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As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 1, 2010

Registration No. 333-168792

 

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

Amendment No. 1 to

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

 

GEVO, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

 

Delaware		8731		87-0747704
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

345 Inverness Drive South, Building C, Suite 310, Englewood, CO 80112

(303) 858-8358

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

 

 

Patrick R. Gruber, Ph.D.

Chief Executive Officer

Gevo, Inc.

345 Inverness Drive South, Building C, Suite 310

Englewood, CO 80112

(303) 858-8358

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

 

 

Copies to:

 

Deyan Spiridonov Teri O’Brien Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker LLP 4747 Executive Drive 12th Floor San Diego, CA 92121 Telephone: (858) 458-3000 Facsimile: (858) 458-3005		David J. Goldschmidt Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP Four Times Square New York, NY 10036 Telephone: (212) 735-3000 Facsimile: (212) 735-2000

 

 

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:

As soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box.  ¨

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ¨

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ¨

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

Large accelerated filer  ¨				Accelerated filer  ¨
Non-accelerated filer (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)  x				Smaller reporting company  ¨

 

 

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

 

Title of Each Class of Securities to be Registered		Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price(1)		Amount of Registration Fee(2)
Common Stock, $0.01 par value		$150,000,000		$10,695

(1)

Estimated solely for the purpose of computing the amount of the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act of 1933. Includes the offering price of additional shares that the underwriters have the option to purchase.

(2)

Previously paid.

 

 

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

 

 

 

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The information contained in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

 

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS		Subject to Completion		October 1, 2010

 

                     Shares

Common Stock

 

 

This is the initial public offering of our common stock. No public market currently exists for our common stock. We are offering all of the                      shares of common stock offered by this prospectus. We expect the public offering price to be between $                     and $                     per share.

We have applied to list our common stock on The Nasdaq Global Market, under the symbol “GEVO.”

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before buying any shares, you should carefully read the discussion of material risks of investing in our common stock in “Risk factors” beginning on page 15 of this prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

		Per Share		Total
Public offering price		$		$
Underwriting discounts and commissions		$		$
Proceeds, before expenses, to us		$		$

The underwriters may also purchase up to an additional                      shares of our common stock at the public offering price, less the underwriting discounts and commissions payable by us, to cover over-allotments, if any, within 30 days from the date of this prospectus. If the underwriters exercise this option in full, the total underwriting discounts and commissions will be $                     and our total proceeds, before expenses, will be $                    .

The underwriters are offering the common stock as set forth under “Underwriting.” Delivery of the shares will be made on or about                     , 2010.

 

UBS Investment Bank		Goldman, Sachs & Co.

 

 

Piper Jaffray

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You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus. We and the underwriters have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus. We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, shares of common stock only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date on the front cover of this prospectus, or such other dates as are stated in this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of our common stock.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

Conventions That Apply to This Prospectus		i
Prospectus Summary		1
The Offering		10
Summary Historical and Pro Forma As Adjusted Financial Data		12
Risk Factors		15
Forward-Looking Statements		44
Use of Proceeds		46
Dividend Policy		47
Capitalization		48
Dilution		51
Selected Historical Consolidated Financial Data		54
Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Consolidated Combined Financial Information		56
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		62
Background and Perspective		89

Business		91
Management		121
Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions		158
Principal Stockholders		163
Description of Capital Stock		166
Shares Eligible for Future Sale		172
Certain Material United States Federal Income Tax Consequences to Non-US Holders		174
Underwriting		179
Legal Matters		187
Experts		187
Where You Can Find Additional Information		187
Index to Gevo, Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements		F-1
Index to Agri-Energy Combined Financial Statements		F-49

 

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Conventions that apply to this prospectus

Unless the context otherwise requires, in this prospectus:

 

Ø

“the company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Gevo, Inc. and its subsidiaries, as the context requires;

 

Ø

“MGPY” refers to million gallons per year;

 

Ø

“BGPY” refers to billion gallons per year;

 

Ø

“SRI” refers to SRI Consulting, a division of Access Intelligence, LLC;

 

Ø

“CMAI” refers to Chemical Market Associates, Inc.;

 

Ø

“EIA” refers to the US Energy Information Association;

 

Ø

“IEA” refers to the International Energy Agency;

 

Ø

“RFA” refers to the Renewable Fuels Association;

 

Ø

“MPI” refers to the MPI Group;

 

Ø

“Nexant” refers to Nexant, Inc.; and

 

Ø

“CDTECH” refers to Catalytic Distillation Technologies.

Certain market data presented in this prospectus has been derived from data included in various biofuels industry publications, surveys and forecasts, including those generated by SRI, CMAI, the EIA, the IEA, the RFA, MPI and Nexant. Certain target market sizes presented in this prospectus have been calculated by us (as further described below) based on such data. We have assumed the correctness and truthfulness of such data, including projections and estimates, when we use them in this prospectus. You should read our cautionary statement in the section entitled “Forward-Looking Statements.”

With respect to calculation of product market volumes:

 

Ø

product market volumes are provided solely to show the magnitude of the potential markets for isobutanol and the products derived from it. They are not intended to be projections of our actual isobutanol production or sales;

 

Ø

product market volume calculations are based on data available for the year 2007 (the most current data available from SRI); and

 

Ø

volume data with respect to target market sizes is derived from data included in various industry publications, surveys and forecasts generated by SRI, CMAI, the EIA, the IEA and Nexant. We have converted these sizes into volumes of isobutanol as follows:

 

¡

we calculate the size of the market for isobutanol as a gasoline blendstock and oxygenate by multiplying the world gasoline market volume by an estimated 12.5% by volume isobutanol blend ratio;

 

¡

we calculate the size of the specialty chemicals markets by substituting volumes of isobutanol equivalent to the volume of products currently used to serve these markets;

 

¡

we calculate the size of the petrochemicals and hydrocarbon fuels markets by calculating the amount of isobutanol that, if converted into the target products at theoretical yield, would be needed to fully serve these markets (in substitution for the volume of products currently used to serve these markets); and

 

¡

for consistency in measurement, where necessary we convert all market sizes into gallons. Conversion into gallons for the fuels markets is based upon fuel densities identified by Air BP Ltd. and the American Petroleum Institute.

 

 

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Risk factors

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, as well as the other information in this prospectus, before deciding whether to invest in shares of our common stock. The occurrence of any of the events described below could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. In such an event, the trading price of our common stock may decline and you may lose all or part of your investment.

RISKS RELATING TO OUR BUSINESS AND STRATEGY

We are a development stage company with a history of net losses, and we may not achieve or maintain profitability.

We have incurred net losses since our inception, including losses of $7.2 million, $14.5 million and $19.9 million in 2007, 2008 and 2009, respectively, and $16.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2010. As of June 30, 2010, we had an accumulated deficit of $59.7 million. We expect to incur losses and negative cash flow from operating activities for the foreseeable future. We are a development stage company and, to date, our revenues have been extremely limited and we have not generated any revenues from the sale of isobutanol. What revenue we have has been primarily derived from government grants and cooperative agreements, and we expect to derive a substantial portion of our revenues from these sources. Now that we have completed the Agri-Energy acquisition, we will also generate revenue from the sale of ethanol that is produced prior to the completion of our retrofit. If our existing grants and cooperative agreements are canceled prior to the expected end dates or we are unable to obtain new grants and cooperative agreements, our revenues could be adversely affected. Furthermore, we expect to spend significant amounts on further development of our technology, acquiring or otherwise gaining access to ethanol plants and retrofitting them for isobutanol production, marketing and general and administrative expenses associated with our planned growth and management of operations as a public company. As a result, even if our revenues increase substantially, we expect that our expenses will exceed revenues for the foreseeable future. We do not expect to achieve profitability during this period, and may never achieve it. If we fail to achieve profitability, or if the time required to achieve profitability is longer than we anticipate, we may not be able to continue our business. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.

If we are unable to fund our planned retrofit of the ethanol production facility in Luverne, Minnesota, our first commercial production of isobutanol could be delayed.

In September 2010, we acquired ownership of an ethanol production facility in Luverne, Minnesota, which we intend to retrofit to produce isobutanol. We expect to pay much of the retrofit costs with our own funds, but may require additional funding to complete the retrofit. While we anticipate that additional funding for the retrofit may be available from TriplePoint Capital, LLC, or TriplePoint, cost overruns or other unexpected difficulties could cause the retrofit to cost more than we anticipate, which could increase our need for such funding. Such funds may not be available when we need them, on terms that are acceptable to us or at all, which could delay or prevent our initial commercial production of isobutanol.

 

 

 

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There is no guarantee we will be able to maintain Agri-Energy’s current revenues and profits, and Agri-Energy’s financial statements will not be a strong indicator of our future earnings potential.

Because we consummated the Agri-Energy acquisition in September 2010, we have included certain financial statements of Agri-Energy in this prospectus. While we remain a development stage company, Agri-Energy operates a commercial ethanol facility in Luverne, Minnesota, which generates revenues from sales of ethanol and reported net income of approximately $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2009. There is no guarantee that we will be able to maintain Agri-Energy’s levels of revenue or profit. We plan to retrofit the Luverne facility to produce isobutanol, and our future profitability depends on our ability to produce and market isobutanol, not on continued production and sales of ethanol. Because the risks involved in our isobutanol production are different from those involved with operating an ethanol production facility, Agri-Energy’s financial statements will not be a reliable indicator of our future earnings potential. Furthermore, our planned retrofit will require a significant amount of time. While we believe the facility will be able to continue ethanol production during most of the modification and retrofit process, there is no guarantee that this will be the case and we may need to significantly reduce or halt ethanol production during the modification and/or retrofit. In addition, the retrofit of the Luverne facility will be subject to the risks inherent in the build-out of any manufacturing facility, and we may not be able to produce isobutanol at the volumes, rates and costs we expect following the retrofit. While we believe we will have the ability to reverse the retrofit and switch between ethanol and isobutanol production, the Luverne facility may fail to perform as expected following completion of the retrofit. If we are unable to continue ethanol production during the modification and/or retrofit process or if we are unable to produce isobutanol at the volumes, rates and costs we expect and are unable to switch back to ethanol production, we would be unable to match the facility’s current economic performance and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially adversely affected.

We may not be successful in the development of individual steps in, or an integrated process for, the production of commercial quantities of isobutanol from plant feedstocks in a timely or economic manner, or at all.

As of the date of this prospectus, we have not produced commercial quantities of isobutanol and we may not be successful in doing so. The production of isobutanol requires multiple integrated steps, including:

 

Ø

obtaining the plant feedstocks;

 

Ø

treatment with enzymes to produce fermentable sugars;

 

Ø

fermentation by organisms to produce isobutanol from the fermentable sugars;

 

Ø

distillation of the isobutanol to concentrate and separate it from other materials;

 

Ø

purification of the isobutanol; and

 

Ø

storage and distribution of the isobutanol.

Our future success depends on our ability to produce commercial quantities of isobutanol in a timely and economic manner. Our biocatalysts have not yet produced commercial volumes of isobutanol. Our largest-scale isobutanol production to date was achieved with our first-generation biocatalyst at ICM’s 1 MGPY demonstration facility in St. Joseph, Missouri, and we have produced only small amounts of isobutanol at our mini-plant in Englewood, Colorado with our second-generation biocatalyst. We have focused the majority of our research and development efforts on producing isobutanol from dextrose, and challenges remain in achieving substantial production volumes with other sugars, like corn mash.

 

 

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The risk of contamination and other problems rise as we increase the scale of our isobutanol production. If we are unable to successfully manage these risks, we may encounter difficulties in achieving our target isobutanol production yield, rate, concentration or purity, which could delay or increase the costs involved in commercializing our isobutanol production. In addition, we have never sourced large quantities of feedstocks and we have no experience storing and/or distributing significant volumes of isobutanol. The technological and logistical challenges associated with each of the processes involved in production, sale and distribution of isobutanol are extraordinary, and we may not be able to resolve any difficulties that arise in a timely or cost effective manner, or at all. Even if we are successful in developing an economical process for converting plant feedstocks into commercial quantities of isobutanol, we may not be able to adapt such process to other biomass raw materials, including cellulosic biomass.

We have estimated the retrofit and operating costs for our initial large-scale commercial isobutanol facility based upon a commercial engineering study completed by ICM in May 2010. Neither we nor ICM have ever built (through retrofit or otherwise) or operated a commercial isobutanol facility. We assume that we understand how the engineering and process characteristics of the 1 MGPY demonstration facility will scale up to larger facilities, but these assumptions may prove to be incorrect. In addition, if existing tax credits, subsidies and other incentives in the US and foreign markets are phased out or reduced, the overall cost of commercialization of isobutanol could increase. Accordingly, we cannot be certain that we can manufacture isobutanol in an economical manner in commercial quantities. If we fail to manufacture isobutanol economically on a commercial scale or in commercial volumes, our commercialization of isobutanol and our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially adversely affected.

We may not be able to successfully identify and acquire access to ethanol production facilities suitable for efficient retrofitting, or acquire access to sufficient capacity to be commercially viable or meet customer demand.

Our strategy currently includes accessing and retrofitting, either independently or with potential development partners, existing ethanol facilities for the production of large quantities of isobutanol for commercial distribution and sale. We have acquired one 22 MGPY ethanol production facility, and we plan to acquire additional production capacity to enable us to produce and sell over 500 MGPY of isobutanol in 2014. We may not find development partners with whom we can implement this growth strategy, and we may not be able to identify facilities suitable for acquisition, lease or joint venture. Even if we successfully identify a facility suitable for efficient retrofitting, we may not be able to acquire access to such facility in a timely manner, if at all. The owners of the ethanol facility may reach an agreement with another party, refuse to consider an acquisition, lease or joint venture, or demand more or different consideration than we are willing to provide. In particular, if the profitability of ethanol production increases, plant owners may be less likely to consider modifying their production, and thus may be less willing to negotiate with us or agree to allow us to retrofit their facilities for isobutanol production. Even if the owners of the facility are interested in reaching an agreement that grants us access to the plant, negotiations may take longer, or cost more, than we expect, and we may never achieve a final agreement. Even if we are able to access and retrofit several facilities, we may fail to access enough capacity to be commercially viable or meet the volume demands of our customers. Failure to acquire access to sufficient capacity in a timely manner, if at all, may slow or stop our commercialization process and cause our business performance to suffer.

 

 

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Once we acquire access to ethanol facilities, we may be unable to successfully retrofit them to produce isobutanol, and we may not be able to retrofit them in a timely and cost-effective manner.

For each ethanol production facility to which we acquire access, we will be required to obtain numerous regulatory approvals and permits to retrofit and operate the facility. These include such items as a modification to the air permit, fuel registration with the US Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, ethanol excise tax registration and others. These requirements may not be satisfied in a timely manner, or at all. Later-enacted federal and state governmental requirements may also substantially increase our costs or delay or prevent the completion of a retrofit, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

No two ethanol facilities are exactly alike, and each retrofit will require individualized engineering and design work. There is no guarantee that we or any contractor we retain will be able to successfully design a commercially viable retrofit, or properly complete the retrofit once the engineering plans are completed. Neither we nor ICM has ever built, via retrofit or otherwise, a full-scale commercial isobutanol facility. Our estimates of the capital costs that we will need to incur to retrofit a commercial-scale ethanol facility are based upon a commercial engineering study completed by ICM in May 2010. These estimates may prove to be inaccurate, and each retrofit may cost materially more to engineer and build than we currently anticipate. For example, our estimates assume that each plant we retrofit will be performing at full production capacity, and we may need to expend substantial sums to repair underperforming facilities prior to retrofit.

Our retrofit design was developed in cooperation with ICM and is based on ICM technology. There is no guarantee that our retrofit design will be compatible with existing ethanol facilities that do not utilize ICM technology. Before we can retrofit such facilities, we may need to modify them to be compatible with our retrofit design. This may require significant additional expenditure of time and money, and there is no guarantee such modification will be successful.

Furthermore, the retrofit of acquired facilities will be subject to the risks inherent in the build-out of any manufacturing facility, including risks of delays and cost overruns as a result of factors that may be out of our control, such as delays in the delivery of equipment and subsystems or the failure of such equipment to perform as expected once delivered. In addition, we will depend on third-party relationships in expanding our isobutanol production capacity and such third parties may not fulfill their obligations to us under our arrangements with them. Delays, cost-overruns or failures in the retrofit process will slow our commercial production of isobutanol and harm our performance.

Though our initial retrofit design includes the capability to switch between isobutanol and ethanol production, we may be unable to successfully revert to ethanol production after we begin retrofit of an ethanol facility, or the facility may produce ethanol less efficiently or in lower volumes than it did before the retrofit. Thus, if we fail to achieve commercial levels of isobutanol production at a retrofitted facility, we may be unable to rely on ethanol production as an alternative revenue source, which could have a material adverse effect on our prospects.

Our facilities and process may fail to produce isobutanol at the volumes, rates and costs we expect.

Some or all of the facilities we choose to retrofit may be in locations distant from corn or other feedstock sources, which could increase our feedstock costs or prevent us from acquiring sufficient feedstock volumes for commercial production. General market conditions might also cause increases in feedstock prices, which could likewise increase our production costs.

 

 

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Even if we secure access to sufficient volumes of feedstock, the facilities we retrofit for isobutanol production may fail to perform as expected. The equipment and subsystems installed during the retrofit may never operate as planned. Our systems may prove incompatible with the original facility, or require additional modification after installation. Our biocatalyst may perform less efficiently than it did in testing, if at all. Contamination of plant equipment may require us to replace our biocatalyst more often than expected, or cause our fermentation process to yield undesired or harmful by-products. Likewise, our feedstock may contain contaminants like wild yeast, which naturally ferments feedstock into ethanol. The presence of contaminants, such as wild yeast, in our feedstock could reduce the purity of the isobutanol that we produce and require us to invest in more costly isobutanol separation processes or equipment. Unexpected problems may force us to cease or delay production and the time and costs involved with such delays may prove prohibitive. Any or all of these risks could prevent us from achieving the production throughput and yields necessary to achieve our target annualized production run rates. Failure to achieve these rates, or achieving them only after significant additional expenditures, could substantially harm our commercial performance.

We may be unable to produce isobutanol in accordance with customer specifications.

Even if we produce isobutanol at our targeted rates, we may be unable to produce isobutanol that meets customer specifications. If we fail to meet specific product or volume specifications contained in a supply agreement, the customer may have the right to seek an alternate supply of isobutanol or terminate the agreement completely. A failure to successfully meet the specifications of our potential customers could decrease demand for our production, and significantly hinder market adoption of our product.

We lack direct experience operating commercial-scale ethanol and isobutanol facilities, and may encounter substantial difficulties operating commercial plants or expanding our business.

We have never operated a commercial isobutanol or ethanol facility. Accordingly, we may encounter significant difficulties operating at a commercial scale. We believe that our facilities will be able to continue producing ethanol during much of the retrofit process. We will need to successfully administer and manage this production. Though ICM is experienced in the operation of ethanol facilities, and our future development partners or the entities that we acquire may likewise have such experience, we may be unable to manage ethanol producing operations, especially given the possible complications associated with a simultaneous retrofit. Once we complete a commercial retrofit, operational difficulties may increase, because neither we nor anyone else has experience operating a pure isobutanol fermentation facility at a commercial scale. The skills and knowledge gained in operating commercial ethanol facilities or small-scale isobutanol plants may prove insufficient for successful operation of a large-scale isobutanol facility, and we may be required to expend significant time and money to develop our capabilities in isobutanol facility operation. We will also need to hire new employees or contract with third parties to help manage our operations, and our performance will suffer if we are unable to hire qualified parties or if they perform poorly.

We may face additional operational difficulties as we further expand our production capacity. Integrating new facilities with our existing operations may prove difficult. Rapid growth, resulting from our operation or other involvement with isobutanol facilities or otherwise, may impose a significant burden on our administrative and operational resources. To effectively manage our growth and execute our expansion plans, we will need to expand our administrative and operational resources substantially and attract, train, manage and retain qualified management, technicians and other personnel. We may be unable to do so. Failure to meet the operational challenges of developing and managing increased isobutanol production, or failure to otherwise manage our growth, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

 

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We may have difficulty adapting our technology to commercial-scale fermentation which could delay or prevent our commercialization of isobutanol.

While we have succeeded, at the demonstration plant, in reaching our commercial fermentation performance targets for isobutanol concentration, fermentation productivity and isobutanol yield, we have not accomplished this in a commercial plant environment. We have successfully fermented isobutanol using our second-generation biocatalyst, but have not yet done so at the demonstration plant scale and have not yet met all of our fermentation performance targets. We are currently working to optimize our second-generation biocatalyst’s performance in anticipation of its integration into the demonstration facility, but this process, if it succeeds at all, may take longer or cost more than expected. Even if we are successful in developing and using our second-generation biocatalyst to meet our performance targets at the demonstration facility, this yeast biocatalyst may not be able to meet these targets at a commercial scale retrofitted plant in a timely manner, or ever. In addition, the risk of contamination and other problems rise as we increase the scale of our isobutanol production. If we encounter difficulties in scaling up our production, our commercialization of isobutanol and our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially adversely affected.

We may have difficulties gaining market acceptance and successfully marketing our isobutanol to customers, including refiners and chemical producers.

A key component of our business strategy is to market our isobutanol to refiners and chemical producers. If we fail to successfully market our isobutanol to refiners and chemical producers, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially adversely affected.

No market currently exists for isobutanol as a fuel or fuel blendstock. Therefore, to gain market acceptance and successfully market our isobutanol to refiners, we must effectively demonstrate the commercial advantages of using isobutanol over other biofuels and blendstocks, as well as our ability to produce isobutanol reliably on a commercial scale at a sufficiently low cost. We must show that isobutanol is compatible with existing infrastructure and does not damage pipes, engines, storage facilities or pumps. We must also overcome marketing and lobbying efforts by producers of other biofuels and blendstocks, including ethanol, many of whom may have greater resources than we do. If the markets for isobutanol as a fuel or fuel blendstock do not develop as we currently anticipate, or if we are unable to penetrate these markets successfully, our revenue and revenue growth rate, if any, could be materially and adversely affected.

We also intend to market our isobutanol to chemical producers for use in making various chemicals such as isobutylene, a type of butene that can be produced through the dehydration of isobutanol. Although a significant market currently exists for isobutylene produced from petroleum, which is widely used in the production of plastics, specialty chemicals, alkylate for gasoline blending and high octane aviation fuel, no one has successfully created isobutylene on a commercial scale from biobased isobutanol. Therefore, to gain market acceptance and successfully market our isobutanol to chemical producers, we must show that our isobutanol can be converted into isobutylene at a commercial scale. As no company currently dehydrates commercial volumes of isobutanol into isobutylene, we must demonstrate the large-scale feasibility of the process and reach agreements with companies that are willing to invest in the necessary dehydration infrastructure. Failure to reach favorable agreements with these companies, or the inability of their plants to convert isobutanol into isobutylene at sufficient scale, will slow our development in the chemicals market and could significantly affect our profitability.

Obtaining market acceptance in the chemicals industry is complicated by the fact that many potential chemicals industry customers have invested substantial amounts of time and money in developing

 

 

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petroleum-based production channels. These potential customers generally have well-developed manufacturing processes and arrangements with suppliers of chemical components, and may display substantial resistance to changing these processes. Pre-existing contractual commitments, unwillingness to invest in new infrastructure, distrust of new production methods and lengthy relationships with current suppliers may all slow market acceptance of isobutanol.

We believe that consumer demand for environmentally friendly products will drive demand among large brand owners for renewable hydrocarbon sources. One of our marketing strategies is to leverage this demand to obtain commitments from large brand owners to purchase products made from our isobutanol by third parties. We believe these commitments will, in turn, promote chemicals industry demand for our isobutanol. If consumer demand for environmentally friendly products fails to develop at sufficient scale or if such demand fails to drive large brand owners to seek sources of renewable hydrocarbons, our revenue and growth rate could be materially and adversely affected.

We may face substantial delay in getting regulatory approvals for use of our isobutanol in the fuels and chemicals markets, which could substantially hinder our ability to commercialize our products.

Commercialization of our isobutanol will require approvals from state and federal agencies. Before we can sell isobutanol as a fuel or fuel blendstock, we must receive EPA fuel certification. We are currently in the first phase of Tier 1 EPA testing, and the approval process may require significant time. Approval can be delayed for years, and there is no guarantee of receiving it. Additionally, California requires that fuels meet both its fuel certification requirements and a separate state low-carbon fuel standard. Any delay in receiving approval will slow or prevent the commercialization of our isobutanol for fuel markets, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Before any biofuel we produce receives a “renewable identification number,” or RIN, we must register it with the EPA and receive approval that it meets specified regulatory requirements. Delay or failure in developing a fuel that meets the standards for advanced and cellulosic biofuels, or delays in receiving the desired RIN, will make our fuel less attractive to refiners, blenders, and other purchasers, which could harm our competitiveness.

With respect to the chemicals markets, we plan to focus on isobutanol production and sell to companies that can convert our isobutanol into other chemicals, such as isobutylene. However, should we later decide to produce these other chemicals ourselves, we may face similar requirements for EPA and other regulatory approvals. Approval, if ever granted, could be delayed for substantial amounts of time, which could significantly harm the development of our business and prevent the achievement of our goals.

Our isobutanol fermentation process utilizes a genetically modified organism which, when used in an industrial process, is considered a new chemical under the EPA’s Toxic Substances Control Act program, or TSCA. The TSCA requires us to comply with the EPA’s Microbial Commercial Activity Notice process to operate plants producing isobutanol using our biocatalysts. The TSCA’s new chemicals submission policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent or delay regulatory approval of our isobutanol production.

There are various third party certification organizations such as ASTM International, or ASTM, and Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc. involved in standard-setting regarding the transportation, dispensing and use of liquid fuel in the US and abroad. These organizations may change and additional requirements may be enacted that could prevent or delay approval of our products. The process of

 

 

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seeking required approvals and the continuing need for compliance with applicable standards may require the expenditure of substantial resources, and there is no guarantee that we will satisfy these standards in a timely manner, if ever.

In addition, to retrofit ethanol facilities and operate the retrofitted plants to produce isobutanol, we will need to obtain and comply with a number of permit requirements. As a condition to granting necessary permits, regulators may make demands that could increase our retrofit or operations costs, and permit conditions could also restrict or limit the extent of our operations, which could delay or prevent our commercial production of isobutanol. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to meet all regulatory requirements or obtain and comply with all necessary permits to complete our planned ethanol plant retrofits, and failure to satisfy these requirements could have a substantial negative effect on our performance.

We are in negotiations, facilitated by the Air Transport Association of America, or ATA, with several major passenger and cargo airlines for potential commitments by several ATA member airlines to purchase jet fuel manufactured by third parties from our isobutanol. Jet fuels must meet various statutory and regulatory requirements before they may be used in commercial aviation. In the US, the use of specific jet fuels is regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration, or FAA. Rather than directly approving specific fuels, the FAA certifies individual aircraft for flight. This certification includes authorization for an aircraft to use the types of fuels specified in its flight manual. To be included in an aircraft’s flight manual, the fuel must meet standards set by ASTM. The current ASTM requirements do not permit the use of jet fuel derived from isobutanol, and we will need to give ASTM sufficient data to justify creating a new standard applicable to our biojet fuel. Though our work testing isobutanol-based biojet fuel with the US Air Force Research Laboratory has provided us with data we believe ASTM will consider, the process of seeking required approvals and the continuing need for compliance with applicable statues and regulations will require the expenditure of substantial resources. Failure to obtain regulatory approval in a timely manner, or at all, could have a significant negative effect on our operations.

We may be unable to successfully negotiate final, binding terms related to our current non-binding isobutanol supply agreements, which could harm our commercial prospects.

We have engaged in supply negotiations with a number of companies, and have agreed to preliminary terms regarding supplying isobutanol or the products derived from it to various companies, including LANXESS Inc., TOTAL PETROCHEMICALS USA, INC., Toray Industries, Inc. and United Air Lines, Inc. However, none of these agreements are binding, and we have yet to negotiate any final, definitive supply agreements for our isobutanol. We may be unable to negotiate final terms in a timely manner, or at all, and there is no guarantee that the terms of any final agreement will be the same or similar to those currently contemplated in our preliminary agreements. Final terms may include less favorable pricing structures or volume commitments, more expensive delivery or purity requirements, reduced contract durations and other adverse changes. Delays in negotiating final contracts could slow our initial isobutanol commercialization, and failure to agree to definitive terms for sales of sufficient volumes of isobutanol could prevent us from growing our business. To the extent that terms in our initial supply contracts may influence negotiations regarding future contracts, the failure to negotiate favorable final terms related to our current preliminary agreements could have an especially negative impact on our growth and profitability. Additionally, as we have yet to produce or supply commercial volumes of isobutanol to any customer, we have not demonstrated that we can meet the production levels contemplated in our current non-binding supply agreements. If our production scale-up proceeds more slowly than we expect, or if we encounter difficulties in successfully completing plant retrofits, potential

 

 

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customers, including those with whom we have current letters of intent, may be less willing to negotiate definitive supply agreements, or demand terms less favorable to us, and our performance may suffer.

Even if we are successful in producing isobutanol on a commercial scale, we may not be successful in negotiating sufficient supply agreements for our production.

We expect that many of our customers will be large companies with extensive experience operating in the fuels or chemicals markets. As a development stage company, we lack commercial operating experience, and may face difficulties in developing marketing expertise in these fields. Our business model relies upon our ability to successfully negotiate and structure long-term supply agreements for the isobutanol we produce, whereby a buyer agrees to purchase all or a significant portion of a plant’s isobutanol output for a given time period. Many of our potential customers may be more experienced in these matters than we are, and we may fail to successfully negotiate these agreements in a timely manner or on favorable terms which, in turn, may force us to slow our production, delay our acquiring and retrofitting of additional plants, dedicate additional resources to increasing our storage capacity and dedicate additional resources to sales in spot markets. Furthermore, should we become more dependent on spot market sales, our profitability will become increasingly vulnerable to short-term fluctuations in the price and demand for petroleum-based fuels and competing substitutes.

Our isobutanol may encounter physical or regulatory issues which could limit its usefulness as a fuel blendstock.

In the fuel blendstock market, isobutanol can be used in conjunction with, or as a substitute for, ethanol and other widely-used fuel oxygenates and we believe our isobutanol will be physically compatible with typical gasoline engines. However, there is a risk that under actual automotive engine conditions, isobutanol will face significant limitations, making it unsuitable for use in high percentage gasoline blends. Additionally, current regulations limit fuel blends to low percentages of isobutanol, and also limit combination isobutanol-ethanol blends. Government agencies may maintain or even increase the restrictions on isobutanol fuel blends. As we believe that the potential to use isobutanol in higher percentage blends than is feasible for ethanol will be an important factor in successfully marketing isobutanol to refiners, a low blend wall could significantly limit commercialization of isobutanol as a blendstock.

Our isobutanol may be less compatible with existing refining and transportation infrastructure than we believe, which may hinder our ability to market our product on a large scale.

We developed our business model based on our belief that our isobutanol is fully compatible with existing refinery infrastructure. For example, when making isobutanol blends, we believe that gasoline refineries will be able to pump our isobutanol through their pipes and blend it in their existing facilities without damaging their equipment. If our isobutanol proves unsuitable for such handling, it will be more expensive for refiners to use our isobutanol than we anticipate, and they may be less willing to adopt it as a blendstock, forcing us to seek alternative purchasers.

Likewise, our plans for marketing our isobutanol are based upon our belief that it will be compatible with the pipes, tanks and other infrastructure currently used for transporting, storing and distributing gasoline. If our isobutanol or products incorporating our isobutanol cannot be transported with this equipment, we will be forced to seek alternative transportation arrangements, which will make our isobutanol and products incorporating our isobutanol more expensive to transport and less appealing to potential customers. Reduced compatibility with either refinery or transportation infrastructure may thus slow or prevent market adoption of our isobutanol, which could substantially harm our performance.

 

 

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We may face substantial delay in receiving US Food and Drug Administration approval to sell protein fermentation meal as an animal feedstock, which could substantially increase our net production costs.

Most of the ethanol plants we initially plan to retrofit use dry-milled corn as a feedstock. We plan to sell, as an animal feedstock, the protein fermentation meal left as a co-product of fermenting isobutanol from dry-milled corn. We believe that this will enable us to offset a significant portion of the expense of purchasing corn for fermentation. Before our protein fermentation meal can be used as an animal feedstock, the FDA must approve it as safe for livestock consumption. FDA testing and approval can take a significant amount of time, and there is no guarantee that we will ever receive such approval. If FDA approval is delayed or never obtained, or if we are unable to secure market acceptance for our protein fermentation meal, our net cost of production will increase, which may hurt our operating results.

Our current development strategy relies heavily on our relationship with ICM.

We rely heavily upon our relationship with ICM. In October 2008, we entered into a development agreement and a commercialization agreement with ICM. Pursuant to the terms of the development agreement, ICM engineers helped us install the equipment necessary to test and develop our isobutanol fermentation process at ICM’s 1 MGPY ethanol demonstration facility, and ICM agreed to assist us in running and maintaining the converted plant. We currently use the demonstration plant to improve our second-generation biocatalyst and develop processes for commercial-scale production of isobutanol. Under the commercialization agreement, ICM serves as our exclusive engineering, procurement, and construction, or EPC, contractor for the retrofit of ICM-designed ethanol plants, and we serve as ICM’s exclusive technology partner for the production of butanols, pentanols and propanols from the fermentation of sugars.

Because ICM has designed approximately 60% of the operating ethanol production capacity in the US, we believe that our exclusive alliance with ICM will provide us with a competitive advantage and allow us to more quickly achieve commercial-scale production of isobutanol. However, ICM may fail to fulfill its obligations to us under our agreements and under certain circumstances, such as a breach of confidentiality by us, can terminate the agreements. In addition, ICM may assign the agreements without our consent in connection with a change of control. Since adapting our technology to commercial-scale production of isobutanol and then retrofitting ethanol plants to use our technology is a major part of our commercialization strategy, losing our exclusive alliance with ICM would slow our technological and commercial development. It could also force us to find a new contractor with less experience than ICM in designing and building ethanol plants, or to invest the time and resources necessary to retrofit plants on our own. Such retrofits may be less successful than if performed by ICM engineers, and retrofitted plants might operate less efficiently than expected. This could substantially hinder our ability to expand our production capacity, and could severely impact our performance. If ICM fails to fulfill its obligations to us under our agreements and our competitors obtain access to ICM’s expertise, our ability to realize continued development and commercial benefits from our alliance could be affected. Accordingly, if we lose our exclusive alliance with ICM, if ICM terminates or breaches its agreements with us, or if ICM assigns its agreements with us to a competitor of ours or to a third party that is not willing to work with us on the same terms or commit the same resources, our business and prospects could be harmed.

We may require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain this capital when needed or on acceptable terms could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our development and commercialization efforts.

Since our inception, most of our resources have been dedicated towards research and development, as well as demonstrating the effectiveness of our technology at the St. Joseph, Missouri plant. We believe

 

 

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that we will continue to expend substantial resources for the foreseeable future on further developing our technologies and accessing facilities necessary for the production of isobutanol on a commercial scale. These expenditures will include costs associated with research and development, accessing existing ethanol plants, retrofitting the plants to produce isobutanol, obtaining government and regulatory approvals, acquiring or constructing storage facilities and negotiating supply agreements for the isobutanol we produce. In addition, other unanticipated costs may arise. Because the costs of developing our technology at a commercial scale are highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the amounts necessary to successfully commercialize our production.

To date, we have funded our operations primarily through private equity offerings and the issuance of convertible and nonconvertible debt. We believe that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents and government grants, will allow us to take a substantial step toward implementing our strategy. However, based on our current plans and expectations, we will require additional funding to achieve our goal of producing and selling over 500 million gallons of isobutanol in 2014. Moreover, our plans and expectations may change as a result of factors currently unknown to us, and we may need additional funds sooner than planned. We may also choose to seek additional capital sooner than required due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

 

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the timing of, and costs involved in developing our technologies for commercial-scale production of isobutanol;

 

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the timing of, and costs involved in accessing existing ethanol plants;

 

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the timing of, and costs involved in retrofitting the plants we access with our technologies;

 

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the cost of operating and maintaining the retrofitted plants;

 

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our ability to negotiate agreements supplying suitable biomass to our plants, and the timing and terms of those agreements;

 

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the timing of, and the costs involved in developing adequate storage facilities for the isobutanol we produce;

 

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our ability to gain market acceptance for isobutanol as a specialty chemical, gasoline blendstock and as a raw material for the production of hydrocarbons;

 

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our ability to negotiate supply agreements for the isobutanol we produce, and the timing and terms of those agreements;

 

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our ability to negotiate sales of our isobutanol for commercial-scale production of butenes and other industrially useful chemicals and fuels, and the timing and terms of those sales;

 

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our ability to sell the protein fermentation meal left as a co-product of fermenting isobutanol from corn as animal feedstock;

 

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our ability to establish and maintain strategic partnerships, licensing or other arrangements and the timing and terms of those arrangements; and

 

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the cost of preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent, trademark and other intellectual property claims, including litigation costs and the outcome of such litigation.

Additional funds may not be available when we need them, on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If needed funds are not available to us on a timely basis, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate:

 

 

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our research and development activities;

 

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our plans to access and/or retrofit existing ethanol facilities;

 

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our production of isobutanol at retrofitted plants; and/or

 

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our activities in developing storage capacity and negotiating supply agreements that may be necessary for the commercialization of our isobutanol production.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies.

We may seek additional capital through a combination of public and private equity offerings, debt financings, strategic partnerships and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale or issuance of equity, warrants or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a stockholder. If we raise capital through debt financing, it may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take certain actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through strategic partnerships and licensing agreements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our development and commercialization efforts.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate in the future. As a result, we may fail to meet or exceed the expectations of research analysts or investors, which could cause our stock price to decline.

Our financial condition and operating results have varied significantly in the past and may continue to fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year in the future due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Factors relating to our business that may contribute to these fluctuations are described elsewhere in this prospectus. Accordingly, the results of any prior quarterly or annual periods should not be relied upon as indications of our future operating performance.

If we lose our licensed intellectual property rights we may be unable to continue our business.

We are a party to certain license agreements, including with Cargill, The Regents of the University of California, or The Regents, and the California Institute of Technology, or Caltech, pursuant to which we license key intellectual property. These license agreements impose various diligence, milestone payment, royalty, insurance and other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with any of these obligations, the licensors may have the right to reduce an exclusive license of intellectual property to a nonexclusive license or to terminate the license completely, in which case our competitors may gain access to these important licensed technologies or we may be unable to develop or market products covered by the licensed intellectual property. If we lose rights that are important to our isobutanol production, our business may be materially affected. We may enter into additional licenses in the future, and if we fail to comply with obligations under those agreements, we could suffer similar consequences.

Fluctuations in the price of corn and other feedstocks may affect our cost structure.

Our approach to the biofuels and chemicals markets will be dependent on the price of corn and other feedstocks that will be used to produce isobutanol. A decrease in the availability of plant feedstocks or an increase in the price may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results. At certain levels, prices may make these products uneconomical to use and produce.

 

 

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The price and availability of corn and plant feedstocks may be influenced by general economic, market and regulatory factors. These factors include weather conditions, farming decisions, government policies and subsidies with respect to agriculture and international trade, and global demand and supply. The significance and relative impact of these factors on the price of plant feedstocks is difficult to predict, especially without knowing what types of plant feedstock materials we may need to use.

Fluctuations in petroleum prices and customer demand patterns may reduce demand for biofuels and biobased chemicals.

We anticipate marketing our biofuel as an alternative to petroleum-based fuels. Therefore, if the price of oil falls, any revenues that we generate from biofuel products could decline, and we may be unable to produce products that are a commercially viable alternative to petroleum-based fuels. Additionally, demand for liquid transportation fuels, including biofuels, may decrease due to economic conditions or otherwise. We will encounter similar risks in the chemicals industry, where declines in the price of oil may make petroleum-based hydrocarbons less expensive, which could reduce the competitiveness of our biobased alternatives.

Reductions or changes to existing regulations and policies may present technical, regulatory and economic barriers, all of which may significantly reduce demand for biofuels or our ability to supply isobutanol.

The market for biofuels is heavily influenced by foreign, federal, state and local government regulations and policies concerning the petroleum industry. For example, in 2007, the US Congress passed an alternative fuels mandate that currently calls for 13 billion gallons of liquid transportation fuels sold in 2010 to come from alternative sources, including biofuels, a mandate that grows to 36 billion gallons by 2022. Of this amount, a minimum of 21 billion gallons must be advanced biofuels. In the US and in a number of other countries, these regulations and policies have been modified in the past and may be modified again in the future. Any reduction in mandated requirements for fuel alternatives and additives to gasoline may cause demand for biofuels to decline and deter investment in the research and development of biofuels. Market uncertainty regarding future policies may also affect our ability to develop new biofuels products or to license our technologies to third parties. Any inability to address these requirements and any regulatory or policy changes could have a material adverse effect on our biofuels business, financial condition and results of operations. Our other potential bioindustrial products may be subject to additional regulations.

Additionally, like the ethanol facilities we plan to retrofit, our isobutanol plants will emit greenhouse gasses. Any changes in state or federal emissions regulations, including the passage of cap-and-trade legislation or a carbon tax, could limit our production of isobutanol and protein fermentation meal and increase our operating costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we engage in any acquisitions, we will incur a variety of costs and may potentially face numerous risks that could adversely affect our business and operations.

If appropriate opportunities become available, we expect to acquire businesses, assets, technologies or products to enhance our business in the future. In connection with any future acquisitions, we could:

 

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issue additional equity securities which would dilute our current stockholders;

 

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incur substantial debt to fund the acquisitions; or

 

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assume significant liabilities.

 

 

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Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including problems integrating the purchased operations, technologies or products, unanticipated costs and other liabilities, diversion of management’s attention from our core businesses, adverse effects on existing business relationships with current and/or prospective partners, customers and/or suppliers, risks associated with entering markets in which we have no or limited prior experience and potential loss of key employees. Other than our acquisition of Agri-Energy, we have not engaged in acquisitions in the past, and do not have experience in managing the integration process. Therefore, we may not be able to successfully integrate any businesses, assets, products, technologies or personnel that we might acquire in the future without a significant expenditure of operating, financial and management resources, if at all. The integration process could divert management time from focusing on operating our business, result in a decline in employee morale and cause retention issues to arise from changes in compensation, reporting relationships, future prospects or the direction of the business. Acquisitions may also require us to record goodwill, non-amortizable intangible assets that will be subject to impairment testing on a regular basis and potential periodic impairment charges, incur amortization expenses related to certain intangible assets and incur large and immediate write-offs and restructuring and other related expenses, all of which could harm our operating results and financial condition. In addition, we may acquire companies that have insufficient internal financial controls, which could impair our ability to integrate the acquired company and adversely impact our financial reporting. If we fail in our integration efforts with respect to any of our acquisitions and are unable to efficiently operate as a combined organization, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

If we lose key personnel, including key management personnel, or are unable to attract and retain additional personnel, it could delay our product development programs and harm our research and development efforts, we may be unable to pursue partnerships or develop our own products and it may trigger an event of default under our loan agreements with TriplePoint.

Our business is complex and we intend to target a variety of markets. Therefore, it is critical that our management team and employee workforce are knowledgeable in the areas in which we operate. The loss of any key members of our management, including our named executive officers, or the failure to attract or retain other key employees who possess the requisite expertise for the conduct of our business, could prevent us from developing and commercializing our products for our target markets and entering into partnerships or licensing arrangements to execute our business strategy. In addition, the loss of any key scientific staff, or the failure to attract or retain other key scientific employees, could prevent us from developing and commercializing our products for our target markets and entering into partnerships or licensing arrangements to execute our business strategy. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified employees in the future due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among biotechnology and other technology-based businesses, particularly in the advanced biofuels area, or due to the limited availability of personnel with the qualifications or experience necessary for our renewable chemicals and advanced biofuels business. If we are not able to attract and retain the necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience staffing constraints that will adversely affect our ability to meet the demands of our partners and customers in a timely fashion or to support our internal research and development programs. In particular, our product and process development programs are dependent on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled scientists. Competition for experienced scientists and other technical personnel from numerous companies and academic and other research institutions may limit our ability to do so on acceptable terms. Additionally, certain changes in our management could trigger an event of default under our loan and security agreements with TriplePoint, and we could be forced to pay the outstanding balance of the loan(s) in full. All of our employees are at-will employees, which means that either the employee or we may terminate their employment at any time.

 

 

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Our planned activities will require additional expertise in specific industries and areas applicable to the products and processes developed through our technology platform or acquired through strategic or other transactions, especially in the end markets that we seek to penetrate. These activities will require the addition of new personnel, and the development of additional expertise by existing personnel. The inability to attract personnel with appropriate skills or to develop the necessary expertise could impair our ability to grow our business.

Our ability to compete may decline if we do not adequately protect our proprietary technologies or if we lose some of our intellectual property rights through costly litigation or administrative proceedings.

Our success will depend in part on our ability to obtain patents and maintain adequate protection of our intellectual property covering our technologies and products and potential products in the US and other countries. We have adopted a strategy of seeking patent protection in the US and in certain foreign countries with respect to certain of the technologies used in or relating to our products and processes. As such, as of September 22, 2010, we exclusively licensed rights to 73 issued patents and filed patent applications in the US and in various foreign jurisdictions, and we own rights to approximately 176 filed patent applications in the US and in various foreign jurisdictions. All patents expire, and any patent will only provide us commercial advantage for a limited period of time, if at all. Our patent applications are directed to our enabling technologies and to our methods and products which support our business in the advanced biofuels and renewable chemicals markets. We intend to continue to apply for patents relating to our technologies, methods and products as we deem appropriate.

A filed patent application does not guarantee a patent will issue and a patent issuing does not guarantee its validity, nor does it give us the right to practice the patented technology or commercialize the patented product. Third parties may have or obtain rights to “blocking patents” that could be used to prevent us from commercializing our products or practicing our technology. The scope and validity of patents and success in prosecuting patent applications involve complex legal and factual questions and, therefore, issuance, coverage and validity cannot be predicted with any certainty. Patents issuing from our filed applications may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. Moreover, third parties could practice our inventions in secret and in territories where we do not have patent protection. Such third parties may then try to sell or import products made using our inventions in and into the US or other territories and we may be unable to prove that such products were made using our inventions. Additional uncertainty may result from potential passage of patent reform legislation by the US Congress and from legal precedent as handed down by the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and the US Supreme Court, as they determine legal issues concerning the scope, validity and construction of patent claims. Because patent applications in the US and many foreign jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all, and because publication of discoveries in the scientific literature often lags behind the actual discoveries, there is additional uncertainty as to the validity of any patents that may issue and the potential for blocking patents coming into force at some future date. Accordingly, we cannot ensure that any of our currently filed or future patent applications will result in issued patents, or even if issued, predict the scope of the claims that may issue in our and other companies’ patents. Given that the degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, we cannot ensure that: (i) we were the first to make the inventions covered by each of our filed applications, (ii) we were the first to file patent applications for these inventions, (iii) the proprietary technologies we develop will be patentable, (iv) any patents issued will be broad enough in scope to provide commercial advantage and prevent circumvention, and (v) that competitors and other parties do not have or will not obtain patent protection that will block our development and commercialization activities.

These concerns apply equally to patents we have licensed, which may likewise be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and the licensed technologies may be obstructed from commercialization by

 

 

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competitors’ “blocking patents.” In addition we generally do not control the patent prosecution and maintenance of subject matter that we license from others. Generally, the licensors are primarily or wholly responsible for the patent prosecution and maintenance activities pertaining to the patent applications and patents we license, while we may only be afforded opportunities to comment on such activities. Accordingly, we are unable to exercise the same degree of control over licensed intellectual property as we exercise over our own intellectual property and we face the risk that our licensors will not prosecute or maintain it as effectively as we would like.

In addition, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our products or technology. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult, particularly where, as here, the end products reaching the market generally do not reveal the processes used in their manufacture, and particularly in certain foreign countries where the local laws may not protect our proprietary rights as fully as in the US, so we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken in obtaining intellectual property and other proprietary rights will prevent unauthorized use of our technology. If competitors are able to use our technology without our authorization, our ability to compete effectively could be harmed. Moreover, competitors and other parties such as universities may independently develop and obtain patents for technologies that are similar to or superior to our technologies. If that happens, the potential competitive advantages provided by our intellectual property may decline. We may then need to license these competing technologies, and we may not be able to obtain licenses on reasonable terms, if at all, which could cause material harm to our business.

Our commercial success also depends in part on not infringing patents and proprietary rights of third parties, and not breaching any licenses or other agreements that we have entered into with regard to our technologies, products and business. We cannot be certain that patents have not or will not issue to third parties that could block our ability to obtain patents or to operate our business as we would like or at all. There may be patents in some countries that, if valid, may block our ability to commercialize products in those countries if we are unsuccessful in circumventing or acquiring rights to these patents. There also may be claims in patent applications filed in some countries that, if granted and valid, may also block our ability to commercialize products or processes in these countries if we are unable to circumvent or license them.

As is commonplace in the biotechnology industries, some of our directors, employees and consultants are or have been employed at, or associated with, companies and universities that compete with us or have or will develop similar technologies and related intellectual property. While employed at these companies, these employees, directors and consultants may have been exposed to or involved in research and technology similar to the areas of research and technology in which we are engaged. Though we have not received such a complaint, we may be subject to allegations that we, our directors, employees or consultants have inadvertently or otherwise used, misappropriated or disclosed alleged trade secrets or confidential or proprietary information of those companies. Litigation may be necessary to defend against such allegations and the outcome of any such litigation would be uncertain.

Under some of our research agreements, our partners share joint rights in certain intellectual property we develop. For example, under our development agreement with ICM we have exclusive rights to all intellectual property developed within the defined scope of the project, but all other intellectual property developed pursuant to the agreement is to be jointly owned. Such provisions may limit our ability to gain commercial benefit from some of the intellectual property we develop, and may lead to costly or time-consuming disputes with parties with whom we have commercial relationships over rights to certain innovations.

 

 

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As with many other markets, we believe that the various bioindustrial markets in which we operate will be subject to frequent and extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. Historically, companies in many industries have employed intellectual property litigation as a way to gain a competitive advantage. Litigation may be necessary for us to assert or defend claims of infringement, enforce patents we own or license, protect trade secrets or determine the enforceability, scope and validity of the intellectual property rights of others. Our involvement in litigation, interferences, opposition proceedings or other intellectual property proceedings inside and outside of the US may divert management time from focusing on business operations, could cause us to spend significant amounts of money and may have no guarantee of success. Any potential intellectual property litigation also could force us to do one or more of the following:

 

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stop selling, incorporating, manufacturing or using our products that use the subject intellectual property;

 

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obtain from a third party asserting its intellectual property rights, a license to sell or use the relevant technology, which license may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all;

 

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redesign those products or processes that use any allegedly infringing or misappropriated technology, which may result in significant cost or delay to us, or which redesign could be technically infeasible; or

 

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pay damages, including the possibility of treble damages in a patent case if a court finds us to have willfully infringed certain intellectual property rights.

We are aware of a significant number of patents and patent applications relating to aspects of our technologies filed by, and issued to, third parties. We cannot assure you that if this third-party intellectual property is asserted against us that we would ultimately prevail.

If any other party has filed patent applications or obtained patents that claim inventions also claimed by us, we may have to participate in interference proceedings declared by the US Patent and Trademark Office to determine priority of invention and, thus, the right to the patents for these inventions in the US. These proceedings could result in substantial cost to us even if the outcome is favorable. Even if successful, an interference may result in loss of certain claims. Even successful interference outcomes could result in significant legal fees and other expenses, diversion of management time and efforts and disruption in our business. Uncertainties resulting from initiation and continuation of any patent or related litigation could harm our ability to compete.

Our government grants are subject to uncertainty, which could harm our business and results of operations.

We have received various government grants, including a cooperative agreement, to complement and enhance our own resources. We may seek to obtain government grants and subsidies in the future to offset all or a portion of the costs of retrofitting existing ethanol manufacturing facilities and research and development activities. We cannot be certain that we will be able to secure any such government grants or subsidies. Any of our existing grants or new grants that we may obtain may be terminated, modified or recovered by the granting governmental body under certain conditions.

We may also be subject to audits by government agencies as part of routine audits of our activities funded by our government grants. As part of an audit, these agencies may review our performance, cost structures and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and standards. Funds available under grants must be applied by us toward the research and development programs specified by the granting agencies, rather than for all of our programs generally. If any of our costs are found to be allocated improperly, the costs may not be reimbursed and any costs already reimbursed may have to be refunded. Accordingly, an audit could result in an adjustment to our revenues and results of operations.

 

 

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We have received funding from US government agencies, which could negatively affect our intellectual property rights.

Some of our research has been funded by grants from US government agencies. When new technologies are developed with US government funding, the government obtains certain rights in any resulting patents and technical data, generally including, at a minimum, a nonexclusive license authorizing the government to use the invention or technical data for noncommercial purposes. US government funding must be disclosed in any resulting patent applications, and our rights in such inventions will normally be subject to government license rights, periodic progress reporting, foreign manufacturing restrictions and march-in rights. March-in rights refer to the right of the US government, under certain limited circumstances, to require us to grant a license to technology developed under a government grant to a responsible applicant, or, if we refuse, to grant such a license itself. March-in rights can be triggered if the government determines that we have failed to work sufficiently towards achieving practical application of a technology or if action is necessary to alleviate health or safety needs, to meet requirements of federal regulations or to give preference to US industry. If we breach the terms of our grants, the government may gain rights to the intellectual property developed in our related research. The government’s rights in our intellectual property may lessen its commercial value, which could adversely affect our performance.

We may not be able to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

The laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the US. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and enforcing intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to bioindustrial technologies. This could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or misappropriation of our other intellectual property rights. Proceedings to enforce our patents and other proprietary rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights in such countries may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop.

If our biocatalysts, or the genes that code for our biocatalysts, are stolen, misappropriated or reverse engineered, others could use these biocatalysts or genes to produce competing products.

Third parties, including our contract manufacturers, customers and those involved in shipping our biocatalysts may have custody or control of our biocatalysts. If our biocatalysts, or the genes that code for our biocatalysts, were stolen, misappropriated or reverse engineered, they could be used by other parties who may be able to reproduce these biocatalysts for their own commercial gain. If this were to occur, it would be difficult for us to discover or challenge this type of use, especially in countries with limited intellectual property protection.

Confidentiality agreements with employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosures of trade secrets and other proprietary information.

We rely in part on trade secret protection to protect our confidential and proprietary information and processes. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We have taken measures to protect our trade secrets and proprietary information, but these measures may not be effective. We require new employees and consultants to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of an employment or consulting arrangement with us. These agreements generally require that all confidential information developed by the individual or made known to the individual by us during the course of the individual’s

 

 

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relationship with us be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties. These agreements also generally provide that know-how and inventions conceived by the individual in the course of rendering services to us shall be our exclusive property. Nevertheless, these agreements may not be enforceable, our proprietary information may be disclosed, third parties could reverse engineer our biocatalysts and others may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position.

We may face substantial competition, which could adversely affect our performance and growth.

We may face substantial competition in the markets for isobutanol, plastics, fibers, rubber, other polymers and hydrocarbon fuels. Our competitors include companies in the incumbent petroleum-based industry as well as those in the nascent biorenewable industry. The incumbent petroleum-based industry benefits from a large established infrastructure, production capability and business relationships. The incumbents’ greater resources and financial strength provide significant competitive advantages that we may not be able to overcome in a timely manner.

The biorenewable industry is characterized by rapid technological change. Our future success will depend on our ability to maintain a competitive position with respect to technological advances. Technological development by others may impact the competitiveness of our products in the marketplace. Competitors and potential competitors who have greater resources and experience than we do may develop products and technologies that make ours obsolete or may use their greater resources to gain market share at our expense.

In the gasoline blendstock market, we will compete with renewable ethanol producers (including those working to produce ethanol from cellulosic feedstocks), producers of alkylate from petroleum and producers of other blendstocks, all of whom may reduce our ability to obtain market share or maintain our price levels.

Significant competitors in these areas include Codexis, Inc., which is engaged with Equilon Enterprises LLC dba Shell Oil Products US, or Shell, in a research and development collaboration under which they are developing biocatalysts for use in producing advanced biofuels; Novozymes A/S, which has partnered with a number of companies and organizations on a regional basis to develop or produce biofuels, and recently opened a biofuel demonstration plant with Inbicon A/S of Denmark; Danisco A/S/Genencor, which has formed a joint venture with E.I. Du Pont De Nemours and Company, or DuPont, called DuPont Danisco Cellulosic Ethanol LLC, and is marketing a line of cellulases to convert biomass into sugar; Royal DSM N.V., which received a grant from the US Department of Energy to be the lead partner in a technical consortium including Abengoa Bioenergy New Technologies, Inc., and is developing cost-effective enzyme technologies; Mascoma Corporation, which has entered into a feedstock processing and lignin supply agreement with Chevron Technology Ventures, a division of Chevron USA., Inc.; and BP, p.l.c., or BP, which has purchased Vercipia Biofuels, LLC and technology from Verenium Corporation to develop a commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol facility. Range Fuels, Inc. is also focused on developing non-biocatalytic thermochemical processes to convert cellulosic biomass into fuels, and Coskata, Inc. is developing a hybrid thermochemical-biocatalytic process to produce ethanol from a variety of feedstocks.

In the production of cellulosic biofuels, key competitors include Shell Oil, BP, DuPont-Danisco Cellulosic Ethanol LLC, Abengoa Bioenergy, S.A., POET, LLC, ICM, Mascoma, Range Fuels, Inbicon A/S, INEOS New Planet BioEnergy LLC, Coskata, Archer Daniels Midland Company, BlueFire Ethanol, Inc., KL

 

 

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Energy Corporation, ZeaChem Inc., Iogen Corporation, Qteros, Inc., AE Biofuels, Inc. and many smaller start-up companies. If these companies are successful in establishing low cost cellulosic ethanol or other fuel production, it could negatively impact the market for our isobutanol as a gasoline blendstock.

Additionally, DuPont has announced plans to develop and market isobutanol through Butamax Advanced Biofuels LLC, or Butamax, a joint venture with BP. A number of companies including Cathay Industrial Biotech, Ltd., Green Biologics Ltd., METabolic Explorer, S.A., TetraVitae Bioscience, Inc. and Cobalt Technologies, Inc. are developing n-butanol production capability from a variety of renewable feedstocks. Academic and government institutions may also develop technologies which will compete with us in the blendstock market.

If any of these competitors succeed in producing blendstocks more efficiently, in higher volumes or offering superior performance than our isobutanol, our financial performance may suffer. Furthermore, if our competitors have more success marketing their products or reach development or supply agreements with major customers, our competitive position may also be harmed.

In the plastics, fibers, rubber and other polymers markets, we face competition from incumbent petroleum-derived products, other renewable isobutanol producers and renewable n-butanol producers. Our competitive position versus the incumbent petroleum-derived products and other renewable butanol producers may not be favorable. Petroleum-derived products have dominated the market for many years and there is substantial existing infrastructure for production from petroleum sources, which may impede our ability to establish a position in these markets. Other isobutanol and n-butanol companies may develop technologies that prove more effective than our isobutanol production technology, or more adept at marketing their production. Additionally, one small company in France, Global Bioenergies, S.A., is pursuing the production of isobutylene from renewable carbohydrates directly. Since conversion of isobutanol to butenes such as isobutylene is a key step in producing many plastics, fibers, rubber and other polymers from our isobutanol, this direct production of renewable isobutylene, if successful, could limit our opportunities in these markets.

In the markets for the hydrocarbon fuels that we plan to produce from our isobutanol, we will face competition from the incumbent petroleum-based fuels industry. The incumbent petroleum-based fuels industry makes the vast majority of the world’s gasoline, jet and diesel fuels and blendstocks. It is a mature industry with a substantial base of infrastructure for the production and distribution of petroleum-derived products. The size, established infrastructure, and significant resources of many companies in this industry may put us at a substantial competitive disadvantage, and delay or prevent the establishment and growth of our business in the market for hydrocarbon fuels.

Biofuels companies may also provide substantial competition in the hydrocarbon fuels market. With respect to production of renewable gasoline, biofuels competitors are numerous and include both large established companies and numerous startups. One competitor, Virent Energy Systems, Inc., or Virent, has developed a process for making gasoline and gasoline blendstocks, and many other competitors may do so as well. In the jet fuel market, we will face competition from companies such as Synthetic Genomics, Inc., Solazyme, Inc., Sapphire Energy, Inc. and Exxon-Mobil Corporation that are pursuing production of jet fuel from algae-based technology. LS9, Inc. and others are also targeting production of jet fuels from renewable biomass. We may also face competition from companies working to produce jet fuel from hydrogenated fatty acid methyl esters. In the diesel fuels market, competitors such as Amyris Biotechnologies, Inc., or Amyris, and LS9 have developed technologies for production of alternative hydrocarbon diesel fuel.

In the plastics, fibers, rubber and other polymers markets and the hydrocarbon fuels market, we expect to face vigorous competition from existing technologies. The companies we may compete with may have

 

 

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significantly greater access to resources, far more industry experience and/or more established sales and marketing networks. Additionally, since we do not plan to produce most of these products directly, we depend on the willingness of potential customers to purchase and convert our isobutanol into their products. These potential customers generally have well-developed manufacturing processes and arrangements with suppliers of the chemical components of their products and may have a resistance to changing these processes and components. These potential customers frequently impose lengthy and complex product qualification procedures on their suppliers, influenced by consumer preference, manufacturing considerations such as process changes and capital and other costs associated with transitioning to alternative components, supplier operating history, regulatory issues, product liability and other factors, many of which are unknown to, or not well understood by, us. Satisfying these processes may take many months or years. If we are unable to convince these potential customers that our isobutanol is comparable or superior to the alternatives that they currently use, we will not be successful in entering these markets and our business will be adversely affected.

We also face challenges in marketing our isobutanol. Though we intend to enhance our competitiveness through partnerships and joint development agreements, some competitors may gain an advantage by securing more valuable partnerships for developing their hydrocarbon products than we are able to obtain. Such partners could include major petrochemical, refiner or end-user companies. Additionally, petrochemical companies may develop alternative pathways for hydrocarbon production that may be less expensive, and may utilize more readily available infrastructure than that used to convert our isobutanol into hydrocarbon products.

We plan to enter into joint ventures through which we will sell significant volumes of our isobutanol to partners who will convert it into useful hydrocarbons or use it as a fuel or fuel blendstock. However, if any of these partners instead negotiate supply agreements with other buyers for the isobutanol they purchase from us, or sell it into the open market, they may become competitors of ours in the field of isobutanol sales. This could significantly reduce our profitability and hinder our ability to negotiate future supply agreements for our isobutanol, which could have an adverse effect on our performance.

Our ability to compete successfully will depend on our ability to develop proprietary products that reach the market in a timely manner and are technologically superior to and/or are less expensive than other products on the market. Many of our competitors have substantially greater production, financial, research and development, personnel and marketing resources than we do. In addition, certain of our competitors may also benefit from local government subsidies and other incentives that are not available to us. As a result, our competitors may be able to develop competing and/or superior technologies and processes, and compete more aggressively and sustain that competition over a longer period of time than we could. Our technologies and products may be rendered obsolete or uneconomical by technological advances or entirely different approaches developed by one or more of our competitors. As more companies develop new intellectual property in our markets, the possibility of a competitor acquiring patent or other rights that may limit our products or potential products increases, which could lead to litigation. Furthermore, to secure purchase agreements from certain customers, we may be required to enter into exclusive supply contracts, which could limit our ability to further expand our sales to new customers. Likewise, major potential customers may be locked into long-term, exclusive agreements with our competitors, which could inhibit our ability to compete for their business.

In addition, various governments have recently announced a number of spending programs focused on the development of clean technologies, including alternatives to petroleum-based fuels and the reduction of carbon emissions. Such spending programs could lead to increased funding for our competitors or a rapid increase in the number of competitors within those markets.

 

 

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Our limited resources relative to many of our competitors may cause us to fail to anticipate or respond adequately to new developments and other competitive pressures. This failure could reduce our competitiveness and market share, adversely affect our results of operations and financial position, and prevent us from obtaining or maintaining profitability.

The terms of our loan and security agreements with Lighthouse and TriplePoint may restrict our ability to engage in certain transactions.

In December 2006, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Lighthouse Capital Partners V, L.P., or Lighthouse, and in August 2010, we entered into two loan and security agreements with TriplePoint. Pursuant to the terms of these loan and security agreements, we cannot engage in certain actions, including disposing of certain assets, granting or otherwise allowing the imposition of a lien against certain assets, incurring certain kinds of additional indebtedness or acquiring or merging with another entity, excluding Agri-Energy, unless we receive the prior approval of Lighthouse and/or TriplePoint. If Lighthouse and/or TriplePoint do not consent to any of the actions that we desire to take, we could be prohibited from engaging in transactions which could be beneficial to our business and our stockholders or could be forced to pay the outstanding balance of the loan(s) in full. As of August 31, 2010, the aggregate outstanding principal and final payment under the loan from Lighthouse was approximately $3.1 million, and the aggregate outstanding principal and end-of-term payment under the loan from TriplePoint was approximately $5.4 million. In September 2010, in order to finance the transactions contemplated by the acquisition agreement with Agri-Energy, Gevo Development borrowed an additional $12.5 million pursuant to our existing loan and security agreements with TriplePoint. Immediately after the closing of the Agri-Energy acquisition, the $12.5 million loan and security agreement was amended to name Agri-Energy as a borrower under the loan.

Business interruptions could delay us in the process of developing our products and could disrupt our sales.

We are vulnerable to natural disasters and other events that could disrupt our operations, such as riot, civil disturbances, war, terrorist acts, flood, infections in our laboratory or production facilities or those of our contract manufacturers and other events beyond our control. We do not have a detailed disaster recovery plan. In addition, we may not carry sufficient business interruption insurance to compensate us for losses that may occur. Any losses or damages we incur could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows and success as an overall business. Furthermore, ICM may terminate our commercialization agreement and The Regents may terminate our license agreement if a force majeure event interrupts our operations for a specified period of time.

Ethical, legal and social concerns about genetically engineered products and processes, and similar concerns about feedstocks grown on land that could be used for food production, could limit or prevent the use of our products, processes and technologies and limit our revenues.

Some of our processes involve the use of genetically engineered organisms or genetic engineering technologies. Additionally, our feedstocks may be grown on land that could be used for food production, which subjects our feedstock sources to “food versus fuel” concerns. If we are not able to overcome the ethical, legal and social concerns relating to genetic engineering or food versus fuel, our products and processes may not be accepted. Any of the risks discussed below could result in increased expenses, delays or other impediments to our programs or the public acceptance and commercialization of products and processes dependent on our technologies or inventions. Our ability to develop and commercialize one or more of our technologies, products, or processes could be limited by the following factors:

 

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public attitudes about the safety and environmental hazards of, and ethical concerns over, genetic research and genetically engineered products and processes, which could influence public acceptance of our technologies, products and processes;

 

 

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public attitudes regarding, and potential changes to laws governing ownership of genetic material, which could harm our intellectual property rights with respect to our genetic material and discourage others from supporting, developing or commercializing our products, processes and technologies;

 

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public attitudes and ethical concerns surrounding production of feedstocks on land which could be used to grow food, which could influence public acceptance of our technologies, products and processes;

 

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governmental reaction to negative publicity concerning genetically engineered organisms, which could result in greater government regulation of genetic research and derivative products; and

 

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governmental reaction to negative publicity concerning feedstocks produced on land which could be used to grow food, which could result in greater government regulation of feedstock sources.

The subjects of genetically engineered organisms and food versus fuel have received negative publicity, which has aroused public debate. This adverse publicity could lead to greater regulation and trade restrictions on imports of genetically engineered products or feedstocks grown on land suitable for food production.

The biocatalysts that we develop have significantly enhanced characteristics compared to those found in naturally occurring enzymes or microbes. While we produce our biocatalysts only for use in a controlled industrial environment, the release of such biocatalysts into uncontrolled environments could have unintended consequences. Any adverse effect resulting from such a release could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition, and we may be exposed to liability for any resulting harm.

Compliance with stringent laws and regulations may be time consuming and costly, which could adversely affect the commercialization of our biofuels products.

Any biofuels developed using our technologies will need to meet a significant number of regulations and standards, including regulations imposed by the US Department of Transportation, the EPA, the FAA, various state agencies and others. Any failure to comply, or delays in compliance, with the various existing and evolving industry regulations and standards could prevent or delay the commercialization of any biofuels developed using our technologies and subject us to fines and other penalties.

We use hazardous materials in our business and we must comply with environmental laws and regulations. Any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials or noncompliance of applicable laws and regulations could be time consuming and costly and could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our research and development processes involve the use of hazardous materials, including chemical, radioactive and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste. We cannot eliminate entirely the risk of accidental contamination or discharge and any resultant injury from these materials. Federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of, and human exposure to, these materials. We may be sued for any injury or contamination that results from our use or the use by third parties of these materials, and our liability may exceed our total assets. Although we believe that our activities conform in all material respects with environmental laws, there can be no assurance that violations of environmental, health and safety laws will not occur in the future as a result of human error, accident, equipment failure or other causes. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and the failure to comply with past, present, or future laws could result in the imposition of fines, third-party property damage, product liability and personal injury claims, investigation and remediation costs, the suspension of production or a cessation

 

 

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of operations, and our liability may exceed our total assets. Liability under environmental laws can be joint and several and without regard to comparative fault. Environmental laws could become more stringent over time imposing greater compliance costs and increasing risks and penalties associated with violations, which could impair our research, development or production efforts and harm our business.

As isobutanol has not previously been used as a commercial fuel in significant amounts, its use subjects us to product liability risks, and we may have difficulties obtaining product liability insurance.

Isobutanol has not been used as a commercial fuel and research regarding its impact on engines and distribution infrastructure is ongoing. Though we intend to test isobutanol further before commercialization, there is a risk that it may damage engines or otherwise fail to perform as expected. If isobutanol degrades the performance or reduces the lifecycle of engines, or causes them to fail to meet emissions standards, market acceptance could be slowed or stopped, and we could be subject to product liability claims. Furthermore, due to isobutanol’s lack of commercial history as a fuel, we are uncertain as to whether we will be able to acquire product liability insurance on reasonable terms, or at all. A significant product liability lawsuit could substantially impair our production efforts and could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to use some or all of our net operating loss carry-forwards to offset future income.

In general, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitation on its ability to utilize its pre-change net operating loss carry-forwards, or net operating losses, to offset future taxable income. We may have experienced one or more ownership changes in prior years, and the issuance of shares in connection with this public offering may itself trigger an ownership change; hence our ability to utilize our net operating losses to offset income if we attain profitability may be limited. In addition, these loss carry-forwards expire at various times through 2029. The Company believes that it is more likely than not that these carry-forwards will not result in any material future tax savings.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we might not be able to report our financial results accurately or prevent fraud; in that case, our stockholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would harm our business and could negatively impact the price of our stock.

Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. In addition, Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 will require us and, in the event we are an accelerated filer, our independent registered public accounting firm to evaluate and report on our internal control over financial reporting beginning with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2011. The process of implementing our internal controls and complying with Section 404 will be expensive and time consuming, and will require significant attention of management. We cannot be certain that these measures will ensure that we implement and maintain adequate controls over our financial processes and reporting in the future. Even if we conclude, and our independent registered public accounting firm concurs, that our internal control over financial reporting provides reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect fraud or misstatements. Failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could harm our results of operations or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. If we or our independent registered public accounting firm discover a material weakness, the

 

 

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disclosure of that fact, even if quickly remedied, could reduce the market’s confidence in our financial statements and harm our stock price. In addition, a delay in compliance with Section 404 could subject us to a variety of administrative sanctions, including SEC action, ineligibility for short form resale registration, the suspension or delisting of our common stock from the stock exchange on which it is listed and the inability of registered broker-dealers to make a market in our common stock, which would further reduce our stock price and could harm our business.

RISKS RELATING TO THIS OFFERING

We are subject to anti-takeover provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and under Delaware law that could delay or prevent an acquisition of our company, even if the acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders.

Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our bylaws, both of which will become effective upon the completion of this offering, may delay or prevent an acquisition of us. Among other things, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws will provide for a board of directors which is divided into three classes, with staggered three-year terms and will provide that all stockholder action must be effected at a duly called meeting of the stockholders and not by a consent in writing, and will further provide that only our board of directors may call a special meeting of the stockholders. These provisions may also frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, who are responsible for appointing the members of our management team. Furthermore, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits, with some exceptions, stockholders owning in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us. Finally, our charter documents establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors and for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholder meetings. Although we believe these provisions together provide an opportunity to receive higher bids by requiring potential acquirers to negotiate with our board of directors, they would apply even if an offer to acquire our company may be considered beneficial by some stockholders.

Concentration of ownership among our existing officers, directors and principal stockholders may prevent other stockholders from influencing significant corporate decisions and depress our stock price.

When this offering is completed, our officers, directors and existing stockholders who hold at least 5% of our stock will together control approximately     % of our outstanding common stock. As of August 31, 2010, Khosla Ventures I, L.P. and its affiliates, or Khosla Ventures, Virgin Green Fund I, L.P., or Virgin Green, Total Energy Ventures International, Burrill Life Sciences Capital Fund III, L.P., or Burrill, and Malaysian Life Sciences Capital Fund Ltd., or Malaysian Capital, beneficially owned approximately 40.6%, 15.2%, 12.7%, 10.3% and 9.1% of our outstanding common stock, respectively on an as-converted basis, based on the one-to-one conversion rate in effect as of August 31, 2010. See Note 8 of our consolidated financial statements for conversion ratio adjustments that may be applicable upon future events, such as the completion of this offering. If these officers, directors and principal stockholders or a group of our principal stockholders act together, they will be able to exert a significant degree of influence over our management and affairs and control matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of mergers or other business combination transactions. The interests of this concentration of ownership may not always coincide with our interests or the interests of other stockholders. For instance, officers, directors and principal stockholders, acting together, could cause us to enter into transactions or agreements that we would not otherwise consider.

 

 

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Similarly, this concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of our company otherwise favored by our other stockholders. This concentration of ownership could depress our stock price.

Our share price may be volatile and you may be unable to sell your shares at or above the offering price.

The initial public offering price for our shares will be determined by negotiations between us and representatives of the underwriters and may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the trading market. The market price of shares of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to many risk factors listed in this section, and others beyond our control, including:

 

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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results;

 

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the position of our cash and cash equivalents;

 

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actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to our competitors;

 

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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our competitors’ operating results or changes in their growth rate;

 

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announcements of technological innovations by us, our partners or our competitors;

 

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announcements by us, our partners or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

 

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the entry into, modification or termination of licensing arrangements;

 

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the entry into, modification or termination of research, development, commercialization or supply arrangements;

 

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additions or losses of customers;

 

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additions or departures of key management or scientific personnel;

 

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competition from existing products or new products that may emerge;

 

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issuance of new or updated research reports by securities or industry analysts;

 

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fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;

 

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disputes or other developments related to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies;

 

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changes in existing laws, regulations and policies applicable to our business and products, including the National Renewable Fuel Standard program, and the adoption or failure to adopt carbon emissions regulation;

 

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announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts;

 

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sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders;

 

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share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares;

 

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general market conditions in our industry; and

 

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general economic and market conditions, including the recent financial crisis.

Furthermore, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those

 

 

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companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and market conditions such as recessions, interest rate changes or international currency fluctuations, may negatively impact the market price of shares of our common stock. If the market price of shares of our common stock after this offering does not exceed the initial public offering price, you may not realize any return on your investment in us and may lose some or all of your investment. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

A significant portion of our total outstanding shares of common stock is restricted from immediate resale but may be sold into the market in the near future. This could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares of common stock intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock. As of August 31, 2010, our three largest stockholders beneficially own, collectively, approximately 69% of our outstanding common stock. If one or more of them were to sell a substantial portion of the shares they hold, it could cause our stock price to decline. Based on shares outstanding as of August 31, 2010, upon completion of this offering, we will have              outstanding shares of common stock, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares. This includes the              shares that we are selling in this offering. Of the remaining shares,              shares of common stock will be subject to a 180-day contractual lock-up with the underwriters, and              shares of common stock will be subject to a 180-day contractual lock-up with us. Upon expiration of the lockup agreements, these shares will be eligible for immediate resale, subject in some cases to the volume and other restrictions of Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. These shares represent a substantial fraction of our total shares outstanding, and sales of these shares upon expiration of the lock-up could significantly depress our share price.

In addition, as of August 31, 2010, there were 2,854,315 shares subject to outstanding options that will become eligible for sale in the public market to the extent permitted by any applicable vesting requirements, the lock-up agreements and Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act. Moreover, after this offering, based on the one-to-one conversion rate in effect as of August 31, 2010, holders of an aggregate of approximately 15,074,015 shares of our outstanding common stock (including shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options and warrants) will have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares and to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders. See Note 8 of our consolidated financial statements for conversion ratio adjustments that may be applicable upon future events, such as the completion of this offering.

We also intend to register approximately             shares of common stock that have been reserved for issuance under our stock incentive plans. Once we register these shares, they can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance and once vested, subject to the 180-day lock-up periods under the lock-up agreements described in the “Underwriting” section of this prospectus.

No public market for our common stock currently exists and an active trading market may not develop or be sustained following this offering.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. An active trading market may not develop following the completion of this offering or, if developed, may not be sustained. The

 

 

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lack of an active market may impair your ability to sell your shares at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable. The lack of an active market may also reduce the fair market value of your shares. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital to continue to fund operations by selling shares and may impair our ability to acquire other companies or technologies by using our shares as consideration.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or publish negative reports about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or change their opinion of our stock, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Purchasers in this offering will experience immediate and substantial dilution in the book value of their investment.

The initial public offering price will be substantially higher than the tangible book value per share of shares of our common stock based on the total value of our tangible assets less our total liabilities immediately following this offering. Therefore, if you purchase shares of our common stock in this offering, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution of approximately $             per share in the price you pay for shares of our common stock as compared to its tangible book value, assuming an initial public offering price of $             per share. To the extent outstanding options and warrants to purchase shares of common stock are exercised, there will be further dilution. For further information on this calculation, see “Dilution” elsewhere in this prospectus.

We have broad discretion in the use of net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.

Although we currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering in the manner described in “Use of Proceeds” elsewhere in this prospectus, we will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds. Our failure to apply these net proceeds effectively could affect our ability to continue to develop and sell our products and grow our business, which could cause the value of your investment to decline.

We will incur significant increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

We have never operated as a public company. As a public company, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as related rules implemented by the Securities and Exchange Commission and The Nasdaq Stock Market, impose various requirements on public companies. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more expensive for us to maintain director and officer liability insurance.

In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. In particular, commencing in

 

 

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2011, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management and our independent registered public accounting firm to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Our compliance with Section 404 will require that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management time on compliance-related issues. We will need to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge. Moreover, if we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, our stock price could decline, and we could face sanctions, delisting or investigations by The Nasdaq Global Market, or other material effects on our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

We do not anticipate paying cash dividends, and accordingly, stockholders must rely on stock appreciation for any return on their investment.

The terms of our loan and security agreements with Lighthouse and TriplePoint currently prohibit us from paying cash dividends on our common stock. Although the prohibition on paying dividends under Gevo, Inc.’s loan and security agreement with TriplePoint terminates upon the completion of this offering, we do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the future. As a result, only appreciation of the price of our common stock, which may never occur, will provide a return to stockholders. Investors seeking cash dividends should not invest in our common stock. Under the terms of Agri-Energy’s $12.5 million loan and security agreement with TriplePoint, as amended, subject to certain limited exceptions, Agri-Energy is only permitted to pay dividends if the following conditions are satisfied: (i) the retrofit of the Luverne facility is complete and the facility is producing commercial volumes of isobutanol, (ii) its net worth is greater than or equal to $10.0 million, and (iii) no event of default has occurred and is continuing under the agreement. Accordingly, even if we decide to pay cash dividends in the future, we may not be able to access cash generated by Agri-Energy if amounts are then outstanding pursuant to its loan and security agreement with TriplePoint.

 

 

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Forward-looking statements

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled “Prospectus Summary,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Business.” These statements relate to future events or our future financial or operational performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievement to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties are contained principally in the section entitled “Risk Factors.”

Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical facts. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “projects,” “predicts,” “potential,” or the negative of those terms, and similar expressions and comparable terminology intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and are based on assumptions and subject to risks and uncertainties. Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as guarantees of future events. These forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this prospectus and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise after the date of this prospectus.

In particular, forward looking statements in this prospectus include statements about:

 

Ø

the achievement of advances in our technology platform;

 

Ø

the timing and cost of acquiring access to additional ethanol production facilities;

 

Ø

the timing and costs associated with our planned retrofits of production facilities;

 

Ø

our access to capital, including pursuant to those certain loan and security agreements with TriplePoint;

 

Ø

the acceptance and success of our capital-light model for production of our product at retrofitted ethanol plants;

 

Ø

the commercial scale-up of our production, including the timing and volume of our future production;

 

Ø

the availability of suitable and cost-competitive feedstocks;

 

Ø

our ability to gain market acceptance for isobutanol as a specialty chemical, fuel blendstock and raw material for the production of hydrocarbons;

 

Ø

our ability to produce and sell protein fermentation meal as an animal feedstock;

 

Ø

the expected applications of our platform molecule and addressable markets, including our access to distribution infrastructure and services and the availability of chemical processing;

 

Ø

the expected cost-competitiveness and relative performance attributes of our isobutanol and the products derived from it;

 

Ø

the timing of commercial sales of our product, including the timing and terms of final, binding supply agreements for the isobutanol that we produce;

 

Ø

government regulatory and industry certification, approval and acceptance of our product and its derivatives;

 

Ø

government policymaking and incentives relating to renewable fuels;

 

 

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Ø

the future price and volatility of corn and other renewable feedstocks; and

 

Ø

the future price and volatility of petroleum and products derived from petroleum.

This prospectus also contains estimates and other information concerning our target markets that are based on industry publications, surveys and forecasts, including those generated by SRI, CMAI, the EIA, the IEA, the RFA, Nexant and MPI. This information involves a number of assumptions and limitations. Although we believe the information in these industry publications, surveys and forecasts is reliable, we have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the information. The industry in which we operate is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in these publications, surveys and forecasts.

 

 

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Use of proceeds

We estimate that we will receive net proceeds of approximately $                      million from the sale of                      shares of common stock offered in this offering based on an assumed initial public offering price of $                      per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $                      per share would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by $                      million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase                      additional shares, we estimate that our net proceeds will be approximately $                      million based on an assumed initial public offering price of $                      per share.

We currently intend to use all or a portion of the net proceeds of this offering, together with existing cash and cash equivalents, to acquire access to ethanol facilities through direct acquisition and joint ventures, and retrofit those facilities to produce isobutanol. We completed our acquisition of Agri-Energy in September 2010, and we do not have agreements or commitments for any other specific acquisitions at this time. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds of this offering to fund working capital and other general corporate purposes, including paying off certain of our long-term debt obligations and the costs associated with being a public company.

The potential uses of net proceeds from this offering represent our current intentions based upon our present business plans and business conditions. As of the date of this prospectus, we cannot allocate specific percentages of the net proceeds that we may use to acquire access to ethanol facilities, retrofit these facilities, fund working capital and for other general corporate purposes.

Until we apply the net proceeds of this offering to its intended uses, we intend to invest the net proceeds in interest-bearing demand deposit accounts or short-term investment-grade securities. We cannot predict whether these temporary investments of the net proceeds will yield a favorable return, or any yield at all.

 

 

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Dividend policy

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on shares of our common or preferred stock, and currently do not plan to declare or pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We expect to retain our future earnings, if any, for use in the operation and expansion of our business. In addition, the terms of our loan and security agreement with Lighthouse currently prohibit us from paying cash dividends, and the terms of Gevo, Inc.’s loan and security agreement with TriplePoint prohibit us from paying cash dividends until the completion of this offering. Subject to the foregoing, the payment of cash dividends in the future, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon such factors as earnings levels, capital requirements, requirements under the Delaware General Corporation Law, restrictions and covenants pursuant to any other credit facilities we may enter into, our overall financial condition and any other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Under the terms of Agri-Energy’s $12.5 million loan and security agreement with TriplePoint, as amended, subject to certain limited exceptions, Agri-Energy is only permitted to pay dividends if the following conditions are satisfied: (i) the retrofit of the Luverne facility is complete and the facility is producing commercial volumes of isobutanol, (ii) its net worth is greater than or equal to $10.0 million, and (iii) no event of default has occurred and is continuing under the agreement. Accordingly, even if we decide to pay cash dividends in the future, we may not be able to access cash generated by Agri-Energy if amounts are then outstanding pursuant to its loan and security agreement with TriplePoint.

 

 

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Capitalization

The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and our capitalization as of June 30, 2010:

 

Ø

on an actual basis; and

 

Ø

on a pro forma basis to reflect:

 

¡

the filing of a restated certificate of incorporation to authorize              shares of common stock and              shares of undesignated preferred stock;

 

¡

the conversion of all of our outstanding shares of convertible preferred stock into 14,505,526 shares of common stock, based on the one-to-one conversion rate in effect as of June 30, 2010 (see Note 8 of our consolidated financial statements for conversion ratio adjustments that may be applicable upon future events, such as the completion of this offering), and the related conversion of all outstanding convertible preferred stock warrants to common stock warrants; and

 

¡

the reclassification of the convertible preferred stock warrant liability to stockholders’ equity upon the completion of this offering; and

 

Ø

on a pro forma, as adjusted basis to reflect the pro forma adjustments described above and (i) our receipt of the estimated net proceeds from this offering, based on an assumed initial public offering of              shares at a price of $                      per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us and (ii) the effects of consummating the Agri-Energy acquisition, including the use of $                 in cash, net of cash acquired, and the incurrence of $12.5 million in long-term debt.

 

 

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The pro forma and pro forma, as adjusted information below is illustrative only and our capitalization following the completion of this offering will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. You should read this table together with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.

 

		As of June 30, 2010
		Actual				Pro forma				Pro forma, as adjusted
		(unaudited)
Cash and cash equivalents		$	42,119,000			$	42,119,000			$
Convertible preferred stock warrant liability		$	2,232,000				—
Secured long-term debt, net of current portion and debt discounts		$	5,665,000			$	5,665,000
Stockholders’ equity:
Convertible preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share; 15,246,000 shares authorized, 14,505,526 shares issued and outstanding, actual; no shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding, pro forma and pro forma, as adjusted		$	145,000				—
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share; no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, actual;             shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding, pro forma; shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding, pro forma, as adjusted			—				—
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share; 30,000,000 shares authorized; 1,160,657 issued and outstanding, actual; 30,000,000 shares authorized, 15,666,183 shares issued and outstanding, pro forma;             shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding, pro forma, as adjusted			12,000				157,000
Additional paid-in capital			92,481,000				94,713,000
Accumulated deficit			(59,697,000	)			(59,697,000	)
Total stockholders’ equity			32,941,000				35,173,000
Total capitalization		$	40,838,000			$	40,838,000			$

Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $                     per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) would increase or decrease, as applicable, our pro forma, as adjusted cash and cash equivalents, additional paid-in capital and stockholders’ equity by approximately $                     million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The number of shares of common stock shown as issued and outstanding in the table is based on the number of shares of our common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2010 and excludes:

 

Ø

2,854,611 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding as of June 30, 2010 at a weighted average exercise price of $2.59 per share;

 

 

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Ø

858,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of common stock warrants outstanding as of June 30, 2010 at an exercise price of $2.70 per share;

 

Ø

306,109 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of preferred stock warrants outstanding as of June 30, 2010 at a weighted average exercise price of $5.42 per share, based on the one-to-one conversion rate in effect as of June 30, 2010 (see Note 8 of our consolidated financial statements for conversion ratio adjustments that may be applicable upon future events, such as the completion of this offering); and

 

Ø

shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2010 stock incentive plan, which will become effective in connection with the consummation of this offering.

 

 

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Dilution

If you invest in our common stock, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the public offering price per share of our common stock and the pro forma, as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock after this offering.

Our pro forma net tangible book value at June 30, 2010 was $35.2 million, or $2.25 per share of common stock. Pro forma net tangible book value per share represents total tangible assets less total liabilities (which includes the reclassification of convertible preferred stock warrant liability into additional paid-in capital upon the conversion of outstanding shares of preferred stock underlying warrants into shares of common stock), divided by the number of outstanding shares of common stock on June 30, 2010, after giving effect to the conversion of all of our outstanding convertible preferred stock into shares of our common stock in connection with the completion of this offering, based on the one-to-one conversion rate in effect as of June 30, 2010 (see Note 8 of our consolidated financial statements for conversion ratio adjustments that may be applicable upon future events, such as the completion of this offering), as if the conversion occurred on June 30, 2010. Our pro forma, as adjusted net tangible book value at June 30, 2010, after giving effect to the sale by us of              shares of common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $                     per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, would have been approximately $                     million, or $                     per share. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma, as adjusted net tangible book value of $                     per share to existing stockholders and an immediate dilution of $                     per share to new investors, or approximately     % of the assumed initial public offering price of $                      per share. The following table illustrates this per share dilution:

 

Assumed initial public offering price per share		$
Pro forma net tangible book value per share at June 30, 2010		$	2.25
Increase in pro forma net tangible book value per share attributable to this offering
Pro forma, as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering
Dilution per share to new investors		$

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $                     per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) would increase (decrease) our pro forma, as adjusted net tangible book value by $                     million, the pro forma, as adjusted net tangible book value per share by $                     per share and the dilution in the pro forma net tangible book value to new investors in this offering by $                     per share, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

 

 

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Dilution

 

 

The following table shows, as of June 30, 2010, the number of shares of common stock purchased from us, the total consideration paid to us and the average price paid per share by existing stockholders and by new investors purchasing common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $                     per share, before deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

 

Shares purchased

Total consideration

Average price per share

Number

Percent

Amount

Percent

Existing stockholders

%

%

New investors

Total

100.0

%

100.0

%

The table above, and the information below, assume that our existing stockholders do not purchase any shares in this offering.

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $                     per share (the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) would increase (decrease) total consideration paid by new investors, total consideration paid by all stockholders and the average price per share paid by all stockholders by $                    , $                     and $                    , respectively, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the underwriting discount and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The discussion and tables in this section regarding dilution are based on 15,666,183 shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2010, which assumes the conversion of all of our preferred stock into an aggregate of 14,505,526 shares of our common stock upon the completion of this offering, based on the one-to-one conversion rate in effect as of June 30, 2010 (see Note 8 of our consolidated financial statements for conversion ratio adjustments that may be applicable upon future events, such as the completion of this offering), and excludes:

 

Ø

2,854,611 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding as of June 30, 2010 at a weighted average exercise price of $2.59 per share;

 

Ø

858,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of common stock warrants outstanding as of June 30, 2010 at an exercise price of $2.70 per share;

 

Ø

306,109 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of preferred stock warrants outstanding as of June 30, 2010 at a weighted average exercise price of $5.42 per share, based on the one-to-one conversion rate in effect as of June 30, 2010 (see Note 8 of our consolidated financial statements for conversion ratio adjustments that may be applicable upon future events, such as the completion of this offering); and

 

Ø

shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2010 stock incentive plan, which will become effective in connection with the consummation of this offering.

If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full, the following will occur:

 

Ø

the number of shares of our common stock held by existing stockholders would decrease to     % of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding after this offering; and

 

Ø

the number of shares of our common stock held by new investors would increase to approximately     % of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding after this offering.

 

 

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Dilution

 

 

To the extent that outstanding options or warrants are exercised, you will experience further dilution. If all of our outstanding options and warrants were exercised, our pro forma net tangible book value as of June 30, 2010 would have been $46.5 million, or $2.36 per share, and the pro forma, as adjusted net tangible book value after this offering would have been $                     million, or $                     per share, causing dilution to new investors of $                     per share.

In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders.

 

 

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Selected historical consolidated financial data

The following selected historical consolidated financial data should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The selected historical consolidated financial data in this section is not intended to replace our historical consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our future results.

We derived the consolidated statements of operations data for 2007, 2008 and 2009 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2008 and 2009 from our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. The consolidated statements of operations data for 2005 and 2006 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007 have been derived from our unaudited consolidated financial statements not included in this prospectus. The consolidated statements of operations data for the six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2010 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of June 30, 2010 are derived from our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. The unaudited interim financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary to state fairly our financial position as of June 30, 2010 and results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2010. Operating results for the six months ended June 30, 2010 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ended December 31, 2010. The data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, related notes, and other financial information included herein. For purposes of the disclosure contained in this section, “the company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer only to Gevo, Inc. and Gevo Development, as the context requires.

 

Consolidated statements of operations data:		Years ended December 31,																				Six months ended June 30,
		2005				2006				2007				2008				2009				2009				2010
Revenue		$	—			$	100,000			$	275,000			$	208,000			$	660,000			$	347,000			$	792,000
Operating expenses:
Research and development			(161,000	)			(902,000	)			(3,699,000	)			(7,376,000	)			(10,508,000	)			(3,885,000	)			(7,878,000	)
General and administrative			(99,000	)			(328,000	)			(2,601,000	)			(6,065,000	)			(8,699,000	)			(3,153,000	)			(7,513,000	)
Lease termination costs			—				—				(894,000	)			—				—				—				—
Loss on abandonment or disposal of assets			—				—				(243,000	)			(78,000	)			(22,000	)			(10,000	)			—
Total operating expenses			(260,000	)			(1,230,000	)			(7,437,000	)			(13,519,000	)			(19,229,000	)			(7,048,000	)			(15,391,000	)
Loss from operations			(260,000	)			(1,130,000	)			(7,162,000	)			(13,311,000	)			(18,569,000	)			(6,701,000	)			(14,599,000	)
Other (expense) income:
Interest expense			—				—				(140,000	)			(1,385,000	)			(1,103,000	)			(496,000	)			(669,000	)
Interest and other income			1,000				20,000				76,000				154,000				277,000				201,000				58,000
Loss from change in fair value of warrant liabilities(1)			—				—				—				—				(490,000	)			(443,000	)			(1,250,000	)
Other (expense) income—net			1,000				20,000				(64,000	)			(1,231,000	)			(1,316,000	)			(738,000	)			(1,861,000	)
Net loss			(259,000	)			(1,110,000	)			(7,226,000	)			(14,542,000	)			(19,885,000	)			(7,439,000	)			(16,460,000	)
Deemed dividend—amortization of beneficial conversion feature on Series D-1 convertible preferred stock			—				—				—				—				—				—				(800,000	)
Net loss attributable to Gevo, Inc. common stockholders		$	(259,000	)		$	(1,110,000	)		$	(7,226,000	)		$	(14,542,000	)		$	(19,885,000	)		$	(7,439,000	)		$	(17,260,000	)

 

 

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Selected consolidated financial data

 

 

Consolidated statements of operations data:		Years ended December 31,																				Six months ended June 30,
		2005				2006				2007				2008				2009				2009				2010
Net loss per share of common stock attributable to Gevo, Inc. stockholders, basic and diluted		$	(0.27	)		$	(1.17	)		$	(7.40	)		$	(13.83	)		$	(18.07	)		$	(6.81	)		$	(15.18	)
Weighted average number of common shares used in computing net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted			944,146				950,000				976,909				1,051,848				1,100,294				1,091,799				1,137,241
Net loss used in computing pro forma net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted (unaudited)(2)(3)																		$	(19,395,000	)						$	(15,210,000	)
Pro forma net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted (unaudited)(4)																		$	(1.62	)						$	(1.05	)
Weighted average number of common shares used in computing pro forma net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted (unaudited)(4)																			11,966,689								14,540,465

 

(1)

On January 1, 2009, we changed the manner in which we account for warrants that are exercisable into preferred stock, as described in Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements.

(2)

Net loss used in computing pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock has been adjusted to remove losses resulting from remeasurement of the convertible preferred stock warrant liability as these measurements would no longer be required when the convertible preferred stock warrants become warrants to purchase shares of the company’s common stock.

(3)

Net loss used in computing pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock has been adjusted to remove the deemed dividend associated with the amortization of the beneficial conversion feature on our Series D-1 preferred stock.

(4)

Pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock and weighted average number of common shares used in computing pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock in the table above give effect to the conversion of all of our outstanding convertible preferred stock, based on the one-to-one conversion rate in effect as of June 30, 2010 for all periods presented. See Note 8 of our consolidated financial statements for conversion ratio adjustments that may be applicable upon future events, such as the completion of an initial public offering or a subsequent financing.

 

		Years ended December 31,																				Six months ended June 30,
Consolidated balance sheets data:		2005				2006				2007				2008				2009				2010
Cash and cash equivalents		$	183,000			$	1,005,000			$	63,000			$	9,635,000			$	21,240,000			$	42,119,000
Total assets			228,000				1,776,000				2,391,000				13,094,000				26,383,000				48,810,000
Fair value of warrant liabilities			0				0				0				0				982,000				2,232,000
Secured long-term debt, including current portion, net of debt discounts			0				0				1,579,000				8,178,000				7,701,000				7,839,000
Total liabilities			44,000				205,000				3,029,000				9,936,000				11,300,000				15,869,000
Accumulated deficit			(259,000	)			(1,369,000	)			(8,595,000	)			(23,137,000	)			(42,437,000	)			(59,697,000	)
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)			184,000				1,571,000				(638,000	)			3,158,000				15,083,000				32,941,000

 

 

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Unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated combined financial information

The following unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated combined financial statements have been prepared to give effect to our acquisition of Agri-Energy, using the acquisition method of accounting with the assumptions and adjustments described in the accompanying notes to the unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated combined financial statements. The unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated combined statements of operations reflect the combined results of operations of the company and Agri-Energy for the year ended December 31, 2009 and the six months ended June 30, 2010, in both cases as if the transactions contemplated by the Agri-Energy acquisition agreement had occurred on January 1, 2009. The unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated combined balance sheet was prepared as if the acquisition had been completed as of June 30, 2010. There were no transactions between the company and Agri-Energy during the periods presented. There are no significant differences between the accounting policies of the company and Agri-Energy.

On September 22, 2010, we completed the acquisition of Agri-Energy pursuant to which we purchased all of the outstanding units of Agri-Energy, LLC and certain operating assets of Agri-Energy Limited Partnership. Pursuant to the acquisition agreement, we paid an aggregate purchase price comprised of $20,754,000 in cash plus the purchase of working capital totaling $4,244,000 (based on actual working capital amounts at June 30, 2010). The purchase price was allocated to the following: property, plant and equipment of $20,754,000 and working capital of $4,244,000. We paid the aggregate purchase price with available cash reserves and by borrowing $12,500,000 million under our loan and security agreement with TriplePoint (as described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Secured long-term debt” and Note 16 of the Consolidated Financial Statements).

Agri-Energy is engaged in the business of producing and selling ethanol and related products through an ethanol plant located in Luverne, Minnesota. We acquired Agri-Energy with the intention of retrofitting the ethanol plant to produce isobutanol. We intend to record revenue from the sale of the ethanol, distiller’s dried grains and other related products produced as part of the ethanol production process during the period of the retrofit of the Agri-Energy facility to isobutanol production. Continued ethanol production during the retrofit will allow us to retain local staff for the future operation of the plant, maintain the equipment and generate cash flow. As the production of ethanol is not our intended business, we intend to continue reporting our operating results as a development stage company during the retrofit process and only intend to report revenue from the production of ethanol on an interim basis until we begin to generate revenue from sales of isobutanol. Accordingly, the historical operating results of Agri-Energy and the operating results reported during the retrofit to isobutanol production will not be indicative of future operating results for Agri-Energy once isobutanol production commences.

The unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated combined financial statements presented are based on the assumptions and adjustments described in the accompanying notes. The unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated combined financial statements are prepared for illustrative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of the financial position or results of operations that would have actually been reported had the acquisitions described above occurred on January 1, 2009 for statement of operations purposes or as of June 30, 2010 for balance sheet purposes, nor are they necessarily indicative of the future financial position or results of operations of the combined company. The unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated combined financial statements include adjustments which are based on preliminary estimates to reflect the allocation of the purchase price to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities of Agri-Energy. The final allocation of the purchase price will be based upon actual tangible

 

 

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and intangible assets acquired as well as liabilities assumed. Any change in the fair value of the net assets of Agri-Energy will change the amount of the purchase price allocable to goodwill or other intangible assets. Final purchase accounting adjustments for Agri-Energy may differ materially from the pro forma adjustments presented here.

These unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated combined financial statements are based upon our historical consolidated financial statements and the historical combined financial statements of Agri-Energy, and should be read together with the company’s and Agri-Energy’s respective financial statements and accompanying notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” For purposes of the disclosure contained in this section, “the company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer only to Gevo, Inc. and Gevo Development, as the context requires.

 

 

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GEVO, INC.

UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED COMBINED BALANCE SHEET

As of June 30, 2010

 

		Gevo			Agri-Energy			Adjustments for acquisition(1)(2)				Pro forma condensed consolidated combined(1)(2)
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents		$	42,119,000		$	789,000		$	(2,793,000	)(3)		$	30,606,000
									(22,085,000	)(1)(3)(5)
									12,500,000	(4)
									(504,000	)(9)
									830,000	(10)
									(250,000	)(11)
Accounts receivable			303,000			2,048,000			(434,000	)(6)			1,917,000
Inventory			—			2,957,000			—				2,957,000
Current portion of restricted certificate of deposit			40,000			—			—				40,000
Derivative assets			—			—			—
Margin deposit			—			284,000			—				284,000
Prepaid expenses and other current assets			1,295,000			92,000			—				1,387,000
Total current assets			43,757,000			6,170,000			(12,736,000	)			37,191,000
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT—Net			3,599,000			9,889,000			10,866,000	(5)			24,354,000
RESTRICTED CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT—Less current portion			119,000			—			—				119,000
DEFERRED OFFERING COSTS			1,245,000			—			—				1,245,000
DEFERRED FINANCING COSTS			—			44,000			(44,000	)(3)			—
DEPOSITS AND OTHER ASSETS			90,000			—			—				90,000
TOTAL		$	48,810,000		$	16,103,000		$	(1,914,000	)		$	62,999,000
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		$	4,536,000		$	1,921,000		$	—			$	6,457,000
Derivative liability			—			522,000			—				522,000
Current portion of secured long-term debt			2,174,000			261,000			(261,000	)(3)			2,174,000
Fair value of warrant liabilities			2,232,000			—			—				2,232,000
Due to Related Party			—			1,817,000			(1,817,000	)(7)			—
Total current liabilities			8,942,000			4,521,000			(2,078,000	)			11,385,000
SECURED LONG-TERM DEBT—Less current portion			5,665,000			2,532,000			(2,532,000	)(3)			5,665,000
OTHER LIABILITIES			1,262,000			—			—				1,262,000
SECURED LONG-TERM DEBT—ACQ.			—			—			12,500,000	(4)			12,500,000
Total liabilities			15,869,000			7,053,000			7,890,000				30,812,000
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Total stockholders’ equity			32,941,000			9,050,000			(9,050,000	)(8)			32,187,000
									(504,000	)(9)
									(250,000	)(11)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity		$	48,810,000		$	16,103,000		$	(1,914,000	)		$	62,999,000

 

(1)

The adjustments for acquisition and the pro forma condensed consolidated combined columns give effect to our payment of the purchase price of approximately $20.8 million, and our payment of $4.2 million which represents the target working capital amount of $3.7 million adjusted for actual working capital amounts at June 30, 2010.

 

 

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(2)

The adjustments for acquisition and the pro forma condensed consolidated combined columns are prepared assuming that the acquisition had been completed as of June 30, 2010.

(3)

Represents the repayment of Agri-Energy’s note payable to Heartland Business Bank concurrent with the closing of the acquisition.

(4)

Assumes the incurrence of $12.5 million in long-term debt pursuant to the loan and security agreement with TriplePoint, which we entered into on August 5, 2010 in conjunction with the acquisition of Agri-Energy. This $12.5 million debt was actually incurred immediately prior to the closing of the transaction in September 2010. See Note 16 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(5)

Purchase price adjustment reflecting estimated fair value of acquired property, plant and equipment of $20,754,000. The final allocation of the purchase price will be based upon actual tangible and intangible assets acquired as well as liabilities assumed. Any change in the fair value of the net assets of Agri-Energy will change the amount of the purchase price allocable to goodwill or other intangible assets. Final purchase accounting adjustments for Agri-Energy may differ materially from the pro forma adjustments presented. Because of the preliminary nature of the purchase price allocation a change in the value assigned to the property, plant and equipment will change the amount of depreciation recorded. A $1.0 million change in the value of property, plant and equipment would result in a $100,000 change in depreciation expense.

(6)

Elimination of receivable from Aventine Renewable Energy, or ARE, which is not being acquired.

(7)

Agri-Energy transferred funds within a group of related companies (Agri-Energy Limited Partnership, Agri-Energy, LLC, CORN-er Stone Farmers’ Cooperative and CORN-er Stone Ethanol Management, Inc.) in order to finance operations. These transfers are recorded as due to related party in Agri-Energy’s combined balance sheet and are excluded from the acquisition.

(8)

Elimination of Agri-Energy’s historical stockholders’ equity accounts.

(9)

Represents transaction costs incurred after June 30, 2010. Through June 30, 2010 we had incurred $277,000 in transaction costs for a total of $781,000.

(10)

Represents CORN-er Stone Farmers’ Cooperative cash on hand at June 30, 2010. Actual cash on hand at closing was transferred to Agri-Energy, LLC immediately prior to the closing of the transaction.

(11)

Represents the final payment of $250,000 to Lighthouse Capital Partners, LLC pursuant to our repayment of $5.0 million of debt in conjunction with entering into $5.0 million of debt with TriplePoint in connection with the acquisition of Agri-Energy. See Note 16 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

 

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GEVO, INC.

UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED COMBINED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS

For the Year Ended December 31, 2009

 

Condensed consolidated combined statements of operations data:		Gevo				Agri- Energy				Adjustments for acquisition(1)				Pro forma condensed consolidated combined(1)
Revenue:
Product revenue		$	—			$	40,108,000				—			$	40,108,000
Government grant revenue			660,000				—				—				660,000
Total revenue		$	660,000			$	40,108,000				—			$	40,768,000
Operating expenses:
Cost of goods sold			—				(36,985,000	)			(675,000	)(2)			(37,660,000	)
Research and development			(10,508,000	)			—				—				(10,508,000	)
General and administrative			(8,699,000	)			(2,029,000	)			—				(10,728,000	)
(Loss) income on abandonment or disposal of assets			(22,000	)			—				—				(22,000	)
Total operating expenses			(19,229,000	)			(39,014,000	)			(675,000	)			(59,918,000	)
Loss from operations			(18,569,000	)			1,094,000				(675,000	)			(18,150,000	)
Other (expense) income:
Minnesota producer payment			—				934,000				(934,000	)(3)			—
Interest expense			(1,103,000	)			(145,000	)			(1,625,000	)(4)			(2,873,000	)
Interest and other income			277,000				70,000				—				347,000
Loss from change in fair value of warrant liabilities			(490,000	)			—				—				(490,000	)
Other expense—net			(1,316,000	)			859,000				(2,559,000	)			(3,016,000	)
Income taxes			—				—				—	(5)			—
Net (loss) income attributable to Gevo, Inc. common stockholders		$	(19,885,000	)		$	1,953,000			$	(3,234,000	)		$	(21,166,000	)
Net loss per share of common stock attributable to Gevo, Inc. stockholders, basic and diluted		$	(18.07	)										$	(19.24	)
Weighted average number of common shares used in computing net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted			1,100,294												1,100,294

 

(1)

The adjustments for acquisition and the pro forma condensed consolidated combined columns reflect the combined results of operations of the company and Agri-Energy for the year ended December 31, 2009 as if the transactions contemplated by the acquisition agreement with Agri-Energy had occurred on January 1, 2009.

(2)

Represents estimated incremental depreciation expense of $672,000 for the year ended December 31, 2009 based on our estimated fair value of acquired property, plant and equipment. Any change in fair value of acquired assets will change the estimated amount of depreciation expense. A $1.0 million change in the value of property, plant and equipment would result in a $100,000 change in annual depreciation expense based on an average estimated remaining useful life of ten years.

(3)

Agri-Energy has been receiving incentives to produce ethanol from the State of Minnesota that are reported in the historical financial statements as Minnesota producer payments, and relate to ethanol sold prior to December 31, 2008. Any producer payments received after consummation of the acquisition will remain with CORN-er Stone Farmers’ Cooperative.

(4)

Interest expense on funds borrowed for the acquisition of Agri-Energy at 13% interest, the interest payable under the agreement. See Note 16 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(5)

State income taxes projected as payable in Minnesota on Agri-Energy’s operations based on a corporate state income tax rate of 8.9%. Agri-Energy had previously been structured as pass through entities for federal and state income tax purposes. Accordingly, no income tax expense was recognized in the audited financial statements. No adjustment was made for the year ended December 31, 2009 due to the net loss reported, as adjusted, for the period.

 

 

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UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED COMBINED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS

For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2010

 

Condensed consolidated combined statements of operations data:		Gevo				Agri- Energy				Adjustments for acquisition(1)				Pro forma condensed consolidated combined(1)
Revenue:
Product revenue		$	—			$	20,017,000				—			$	20,017,000
Government grant revenue			792,000				—				—				792,000
Total revenue		$	792,000			$	20,017,000				—			$	20,809,000
Operating expenses:
Cost of goods sold							(18,909,000	)			(338,000	)(2)			(19,245,000	)
Research and development			(7,878,000	)			—				—				(7,878,000	)
General and administrative			(7,513,000	)			(565,000	)			—				(8,078,000	)
Total operating expenses			(15,391,000	)			(19,474,000	)			(338,000	)			(35,203,000	)
Income (loss) from operations			(14,599,000	)			543,000				(338,000	)			(14,394,000	)
Other (expense) income:
Minnesota producer payments			—				—				—	(3)			—
Interest expense			(669,000	)			(71,000	)			(813,000	)(4)			(1,553,000	)
Interest and other income			58,000				137,000				—				195,000
Loss from change in fair value of warrant liabilities			(1,250,000	)			—				—				(1,250,000	)
Other expense—net			(1,861,000	)			66,000				(813,000	)			(2,608,000	)
Income taxes			—				—				—	(5)			—
Net loss			(16,460,000	)			609,000				(1,151,000	)			(17,002,000	)
Deemed dividend—amortization of beneficial conversion feature on Series D-1 convertible preferred stock			(800,000	)			—				—				(800,000	)
Net loss attributable to Gevo, Inc. common stockholders		$	(17,260,000	)		$	609,000			$	(1,151,000	)		$	(17,802,000	)
Net loss per share of common stock attributable to Gevo, Inc. stockholders, basic and diluted		$	(15.18	)										$	(15.65	)
Weighted average number of common shares used in computing net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted			1,137,241												1,137,241

 

(1)

The adjustments for acquisition and pro forma condensed consolidated combined columns reflect the combined results of operations of the company and Agri-Energy for the six months ended June 30, 2010 as if the transactions contemplated by the acquisition agreement with Agri-Energy had occurred on January 1, 2009.

(2)

Represents estimated incremental depreciation expense of $338,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2010 based on our estimated fair value of acquired property, plant and equipment. Any change in fair value of acquired assets will change the estimated amount of depreciation expense. A $1 million change in the value of property, plant and equipment would result in a $25,000 change in annual depreciation expense based on an average estimated remaining useful life of ten years.

(3)

No Minnesota producer payments were received in the six months ended June 30, 2010.

(4)

Represents interest expense on funds borrowed for the acquisition of Agri-Energy at 13% interest, the interest payable under the agreement. See Note 16 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(5)

State income taxes projected as payable in Minnesota on Agri-Energy’s operations based on a corporate state income tax rate of 8.9%. Agri-Energy had previously been structured as pass through entities for federal and state income tax purposes. Accordingly, no income tax expense was recognized in the audited financial statements. No adjustment was made for the six months ended June 30, 2010 due to the net loss reported for that period.

 

 

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Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes that appear elsewhere in this prospectus. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this prospectus, particularly in “Risk Factors.”

OVERVIEW

We are a renewable chemicals and advanced biofuels company focused on the development and commercialization of alternatives to petroleum-based products. Our initial commercialization and development efforts are focused on isobutanol, a four carbon alcohol. Without any modification, our isobutanol has applications as a specialty chemical and a fuel blendstock. The potential global market for isobutanol as a specialty chemical is approximately 1.1 BGPY, and the potential global market for isobutanol as a fuel blendstock is approximately 40 BGPY.

Our isobutanol can also be converted by our customers into a wide variety of hydrocarbons which form the basis for the production of many products, including plastics, fibers, rubber and other polymers and hydrocarbon fuels, including jet and diesel fuel. We believe that products derived from isobutanol have potential applications in approximately 40% of the global petrochemicals market, representing a potential market for isobutanol of approximately 67 BGPY, and substantially all of the global hydrocarbon fuels market, representing a potential market for isobutanol of approximately 900 BGPY. When combined with a potential aggregate specialty chemical and fuel blendstock market for isobutanol of approximately 41.1 BGPY, this represents a potential global market for isobutanol of approximately 1,008 BGPY. Furthermore, our isobutanol and its derivatives are chemically identical to petroleum-derived products, except that they contain carbon from renewable sources, which we believe will reduce market adoption barriers.

Our technology platform consists of proprietary biocatalysts and a proprietary isobutanol separation unit. Together these technologies form the Gevo Integrated Fermentation Technology^®. GIFT™ is designed to allow relatively low capital expenditure retrofits of existing ethanol facilities, enabling a rapid and cost-efficient route to isobutanol production from a variety of renewable feedstocks. Our biocatalysts are microorganisms that have been designed to metabolize sugars to produce isobutanol. By August 2009, we had improved our first-generation biocatalyst’s performance to equal or exceed our targeted levels of commercial performance, initially at our GIFT™ mini-plant and then at our 10,000 gallon per year pilot plant in Englewood, Colorado. In September 2009, we replicated this performance by successfully completing the retrofit of a 1 MGPY ethanol demonstration facility located at ICM’s St. Joseph, Missouri site.

To establish isobutanol production in a commercial industrial setting, we are now completing the development of our second-generation biocatalyst. We have transferred our proprietary isobutanol pathway to an industrially relevant yeast host and are currently optimizing the yeast’s performance to achieve our commercial performance targets. As of July 2010, our second-generation biocatalyst had achieved a fermentation time of 69 hours and achieved approximately 92% of the theoretical maximum

 

 

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yield of isobutanol from feedstock. We anticipate optimizing the pathway performance to meet 100% of our fermentation time and commercial yield performance targets in order to achieve our targeted fermentation performance criteria in time for our planned commercial launch of isobutanol production in the first half of 2012.

Using our biocatalysts, we have demonstrated that GIFT™ enables isobutanol fermentation times equal to, or less than, that achieved in the current conventional production of ethanol. Meeting the conventional ethanol fermentation time is important because it allows us to lower capital expenditures by leveraging the existing ethanol infrastructure through retrofit of ethanol plants to isobutanol production. We developed our technology platform to be compatible with the existing approximately 20 BGPY of global operating ethanol production capacity. We believe that this retrofit approach will allow us to rapidly expand our isobutanol production capacity in response to customer demand and will be attractive to current ethanol plant owners due to the opportunity to increase their operating margins through the retrofit of their existing facilities in joint venture settings.

Our strategy is to commercialize our isobutanol for use directly as a specialty chemical and value-added fuel blendstock and for conversion, into plastics, fibers, rubber, other polymers and hydrocarbon fuels. We intend to drive further adoption of our isobutanol in multiple US and international chemicals and fuels end-markets by offering a renewable product with superior properties at a competitive price. In addition, we intend to leverage existing and potential strategic partnerships with hydrocarbon companies to accelerate the use of isobutanol as a building block for drop-in hydrocarbons. This strategy will be implemented through direct supply agreements with leading chemicals and fuels companies, as well as through alliances with key technology providers.

As we add to our customer pipeline by entering into isobutanol supply agreements with customers in the refining, specialty chemicals and transportation sectors both in the US and internationally, we plan to secure access to additional and larger scale existing ethanol production facilities through direct acquisitions or joint ventures. We will then work with ICM to deploy our technology platform through retrofit of these production facilities. A commercial engineering study completed by ICM in May 2010 estimated the capital costs associated with the retrofit of a standard 50 MGPY ICM-designed corn ethanol plant to be approximately $22 to 24 million and the capital costs associated with the retrofit of a standard 100 MGPY ICM-designed corn ethanol plant to be approximately $40 to 45 million. These projected retrofit capital expenditures are substantially less than estimates for new plant construction for the production of advanced biofuels, including cellulosic ethanol. Notably, our calculations based on expected costs of retrofit, operating costs, volume of isobutanol production and price of isobutanol suggest that GIFT™ retrofits will result in an approximately two-year payback period on the capital invested in the retrofit. The ICM study also projected that each retrofit process would take approximately 14 months to complete. We believe that our exclusive alliance with ICM will enhance our ability to rapidly deploy our technology on a commercial scale at future production facilities. We plan to acquire additional production capacity to enable us to produce and sell over 500 million gallons of isobutanol in 2014.

In September 2009, Gevo, Inc. formed Gevo Development, LLC, or Gevo Development, as a 90% majority-owned subsidiary to develop isobutanol production assets using GIFT™. Gevo Development has a flexible business model and aims to secure access to existing ethanol capacity either through direct acquisition or joint venture. Gevo Development has two classes of membership interests outstanding. Since Gevo Development’s inception, Gevo, Inc. has been the sole owner of the class A interests, which comprise 90% of the outstanding equity interests of Gevo Development. In September 2010, Gevo, Inc. acquired 100% of the class B interests in Gevo Development, which comprise the remaining 10% of the

 

 

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outstanding equity interests of Gevo Development, from CDP Gevo, LLC, or CDP, a Texas limited liability company, pursuant to an equity purchase agreement. Gevo, Inc. currently owns 100% of the outstanding equity interests of Gevo Development as a wholly owned subsidiary.

At June 30, 2010, we were considered to be in the development stage as our primary activities since inception have been conducting research and development activities, establishing our facilities, recruiting personnel, business development, business and financial planning, and raising capital. Successful completion of our research and development program, obtaining adequate financing to complete our development activities, and ultimately, the attainment of profitable operations are dependent upon future events, including completion of our development activities resulting in commercial products and/or technology, achieving market acceptance and demand for our products and services, and attracting and retaining qualified personnel.

Series D-1 preferred stock issuance

Between March and May 2010, we issued 1,843,675 shares of Series D-1 preferred stock at a price of $17.12 per share for gross cash proceeds of approximately $31,564,000 and issued 58,412 shares of Series D-1 preferred stock at $17.12 per share in exchange for $1,000,000 of future services to be provided by ICM. The 58,412 shares issued to ICM in exchange for the credit against future services are fully vested, non-forfeitable and non-cancellable. In addition, ICM must pay a penalty of $250,000 if future services are not provided according to the terms of the agreement. In aggregate, we issued a total of 1,902,087 shares of Series D-1 preferred stock at $17.12 per share for $32,564,000.

Agri-Energy Acquisition

In August 2010, we entered into an acquisition agreement with Agri-Energy. In September 2010, we closed the transactions contemplated by the acquisition agreement, and acquired a 22 MGPY ethanol production facility in Luverne, Minnesota that we intend to retrofit to produce isobutanol. We paid a purchase price of approximately $20.7 million. In addition, we acquired and paid for $4.3 million in estimated working capital. We paid the aggregate purchase price with available cash reserves and by borrowing $12.5 million under our loan and security agreement with TriplePoint (as described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Secured long-term debt”). We anticipate beginning our retrofit of the Luverne facility in the fourth quarter of 2010. The Luverne facility is a traditional dry-mill facility, which means that it uses dry-milled corn as a feedstock. Based on ICM’s initial evaluation of the Luverne facility, we project capital costs of approximately $17 million to retrofit this plant to produce isobutanol. We expect to incur additional costs of approximately $5 million related to the retrofit that are unique to the Luverne facility, including costs associated with the construction of a seed train and equipment and storage tanks that are designed to allow switching between isobutanol and ethanol production, bringing the total projected cost to approximately $22 million. We expect to begin commercial production of isobutanol at the Luverne facility in the first half of 2012, and we plan to expand our production capacity beyond this facility to produce and sell over 500 million gallons of isobutanol in 2014.

We will record revenue from the sale of the ethanol, distiller’s dried grains and other related products produced as part of the ethanol production process during the period of the retrofit of the Agri-Energy facility to isobutanol production. Continued ethanol production during the retrofit will allow us to retain local staff for the future operation of the plant, maintain the equipment and generate cash flow. As the production of ethanol is not our intended business, we intend to continue reporting our operating results as a development stage company during the retrofit process and only intend to report revenue from the production of ethanol on an interim basis until we begin to generate revenue from sales of isobutanol.

 

 

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Accordingly, the historical operating results of Agri-Energy and the operating results reported during the retrofit to isobutanol production will not be indicative of future operating results for Agri-Energy once isobutanol production commences.

Ethanol plant operations are highly dependent on commodity prices, especially prices for corn, ethanol, distiller’s dried grains and natural gas. Because the market prices of these commodities are not always correlated, at times ethanol production may be unprofitable. As commodity price volatility poses a significant threat to our margin structure, we are developing and will implement a risk management strategy focused on securing favorable operating margins. We will monitor market prices of corn, natural gas and other input costs relative to the prices for ethanol and distiller’s dried grains at Luverne, Minnesota, the location of Agri-Energy. We will seek to create offsetting positions by using a combination of derivative instruments, fixed-price purchases and sales contracts or a combination of strategies within strict limits. Our primary focus will not be to manage general price movements, such as seeking to minimize the cost of corn consumed, but rather to lock in favorable profit margins whenever possible. By using a variety of risk management tools and hedging strategies we believe we will be able to maintain a disciplined approach to risk.

Agri-Energy Comparison of years ended December 31, 2008 and 2009

During the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2009, Agri-Energy reported total revenues of $50,906,000 and $40,108,000, respectively. Revenues included ethanol, E-85, distiller’s dried grains, or DDGS, and other related products. The higher revenue reported for the year ended December 31, 2008 compared to the year ended December 31, 2009 was driven by higher ethanol, E-85 and DDGS sales. Ethanol sales included in revenue were $40,706,000 of total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2008 compared to $32,918,000 for the year ended December 31, 2009 primarily reflecting a higher selling price per gallon of approximately 15% during fiscal year 2008 combined with approximately 5% more total gallons sold. DDGS revenue for the year ended December 31, 2008 was $7,756,000 compared to $6,527,000 for the year ended December 31, 2009, primarily reflecting the higher average cost per bushel of corn in 2008. The cost to acquire corn is a significant factor in establishing the selling price of DDGS. In addition, E-85 sales were $2,338,000 in the year 2008 compared to $556,000 in the year 2009 due to the termination of a distribution arrangement for that product.

Agri-Energy reported a gross loss of $10,460,000 for the year ended December 31, 2008 compared to a gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2009 of $3,123,000. The improved gross margin in 2009 was driven by the decrease of approximately 40% per bushel in the average cost to acquire corn compared to the year 2008. Corn is the most significant cost component in the production of ethanol and DDGS. Additional cost savings were achieved as a result of a significant decrease in the cost of natural gas, also a significant cost component in the production of ethanol and DDGS, which was significantly lower in the year 2009 compared to the year 2008.

Selling, general and administrative expenses in fiscal year 2008 were $1,181,000 compared to $2,029,000 for the year 2009. The higher selling, general and administrative expenses in the year 2009 resulted from Agri-Energy’s write-off of a receivable from Aventine Renewable Energy (ARE) in the amount of $1,006,000. ARE, the previous ethanol marketing firm for Agri-Energy, declared bankruptcy. Prior to the bankruptcy, Agri-Energy had filed suit against ARE for failure to pay for ethanol shipped to ARE in February 2009. The reserved account receivable from ARE of $1,440,000, which represents ethanol shipped to ARE in February 2009, remains in question as bankruptcy proceedings have commenced and the lawsuit has been placed on hold by the court. The unreserved balance receivable from ARE reflects management’s estimate of the amount that could be collected from third parties that are interested in acquiring the Company’s receivable from ARE

 

 

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based on written offers or the amount that would be collected through the bankruptcy proceedings. The claims related to the ARE receivable were excluded from Gevo Development’s acquisition of Agri-Energy and remain the property of CORN-er Stone Farmers’ Cooperative.

Other income, net of interest expense, was $2,275,000 for the year ended December 31, 2008 compared to $859,000 for the year ended December 31, 2009. Other income, net for each of these years, includes an incentive payment from the State of Minnesota based on the number of gallons of ethanol produced during the first ten years of Agri-Energy’s operation. Although the required time-frame for operation has been completed, the State of Minnesota continues to make payments due to prior year underfunding. The State of Minnesota will annually make payments if and when funds are made available. Agri-Energy recognized income from these payments as they were received. Incentive income of $2,085,000 and $934,000 was recorded under this program for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2009, respectively. No incentive income was recorded for the six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2010 (unaudited), respectively. The claims related to these producer payments were excluded from Gevo Development’s acquisition of Agri-Energy and remain the property of CORN-er Stone Farmers’ Cooperative.

After accounting for the items described above Agri-Energy reported a net loss of $9,366,000 for the year ended December 31, 2008 compared to net income of $1,953,000 for the year ended December 31, 2009.

Agri- Energy Comparison of six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2010

During the six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2010, Agri-Energy reported total revenues of $17,905,000 and $20,017,000 respectively. Revenues included ethanol, E-85, DDGS, and other related products. The lower revenue reported for the six months ended June 30, 2009 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2010 resulted primarily from lower ethanol and DDGS sales. Ethanol sales included in revenue were $14,008,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2009 compared to $16,882,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2010, primarily reflecting an approximately 9% lower average selling price per gallon of ethanol during the six months ended June 30, 2009 year combined with approximately 10% fewer gallons sold. DDGS sales for the six months ended June 30, 2009 were $3,601,000 compared to $2,883,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2010.

Agri-Energy reported a gross loss of $1,349,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2009 compared to a gross margin of $1,108,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2010. The increased gross margin in the 2010 period was driven by a decrease of approximately 13% per bushel in the average cost to acquire corn compared to the 2009 period. Corn is the most significant cost component in the production of ethanol and DDGS.

Selling, general and administrative expenses in the six months ended June 30, 2009 were $1,482,000 compared to $565,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2010. The higher selling, general and administrative expenses in the six months ended June 30, 2009 result from Agri-Energy’s write-off of a receivable from ARE in the amount of $1,006,000 following ARE declaring bankruptcy.

Other expense, including interest expense, was $27,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2009 compared to other income, net of interest expense, of $66,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2010.

After accounting for the items described above Agri-Energy reported a net loss of $2,858,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2009 compared to net income of $609,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2010.

 

 

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The combined financial statements of Agri-Energy were prepared in connection with the acquisition of Agri-Energy by Gevo Development, a subsidiary of Gevo, Inc. The combined financial statements and related notes present the financial position, results of operations and cash flows and changes in net parent investment of Agri-Energy, LLC and certain assets and liabilities of Agri-Energy Limited Partnership. Agri-Energy, LLC is a wholly owned subsidiary of CORN-er Stone Farmers’ Cooperative, or Cooperative, which is a cooperative association. Agri-Energy Limited Partnership is a limited partnership. The .01% general partnership interest of Agri-Energy Limited Partnership is held by CORN-er Stone Ethanol Management, Inc. which is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Cooperative. The 99.99% limited partnership interest of Agri-Energy Limited Partnership is under common ownership with the Cooperative. The assets, liabilities and operations of Agri-Energy Limited Partnership, which were not acquired by Gevo Development and are not included in these combined financial statements, include equity method investments held by Agri-Energy Limited Partnership, a note receivable arising from the sale of equity method investments and debt and related accounts used to finance the purchase of equity method investments. These investments were not managed or operated by Cooperative or Agri-Energy Limited Partnership management. Accordingly, changes in net parent investment represent net investments reported in the acquired entity to support acquired operations. Amounts recorded for services rendered by other entities owned by the Cooperative are recorded as due to related party in Agri-Energy’s combined financial statements.

REVENUES AND OPERATING EXPENSES

Revenues

Our revenues are comprised of government research grants and cooperative agreements. Revenues under these research grants and cooperative agreements are recognized in the period during which the related costs are incurred, provided that the conditions under the awards have been met and only perfunctory obligations are outstanding.

We will record revenue from the sale of the ethanol, distiller’s dried grains and other products produced as part of the ethanol production process during the period of the retrofit of the Agri-Energy facility to isobutanol production. Revenue from the production of ethanol, isobutanol and related products is recorded when all of the following criteria are satisfied: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, risk of loss and title transfer to the customer, the price is fixed and determinable and collectability of the revenue is reasonably assured. Ethanol and related products are generally shipped free on board shipping point.

Research and development

Our research and development costs consist of expenses incurred to identify, develop and test our technologies for the production of isobutanol and the development of downstream applications thereof. Research and development expense includes personnel costs (including stock-based compensation), consultants and related contract research, facility costs, supplies, depreciation and amortization expense on property and equipment used in product development, license fees paid to third parties for use of their intellectual property and patent rights, and other overhead expenses incurred to support our research and development programs. Upfront fees and milestone payments made under licensing agreements, payments for sponsored research and university research gifts to support research at academic institutions are recorded as research and development expense.

 

 

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General and administrative

General and administrative expense consists of personnel costs (including stock-based compensation), hiring and training costs, consulting and service provider expenses (including patent counsel related costs), marketing costs, corporate insurance costs, occupancy-related costs, depreciation and amortization expenses on property and equipment not used in our product development programs, and travel and relocation expenses. After completion of this offering, we anticipate incurring a significant increase in general and administrative expense as we incur additional compliance costs as a public company. These increases will likely include increased costs for insurance, costs related to the hiring of additional personnel and payment to outside consultants, lawyers and accountants. We also expect to incur significant costs to comply with the corporate governance, internal controls and similar requirements applicable to public companies.

We will record general and administrative expenses for the operations of the Luverne facility that will include administrative and oversight, labor, insurance, property taxes and other operating expenses.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the US and include our accounts and the accounts of our wholly owned subsidiary, Gevo Development. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the applicable periods. Management bases its estimates, assumptions and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Different assumptions and judgments would change the estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, which, in turn, could change the results from those reported. Our management evaluates its estimates, assumptions and judgments on an ongoing basis.

While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in this prospectus, we believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical to aid you in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results and reflect the more significant judgments and estimates that we use in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Stock-based compensation

Effective January 1, 2006, we adopted the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. Prior to January 1, 2006 we did not grant any share based awards. Compensation costs related to all equity instruments granted after January 1, 2006 are recognized at the grant-date fair value of the awards. We estimate the fair value of our share-based payment awards on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and recognize the expense over the requisite service period of the awards on a straight-line basis.

We have accounted for stock options issued to nonemployees based on their estimated fair value determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing method. The fair value of the options granted to nonemployees is re-measured as the services are performed and the options vest, and the resulting increase in value, if any, is recognized as expense during the period the related services are rendered.

 

 

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The following table summarizes the stock options granted from January 1, 2008 through June 30, 2010 with their exercise prices, the fair value of the underlying common stock and the intrinsic value per share, if any:

 

Date of issuance		Number of options		Exercise price per share			Fair value			Intrinsic value
January 7, 2008 to February 25, 2008		64,500		$	0.49		$	0.49		—
June 12, 2008 to December 4, 2008		803,459			1.16			1.16		—
November 16, 2009 to December 1, 2009		863,720			2.70			2.70		—
June 3, 2010 to June 8, 2010		357,104		$	10.07		$	10.07		—
June 24, 2010		24,826		$	10.07		$	10.07		—

Significant factors, assumptions and methodologies used in determining fair value

We have estimated the fair value of our stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option-pricing method. We calculate the estimated volatility rate based on selected comparable public companies, due to a lack of historical information regarding the volatility of our stock price. We will continue to analyze the historical stock price volatility assumption as more historical data for our common stock becomes available. Due to our limited history of grant activity, we calculate the expected life of options granted using the “simplified method” permitted by the SEC as the arithmetic average of the total contractual term of the option and its vesting period. The risk-free interest rate assumption was based on the US Treasury yield curve in effect during the year of grant for instruments with a term similar to the expected life of the related option. No dividends are expected to be paid. Forfeitures have been estimated by us based upon our historical and expected forfeiture experience.

The fair value of stock options granted in the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2009, and for the six months ended June 30, 2010, were estimated using the following assumptions:

 

		Options granted in year 2008		Options granted in year 2009		Options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2010
Risk-free interest rate		1.92%–4.43%		2.15%–2.55%		1.93%–2.53%
Expected dividend yield		None		None		None
Expected volatility factor		70%–75%		76%–80%		76%–80%
Expected option life (in years)		4.87–6.08		5.08–6.07		5.00–6.08
Expected forfeitures		0%–5%		0%–5%		0%–5%

We recognized a total of $207,000 in stock-based compensation expense during 2008, of which $140,000 was attributable to employee stock options and $67,000 was attributable to nonemployee stock options and restricted stock. Of these amounts, $101,000 was recorded as general and administrative expense while $106,000 was recorded as a research and development expense. We recognized a total of $945,000 in stock-based compensation expense during 2009, of which $797,000 was attributable to employee stock options and $148,000 was attributable to nonemployee stock options and restricted stock. Of these amounts, $671,000 was recorded as general and administrative expense while $274,000 was recorded as a research and development expense. In the six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2010, we recognized a total of $159,000 and $1,891,000 in stock-based compensation expense, respectively, of which $98,000 and $1,744,000, respectively, was attributable to employee stock options and $61,000 and $147,000, respectively, was attributable to nonemployee stock options and

 

 

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restricted stock. Of this total amount for the six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2010, $89,000 and $1,531,000, respectively, was recorded as a general and administrative expense, while $70,000 and $360,000, respectively, was recorded as a research and development expense. Generally our stock options vest over four years. Historically, many of our stock option grants have contained a provision providing for vesting from the grantee’s date of hire. During the fourth quarter of 2009, we granted options to purchase 863,720 shares of common stock at a price of $2.70 per share. During the second quarter of 2010, we granted options to purchase 381,930 shares of common stock at a price of $10.07 per share. Because vesting for many of these grants commenced from the grantee’s date of hire, most of these grants were partially vested on the grant date resulting in a charge of approximately $558,000 and $1,198,000 in the fourth quarter of 2009 and the second quarter of 2010, respectively, for the portion of the grants that was vested as of the grant date.

Common stock valuations

In the absence of a public trading market, we determined a reasonable estimate of the then current fair value of our common stock for purposes of granting stock based compensation based on multiple criteria. We determined the fair value of our common stock utilizing methodologies, approaches, and assumptions consistent with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Practice Aid, “Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation” (AICPA Practice Aid). In addition, we exercised judgment in evaluating and assessing the foregoing based on several factors including:

 

Ø

the nature and history of our business;

 

Ø

our historical operating and financial results;

 

Ø

the market value of companies that are engaged in a similar business to ours;

 

Ø

the lack of marketability of our common stock;

 

Ø

the price at which shares of our preferred stock have been sold;

 

Ø

the liquidation preference and other rights, privileges and preferences associated with our preferred stock;

 

Ø

our progress in developing our isobutanol production technology;

 

Ø

our progress towards achieving commercial performance targets for our bacteria and yeast based biocatalysts;

 

Ø

our progress towards producing isobutanol at the one million gallon per year development plant scale;

 

Ø

the risks associated with transferring our isobutanol production technology to full commercial scale settings;

 

Ø

the overall inherent risks associated with our business at the time stock option grants were approved; and

 

Ø

the overall equity market conditions and general economic trends.

We considered the factors outlined above, as well as the results of independent outside valuations performed as of the dates listed in the table below, in determining the underlying fair value of our common stock at September 30, 2007 after the completion of our Series B preferred stock financing, at March 13, 2008 after completion of our Series C preferred stock financing, at August 31, 2009 after completion of our Series D preferred stock financing, and at March 31, 2010 after completion of our

 

 

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initial closing of the Series D-1 preferred stock financing. We used an option-pricing method, as well as other factors outlined above, to estimate the fair value of our common stock as follows:

 

Valuation date		Fair value per share
September 30, 2007		$	0.49
March 13, 2008			1.16
August 31, 2009			2.70
March 31, 2010			10.07

In November 2007, we completed a valuation to estimate the fair market value of a share of our common stock as of September 30, 2007 using the option-pricing method. To determine our estimated enterprise value, we applied an asset-based approach and a market-based approach based on the investment in our preferred stock by venture capital firms, including the issuance of 1,027,397 shares of Series B preferred stock at a price of $2.92 per share in July 2007. We used the option-pricing method to allocate the estimated enterprise value between common and preferred stockholders. We used a volatility of 70.3% based upon two years of data from a set of comparable public company stocks. Applying an appropriate risk free interest rate of 4.21% and a 50% discount for the lack of marketability of our common stock, we estimated a fair market value at September 30, 2007 of $0.49 per common share. We used this fair market value per common share for stock options granted through February 25, 2008.

In April 2008, we completed a valuation to estimate the fair market value of a share of our common stock as of March 13, 2008 using the option-pricing method. To determine our estimated enterprise value, we applied a market-based approach based on the investment in our preferred stock by venture capital firms, including the issuance of 3,102,190 shares of Series C preferred stock at a price of $5.48 per share in March 2008. We used the option-pricing method to allocate the estimated enterprise value between common and preferred stockholders. We used a volatility of 83.7% based upon three years of data from a set of comparable public company stocks. Applying an appropriate risk free interest rate of 1.84% and a 49% adjustment for the lack of marketability of our common stock, we estimated a fair market value at March 13, 2008 of $1.16 per common share. We used this fair market value per common share for options granted between June 12, 2008 and December 4, 2008.

In September 2009, we completed a valuation to estimate the fair market value of a share of our common stock as of August 31, 2009 using the option-pricing method. To determine our estimated enterprise value, we applied a market-based approach based on the investment in our preferred stock by venture capital firms and strategic investors, including the issuance of 4,616,483 shares of Series D preferred stock at a price of $7.04 per share between April and August 2009. We used the option-pricing method to allocate the estimated enterprise value between common and preferred stockholders. We used a volatility of 83.63% based upon two years of data from a set of comparable public company stocks. Applying an appropriate risk free interest rate of 0.97% and a 40% discount for the lack of marketability of our common stock, we estimated a fair market value at August 31, 2009 of $2.70 per common share. We used this fair market value per common share for options granted between November 16, 2009 and December 1, 2009.

In May 2010, we completed a valuation to estimate the fair market value of a share of our common stock as of March 31, 2010 using the option-pricing method. We first estimated our enterprise value and then allocated this value to the underlying classes of equity using the option-pricing method as outlined in the AICPA Practice Aid. In estimating the enterprise value, we used a scenario analysis incorporating probabilities of future events for existing shareholders of an initial public offering (IPO), merger / acquisition (M&A), or an orderly liquidation to calculate an overall estimated enterprise value of the company. To calculate the enterprise value in the IPO and M&A scenarios, we used an income approach

 

 

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which incorporated a discounted cash flow valuation. This approach requires a projection of the cash flows that the business expects to generate over a forecast period and an estimate of the present value of cash flows beyond that period, which is referred to as terminal value. These cash flows are converted to present value by means of discounting, using a rate of return that accounts for the time value of money and the appropriate degree of risks inherent in the business. The orderly liquidation scenario considered the total preferences of the preferred shareholders assuming no further rounds of financing after Series D-1. To allocate the enterprise value to the underlying classes of equity, we used the option-pricing method. Within the allocation model, we estimated a time until liquidity event of six months, a risk-free discount rate of 0.24% and a volatility input of 59.79% based upon 6 months of data from a set of comparable public company stocks. We estimated a fair market value at March 31, 2010 of $10.07 per common share.

No single event caused the valuation of our common stock to increase from January 2008 to June 2010; rather, it was a combination of the following factors that led to the changes in the fair value of the underlying common stock:

 

Ø

We completed our Series C financing in March 2008. The value of the company negotiated during this financing, led by two new investors, took into account our license agreement signed with UCLA during the fall of 2007.

 

Ø

We completed our Series D financing between April and August 2009. The value of the company negotiated during this financing, led by a new investor, took into account the operation of our pilot plant located at our facility in Colorado during 2008, our partnership with ICM that was entered into in 2008, improvements in our first-generation biocatalyst, and construction of our demonstration plant in St. Joseph, Missouri.

 

Ø

We completed our Series D-1 financing between March and May 2010. The value of the company negotiated during this financing took into account several recent developments including commissioning our demonstration plant in St. Joseph, Missouri during September 2009, the establishment of Gevo Development in September 2009 in order to focus on accessing, financing and developing ethanol facilities for future retrofit to isobutanol production, significant improvements in the isobutanol yield of our second-generation biocatalyst in late December 2009 through May 2010 and our entering into a number of letters of interest with potential future customers in the period from January 2010 to May 2010.

 

Ø

There is inherent uncertainty in these estimates and if we had made different assumptions than those described above, the amount of our stock-based compensation expense, net loss and net loss per share amounts could have been significantly different.

Estimation of fair value of warrants to purchase preferred stock

Effective January 1, 2009 upon the adoption of FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, all warrants issued by us that are exercisable into preferred stock are accounted for as derivatives and recognized in the consolidated balance sheets as fair value of warrant liabilities at their estimated fair value. As such, effective January 1, 2009, we reclassified the fair value of these preferred stock warrants from equity to liability status as if these warrants were recorded as a derivative liability since their dates of issuance. We determined that this treatment was appropriate because the preferred stock underlying the warrants has down-round protection. As a result of this change in accounting principle, on January 1, 2009, we recorded these liabilities at their fair value of $289,000.

As of December 31, 2009 and June 30, 2010, the fair value of preferred stock warrants was estimated to be $982,000 and $2,232,000, respectively, using an option-pricing model. We recorded a $490,000

 

 

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non-cash charge related to the change in fair value of preferred stock warrants for the year ended December 31, 2009, and $443,000 and $1,250,000, for the six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2010, respectively. These warrant liabilities are marked to fair value from January 1, 2009 resulting in the recognition of gain or loss in our consolidated statements of operations as gain or loss from change in fair value of warrant liabilities from that date.

Preferred stock warrants were initially issued by us in connection with the issuance of secured long-term debt and convertible promissory notes. The warrants were not issued with the intent of effectively hedging any exposures to cash flow, market or foreign currency risks. The warrants do not qualify for hedge accounting, and as such, all future changes in the fair value of these warrants will be recognized currently in earnings until such time as the warrants are exercised, expire or are converted to common stock warrants. The warrants do not trade in an active market, and as such, we estimated the fair value of these warrants using an option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

 

		January 1, 2009			December 31, 2009			June 30, 2010
Risk-free interest rate		1.00	%		1.14	%		0.19	%
Expected volatility factor		67.50	%		91.60	%		61.59	%
Expected time to a liquidity event (in years)		3			2			0.33

During the year ended December 31, 2009, we granted an additional warrant to Lighthouse to acquire 55,000 shares of our Series D preferred stock with an exercise price of $7.04, and an additional warrant to acquire 416 shares of our Series C preferred stock with an exercise price of $5.48. No additional preferred stock warrants were granted during the six months ended June 30, 2010. Due to the nature of these derivative instruments, the instruments contain no credit-risk-related contingent features.

To value our preferred stock warrants as of June 30, 2010, we first estimated our enterprise value and then allocated this value to the underlying classes of equity using the option-pricing method as outlined in the AICPA Practice Aid. In estimating the enterprise value, we used a scenario analysis incorporating probabilities of future events for existing shareholders of an IPO, M&A transaction, or liquidation to calculate an overall estimated enterprise value of the company using the option-pricing method. To calculate the enterprise value in the IPO and M&A scenarios, we used an income approach which incorporated a discounted cash flow valuation. This approach requires a projection of the cash flows that the business expects to generate over a forecasted period and an estimate of the present value of cash flows beyond that period, which is referred to as terminal value. These cash flows are converted to present value by means of discounting, using a rate of return that accounts for the time value of money and the appropriate degree of risks inherent in the business. The orderly liquidation scenario considered the total preferences of the preferred stockholders assuming no further rounds of financing after Series D-1. To allocate the enterprise value to the underlying classes of equity, we used the option-pricing method. Within the allocation model, we estimated a time until liquidity event of four months, a risk-free discount rate of 0.19% and a volatility input of 61.59% based upon four months of data from a set of comparable public company stocks.

There is inherent uncertainty in these estimates and if we had made different assumptions than those described above, the amount of our loss on change in fair value of preferred stock warrants, net loss and net loss per share amounts could have been significantly different.

 

 

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The table below summarizes the preferred stock warrants that were issued by us and recorded as a liability as of January 1, 2009, December 31, 2009 and June 30, 2010.

 

Type of preferred stock warrants		Year(s) of issuance		Number of warrant shares		Exercise price			Grant date original value assigned			Fair value at January 1, 2009			Fair value at December 31, 2009			Fair value at June 30, 2010
SeriesA-3 preferred stock warrant		2006, 2007		15,000		$	1.75		$	18,000		$	30,000		$	68,000		$	126,000
SeriesA-4 preferred stock warrant		2007, 2008		15,021			2.33			27,000			27,000			65,000			118,000
Series C preferred stock warrant		2008, 2009		221,088			5.48			830,000			232,000			697,000			1,117,000
Series D preferred stock warrant		2009		55,000			7.04			202,000			—			152,000			318,000
				306,109					$	1,077,000		$	289,000		$	982,000			2,232,000

Upon the closing of this initial public offering and the conversion of the underlying preferred stock to common stock, all outstanding warrants to purchase shares of preferred stock will convert into warrants to purchase shares of our common stock. The then-current aggregate fair value of these warrants will be reclassified from liabilities to additional paid-in capital, a component of stockholders’ equity, and we will cease to record any related periodic fair value adjustments.

Beneficial conversion feature of Series D-1 preferred stock financing

Each share of Series D-1 preferred stock is convertible into the number of shares of common stock determined by dividing the original issue price of the Series D-1 of $17.12, as adjusted, by the conversion price of the Series D-1 in effect at the time of conversion. The initial conversion price for the Series D-1 is $17.12, resulting in an initial conversion ratio that is one share of Series D-1 preferred stock for one share of common stock. In addition to the conversion price adjustments that are applicable to the other series of preferred stock, including, but not limited to, adjustments in connection with stock splits and dilutive events, the conversion price of the Series D-1 adjusts upon the closing of an initial public offering (the offering) or a qualified financing. A qualified financing is defined as the first issuance of common stock or a new series of convertible preferred stock by us following the final closing of the Series D-1 financing. If the offering or qualified financing closes on or prior to December 31, 2010, the conversion price of the Series D-1 is adjusted to an amount equal to 75% of the offering price per share or price per share paid by investors in a qualified financing. If the offering or qualified financing closes between January 1, 2011 and September 30, 2011, the conversion price of the Series D-1 is adjusted to an amount equal to 60% of the offering price per share or price per share paid by investors in a qualified financing. If an initial public offering or qualified financing does not occur by September 30, 2011, then the conversion ratio adjusts such that each share of Series D-1 preferred stock is convertible into two shares of common stock. If a merger or asset sale occurs, as defined in the amended and restated certificate of incorporation, on or prior to September 30, 2011, then the conversion ratio adjusts so that each share of Series D-1 preferred stock is convertible into one and one-half shares of common stock.

Because the conversion ratio adjustments described above are unique to the Series D-1 preferred, the Series D-1 preferred is considered to have a beneficial conversion feature. In order to calculate the value of this beneficial conversion feature, we compared the Series D-1 preferred issuance price of $17.12 to the estimated fair value of two shares of common stock of $20.14, as of the original issue dates of the Series D-1 preferred (representing the conversion rate of the Series D-1 preferred if an initial public

 

 

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offering or qualified financing does not occur by September 30, 2011). On the basis of this comparison, the company has recorded an amount representing the intrinsic value of the beneficial conversion feature of $3.02 per share, or the difference between $20.14 and $17.12. As the company issued a total of 1,902,087 shares of Series D-1 preferred between March and May 2010, it recorded the beneficial conversion feature at its aggregate intrinsic value of approximately $5,744,000 (1,902,087 shares multiplied by $3.02 per share) as a discount on the Series D-1 preferred with a corresponding credit to additional paid-in-capital. Unless the Series D-1 preferred stock is converted into common stock prior to September 30, 2011, the discount will be amortized to retained earnings and additional paid-in-capital during the period from March 26, 2010 to September 30, 2011. In the event an initial public offering, qualified financing, or merger or asset sale closes on or prior to September 30, 2011, the beneficial conversion feature will be recalculated using the adjusted conversion ratio applied against the original commitment-date estimated fair value of the underlying common stock. If the amortized amount of the beneficial conversion feature resulting from the initial measurement of the intrinsic value before the event exceeds the re-measured intrinsic value, the excess amortization charge will not be reversed and any unamortized discount will be reversed.

Upon the closing of this offering, the Series D-1 preferred stock will convert to common stock. The ratio of the conversion of Series D-1 preferred stock to common stock will be determined by the final offering price.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

In accordance with FASB ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, we assess impairment of long-lived assets, which include property and equipment, for recoverability when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. Circumstances which could trigger a review include, but are not limited to, significant decreases in the market price of the asset; significant adverse changes in the business climate, legal or regulatory factors; accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of the asset; current period cash flow or operating losses combined with a history of losses or a forecast of continuing losses associated with the use of the asset; or expectations that the asset will more likely than not be sold or disposed of significantly before the end of its estimated useful life.

Our long-lived assets consist primarily of property and equipment used in our research and development efforts. Given our current period cash flow combined with a history of operating losses, we evaluated the recoverability of the book value of our property, plant and equipment. We performed an undiscounted cash flow analysis, the results of which indicate that the sum of the undiscounted cash flows is substantially in excess of the book value of the property, plant and equipment. Accordingly, no impairment charges have been recorded during the period from June 9, 2005 (date of inception) through June 30, 2010.

We have not yet generated positive cash flows from operations on a sustained basis, and such cash flows may not materialize for a significant period in the future, if ever. Additionally, we may make changes to our business plan that will result in changes to the expected cash flows from long-lived assets. As a result, it is possible that future evaluations of long-lived assets may result in impairment.

We make estimates and judgments about future undiscounted cash flows. Although our cash flow forecasts are based on assumptions that are consistent with our plans, there is significant exercise of judgment involved in determining the cash flow attributable to a long-lived asset over its estimated remaining useful life. As a result, the carrying amounts of our long-lived assets could be reduced through impairment charges in the future.

 

 

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table sets forth our consolidated results of operations for the periods shown:

 

		Year ended December 31,												Six months ended June 30,
Consolidated statements of operations data:		2007				2008				2009				2009				2010
Revenue		$	275,000			$	208,000			$	660,000			$	347,000			$	792,000
Operating expenses:
Research and development			(3,699,000	)			(7,376,000	)			(10,508,000	)			(3,885,000	)			(7,878,000	)
General and administrative			(2,601,000	)			(6,065,000	)			(8,699,000	)			(3,153,000	)			(7,513,000	)
Lease termination costs			(894,000	)			—				—				—				—
Loss on abandonment or disposal of assets			(243,000	)			(78,000	)			(22,000	)			(10,000	)			—
Total operating expenses			(7,437,000	)			(13,519,000	)			(19,229,000	)			(7,048,000	)			(15,391,000	)
Loss from operations			(7,162,000	)			(13,311,000	)			(18,569,000	)			(6,701,000	)			(14,599,000	)
Other (expense) income:
Interest expense			(140,000	)			(1,385,000	)			(1,103,000	)			(496,000	)			(669,000	)
Interest and other income			76,000				154,000				277,000				201,000				58,000
Loss from change in fair value of warrant liabilities			—				—				(490,000	)			(443,000	)			(1,250,000	)
Other expense—net			(64,000	)			(1,231,000	)			(1,316,000	)			(738,000	)			(1,861,000	)
Net loss			(7,226,000	)			(14,542,000	)			(19,885,000	)			(7,439,000	)			(16,460,000	)
Deemed dividend—amortization of beneficial conversion feature on Series D-1 convertible preferred stock			—				—				—				—				(800,000	)
Net loss attributable to Gevo, Inc. common stockholders		$	(7,226,000	)		$	(14,542,000	)		$	(19,885,000	)		$	(7,439,000	)		$	(17,260,000	)

Comparison of six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2010

The following table shows the amounts of the listed items from our consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented, showing period-over-period changes:

 

		Six months ended June 30,								$ Increase (decrease)				% Change
		2009				2010
Revenue		$	347,000			$	792,000			$	445,000			128	%
Operating expenses:
Research and development			(3,885,000	)			(7,878,000	)			3,993,000			103	%
General and administrative			(3,153,000	)			(7,513,000	)			4,360,000			138	%
Loss on abandonment or disposal of assets			(10,000	)			—				(10,000	)		-100	%
Total operating expenses			(7,048,000	)			(15,391,000	)			8,343,000			118	%
Loss from operations			(6,701,000	)			(14,599,000	)			7,898,000			118	%
Other (expense) income:
Interest expense			(496,000	)			(669,000	)			173,000			35	%
Interest and other income			201,000				58,000				(143,000	)		-71	%
Loss from change in fair value of warrant liabilities			(443,000	)			(1,250,000	)			807,000			182	%
Other expense—net			(738,000	)			(1,861,000	)			1,123,000			152	%
Net loss			(7,439,000	)			(16,460,000	)			9,021,000			121	%
Deemed dividend—amortization of beneficial conversion feature on Series D-1 convertible preferred stock			—				(800,000	)			800,000			N/A
Net loss attributable to Gevo, Inc. common stockholders		$	(7,439,000	)		$	(17,260,000	)		$	9,821,000			132	%

 

 

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Revenues:    The increase in revenue of $445,000, or 128%, primarily relates to additional awards from the US Department of Agriculture and the Army Research Laboratory that commenced in the fourth quarter of 2009.

Research and Development:    The increase in research and development expense of $3,993,000, or 103%, was primarily driven by achievement of a research milestone under our licensing agreement with Cargill for which we recorded $1,578,000 in expense during the six months ended June 30, 2010, an increase in depreciation expense including depreciation of equipment at our demonstration facility of $1,016,000, the incurrence of payroll and related expenses of $374,000, and an increase of $451,000 relating to our use of consultants and for contracted research, including work under our development agreements with VIB and Cargill. Research and development expense includes stock-based compensation expense of $70,000 and $360,000 in the six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2010, respectively.

General and Administrative:    The increase in general and administrative expense of $4,360,000, or 138%, was primarily driven by an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $1,442,000, costs incurred by Gevo Development, our subsidiary formed in September 2009, of $1,466,000, the incurrence of payroll and related expenses, including relocation and recruiting related to hiring senior managers, of $442,000, patent related and general legal fees of $323,000, and use of consultants of $221,000. General and administrative expense included stock-based compensation expense of $89,000 and $1,531,000 in the six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2010, respectively.

Interest Expense:    Interest expense increased by $173,000, or 35%, due to higher interest rates on our secured long-term debt facility.

Interest and other income:    The decrease in interest and other income of $143,000, or 71%, is primarily due to $144,000 received in 2009 under a Colorado state incentive program related to local jobs creation.

Loss from change in fair value of warrant liabilities:    The increase in loss from change in fair value of warrant liabilities of $807,000, or 182%, relates to the change in the fair value of our preferred stock warrants, which are recorded as derivatives and recognized in our consolidated balance sheet as a liability.

Deemed dividend—amortization of beneficial conversion feature on Series D-1 convertible preferred stock: The increase in deemed dividend – amortization of beneficial conversion feature on Series D-1 convertible preferred stock of $800,000 relates to our issuance of Series D-1 convertible preferred stock between March and May 2010 which conversion ratio adjusts such that each share of Series D-1 preferred stock is convertible into two shares of common stock if an initial public offering or qualified financing does not occur by September 30, 2011.

 

 

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Comparison of years ended December 31, 2008 and 2009

 

		Year ended December 31, 2008				Year ended December 31, 2009				$ increase (decrease)				% Change
Revenue		$	208,000			$	660,000			$	452,000			217	%
Operating expenses:
Research and development			(7,376,000	)			(10,508,000	)			3,132,000			42	%
General and administrative			(6,065,000	)			(8,699,000	)			2,634,000			43	%
Loss on abandonment or disposal of assets			(78,000	)			(22,000	)			(56,000	)		-72	%
Total operating expenses			(13,519,000	)			(19,229,000	)			5,710,000			42	%
Loss from operations			(13,311,000	)			(18,569,000	)			5,258,000			40	%
Other (expense) income:
Interest expense			(1,385,000	)			(1,103,000	)			(282,000	)		-20	%
Interest and other income			154,000				277,000				123,000			80	%
Loss from change in fair value of warrant liabilities			0				(490,000	)			490,000			N/	A
Other expense—net			(1,231,000	)			(1,316,000	)			85,000			7	%
Net loss attributable to Gevo, Inc. common stockholders		$	(14,542,000	)		$	(19,885,000	)		$	5,343,000			37	%

Revenues:    The increase in revenue of $452,000, or 217%, is primarily related to increased activity under our ongoing awards and an additional grant from the EPA.

Research and Development:    The increase in research and development expense of $3,132,000, or 42%, was primarily due to additional resources deployed for development of our first-generation and second-generation biocatalysts and the operation of our demonstration facility in St. Joseph, Missouri. The increase included $824,000 for sponsored research under our agreements with The Regents and VIB; upfront and milestone amounts totaling $875,000 under our Cargill license agreement, and $771,000 and $529,000 of operating expenses and depreciation expense, respectively, relating to our demonstration facility in St. Joseph, Missouri. Research and development expenses included stock-based compensation expense of $106,000 and $274,000 in 2008 and 2009, respectively.

General and Administrative:    The increase in general and administrative expense of $2,634,000, or 43%, reflected hiring of additional personnel to support the growth in our business and related expenses, legal expenses to support our intellectual property positions and establishment of our activities through Gevo Development. Our personnel costs, including costs for initial hiring of executives with specialized knowledge of our industry, and expenses for stock-based compensation increased approximately $1,808,000. General and administrative expense included stock-based compensation expense of $101,000 and $671,000 in 2008 and 2009, respectively. We increased our spending on legal expenses by $145,000 as we developed our intellectual property portfolio. Gevo Development, which was established during September 2009, incurred expenses of $731,000, including initial costs related to start up activities, in 2009. Partially offsetting these increases in general and administrative expense in 2009 were costs incurred for relocation of our primary business offices and operations from Pasadena, California to Englewood, Colorado of $706,000 that we recorded in general and administrative expense in 2008.

 

 

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Loss on Abandonment or Disposal of Assets:    Loss on abandonment or disposal of assets in 2008 primarily represents abandoned assets as a result of the relocation of our primary business offices from Pasadena, California to Englewood, Colorado. Loss on abandonment or disposal of assets in 2009 represents disposal of obsolete equipment.

Interest Expense:    The net decrease in interest expense of $282,000, or 20%, is primarily due to debt discounts recorded on our convertible promissory notes that were fully amortized to interest expense in 2008, partially offset by increases in interest expense relating to our secured debt facility. Interest expense related to our Lighthouse facility was $332,000 and $1,103,000 in 2008 and 2009, respectively. The increase in interest expense related to our Lighthouse debt facility reflected a higher debt balance outstanding throughout 2009 and issuance of warrants in 2009 related to a modification of our terms with Lighthouse in July 2009. During January 2008, we issued $3,000,000 of convertible promissory notes with warrants to existing investors. Debt discounts recorded against these convertible promissory notes of approximately $1,010,000 for the fair value assigned to the warrants and a beneficial conversion feature associated with the conversion feature of the notes were fully amortized to interest expense upon the conversion of the notes to Series C preferred stock in March 2008.

Interest and other income:    Interest and other income increased by $123,000, or 80%, primarily due to $144,000 received in 2009 under a Colorado state incentive program related to local jobs creation.

Loss from change in fair value of warrant liabilities:    The increase in loss from change in fair value of warrant liabilities of $490,000 relates to our preferred stock warrants, which effective January 1, 2009, were reclassified from equity to derivative liabilities and recognized in our consolidated balance sheet as a liability.

Comparison of years ended December 31, 2007 and 2008

 

		Year ended December 31, 2007				Year ended December 31, 2008				$ increase (decrease)				% Change
Revenue		$	275,000			$	208,000			$	(67,000	)		-24	%
Operating expenses:
Research and development			(3,699,000	)			(7,376,000	)			3,677,000			99	%
General and administrative			(2,601,000	)			(6,065,000	)			3,464,000			133	%
Lease termination costs			(894,000	)			—				894,000			-100	%
Loss on abandonment or disposal of assets			(243,000	)			(78,000	)			(165,000	)		-68	%
Total operating expenses			(7,437,000	)			(13,519,000	)			6,082,000			82	%
Loss from operations			(7,162,000	)			(13,311,000	)			6,149,000			86	%
Other (expense) income:
Interest expense			(140,000	)			(1,385,000	)			1,245,000			889	%
Interest and other income			76,000				154,000				78,000			103	%
Other expense—net			(64,000	)			(1,231,000	)			1,167,000			1,823	%
Net loss attributable to Gevo, Inc. common stockholders		$	(7,226,000	)		$	(14,542,000	)		$	7,316,000			101	%

Revenues:    The decrease in revenue of $67,000, or 24%, primarily reflects completion of research services on a project funded by the US Army under which we were a sub-awardee of Caltech in 2007.

 

 

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Research and Development:    The increase in research and development expense of $3,677,000, or 99%, was primarily related to $1,894,000 of increases in personnel costs, including costs for hiring additional research and development staff, and expenses for stock-based compensation. Research and development expense included stock-based compensation expenses of $36,000 and $106,000 during 2007 and 2008, respectively. Our overall research and development expense increases reflected increased levels of activity including increased spending on research-related consultants of $395,000 and laboratory supplies and services of $312,000 in 2008. Depreciation expense on equipment used in research and development activities, including initial depreciation on our pilot plant which was commissioned in 2008, also increased by approximately $403,000.

General and Administrative:    The increase in general and administrative expense of $3,464,000, or 133%, primarily related to $1,761,000 of increases in personnel costs, including costs for initial hiring of executives with specialized knowledge of our industry and administrative staff to support growth, and expenses for stock-based compensation. General and administrative expense included stock-based compensation expenses of $19,000 and $101,000 during 2007 and 2008, respectively. In addition, during 2008 we relocated our primary business offices and operations from Pasadena, California to Englewood, Colorado and incurred $706,000 in moving and relocation costs. We also increased our spending on rent expense and travel-related expenses by approximately $337,000 and $172,000, respectively, as we expanded our operations and business.

Lease Termination Costs:    In December 2007 we terminated a facility lease in connection with the relocation of our offices from California to Colorado in exchange for specific termination payments and recorded a lease termination cost of $894,000.

Loss on Abandonment or Disposal of Assets:    Loss on abandonment or disposal of assets in 2007 and 2008 primarily represented abandoned assets as a result of the relocation of our offices in California to Englewood, Colorado.

Interest Expense:    The increase in interest expense of $1,245,000, or 889%, primarily relates to $1,010,000 of debt discounts on our convertible promissory notes that were amortized to interest expense upon conversion to Series C preferred stock in March 2008, and $192,000 increase in interest expense relating to our secured debt facility.

Interest and Other Income:    Interest and other income comprised interest earned from invested funds.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

From inception through June 30, 2010, we have funded our operations primarily through an aggregate of $89,068,000 from the sale of equity securities, $9,078,000 in borrowings under our secured debt financing arrangement and $2,035,000 from government research grants and cooperative agreements. To date, we have not generated any revenues from the sale of isobutanol.

As of June 30, 2010, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $42,119,000, including proceeds from the issuance of our Series D-1 preferred stock. Between March and May 2010, we issued 1,843,675 shares of Series D-1 preferred stock at a price of $17.12 per share for gross cash proceeds of approximately $31,564,000 and issued 58,412 shares of Series D-1 preferred stock at $17.12 per share in exchange for $1,000,000 of future services to be provided by ICM. The proceeds on the issuance of Series D-1 preferred stock were offset by issuance costs of $153,000. In addition, we have $159,000 of restricted cash in certificates of deposit. Based on our current level of operations and anticipated growth, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will provide adequate funds for ongoing operations,

 

 

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planned capital expenditures and working capital requirements for at least the next 12 months. Possible future acquisitions of or joint ventures involving ethanol plant assets for retrofit to isobutanol production will be subject to our raising additional capital through this offering or future equity or debt issuances. Successful completion of our research and development program, and ultimately, the attainment of profitable operations are dependent upon future events, including completion of our development activities resulting in commercial products and/or technology, obtaining adequate financing to complete our development activities, obtaining adequate financing to acquire access to and complete the retrofit of ethanol plants to isobutanol production, market acceptance and demand for our products and services and attracting and retaining qualified personnel.

The following table sets forth the major sources and uses of cash for each of the periods set forth below:

 

		Year ended December 31, 2007			Year ended December 31, 2008			Year ended December 31, 2009			Six months ended June 30, 2010
Net cash used in operating activities		(5,869,000	)		(11,741,000	)		(16,099,000	)		(9,350,000	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(1,559,000	)		(2,315,000	)		(2,942,000	)		(329,000	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		6,486,000			23,628,000			30,646,000			30,558,000

Operating activities

Our primary uses for cash from operating activities are personnel-related expenses and research and development-related expenses including costs incurred under development agreements, for licensing of technology and for the operation of our pilot and demonstration production facilities.

Cash used in operating activities of $9,350,000 during the six months ended June 30, 2010 reflected our net loss of $16,460,000 offset by non-cash charges totaling $4,818,000 and changes in operating assets and liabilities of $2,292,000. Non-cash charges included depreciation and amortization of $1,539,000, stock-based compensation of $1,891,000, loss from change in fair value of warrant liabilities of $1,250,000 and non-cash interest expense and amortization of debt discounts of $138,000. The net source of cash from our operating assets and liabilities of $2,292,000 primarily reflected accrued milestone payments under our Cargill license agreement that are payable in 2011 and 2012 and amounts accrued for work performed by ICM.

Cash used in operating activities of $16,099,000 in 2009 reflected our net loss of $19,885,000 offset by non-cash charges totaling $3,203,000 and changes in operating assets and liabilities of $583,000. Non-cash charges included depreciation and amortization of $1,511,000, stock-based compensation of $945,000, loss from change in fair value of warrant liabilities of $490,000 and non-cash interest expense and amortization of debt discounts of $235,000. The net source of cash from our operating assets and liabilities of $583,000 primarily reflected accrued milestone payments under our Cargill license that were payable in 2010.

Cash used in operating activities of $11,741,000 in 2008 reflected our net loss of $14,542,000 offset by non-cash charges totaling $2,065,000 and changes in operating assets and liabilities of $736,000. Non-cash charges included depreciation of $678,000, stock-based compensation of $207,000, non-cash interest expense and amortization of debt discounts of $1,102,000 and loss on abandonment or disposal of fixed assets of $78,000. The net source of cash from our operating assets and liabilities of $736,000 primarily reflected elimination of prepaid rent and recovery of deposits related to our former California offices following the relocation of our principal offices to Colorado and other changes in the ordinary course of our business.

 

 

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Cash used in operating activities of $5,869,000 in 2007 reflected our net loss of $7,226,000 offset by non-cash charges totaling $602,000 and changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $755,000. Non-cash charges included depreciation of $240,000, stock-based compensation of $55,000, loss on abandonment or disposal of fixed assets of $243,000 and non-cash interest expense and amortization of debt discounts of $54,000. The net source of cash from our operating assets and liabilities primarily reflected accrual of costs related to the relocation of our principal offices from California to Colorado.

Investing activities

Our investing activities consist primarily of capital expenditures.

During the six months ended June 30, 2010, cash used in investing activities was $329,000 for capital expenditures.

In 2009, cash used in investing activities was primarily related to $2,982,000 of capital expenditures, including $2,586,000 for construction of our demonstration facility in St. Joseph, Missouri.

In 2008, cash used in investing activities was primarily related to $2,360,000 of capital expenditures, including costs to build out our facility in Englewood, Colorado, including $710,000 for construction of our pilot plant, and $1,154,000 for laboratory related equipment used in our development programs.

In 2007, cash used in investing activities was primarily related to $1,341,000 of capital expenditures, including $837,000 for laboratory related equipment used in our development programs.

Financing activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2010, cash provided by financing activities was $30,558,000, primarily due to the net proceeds of $31,411,000 from our sale of Series D-1 preferred stock and payment of deferred offering costs relating to this offering of $869,000.

In 2009, cash provided by financing activities was $30,646,000, primarily due to net proceeds of $31,154,000 from our sale of Series D preferred stock. In addition, we repaid a net amount of $508,000 under our secured long-term debt arrangement.

In 2008, cash provided by financing activities was $23,628,000, primarily due to net proceeds of $13,747,000 from our sale of Series C preferred stock. Additionally, during 2008 we raised $3,000,000 from the sale of convertible promissory notes and warrants and borrowed a net amount of $6,875,000 under our long-term debt arrangement.

In 2007, cash provided by financing activities was $6,486,000, primarily due to net proceeds of $4,918,000 from our sales of Series A-4 preferred stock and Series B preferred stock. During 2007, we also borrowed $1,568,000 under our long-term debt arrangement.

Agri-Energy Acquisition

In August 2010, we entered into an acquisition agreement with Agri-Energy. In September 2010, we closed the transactions contemplated by the acquisition agreement and acquired a 22 MGPY ethanol production facility in Luverne, Minnesota that we intend to retrofit to produce isobutanol. We paid a purchase price of approximately $20.7 million. In addition, we acquired and paid for $4.3 million in estimated working capital. We paid the aggregate purchase price with available cash reserves and by borrowing $12.5 million under our loan and security agreement with TriplePoint (as described in

 

 

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“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Secured long-term debt”). We anticipate beginning our retrofit of the Luverne facility in the fourth quarter of 2010. Based on ICM’s initial evaluation of the Luverne facility, we project capital costs of approximately $17 million to retrofit this plant to produce isobutanol. We expect to incur additional costs of approximately $5 million related to the retrofit that are unique to the Luverne facility, including the costs associated with construction of a seed train and equipment and storage tanks that are designed to allow switching between isobutanol and ethanol production, bringing the total projected cost to approximately $22 million. While we believe we will have the ability to reverse the retrofit and switch between ethanol and isobutanol production, there is no guarantee that this will be the case and it is not our intent to do so.

We will also require additional funding to achieve our goal of producing and selling over 500 MGPY of isobutanol in 2014.

Gevo Development, LLC and CDP Gevo, LLC

In September 2010, Gevo, Inc. acquired 100% of the class B interests in Gevo Development, which comprise 10% of the outstanding equity interests of Gevo Development, from CDP pursuant to an equity purchase agreement. As a result of this acquisition, Gevo, Inc. currently owns 100% of the outstanding equity interests of Gevo Development as a wholly owned subsidiary. In exchange for the class B interests, CDP will receive aggregate consideration of up to approximately $1.143 million, (i) $500,000 of which was paid on September 22, 2010, (ii) $274,000 of which was paid upon the closing of the Agri-Energy acquisition, and (iii) the remainder of which is payable in five equal quarterly installments beginning in January 2011, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the agreement. As of September 22, 2010, each of the owners of CDP is employed by Gevo, Inc. as executive vice president of upstream business development and as a co-managing director of Gevo Development.

Secured long-term debt

On December 18, 2006, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Lighthouse. Through June 30, 2009, we had borrowed $9,078,000 and repaid principal of $1,143,000, resulting in an outstanding principal balance of $7,935,000. In August 2009, we amended the Lighthouse agreement to aggregate all outstanding loan advances totaling $7,935,000 into one promissory note that bears an interest rate of 12% per annum, requires interest only payments for the period from July 2009 through December 2010, principal plus interest repayments of equal amounts over the 18 months commencing January 1, 2011, and a final payment of $454,000 due on July 1, 2012. Under the terms of the amendment, we are prohibited from granting a security interest in our intellectual property assets to any other entity until Lighthouse is paid in full, and Lighthouse was entitled to maintain a blanket security interest in all of our assets, other than our intellectual property, until such time as we paid $5,000,000 in principal payments against the note. On August 6, 2010, we repaid $5,000,000 in outstanding principal under the note, using amounts borrowed pursuant to a loan and security agreement with TriplePoint. As a result of such payment, Lighthouse has released its blanket security interest, and retains only our negative pledge on our intellectual property and a security interest in the assets, including equipment and fixtures, financed by the proceeds of each original loan advance made under the loan agreement until such time as the loan is paid in full. The Lighthouse agreement does not contain financial ratio covenants, but does impose certain affirmative and negative covenants, which include prohibiting us from paying any dividends or distributions or creating any liens against the collateral as defined in the agreement, as amended. We cannot borrow any further amounts under our agreement with Lighthouse and are in compliance with all debt covenants.

 

 

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In August 2010, concurrently with the execution of the acquisition agreement with Agri-Energy, Gevo, Inc. entered into a loan and security agreement with TriplePoint, pursuant to which it borrowed $5,000,000. The loan and security agreement includes customary affirmative and negative covenants for agreements of this type and events of default. The aggregate amount outstanding under the loan and security agreement bears interest at a rate equal to 13%, is subject to an end-of-term payment equal to 8% of the amount borrowed and is secured by substantially all of the assets of Gevo, Inc., other than its intellectual property. Additionally, under the terms of each of (i) the loan and security agreement and (ii) Gevo, Inc.’s guarantee of Gevo Development’s and Agri-Energy’s obligations under the loan and security agreement described below, Gevo, Inc. is prohibited from granting a security interest in its intellectual property assets to any other entity until both TriplePoint loans are paid in full. The loan matures on August 31, 2014, and provides for interest only payments during the first 24 months. Gevo, Inc. used the funds from this loan to repay a portion of its existing indebtedness with Lighthouse.

In August 2010, Gevo Development also entered into a loan and security agreement with TriplePoint under which, upon the satisfaction of certain conditions, Gevo Development could borrow up to $12.5 million to finance the transactions contemplated by the acquisition agreement with Agri-Energy. In September 2010, Gevo Development borrowed the $12.5 million and closed the transactions contemplated by the acquisition agreement, at which time the loan and security agreement was amended and Agri-Energy, LLC became a borrower under the loan and security agreement. The loan and security agreement includes customary affirmative and negative covenants for agreements of this type and events of default. The aggregate amount outstanding under the loan and security agreement bears interest at a rate equal to 13% and is subject to an end-of-term payment equal to 8% of the amount borrowed. The loan is secured by the equity interests of Agri-Energy held by Gevo Development and substantially all the assets of Agri-Energy. The loan matures on September 1, 2014, and provides for interest only payments during the first 24 months. The loan is guaranteed by Gevo, Inc. pursuant to a continuing guaranty executed by Gevo, Inc. in favor of TriplePoint, which is secured by substantially all of the assets of Gevo, Inc., other than its intellectual property.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND COMMITMENTS

The following summarizes the future commitments arising from our contractual obligations at December 31, 2009:

 

		Total			2010			2011			2012			2013			2014 and Thereafter
Secured long-term debt, including current portion (before debt discounts)(1)		$	8,389,000		$	—		$	5,131,000		$	3,258,000		$	—		$	—
Cash interest payments on long-term debt(1)			1,654,000			965,000			619,000			70,000			—			—
Operating leases(2)			1,770,000			490,000			491,000			497,000			292,000			—
Management fees to CDP(3)			1,910,000			955,000			955,000			—			—			—
Total		$	13,723,000		$	2,410,000		$	7,196,000		$	3,825,000		$	292,000		$	—

 

(1)

Includes principal and final payments on our long-term debt as of December 31, 2009. In August 2010, we paid off approximately $5 million of principal on our debt with Lighthouse and borrowed $5 million from TriplePoint. In September 2010, we borrowed an additional $12.5 million from TriplePoint. For more information on these subsequent events, please see “—Secured long-term debt” above.

(2)

Our commitments for operating leases primarily relate to our leased facility in Englewood, Colorado.

(3)

Includes management fees payable to CDP under the commercialization agreement through December 31, 2011. After such date, the commercialization agreement may be terminated if certain milestones have not been met and therefore no potential contractual commitments for 2012 or thereafter are presented above. Future potential bonus payments are excluded as the related milestones have not been met as of the date set forth above. In September 2010, Gevo, Inc. purchased all of the outstanding class B interests in Gevo Development from CDP pursuant to an equity purchase agreement. In connection with this transaction, the commercialization agreement was terminated and is of no further force or effect and Gevo, Inc. is no longer obligated to pay the management fees that would otherwise have become due to CDP.

 

 

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The table above reflects only payment obligations that are fixed and determinable. The above amounts exclude potential payments to be made under our license and other agreements that are based on the achievement of future milestones or royalties on product sales.

Cargill, Incorporated

During February 2009, we entered into a license agreement with Cargill to obtain certain biological materials and license patent rights to use a yeast biocatalyst owned by Cargill. Under the agreement, Cargill has granted us an exclusive, royalty-bearing license, with limited rights to sublicense, to use the patent rights in a certain field, as defined in the agreement. The agreement contains five future milestone payments totaling approximately $4,300,000 that are payable after each milestone is completed.

During 2009, two milestones were completed and we recorded the related milestone amounts, along with an up-front signing fee, totaling $875,000 to research and development expense. During March 2010, we completed milestone number three and recorded the related milestone amount of $2,000,000 to research and development expense at its present value amount of $1,578,000 because the milestone payment will be paid over a period greater than twelve months from the date it was incurred. At June 30, 2010, the milestone payment of $2,000,000 was recorded as a total liability of $1,629,000, net of a discount of $371,000, of which $447,000 was recorded in accounts payable and accrued expenses, and $1,182,000 was recorded in other liabilities on our balance sheet, which will be paid during the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012. Upon commercialization of a product which uses the Cargill biological material or is otherwise covered by the patent rights under this agreement, a royalty based on net sales is payable by us, subject to a minimum royalty amount per year, as defined