.9 | ||||||||
| Finance revenues |
0.2 | 11.2 | 19.4 | 28.0 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total revenues |
8,855.4 | 577,148.8 | 426,174.4 | 428,554.9 | ||||||||||||
| Change in inventories of finished goods and work-in-progress |
128.0 | 8,343.3 | (2,533.0 | ) | 135.3 | |||||||||||
| Purchase of products for sale |
730.7 | 47,624.1 | 39,459.7 | 41,019.7 | ||||||||||||
| Raw materials, components, and consumables |
5,689.1 | 370,789.8 | 277,313.2 | 249,998.9 | ||||||||||||
| Employee cost |
575.4 | 37,499.1 | 36,261.4 | 31,883.3 | ||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization |
450.3 | 29,351.4 | 34,798.3 | 25,804.5 | ||||||||||||
| Other expenses |
1,444.5 | 94,144.6 | 99,055.2 | 89,732.9 | ||||||||||||
| Expenditure capitalized |
(130.9 | ) | (8,533.1 | ) | (9,414.8 | ) | (10,344.0 | ) | ||||||||
| Assets written off/loss on sale of assets and others (net) |
300.7 | 19,601.2 | 9,749.0 | 5,523.1 | ||||||||||||
| Other (income)/loss (net) |
(309.1 | ) | (20,148.8 | ) | (13,269.6 | ) | (22,654.0 | ) | ||||||||
| Foreign exchange (gain)/loss (net) |
2.2 | 143.9 | (2,698.5 | ) | 2,635.9 | |||||||||||
| Interest income |
(60.2 | ) | (3,926.0 | ) | (1,846.5 | ) | (2,637.8 | ) | ||||||||
| Interest expense (net) |
270.8 | 17,650.5 | 15,901.5 | 14,955.5 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Net income before tax |
(236.1 | ) | (15,391.2 | ) | (56,601.5 | ) | 2,501.6 | |||||||||
| Income tax expense |
(21.2 | ) | (1,382.5 | ) | (1,674.5 | ) | 198.8 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Net income |
US$ | (257.3 | ) | Rs. | (16,773.7 | ) | Rs. | (58,276.0 | ) | Rs. | 2,700.4 | |||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Statement of Comprehensive Income |
||||||||||||||||
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Net income |
US$ | (257.3 | ) | Rs.(16,773.7) | Rs. (58,276.0) | Rs. 2,700.4 | ||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income : |
||||||||||||||||
| (i) Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit and loss : |
||||||||||||||||
| Remeasurement gains and (losses) on defined benefit obligations (net) |
1.6 | 105.0 | 101.8 | 207.7 | ||||||||||||
| Income tax relating to items that will not be reclassified subsequently |
(0.6 | ) | (35.9 | ) | (37.9 | ) | (57.3 | ) | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| 1.0 | 69.1 | 63.9 | 150.4 | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| (ii) Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit and loss : |
||||||||||||||||
| Gain/(loss) on cash flow hedges (net) |
(3.4 | ) | (220.2 | ) | 59.2 | (139.7 | ) | |||||||||
| Available-for-sale investments |
6.9 | 451.5 | 654.1 | 101.6 | ||||||||||||
| Income tax relating to items that will be reclassified |
1.1 | 69.2 | (20.5 | ) | 46.8 | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| 4.6 | 300.5 | 692.8 | 8.7 | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Other comprehensive income/(loss) for the year, net of tax (i+ii) |
5.6 | 369.6 | 756.7 | 159.1 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Total comprehensive income for the year |
US$ | (251.7) | Rs. (16,404.1) | Rs. (57,519.3) | Rs. 2,859.5 | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
F-95
Table of Contents
| C. | Statement of Cash Flows |
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: |
||||||||||||||||
| Net income |
US$ | (257.4 | ) | Rs. (16,773.7) | Rs. (58,276.0) | Rs. 2,700.4 | ||||||||||
| Adjustments for: |
||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization expense |
450.3 | 29,351.4 | 34,798.3 | 25,804.5 | ||||||||||||
| Inventory write-down |
24.9 | 1,623.3 | 1,802.7 | 1,363.3 | ||||||||||||
| Allowances for trade and other receivables |
(16.8 | ) | (1,091.9 | ) | 1,705.1 | 1,958.2 | ||||||||||
| Loss on sale of assets/assets written off and others (net) |
253.5 | 16,521.5 | 9,748.8 | 5,523.1 | ||||||||||||
| (Gain) on sale/loss on fair valuation of available-for-sale investments (net) |
(15.5 | ) | (1,011.2 | ) | (1,261.0 | ) | (8,042.2 | ) | ||||||||
| Gain on fair value of below market interest loans |
(0.9 | ) | (60.2 | ) | (465.2 | ) | (505.0 | ) | ||||||||
| Foreign exchange (gain)/loss (net) |
7.2 | 467.8 | (2,291.1 | ) | 1,758.2 | |||||||||||
| Income tax expense |
21.2 | 1,382.5 | 1,674.5 | (198.8 | ) | |||||||||||
| Interest expense |
270.8 | 17,650.5 | 15,901.5 | 14,955.5 | ||||||||||||
| Interest income |
(60.2 | ) | (3,926.0 | ) | (1,846.5 | ) | (2,637.8 | ) | ||||||||
| Dividend income and income on mutual funds |
(161.8 | ) | (10,546.9 | ) | (6,765.0 | ) | (10,617.1 | ) | ||||||||
| Provision for impairment of investment in a subsidiary |
— | — | 1,231.7 | — | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities before changes in following assets and liabilities |
515.3 | 33,587.1 | (4,042.2 | ) | 32,062.3 | |||||||||||
| Trade receivables |
(187.0 | ) | (12,187.7 | ) | (2,023.6 | ) | (7,040.5 | ) | ||||||||
| Finance receivables |
— | 0.4 | (27.7 | ) | 205.7 | |||||||||||
| Other financial assets |
(171.9 | ) | (11,202.3 | ) | (800.7 | ) | (174.3 | ) | ||||||||
| Other current assets |
59.6 | 3,883.0 | (2,521.2 | ) | (2,019.7 | ) | ||||||||||
| Inventories |
(43.0 | ) | (2,803.7 | ) | (5,714.3 | ) | (2,288.3 | ) | ||||||||
| Other non-current assets |
6.6 | 430.0 | 119.7 | 1,149.8 | ||||||||||||
| Accounts payable |
422.0 | 27,495.7 | 18,628.5 | 3,578.8 | ||||||||||||
| Acceptances |
66.8 | 4,352.9 | 4,920.1 | (632.5 | ) | |||||||||||
| Other current liabilities |
(9.7 | ) | (632.3 | ) | 1,651.3 | 3,720.2 | ||||||||||
| Other financial liabilities |
(122.6 | ) | (7,992.3 | ) | 4,106.4 | (3,287.8 | ) | |||||||||
| Other non-current liabilities |
(13.0 | ) | (849.0 | ) | (324.8 | ) | 817.4 | |||||||||
| Provisions |
82.4 | 5,370.3 | 780.7 | 1,173.5 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Cash generated from operations |
605.5 | 39,452.1 | 14,752.2 | 27,264.6 | ||||||||||||
| Income tax paid (net) |
(1.9 | ) | (126.0 | ) | (937.5 | ) | (235.0 | ) | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities |
603.6 | 39,326.1 | 13,814.7 | 27,029.6 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities: |
||||||||||||||||
| Investments in Mutual Fund (purchased)/sold (net) |
151.3 | 9,861.1 | (5,374.0 | ) | (16,690.2 | ) | ||||||||||
| Investments in subsidiary companies |
(46.0 | ) | (3,000.0 | ) | (1,390.8 | ) | (599.8 | ) | ||||||||
| Investments in joint ventures |
(0.4 | ) | (25.0 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||
| Purchase of available-for-sale investments |
(6.4 | ) | (416.3 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||
| Advance towards investments in subsidiary |
— | — | — | (731.1 | ) | |||||||||||
| Loans to subsidiaries and equity accounted investees |
— | — | (0.7 | ) | (779.7 | ) | ||||||||||
| Loans to others |
— | — | — | (7.5 | ) | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of investments in subsidiary companies |
— | — | — | 7,469.0 | ||||||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of investments in other companies |
— | — | — | 850.5 | ||||||||||||
| Repayment of loans by joint operation |
— | — | 1,325.0 | — | ||||||||||||
| Repayment of loans by others |
— | — | 7.5 | — | ||||||||||||
F-96
Table of Contents
| Year ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Deposits with banks/financial institutions |
US$ | (92.4 | ) | Rs.(6,025.4) | Rs.— | Rs.(21,955.0) | ||||||||||
| Realization of deposits with banks/financial institutions |
83.7 | 5,453.3 | 1,140.0 | 21,255.6 | ||||||||||||
| Deposit of margin money and other restricted deposits |
(25.5 | ) | (1,661.3) | (1,147.1) | (55,112.9 | ) | ||||||||||
| Realization of margin money and other restricted deposits |
11.1 | 723.8 | 2,650.0 | 53,537.4 | ||||||||||||
| (Increase)/decrease in short term inter-corporate deposits |
9.2 | 600.0 | 200.0 | (350.0 | ) | |||||||||||
| Interest received |
60.4 | 3,934.5 | 2,561.1 | 2,539.0 | ||||||||||||
| Dividend received |
161.8 | 10,546.9 | 6,765.0 | 10,424.6 | ||||||||||||
| Payments for property, plant and equipment |
(193.6 | ) | (12,608.7) | (18,728.3) | (16,876.3 | ) | ||||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment |
4.3 | 278.4 | 154.1 | 344.2 | ||||||||||||
| Payments for intangible assets |
(221.6 | ) | (14,438.8) | (15,541.6) | (15,960.0 | ) | ||||||||||
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|
|
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|
|
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| Net cash used in investing activities |
(104.1 | ) | (6,777.5) | (27,379.8) | (32,642.2 | ) | ||||||||||
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| Cash flows from financing activities: |
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| Proceeds from issuance of shares |
— | 0.0* | 45.5 | 74,332.2 | ||||||||||||
| Dividends paid (including dividend distribution tax) |
(0.4 | ) | (27.5) | (730.0) | — | |||||||||||
| Interest paid |
(325.1 | ) | (21,188.7) | (19,575.9) | (20,859.1 | ) | ||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of short-term debt |
559.2 | 36,447.0 | 66,166.7 | 31,182.5 | ||||||||||||
| Repayment of short-term debt |
(1,046.9 | ) | (68,232.8) | (32,984.4) | (49,569.1 | ) | ||||||||||
| Net change in other short-term debt (with maturity up to three months) |
210.0 | 13,689.4 | (16,472.8) | (26,376.2 | ) | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt |
248.8 | 16,218.0 | 40,705.2 | 4,684.5 | ||||||||||||
| Repayments of long-term debt |
(90.1 | ) | (5,871.0) | (25,962.2) | (14,183.5 | ) | ||||||||||
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|
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| Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities |
(444.5 | ) | (28,965.6) | 11,192.1 | (788.7 | ) | ||||||||||
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| Net change in cash and cash equivalents |
55.0 | 3,583.0 | (2,373.0) | (6,401.3 | ) | |||||||||||
| Effect of foreign exchange on cash and cash equivalents |
— | (1.6) | (13.8) | 7.3 | ||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the year |
28.9 | 1,883.9 | 4,270.7 | 10,664.7 | ||||||||||||
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| Cash and cash equivalents, end of the year |
US$ | 83.9 | Rs. 5,465.3 | Rs.1,883.9 | Rs.4,270.7 | |||||||||||
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| Non-cash transactions: |
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| Liability towards property, plant and equipment and intangible assets purchased on credit/deferred credit |
US$ | 39.6 | Rs.2,580.4 | Rs.3,278.2 | Rs.4,151.5 | |||||||||||
| Increase / (decrease) in liabilities arising from financing activities on account of non-cash transactions : |
|
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| Exchange differences |
US$ | 3.9 | Rs.256.6 | |||||||||||||
| Amortisation / EIR adjustments of prepaid borrowings |
US$ | 2.1 | Rs.137.3 | |||||||||||||
| * | Amount less than Rs. 50,000 |
F-97
Table of Contents
| D. | Supplementary information of Tata Motors Limited (“Parent Company”) |
The Parent Company’s long-term debt consists of the following:
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Non-convertible debentures |
US$ | 1,242.4 | Rs.80,972.3 | Rs.70,485.7 | ||||||||
| Buyers credit from banks at floating interest rate |
230.2 | 15,000.0 | 15,190.7 | |||||||||
| Senior notes |
745.4 | 48,583.0 | 48,263.4 | |||||||||
| Loan from banks/financial institution |
114.8 | 7,478.7 | 6,565.1 | |||||||||
| Others |
22.2 | 1,447.3 | 1,301.7 | |||||||||
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| Total |
2,355.0 | 153,481.3 | 141,806.6 | |||||||||
| Less: current portion |
338.0 | 22,022.7 | 5,040.1 | |||||||||
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| Long-term debt |
US$ | 2,017.0 | Rs.131,458.6 | Rs.136,766.5 | ||||||||
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The table below provides details regarding the contractual maturities of long-term debt (including interest payment):
| As at March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Due in 1st Year |
US$ | 499.2 | Rs.32,535.8 | Rs.15,416.0 | ||||||||
| Due in 2nd Year |
306.2 | 19,959.8 | 26,534.1 | |||||||||
| Due in 3rd to 5th Year |
1,632.4 | 106,388.7 | 101,586.7 | |||||||||
| Due after 5th Year |
547.9 | 35,709.4 | 50,037.0 | |||||||||
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|
|
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| Total |
US$ | 2,985.7 | Rs.194,593.7 | Rs.193,573.8 | ||||||||
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Notes to schedule 1
Schedule 1 has been provided pursuant to the requirements of Rule 12-04 (a) of Regulation S-X, which requires condensed financial information as to financial position, cash flows and results of operations of the Parent Company as of the same dates and for the same periods for which audited consolidated financial statements have been presented because restricted net assets of the consolidated subsidiaries exceed 25% of the consolidated net assets as at March 31, 2018.
As at March 31, 2018 and 2017, Rs. 429,855.1 million and Rs.407,920.8 million, respectively, of restricted net assets were not available for distribution.
Basis of preparation
The Condensed financial information of Tata Motors Ltd (Parent Company), has been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (Referred to as “IFRS”) as issued by International Accounting Standards Board (referred as “IASB”). The Company has used the same accounting policies as set out in the consolidated financial statements except that the parent company’s investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and equity method investees were recorded at cost less any impairment.
Certain of the company’s activities, are conducted through joint operations, which are joint arrangements whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the assets, and obligations for the liabilities, relating to the arrangement. As per IFRS -11 Joint arrangements, in its separate financial statements, the Company being joint operator has recognized its share of assets, liabilities, income and expenses of the joint operations incurred jointly with the other partners.
During the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, cash dividends amounting to Rs. 9,992.5 million, Rs.6,733.3 million and Rs.10,208.7 million were paid to the Parent Company by its subsidiaries and equity accounted investees, respectively.
| E. | Subsequent Events |
Effective April 30, 2018, the Company completed the merger of TML Drivelines Ltd, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, pursuant to a scheme of arrangement of merger, which will be accounted as a common control transaction in Fiscal 2019.
F-98