SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 6-K
REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER
Pursuant to Rule 13a-16 or 15d-16
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the month of April, 2016
PRUDENTIAL PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY
(Translation of registrant’s name into English)
LAURENCE POUNTNEY HILL,
LONDON, EC4R 0HH, ENGLAND
(Address of principal executive offices)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.
Form 20-F x Form 40-F ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is submitting the Form6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T
Rule 101(b)(1): ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is submitting the Form6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T
Rule 101(b)(7): ¨
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
Long-term thinking for life
Prudential at a glance
Making life better
We provide protection and savings opportunities to our customers, social and economic benefits to the communities in which we operate, jobs and opportunities to our employees, and long-term value for our investors.
Our asset management businesses
We generate valuable returns for our customers through good investment performance.
We generate value for shareholders through fee income from managing customers’ investments.
24m We focus on customers’ protection life customers and savings needs, providing worldwide products that give them ?nancial security
Read more about our customers on pages 23 to 34
We create Financial benefits for our investors, and deliver economic and social benefits for our customers, employees and the societies in which we operate
Our investors, employees and societies
187%
total shareholder return1 achieved since 2010
£509bn
assets under management
Our trusted brands and effective distribution channels help us understand customers’ needs, attract new monies and retain existing assets
7,000
employees volunteer through Chairman’s Challenge
23,507
employees worldwide
£4.8bn
total investment2 in the economy
Utilising our capabilities, footprints and scale we design innovative products that align with customer needs
Notes
1 Total shareholder return represents the growth in the value of a share plus the value of dividends paid, assuming that the dividends are reinvested in the Company’s shares on the ex-dividend date.
2 Includes investment in business and infrastructure of £1.8 billion, total tax payments of £3.0 billion and total community investment of £21.7 million.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
Long-term thinking for life
Our business
We provide protection and savings opportunities to our customers, social and economic benefits to the communities in which we operate, jobs and opportunities to our employees and long-term value for our investors.
Find out more on page 15
Our strategy
Our clear and consistent strategy utilises our capabilities, footprint and scale to serve the global savings and Asian protection needs of an increasingly self-reliant middle class to create long-term value for our customers and our shareholders.
Find out more on page 14
Our performance
To create sustainable economic value for our shareholders we focus on delivering growth and cash, while maintaining appropriate capital.
Find out more on page 16
Find out more about
www.prudential.co.uk our business
Delivering growth and generating cash
Prudential has delivered a strong performance in 2015. We continue to grow across our key metrics despite the macroeconomic uncertainty and the challenges presented by low long-term interest rates.
The fundamentals of the Group remain compelling, our opportunities are intact and we are in an enviable position to benefit from the attractive structural and demographic opportunities in Asia, the US and the UK. The disciplined execution of our strategy, underpinned by the cash generating nature of our business, positions us well to be able to continue to deliver high-quality products and services to our 24 million customers and long-term profitable growth to our shareholders.
Contents
01 Group overview
02–10
02 Chairman’s statement
04 Group Chief Executive’s report
02 Strategic report
11–68
12 Our world
14 Our strategy
15 How our business works
16 Measuring our performance
18 Our businesses and their performance
36 Chief Financial Officer’s report on our 2015 financial performance
49 Group Chief Risk Officer’s report on the risks facing our business and how these are managed
57 Corporate responsibility review
Governance
69–100
Chairman’s introduction
Board of Directors
How we operate
Further information on Directors
Risk management and internal control
Committees
Statutory and regulatory disclosures
Compliance with corporate governance codes
Additional information
Index to principal Directors’ Report Disclosures
Directors’ remuneration report
101–130
Annual statement from the Chairman of the Remuneration Committee
Our executive remuneration at a glance
Summary of Directors’ remuneration policy
Annual report on remuneration
Supplementary information
05 Financial statements
131–296
06 European Embedded Value (EEV) basis results
297–330
07 Additional information
331–372
333 Additional unaudited financial information 358 Risk factors 364 Glossary 368 Shareholder information 371 How to contact us
The Directors’ Report of Prudential plc for the year ended 31 December 2015 is set out on pages 2 to 10, 69 to 100 and 333 to 372, and includes the sections of the Annual Report referred to in these pages.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 01 Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Chairman’s statement
Impressive results, driven by high-quality products and services
‘As ever, our performance is rooted in the quality of the products and services which our first-rate staff and agents provide to our customers.’
Paul Manduca
Chairman
I am pleased to introduce Prudential’s 2015 Annual Report. The Company has again produced an impressive set of results, which are all the more striking given recent economic conditions. As ever, our performance is rooted in the quality of the products and services which our first-rate staff and agents provide to our customers. It is this which ultimately drives the returns we provide to our shareholders and underpins the role we play in our communities.
Global headwinds to macroeconomic growth are nothing new for Prudential. We have charted choppy waters many times throughout our 167-year history. No doubt we will do so again in the decades to come. We remain well positioned across our markets and product ranges.
While there are uncertainties in the global economy – and around Britain’s place in Europe – an area of increased clarity is around regulation, specifically with regard to Solvency II. This has been a project in which the entire European insurance sector has invested considerable resource and focus across more than a decade. We are pleased to have reached an outcome that underlines the strength and resilience of our company. We will continue to engage with policy makers as Solvency II is reviewed in the years ahead. Our capital position enables us to make our wider social and economic contribution.
At the heart of that contribution is the financial peace of mind that we help to provide to our customers across our insurance and fund management businesses. This peace of mind remains the focus of Prudential’s purpose as a business and is a vital pre-condition for us to meet our other aims and obligations. Our history
is a long one because the customer has always been at its centre.
We continue to make progress in achieving the 2017 objectives for the Group. These are not easy. Nor should they be. We are, however, pleased with the headway made so far.
The Board has decided to increase the full-year ordinary dividend by 5 per cent to 38.78 pence per share, reflecting the continued strong financial performance of the Group in 2015. In line with this, the directors have approved a second interim ordinary dividend of 26.47 pence per share (2014: final dividend of 25.74 pence) which brings the total ordinary dividend for the year to 38.78 pence (2014: 36.93 pence). In addition, the Board has decided to award a special dividend of 10 pence per share, reflecting the additional contribution to earnings from the specific management actions taken to position the balance sheet more efficiently under the new Solvency II regime.
The last year has been a time of change in the management at Prudential. Succession planning is one of the most important duties for any Chairman and Board. I have stated before the importance I place on continuing to develop and strengthen the Prudential Board and I am delighted to be able to report that we have continued that process. In Mike Wells we have an outstanding Group Chief Executive who has already made strong progress. I was also pleased to welcome Penny James and John Foley to the Executive team on the Board as Group Chief Risk Officer and Chief Executive of Prudential UK & Europe, respectively. In addition, Tony Wilkey has become Chief Executive of Prudential Corporation Asia, succeeding Barry Stowe, who now leads Jackson. That these have all been internal appointments emphasises the pipeline of talent that has been developed at Prudential. We have long prided ourselves on the bench strength at our company. It will continue to be a focus for the business.
www.prudential.co.uk
02 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
38.78p
full-year ordinary dividend
5%
increase on 2014
10p
special dividend
www.prudential.co.uk
Equally, we continue to attract the best talent from across the industry, as shown in Anne Richards’ forthcoming arrival as the new Chief Executive of M&G. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Michael McLintock for his 19 years of exceptional service and to wish him well for his retirement from the Group.
Alongside the changes in the Executive, I have also been pleased to welcome David Law and Adair Turner to the Board as independent Non-executive Directors. They bring with them a depth of experience in business and regulation that I know will be a tremendous asset to our work. Alongside these changes, we are adjusting our subsidiary Board structure to include a number of independent directors. Finally, Alistair Johnston has announced that he will retire from the Board at the AGM to focus on the arts and his charitable activities. I want to thank him for his significant contribution to the Board over the last four and a half years.
The quality of a company’s corporate governance is a strong indicator of how well placed it is to succeed. There can be no sustainable commercial success without it. It will continue to be a focus for us. A well governed company engages regularly and effectively with its shareholders. We have an active programme of engagement. It is important to us that we hear the views of our investors and we find it useful to have an open and constructive dialogue with them. I know that I have found this very helpful.
Another vital relationship is with our regulators. Prudential engages with many regulators and supervisors here in the UK and around the world. We place great importance on having an effective and positive relationship with those who supervise us and our markets. Such relationships are the bedrock of a productive exchange that, we believe, ultimately allows us to serve our customers’ needs.
Prudential’s day-to-day business activities provide enormous value to the communities of which we are a part. We help provide security in retirement, contribute to financial peace of mind, invest in infrastructure and assist in growing economies and creating jobs. We do all this with an eye to the long term, because that is the very nature of our business.
Alongside these activities, we also carry out wide-ranging and highly impactful corporate responsibility programmes. We have continued to build on our work in this area. In partnership with charities and non-governmental organisations we have sought to make a real difference to lives in the markets where we operate. These programmes mean a great deal to the many thousands of staff who volunteer for them – something I have seen first-hand.
Our award-winning Cha-Ching series of financial education cartoons continues to be an enormous success in Asia and is now being rolled out elsewhere. The Safe Steps disaster preparedness public service broadcasts created by the Prudence Foundation in collaboration with National Geographic have been highly effective, and we are examining how we can best build on that success.
In the UK, we were pleased to be able to renew our support for Prudential RideLondon. In the three years since we began our relationship, this festival of cycling has raised more than £29 million for charity. We hope to be able to improve on this figure in the years ahead.
The 2015 Chairman’s Challenge programme – which allows colleagues from around the Group to give their time and skills to support our charity partners – broke previous records. Over 7,000 volunteers gave up their time to benefit more than 174,000 people, working with charities including Plan International, Help Age International and Junior Achievement. I would like to conclude by recognising the contribution made by our employees around the world. It is their commitment and endeavour that makes possible the delivery of Prudential’s strategy. With their continued commitment to delivering for our customers, I am certain that we can look to the future with confidence.
Paul Manduca
Chairman
Our strategy page 14
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 03
Group Chief Executive’s report
Delivering long-term value to customers and shareholders
‘The strength of the Group’s execution capabilities, combined with our leading market positions, growing in-force book and excellent diversification enable us to create value for our customers while generating sustainable earnings and cash for our shareholders.’
Mike Wells
Group Chief Executive
I am pleased to report a strong performance in 2015.
Our strategy continues to serve us well, focusing on the three long-term opportunities across our geographic markets – (i) serving the protection and investment needs of the growing middle class in Asia; (ii) providing asset accumulation and retirement income products to US baby boomers and (iii) meeting the savings and retirement needs of an ageing British population.
The strength of the Group’s execution capabilities, combined with our leading market positions, growing in-force book and excellent diversification by geography, currency, product and distribution enable us to create value for our customers while generating sustainable earnings and cash for our shareholders.
Group performance1
We continue to comment on our international business performance in local currency terms (expressed on a constant exchange rate basis) to show the underlying business trends in a period of currency volatility. We have used this basis in discussions below for our Asian and US businesses to maintain comparability. Our Group IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns increased by 22 per cent in 2015 to £4,007 million. On an actual exchange rate basis, the Group’s IFRS operating profit grew by 26 per cent.
— Asia life and asset management operating profit of £1,324 million grew by 17 per cent, rejecting the growing recurring income from our life in-force book (up 14 per cent to £7.2 billion2) and higher assets under management in Eastspring Investments. The recurring
premium focus underpins our earnings growth in the region and is key to the resilience of our financial performance across the cycle.
US life IFRS operating profit of £1,691 million was up 10 per cent, driven by growth in fee income earned on separate account assets that have continued to benefit from robust net inflows.
UK life IFRS operating profit of £1,167 million grew by 60 per cent4, and included £339 million arising in the second half of 2015 from specific management actions taken to position the balance sheet more efficiently under the new Solvency II regime. M&G delivered operating profit of £442 million, broadly in line with 2014. Funds under management (including internal funds) were 7 per cent lower at £246.1 billion, reflecting retail outflows during 2015.
The Group is focused on delivering strong cash generation, which underpins both our strategic and financial flexibility. Underlying free surplus generation3, a key indicator cash generation from our life and asset management businesses, was 15 per cent higher at £3,050 million after reinvestment new business. In total, our businesses remitted cash to the corporate centre of 1,625 million, up 10 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis. Cash remittances of 467 million from Asia were 17 per cent higher while those from the US increased 13 per cent to £470 million, both on actual exchange rate basis. In the UK, life operation remitted £331 million line with last year and M&G delivered 6 per cent increase in remittances £302 million.
New business profit was up 20 per cent4 £2,617 million, primarily reflecting higher overall volumes in Asia and the UK. three of our life businesses contributed significantly to the total, with £1,490 million 28 per cent) of new business profit from
www.prudential.co.uk
04 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
£4,007m
IFRS operating profit
22%
increase on 2014
£2,617m
EEV new business profit
20%
increase on 2014
Measuring our performance page 16
Our strategy
Our clear and consistent strategy utilises our capabilities, footprint and scale to serve the global savings and Asian protection needs of an increasingly self-reliant middle class to create long-term value for our customers and our shareholders.
Our strategy page 14
www.prudential.co.uk
Asia, £809 million (up 8 per cent) from the US and £318 million (up 23 per cent4) from the UK.
APE sales5 increased by 17 per cent4 to £5,607 million led by Asia where APE sales were 26 per cent higher at £2,853 million. In the US, APE sales were 3 per cent higher at £1,729 million as demand for our sales of variable annuities remained strong. In 2015, Jackson continued to proactively manage sales of variable annuities with living benefits while diversifying sales mix. In the UK, APE sales grew by 23 per cent4 to £1,025 million, based on our attractive with-profits product propositions sold through an expanding range of wrappers including income drawdown, individual pensions, ISAs and investment bonds. M&G experienced net outflows of £7.0 billion (2014: net inflows of £7.1 billion) driven by retail net outflows of £10.9 billion, due to redemptions from bond funds reflecting softer consumer sentiment on fixed income assets.
Eastspring Investments, our Asia asset management business, delivered a strong performance in 2015, with third party net inflows of £6.0 billion (2014: net inflows of £5.4 billion).
Our balance sheet continues to be defensively positioned and our Solvency II outcome, following approval by the Prudential Regulation Authority of our internal model in December 2015, underscores the strength and resilience of the Group’s capital position.
We are continuing to make good progress towards our 2017 objectives announced in December 2013.
Chief Financial Officer’s report on our 2015 performance page 36
Our operating performance by business unit
Asia
Asia has delivered strong financial results in 2015 across all of our key metrics, demonstrating the resilient performance of our well diversified and increasingly large in-force business portfolio. IFRS operating profit of £1,324 million was up 17 per cent (16 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis), free surplus generation grew by 16 per cent to £673 million (14 per cent on actual exchange rate basis) and net cash remittances of £467 million were up 17 per cent.
Our life business strategy is centred on Asia’s rapidly growing life insurance markets with a focus on regular premium, protection-orientated policies distributed primarily through high-quality agency and bank partners. We have over 14 million customers across the region, one of the largest and most productive agency sales forces, a well established bancassurance franchise and leadership positions in nine out of 12 markets. Despite our strong progress over the last decade, insurance penetration in the markets in which we operate remains low and the demand for savings, health and protection products from a growing middle class continues to be high. Our scale and scope in the region, combined with proven operational expertise, enables us to execute on strategic growth opportunities, invest in building the business through the economic cycle and remain flexible to resist market pressure for products we consider to be less attractive. This approach will, from time to time, lead to fluctuations in APE sales at a country level but allows us to conserve value without compromising the overall regional delivery.
alth and he pr
, o s t g ec n i t i a v o
S n
Asia
Significant protection gap and investment needs of the middle class
Self-reliant global middle class S s US UK g Transition of Savings gap and a v n i i baby boomers ageing population in need n v a g into retirement of returns and income
S s
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 05
Group Chief Executive’s report continued
2017 objectives* Asia objectives
1. Asia IFRS operating profit
Asia life and asset management pre-tax IFRS operating profit +18% to grow at a compound annual rate of at least 15 per cent over 17%
>£1,858m
17%
the period 2012–2017 (2012: £924 million6) 19% £1,468m
£1,075m £1,260m £901m
£924m £1,140m £1,324m
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 objective
2. Asia underlying free surplus 16% £1.1bn
Asia underlying free surplus generation3 of £0.9 billion to 16%
22% £765m £0.9bn
£1.1 billion in 2017 (2012: £484 million) £573m £662m
£471m
£484m £592m £673m
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 objective
Group objective
3. Group cumulative underlying free surplus £10bn
Cumulative Group underlying free surplus generation of at least £10 billion over the four-year period from 2014 to end-2017
£5.6bn
2014_2017 objective
Key
Expressed at December 2013 foreign exchange rates Comparative results on reported currency basis 2017 objective
Note
* The objectives assume exchange rates at December 2013 and economic assumptions made by Prudential in calculating the EEV basis supplementary information for the half year ended 30 June 2013, and are based on regulatory and solvency regimes applicable across the Group at the time the objectives were set. The objectives assume that the existing EEV, IFRS and Free Surplus methodology at December 2013 will be applicable over the period.
In 2015 new business APE sales increased by 26 per cent, driven by 30 per cent growth in regular premium new business (which contributes 93 per cent of our APE sales), offsetting the 8 per cent reduction in single premiums, which are more susceptible to softer economic conditions. Our sales performance continues to benefit from our broad-based multi-channel distribution platform, new product launches and continued actions to improve both distribution scale and productivity. Agency APE sales were 29 per cent higher across the region, reflecting continued investment in agency manpower and an improvement in average agent productivity of 25 per cent. Our core bank partnerships continue to make good progress, led by Standard Chartered Bank, where APE sales rose by 16 per cent. New business profit was up 28 per cent at £1,490 million and outpaced the APE sales growth of 26 per cent.
In Hong Kong, APE sales grew 74 per cent, driven by increases in agency headcount and productivity and also from our successful inroads into Hong Kong’s broker network. During 2015, we have also seen acceleration in demand from Mainland China-based customers, with around 70 per cent of this business having an annual premium below US$5,000. We remain well placed to satisfy the growing demand for savings and protection products from both domestic and Mainland China customers.
Our joint venture with CITIC in China continues to perform well, with APE sales growth of 28 per cent and operations now in 64 cities. The second half of the year was marked by significantly higher levels of volatility in investment markets, which impacted single premium business through the bancassurance channel. However, regular premium sales remain strong, with
growth of 34 per cent in the fourth quarter and 29 per cent for the year. Furthermore, sales of health and protection business nearly doubled during the year, contributing over 42 per cent of our APE sales in China. We are well prepared for the implementation in 2016 of China’s Risk Oriented Solvency System (C-ROSS) and we do not expect this to cause any issues for our business.
In Singapore, we continue to lead the market for regular premium products with a market share of 23 per cent7 and the largest agency force in the industry. During 2015, we have focused on growing regular premium agency-sourced protection sales, which has enhanced the mix of business and contributed to a 7 per cent increase in new business profit through this channel. Reflecting our proactive de-emphasis of universal life sales, and the effect of cessation of
06 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
distribution relationships with Maybank and Singpost, total APE sales were 13 per cent lower in 2015.
Indonesia continues to generate material levels of new business value for our Asia business, and the recurring regular premium nature of our in-force portfolio has driven a 21 per cent increase in IFRS operating profit. Our sales performance reflects both softer market conditions and the impact of deliberate, proactive actions to further improve the quality of our distribution. While this might affect shorter-term sales progression, it conserves value and positions us well to capitalise on the eventual upturn. Market conditions for new business sales remain challenging, with suppressed consumer sentiment making it harder to close sales, reflected in APE sales 11 per cent lower at £326 million. However, average agency case sizes increased by 9 per cent in 2015. We remain confident about our long-term prospects in Indonesia given the low insurance penetration levels and we are continuing to invest in building our agency force nationwide.
In Malaysia, we have seen continued success from our strategy to increase our penetration of the Bumi sector, where we are the largest provider with a 43 per cent share of the Takaful market. In addition to growing the agency force by 13 per cent, we have increased our activity in bancassurance with APE sales from this channel up 68 per cent. Overall APE sales increased by 17 per cent in the year. All our other markets have delivered good-quality growth. In the Philippines, we have continued to focus on the agency channel, with increased manpower and higher average case sizes driving APE sales growth of 20 per cent in this channel. Overall APE sales were up 9 per cent, reflecting our decision to be selective in how we participate in bancassurance. Thailand’s APE sales were up 12 per cent, driven by strong growth from our main bancassurance partners, United Overseas Bank and Thanachart. Vietnam had an excellent year, with APE sales growing 32 per cent on higher levels of agency activity. Our greenfield operations in Cambodia continue to move ahead well, with APE sales up 167 per cent. While our larger, more established markets are progressing well, our ability to execute across the spectrum, covering markets at different stages of development, is key to driving long-term, profitable growth in the region.
Our joint venture with ICICI Bank in India remains the leader in the private sector with a market share of 12 per cent and APE sales growth of 21 per cent. In Taiwan and Korea, we remain selective in our participation and as a result we are content to tolerate fluctuations in new business volumes. Both businesses have generated a higher level of IFRS operating profit.
Despite significant volatility in capital markets, Eastspring Investments, our Asia asset management business, delivered strong results in 2015, with record third-party net inflows of £6.0 billion, up 11 per cent on 2014. The businesses benefited from robust inflows into equity funds, including Asian equity funds in Japan, good investment performance in Korea and India driving excellent domestic flows and healthy net inflows into bond funds from our joint ventures in China and India. Total funds under management at
31 December 2015 were a record £89.1 billion, up 16 per cent on the prior year as a result of net inflows from both our third-party and our life businesses. The fundamentals of our Asian business remain compelling and we have the capabilities and market positions to be able to deliver long-term, profitable growth.
Our businesses and their performance – Asia page 18
US
Our US business delivered a strong performance in 2015, with total IFRS operating profit of £1,702 million, up 9 per cent (18 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis). Jackson’s life IFRS operating profit grew 10 per cent (18 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis) to £1,691 million, driven by increased fee income from higher levels of separate account assets. The growth in operating profit underpinned significant levels of capital generation in the year, enabling Jackson to remit a record £470 million of cash to the Group (2014: £415 million), while maintaining a healthy balance sheet. Jackson’s risk-based capital ratio at the end of 2015 was 481 per cent, compared to 456 per cent at the end of 2014.
The US economy experienced uneven performance during 2015, with a noticeable deceleration in consumer spending and a contraction in business investment in the fourth quarter. Employment data was more positive, with non-farm payrolls in the last two months of the year exceeding expectations. This contributed to the Federal Reserve decision to increase the Federal Funds’ target rate by 25 basis points in December. The S&P 500 Index ended the year roughly in line with year-end 2014 levels and the 10-year treasury rate rose 10 basis points to 2.28 per cent at the end of 2015.
Overall, in 2015 the US competitive landscape remained relatively stable, although the industry continued to adjust its products and benefits in reaction to regulatory developments and economic conditions. Within variable annuities, providers are mainly choosing to modify their product offerings through reductions in fund availability and increased fees. With a final fiduciary rule expected from the US Department of Labor in the first half of 2016, we are working on contingency plans
with the expectation of some changes to the rule, but the basic framework of the original proposal is presumed to remain intact. Given Jackson’s proven record of product innovation, best-in-class infrastructure, access to competitive intelligence and integration of product design with distribution, we believe we are well positioned to respond, adapt and take advantage of any market disruptions. Jackson achieved total retail APE sales of £1,606 million in 2015, broadly consistent with the levels in 2014. Including institutional sales, total APE sales increased 3 per cent to £1,729 million, driving an 8 per cent growth in new business profit to £809 million.
Total variable annuity APE sales of £1,512 million in 2015 remained flat compared to 2014, reflecting Jackson’s continued focus on proactively managing sales of products with living benefits to maintain an appropriate balance of revenue streams and match our annual risk appetite. The proportion of variable annuity sales without living benefits remains significant at 33 per cent of total variable annuity APE sales, broadly in line with last year. Elite Access continues to be the undisputed leader in the investment-only variable annuity market with APE sales of £314 million (2014: £335 million), with the proportion of business from non-qualified accounts representing 69 per cent of the total (up from 66 per cent in 2014). With £9.6 billion in assets since its launch in March 2012, Elite Access not only reflects Jackson’s strength in commercialising a low-cost, no-guarantee product but also in navigating a demand shift from qualified to non-qualified accounts. In relation to variable annuities with living benefit guarantees, during 2015 we introduced a broader range of living benefit features to policyholders, creating additional product capacity to meet the underlying customer demand. Overall, Jackson’s statutory separate account assets increased by 5 per cent, from £86.5 billion in 2014 to £91.0 billion in 2015 (up 11 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis), reflecting positive business flows.
Jackson’s strategy is unchanged, serving the 75 million US baby boomers as they enter retirement. We continue to price new business on a conservative basis, targeting value over volume, and the economics of our business remain very attractive. Our hedging remains focused on optimising the economics of our exposures over time while maintaining a strong balance sheet. Our hedging programme continued to perform well throughout 2015 and under the recent volatility experienced in the markets. Our credit book is in good shape and we have continued to take actions to improve further its quality, increasing our treasury position and reducing our high-yield energy exposure. With this strategy, Jackson has been able to deliver
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 07
Group Chief Executive’s report continued
significant profitable growth across the cycle, and since 1 January 2008, has remitted nearly US$3.3 billion of cash to the Group. Our performance continues to demonstrate that Jackson’s approach has successfully translated into value for customers and into profits and cash for shareholders.
Our businesses and their performance – United States page 24
UK and Europe
Our UK business delivered strong growth in IFRS operating profit, new business profit and free surplus generation. We continue to execute successfully our UK strategy, focusing on our core strength of investment-based retail offerings, selective participation in the wholesale business segment and active management of our in-force book. Life IFRS operating profit was 60 per cent4 higher at £1,167 million and includes £339 million from the positive impact of specific management actions undertaken in the second half to position the balance sheet more efficiently under the new Solvency II regime, which are not expected to recur going forward. Cash remitted to the Group increased to £331 million (2014: £325 million).
In 2015, APE sales grew 23 per cent4 to £1,025 million, with a consequent 23 per cent4 increase in new business profit to £318 million. These results demonstrate the strength of our customer propositions in retail risk-managed investment products, combined with our diversified distribution capability. In 2015 we continued to participate in the pensions de-risking market in a disciplined manner, and delivered a robust performance from this sector.
Our retail business achieved APE sales growth of 32 per cent to £874 million (2014: £663 million4) driven by a growing demand for our savings and retirement products
£3,050m
underlying free surplus generation
15%
increase on 2014
08 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
and specifically the distinctive PruFund range, with momentum increasing through the year as additional products and services came online including PruFund ISA, Flexible Income Drawdown and our simplified non-advised drawdown Pension Choices Plan. Our capabilities in multi-asset investing, the strength of our brand and diversified distribution, collectively position us well to meet evolving customer needs in a post-pension freedoms retirement market. Retail new business profit increased by 31 per cent4, benefiting from increased sales volumes partially offset by a lower contribution from individual annuity sales. APE sales of individual annuities decreased by 46 per cent from 2014 levels to £57 million and now represent 7 per cent of retail sales. Demand for our PruFund multi-asset funds among our target customer base remains strong as customers continue to be attracted by both the performance track record and the benefits of a smoothed return in managing market volatility and reducing customer investment risk. Our successful launch in February 2015 of the PruFund range of investment funds within an ISA wrapper generated APE sales of £73 million, with assets under management totalling £674 million at the end of December 2015. In total across all products, PruFund APE sales of £574 million increased by 82 per cent, with total assets under management having increased 42 per cent since the start of the year to £16.5 billion.
Onshore bonds APE sales of £258 million increased by 11 per cent and offshore bonds APE sales of £75 million rose by 21 per cent over the previous year. Reflecting increased demand for our wider range of retirement solutions post-pension reforms, income drawdown APE sales have almost trebled to £102 million and individual pensions APE sales have more than doubled to £150 million compared to 2014. We continue to diversify our product portfolio in response to the expanding market for flexible retirement income and pensions products.
Corporate pensions APE sales of
£152 million were 3 per cent higher than in 2014. We remain the largest provider of additional voluntary contribution plans within the public sector, where we provide schemes for 73 of the 101 public sector authorities in the UK (2014: 72 of the 99). Our bulk annuity business concluded four deals, generating APE sales of £151 million (2014: £171 million, seven deals), new business profit of £117 million (2014: £105 million) and IFRS operating profit of £89 million (2014: £105 million). In 2015,
our approach to bulk transactions in the UK continued to be one of disciplined participation, focusing on those opportunities where we can bring both significant value to our customers and meet our shareholder return requirements. The implementation of Solvency II has increased significantly the capital intensity of annuity business and this will significantly reduce our appetite to transact bulk business going forward.
In Poland, our life business continues to grow steadily. The business now has 18 branches across the country and 597 financial planning consultants. Its success demonstrates our ability to build a new business franchise by transferring our existing product and distribution strengths to new markets.
Our strategy in the UK and Europe remains to leverage our investment expertise, distribution scale and well established brand in order to deliver capital-light profitable growth in retail investment products, while managing our in-force business to generate long-term earnings and cash.
Our businesses and their performance – United Kingdom – Insurance and investments page 28
Africa
During 2015, we continued to develop our businesses in Sub-Sahara Africa. We entered the Uganda insurance market through the acquisition of Goldstar Life Assurance in June 2015 and established bank distribution agreements with Societe Generale and Fidelity Bank in Ghana, and with Standard Chartered in Kenya. In January 2016, we announced entry into Zambia via our acquisition of Professional Life Assurance. Once regulatory approval is received for the Zambia acquisition, our footprint in Africa will have expanded to four countries with access to nearly 1,300 agents and 200 bank branches.
M&G
M&G’s focus on producing superior long-term investment returns, coupled with well established distribution in the UK and across Europe, underpins its financial results. IFRS operating profit of £442 million was broadly in line with 2014, with cash remittances to Group of £302 million, up 6 per cent. At the end of 2015 M&G’s total funds under management were 7 per cent lower at £246.1 billion (2014: £264 billion), with external funds under management of £126.4 billion accounting for 51 per cent of the total, compared with 45 per cent five years ago. Despite outflows in 2015, M&G’s total funds under management have grown from £198.3 billion at the end
www.prudential.co.uk
Mike Wells with Prudential’s Group Executive Committee
Standing, left to right: Alan Porter, Jonathan Oliver, John Foley, Michael McLintock, Al-Noor Ramji, Julian Adams, Tim Rolfe. Seated, left to right: Barry Stowe, Penny James, Mike Wells, Nic Nicandrou, Tony Wilkey. Further details on page 371.
of 2010 to £246.1 billion at the end of 2015, reflecting M&G’s continued focus towards innovation and asset class diversification. Gross retail and institutional inflows amounted to £33.6 billion (2014: £38.0 billion). Redemptions in the retail business, however, resulted in overall net outflows of £7.0 billion in 2015. Retail net outflows of £10.9 billion (2014: net inflows of £6.7 billion) were partially offset by institutional net inflows of £3.9 billion (2014: £0.4 billion).
In the fourth quarter of 2015, M&G experienced net retail outflows of £3.5 billion, including £2.4 billion from Europe. This reflected the continuation of a market-wide change in investor sentiment away from fixed income, against a backdrop of high levels of volatility and macroeconomic uncertainties, conditions that have continued into the early part of 2016. Our strategy of diversification by asset class has helped attract good net inflows into several M&G multi-asset funds (totalling £2.0 billion) and into our retail property fund (£0.5 billion) in 2015. At the end of 2015, retail funds under management were 18 per cent lower at £60.8 billion (2014: £74.3 billion). Retail funds under management from Continental Europe represent 39 per cent of total retail assets.
A track record of innovation in the institutional market has enabled M&G to be at the forefront of a number of specialist fixed-income markets, including leveraged finance and infrastructure investment. Net institutional inflows were £3.9 billion, compared with £0.4 billion in 2014. The M&G Alpha Opportunities Fund has been particularly popular with institutional investors, attracting £2.0 billion of net inflows during 2015.
M&G had a multi-billion-pound pipeline of institutional commitments at the end of
www.prudential.co.uk
2015 across a diverse range of fixed income, real estate and alternative investment strategies that have yet to be invested. External institutional funds under management increased 5 per cent in 2015 to £65.6 billion (2014: £62.8 billion). M&G’s disciplined approach to cost management is reflected in a small improvement in the cost-income ratio to 57 per cent (2014: 58 per cent), despite the impact of lower revenues from reductions in the level of average assets managed. On 1 February 2016, Michael McLintock announced that he is retiring as Chief Executive of M&G Investments after 19 years in the role. I would like to thank Michael for his exceptional contribution to M&G over the last two decades. Under his leadership M&G has grown to become one of Europe’s largest fund managers by offering innovative investment solutions to meet the needs of our customers and clients. I wish him all the very best for the future. He will be succeeded later this year by Anne Richards, whose prior role was Chief Investment Officer and Head of EMEA at Aberdeen Asset Management. Anne joins the Board in June 2016.
M&G remains focused on producing superior long-term investment returns for clients, while continuing to diversify its business by geography and asset class and providing capital-efficient profits and cash generation for the Group.
Our businesses and their performance – United Kingdom – Asset management page 32
Capital and risk management
We continue to take a disciplined approach to capital management and have implemented a number of measures over the last few years to enable us to make our capital work more efficiently for the Group. Our Solvency II outcome, following approval by the Prudential Regulation
Authority of our internal model in
December 2015, underscores the strength and resilience of the Group’s capital position. At 31 December 2015, Group Solvency II capital surplus8,9 was estimated at £9.7 billion, which is equivalent to a Group Solvency II capital ratio of 193 per cent.
Based on the Insurance Groups Directive solvency measure, our surplus position9 at 31 December 2015 was estimated at £5.5 billion (31 December 2014: £4.7 billion10), equivalent to a cover of 2.5 times.
In July 2013, Prudential plc was listed by the Financial Stability Board as one of nine companies to be designated as a Global Systemically Important Insurer, a classification that was reaffirmed in November 2015. Prudential is monitoring the development and potential impact of the related framework of policy measures and is engaging closely with the Prudential Regulation Authority on the implications of this designation.
Dividend
The Board has decided to increase the full-year ordinary dividend by 5 per cent to 38.78 pence per share, reflecting the continued strong financial performance of the Group in 2015. In line with this, the directors have approved a second interim ordinary dividend of 26.47 pence per share (2014: final dividend of 25.74 pence), which brings the total ordinary dividend for the year to 38.78 pence (2014: 36.93 pence). In addition, the Board has decided to award a special dividend of 10 pence per share reflecting the additional contribution to earnings from the specific management actions taken to position the balance sheet more efficiently under the new Solvency II regime.
Although the Board has been able to approve a special dividend of 10 pence per
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 09
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Group Chief Executive’s report continued
share in 2015, the Group’s dividend policy remains unchanged. The Board will maintain its focus on delivering a growing ordinary dividend, which will continue to be determined after taking into account the Group’s financial flexibility and our assessment of opportunities to generate attractive returns by investing in specific areas of the business. The Board believes that in the medium term a dividend cover of around two times is appropriate.
Full-year dividend pence per share
Special 10.00 dividend
33.57 36.93 38.78 29.19 25.19
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
+5%
over 2014 full-year ordinary dividend
Outlook
The strength of our 2015 results demonstrates the successful execution of our strategy and our distinctive ability to deliver profitable growth across the cycle. Asia remains at the heart of the Group and our progress this year is underlined by the strong growth that we have delivered across sales, earnings and cash from the region. This has been well complemented by our disciplined progress in our more mature markets of the US and the UK. The current significant macroeconomic uncertainty and market instability is resulting in a more unpredictable near-term
£9.7bn
Group Solvency II capital surplus
193%
Group Solvency II capital ratio
10 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
outlook for global growth prospects. While this creates a headwind for our fee-based businesses, our progress continues to remain underpinned by the structural demand for regular premium savings and protection products in Asia. Through proactive management of our product mix and balance sheet and the growing scale of stable, recurring income from our in-force portfolio, the Group has the flexibility and resilience to adapt to changes in the market and deliver robust earnings and shareholder value.
The Group’s strategy remains centred on the long-term opportunity of servicing an increasingly self-reliant middle class through the provision of savings globally and health and protection in Asia. We have premium franchises in our chosen markets of Asia, the US and the UK, with significant structural competitive advantages to deliver effectively conservative products to protect our consumers’ health and wealth and provide absolute and good relative returns to our shareholders. In Asia, the growing savings and protection needs of a rapidly emerging and increasingly wealthy population underpin our long-term, structural growth prospects in the region. The high-quality, recurring nature of our income and the scale and diversity of our pan-regional platform position us well to smooth out the inevitable country-level fluctuations to deliver value across the cycle.
In the US, our business is focused on the provision of products for the savings and income needs of the baby boomers entering retirement. While the proposed Department of Labor regulations are likely to reduce the access to valuable retirement products and services to the American middle class, our competitive advantages of superior product performance, low costs and strong commercialisation skills align the business well to meet these growing needs in the new landscape. We are in the advanced stages of executing our contingency plans, which are designed to underpin our future prospects for both earnings and cash.
In the UK, our life business is proving adept at navigating the significant changes brought about by pension reforms and is successfully extending its product offering to meet evolving consumer needs. In asset management, M&G is currently experiencing headwinds but benefits from its scale and the diversity of its asset base. Our well regarded brands, investment performance track record and strong market positioning are key attributes that support our execution in this market.
We remain well capitalised with a defensive, high-quality balance sheet. The disciplined execution of our strategy, underpinned by the recurring income and cash-generating nature of our business, positions us well to continue to deliver sustainable, long-term profitable value to both our customers and shareholders.
Mike Wells
Group Chief Executive
Notes
1 The comparative results referenced above and elsewhere in this document have been prepared using constant exchange rates basis except where otherwise stated. Comparative results on an actual exchange rate basis are also shown in financial tables in the Chief Financial Officer’s report on our 2015 financial performance.
2 Recurring income from Asia in-force book represents external renewal gross earned premiums (including joint ventures).
3 Underlying free surplus generation comprises underlying free surplus released from long-term business (net of investment in new business) and that generated from asset management operations. The 2012 comparative is based on the retrospective application of new and amended accounting standards and excludes the 2012 one-off gain of £51 million from the sale of the Group’s holding in China Life Insurance Company of Taiwan.
4 Following the disposal of the Group’s 25 per cent interest in PruHealth and PruProtect in November 2014, the 2014 comparative results of UK insurance operations have been adjusted to exclude results of those businesses.
5 Annual premium equivalent (APE) sales comprise regular premium sales plus one-tenth of single premium insurance sales.
6 Asia 2012 IFRS operating profit of £924 million is based on the retrospective application of new and amended accounting standards as at
31 December 2013, and excludes the 2012 one-off gain of £51 million from the sale of the Group’s holding in China Life Insurance Company of Taiwan.
| 7 |
|
Source: based on Life Insurance Association, Singapore data as at December 2015. |
8 The methodology and assumptions used in calculating the Group Solvency II capital results are set out in note II (c) of Additional unaudited financial information. The Group Solvency II capital ratio is based on outputs from the Group’s Solvency II internal model, approved by the Prudential Regulation Authority in December 2015.
9 Before allowing for second interim ordinary and special dividends.
10 Before allowing for 2014 final dividend. www.prudential.co.uk
Strategic report
12 Our world
14 Our strategy
15 How our business works
16 Measuring our performance
18 Our businesses and their performance 18 Asia 24 United States
28 United Kingdom – Insurance and investments 32 United Kingdom – Asset management
36 Chief Financial Officer’s report on our 2015 financial performance
49 Group Chief Risk Officer’s report on the risks facing 2 our business and how these are managed
57 Corporate responsibility review
Prudential RideLondon Our communities
In 2015 Prudential RideLondon, the world’s biggest festival of cycling, was a great success, raising more than £12 million for charity. Find out more on page 64.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 11
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Our world
Prudential plc is an international financial services group serving around 24 million insurance customers and with £509 billion of assets under management. We are listed on stock exchanges in London, Hong Kong, Singapore and New York.
24m 4
life customers worldwide stock exchange listings
£509bn 167 years
assets under management of providing financial security
Premium franchises, best-in-class capabilities
United States
Jackson
Founded over 50 years ago, Jackson is one of the largest life insurance companies in the US, providing retirement savings and income solutions aimed at the 75 million baby boomers. Jackson’s pursuit of excellence in product innovation and distinctive distribution capabilities have helped it forge a solid reputation for meeting customer needs. Jackson has a long and successful record of providing advisers with the products, tools and support to design effective retirement solutions for their clients.
Premier retirement income player
18%
market share variable annuities1
US$199bn+
of statutory admitted assets2
Our businesses and their performance – United States page 24
United Kingdom
Prudential UK & Europe
Founded in the UK in 1848, Prudential is a long-established leading provider of life and pensions, with a relentless focus on the needs of the age cohorts where wealth is most heavily concentrated. Our core strengths in with-profits and retirement are underpinned by our expertise in areas such as longevity, risk management and multi-asset investment, together with our financial strength and widely recognised brand. These attributes position Prudential UK well to meet customer needs in the UK’s evolving marketplace.
Well recognised brand with strong track record
£104bn
funds under management in with-profits funds3
£16bn+
PruFund funds under management2
Our businesses and their performance – UK – Insurance and investments page 28
12 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
United Kingdom
M&G
M&G has been investing money for individual and institutional clients for over 80 years. M&G has grown to be one of Europe’s largest retail and institutional fund managers by developing its expertise in active investment. M&G has a conviction-led and long-term approach to investment, developing a deep understanding of the companies and organisations in whose equities, bonds or property it invests.
Well recognised brand with strong track record
2nd
largest retail fund manager in the UK4
£246bn+
funds under management2
Our businesses and their performance – UK – Asset management page 32
Notes
| 1 |
|
Source: Morningstar Annuity Research Center. 3Q2015. |
| 2 |
|
As of 31 December 2015. |
www.prudential.co.uk
Asia
Prudential Corporation Asia
Prudential Corporation Asia has leading insurance and asset management operations across 14 markets in Asia and serves the emerging middle class families of the region’s outperforming economies. Prudential has been operating in Asia for over 90 years and has built high performing businesses with effective multichannel distribution, a product portfolio centred on regular savings and protection, award-winning customer services and a widely recognised brand.
Eastspring Investments is a leading asset manager in Asia and provides investment solutions across a broad range of asset classes.
Leading pan-regional franchise
Top 3
position in nine out of 12 life markets
£89bn+
funds under management2
Our businesses and their performance – Asia page 18
| 3 |
|
Excluding Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund. |
| 4 |
|
By total UK Assets under management. |
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 13
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Our strategy
Our clear and consistent strategy utilises our capabilities, footprint and scale to serve the global savings and Asian protection needs of an increasingly self-reliant middle class to create long-term value for our customers and our shareholders. We focus on three markets, Asia, the US and the UK, where we see continued growing demand for our products.
The US baby boomer generation is the wealthiest demographic in the global economy. Over the next 20 years they will be retiring at a rate of 10,000 per day, creating significant demand for solutions to best help retirees with their retirement challenges.
In Asia there is a growing and increasingly affluent middle class which by 2020 is forecast to become 1.9 billion people and represent over half of the global middle class. This group is increasingly wealthy but largely uninsured and has significant and growing savings, accumulation, health and protection needs.
The UK has an ageing population which remains under-saved for the long term. This will drive increasing demand for savings products and retirement income solutions which will provide opportunities for both life insurers and asset management.
alth and he pr
, o s t g ec n i t i a v o
S n
Asia
Significant protection gap and investment needs of the middle class
Self-reliant global middle class S s US UK g Transition of Savings gap and a v n i i baby boomers ageing population in need n v a g into retirement of returns and income
S s
To capture these opportunities we:
Focus on customers and distribution
Our customers are at the heart of the decisions we make. We focus on understanding our customers’ needs and requirements in each of our chosen markets as we believe that in order to do well for our shareholders we must first serve our customers. We consistently develop our product portfolio, designing it around our customers’ needs and providing them with peace of mind, whether that be in relation to saving for retirement or insuring against the risks of illness, death or critical life events. Satisfied customers become our advocates, recommending our products and services to their friends and families. Distribution plays a key role in our ability to reach, attract and retain these valued customers across our regions. Building out and diversifying our distribution capabilities helps ensure that we fully capitalise on the opportunities available to us in each of our regions.
14 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
Leverage strength and scale, and proactively manage risk
Balance sheet strength and proactive risk management enable us to make good our promises to customers and are therefore key drivers of long-term value creation and relative performance. In spite of the challenging macroeconomic environment we continue to strengthen our capital position through generation of organic earnings and specific management actions, which since 2010 include:
— Controlling sales of US variable annuities in a manner that appropriately balances value, volume, capital generation and balance sheet risk; and
— Longevity reinsurance and asset portfolio optimisation in our UK life businesses.
Allocate capital with discipline, focusing on long-term returns
We rigorously allocate capital to the highest-return products and geographical locations with the shortest payback periods, in line with our risk appetite. This has had a positive and significant impact on our capital generative growing in-force portfolio and, in turn, has transformed the capital dynamics of our Group. For example, the free capital generated from our in-force operations reached £3.8 billion in 2015 compared to £2.4 billion five years ago (on an actual exchange rate basis). This transformation enabled our business operations to remit £1,625 million to the Group in 2015, compared to £1,105 million in 2011.
Provide balanced metrics and disclosures
We aim to have clarity and consistency internally and externally in the performance indicators that drive our businesses. Alongside this we develop our financial disclosures to enable our stakeholders to fairly assess our long-term performance. We have three main objectives:
— To demonstrate how we generate profits under the different accounting regimes;
— To show how we think about capital allocation via measures that highlight the returns we generate on capital invested in new business; and
— To highlight the cash generation of our business, which over time is the ultimate measure of performance.
www.prudential.co.uk
How our business works
We provide protection and savings opportunities to our customers, social and economic benefits to the communities in which we operate, jobs and opportunities to our employees and long-term value for our investors. By offering security, pooling savings and making investments, we help to drive the cycle of growth.
i on u t n St b u tio ron r i t r i b s’ pr g c C t d i s mer odu ap a i s e s t o att ct i ab p d t i vc u tain ract/ nn i l i t a
c dr e ret o i e b f e a n n d ai va s i
d f s ta aut n t i i l ne r e s om tal o n i t
d e n i ati e n, a t i
a n d o s o ntc t a n m e t n a u r e s su s a n s a s
d s w a s n d t c t
d nu e d f o i
a n g r i v
n r l p t i n s o c m e e
b e c t k r
a a i s u m
h s r d r x m a
r e s t e a o e r
l t t
B s t ea n n e k
a e u n s , g e n t r n f t i s d e f i ,
T a o h e m c e i n
c Customers e e ,
n n t n c
We focus on customers’ y ,
Life insurance protection and savings Asset management needs, providing products that give them financial security
Invest customers’ savings d Uti e s Generate valuable returns e l iw d si g sin Pr s a l e e e in a way that reflects their n g oducts cn for our customers through in our n d e r no cap ntsa m
vat abilities, footpri s t o personal needs and risk ive h c u good investment prod n wit tolerance. Provide financial ucts that alig performance protection to customers for adverse events
Generate value for shareholders Shareholders Generate value for through fee and other income for shareholders through fee managing customers’ savings and income from managing through insurance underwriting customers’ investments profits on financial protection products
Delivering for our stakeholders
We create financial benefits for our investors and deliver economic and social benefits for our customers, our employees and the societies in which we operate
Customers Investors Employees Societies
Providing financial security Growing dividends and share Providing an environment with Supporting societies where we and wealth creation price performance enhances equal opportunities, career operate, through investment shareholder value potential and rewards enabling in business and infrastructure, us to attract and retain tax revenues and community high-quality individuals to support activities deliver our strategy
24m 187% 23,507 £4.8bn
life customers total shareholder return1 employees worldwide total investment2 in the economy achieved since 2010 Notes
1 Total shareholder return represents the growth in the value of a share plus the value of dividends paid, assuming that the dividends are reinvested in the Company’s shares on the ex-dividend date.
2 Includes investment in business and infrastructure of £1.8 billion, total tax payments of £3.0 billion and total community investment of £21.7 million.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 15
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 (EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
Measuring our performance
To create sustainable economic value for our shareholders we focus on delivering growth and cash while maintaining appropriate capital
Profit, cash and capital
Prudential takes a balanced approach to performance management across IFRS, EEV and cash. We aim to demonstrate how we generate profits under different accounting bases, reflecting the returns we generate on capital invested, and highlight the cash generation of our business.
What we measure and why IFRS operating profit2 £m
IFRS operating profit is our primary measure of profitability. This measure of profitability provides an underlying operating result based on longer-term investment returns and excludes non-operating items.
EEV new business profit3 £m
Life insurance products are, by their nature, long term and generate profit over a significant number of years. Embedded value reporting provides investors with a measure of the future profits streams of the Group. EEV new business profit reflects the value of future profit streams which are not fully captured in the year of sale under IFRS reporting.
EEV operating profit3 £m
EEV operating profit is provided as an additional measure of profitability. This measure includes EEV new business profit, the change in the value of the Group’s long-term in-force business, and profit from our asset management and other businesses. As with IFRS, EEV operating profit reflects the underlying results based on longer-term investment returns.
Group free surplus generation4 £m
Free surplus generation is used to measure the internal cash generation of our business units. For insurance operations it represents amounts maturing from the in-force business during the period less investment in new business and excludes other non-operating items. For asset management it equates to post-tax IFRS operating profit for the period.
Performance1
CAGR —
+20%
4,007
3,186 2,954 2,520 2,017
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
CAGR —
+16%
2,617
2,115 1,536 1,791 1,433
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
CAGR —
+14%
4,881
4,096 2,937 3,174 2,868
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
CAGR —
+11%
3,050
2,462 2,579 1,982 2,080
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Group IFRS operating profit in 2015 increased by 22 per cent on a constant exchange rate basis (26 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis), compared to 2014, reflecting strong growth in our life businesses, with Asia up 16 per cent, the US up 10 per cent and the UK up 60 per cent, on a constant exchange rate basis.
EEV new business profit in 2015 increased by 20 per cent on a constant exchange rate basis (24 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis), compared to 2014, driven by higher volumes.
Group EEV operating profit in 2015 increased by 16 per cent on a constant exchange rate basis (19 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis), compared to 2014, reflecting higher new business profits and higher contributions from the in-force business.
Underlying free surplus in 2015 increased by 15 per cent, on a constant exchange rate basis (18 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis), compared to 2014, driven by growth of the in-force portfolio, and continued discipline in the investment made to support new business growth.
16 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
What we measure and why Business unit remittances £m
Remittances measure the cash transferred from business units to the Group. Cash flows across the Group reflect our aim of achieving a balance between ensuring sufficient net remittances from business units to cover the dividend (after corporate costs) and the use of cash for reinvestment in profitable opportunities available to the Group.
IGD capital surplus5 £bn
During 2015, Prudential was subject to the capital adequacy requirements of the European Union Insurance Groups Directive (IGD) as implemented by the Prudential Regulation Authority in the UK. The IGD capital surplus represents the aggregated surplus capital (on a Prudential Regulation Authority consistent basis) of the Group’s regulated subsidiaries less the Group’s borrowings6. No diversification benefit is recognised.
Group Solvency II capital surplus5,7 £bn
Replacing the IGD capital regime, from
1 January 2016 Prudential will be subject to the risk-sensitive solvency framework required under European Solvency II Directives (Solvency II) as implemented by Prudential Regulation Authority in the UK. The Solvency II surplus represents the aggregated capital (own funds) held by the Group less solvency capital requirements.
Performance1
CAGR
+9%
1,482 1,625 1,200 1,341 1,105
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
5.5
5.1 5.1
4.7
4.0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Solvency ratio
193%
20.1
Surplus
£9.7bn 10.4
Own Solvency funds capital requirement
Business unit remittances increased by 10 per cent in 2015, compared to 2014, with significant contributions from each of our four major business units.
Our estimated IGD capital surplus at the end of 2015 before allowing for dividends5 covered the capital requirements 2.5 times.
The Group has a strong Solvency II capital position, with an estimated Group Solvency II capital surplus of £9.7 billion5 and a solvency coverage ratio of 193 per cent.
Chief Financial Officer’s report on our 2015 financial performance page 36
2017 objectives8
We are making good progress towards the objectives we announced in December 2013:
CAGR 2017 2012 £m11 2013 £m 2014 £m 2015 £m (since 2012) % Objectives8
Asia objectives
Asia life and asset management IFRS operating profit
Reported actuals 924 1,075 1,140 1,324
Constant exchange rate9 901 1,075 1,260 1,468 >£1,858 million Constant exchange rate change % (year-on-year) 19 17 17 18 >15% CAGR
Asia underlying free surplus generation4,10
Reported actuals 484 573 592 673
Constant exchange rate9 471 573 662 765 £0.9 –£1.1 billion Constant exchange rate change % (year-on-year) 22 16 16
Actual Objective
| 1 |
|
Jan 2014 1 Jan 2014 to to 31 Dec 2015 31 Dec 2017 |
Group objective for cumulative period 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2017
Cumulative Group underlying free surplus generation from 2014 onwards £5.6bn > £10bn
Notes
Notes
1 The comparative results shown above have been prepared using actual exchange rate (AER) basis except where otherwise stated. Comparative results on a constant exchange rate (CER) basis are also shown in financial tables in the Chief Financial Officers’ report on our 2015 financial performance. CAGR is Compound Annual Growth Rate.
2 The basis of IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns is discussed in note B1.3 of the IFRS financial statements. The IFRS profit before tax attributable to shareholders have been prepared in accordance with the accounting policies discussed in note A of the IFRS financial statements.
3 The EEV basis results have been prepared in accordance with the EEV principles discussed in note 1 of EEV basis supplementary information.
4 Free surplus generation comprises underlying free surplus released from long-term business (net of investment in new business) and that generated from asset management operations.
5 Estimated before allowing for second interim ordinary and special dividends. IGD Capital Surplus for 2014 and comparative years estimated before allowing for final dividend.
| 6 |
|
Excludes subordinated debt issues that qualify as capital. |
7 Excludes surplus in ring-fenced policyholder funds. The methodology and assumptions used in calculating the Group Solvency II capital results are set out
www.prudential.co.uk
in note II (c) of Additional unaudited financial information. The Group
Solvency II capital ratio is based on outputs from the Group’s Solvency II internal model, approved by Prudential Regulation Authority in December 2015.
8 The objectives assume exchange rates at December 2013 and economic assumptions made by Prudential in calculating the EEV basis supplementary information for the half year ended 30 June 2013, and are based on regulatory and solvency regimes applicable across the Group at the time the objectives were set. The objectives assume that the existing EEV, IFRS and Free Surplus methodology at December 2013 will be applicable over the period.
9 Constant exchange rate results translated using exchange rates as at December 2013.
10 The 2012 comparative is based on the retrospective application of new and amended accounting standards and excludes the one-off gain of £51 million from the sale of the Group’s holdings in China Life Insurance Company in Taiwan.
11 Asia 2012 IFRS operating profit of £924 million is based on the retrospective application of new and amended accounting standards, and excludes the one-off gain of £51 million from the sale of the Group’s holdings in China Life Insurance Company in Taiwan.
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 17
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Our businesses and their performance
Asia
Serving the savings, health and protection needs of the growing and increasingly affluent Asian middle class
Performance highlights
— Performance is on track to deliver the 2017 financial objectives
— Continued delivery across key value creation metrics. On a constant exchange rate basis, new business profit up 28 per cent, total IFRS operating profits up 17 per cent and free surplus generation up 16 per cent
— Agency headcount up 13 per cent; APE per active agent up 25 per cent
— Strong growth from major bancassurance partners
— More than 25 per cent of APE sales comes from products launched in past 24 months
— Record third party net in-flows in Eastspring Investments
New business profit1 £m
1,490
1,139 1,162 982 811
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Net cash remittances £m
467
400 400 341
206
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Total IFRS operating profit £m
1,324
51* 1,140 1,075 924 774
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Gain on sale of China Life Insurance Company in Taiwan
Eastspring Investments funds under management £bn
89
77
58 60 50
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
www.prudential.co.uk
18 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
‘Asian families have very clear financial protection gaps and savings needs but these are significantly underserved by the industry.
We have a responsibility to do a much better job of reaching these people and providing them with appropriate products and advice.’
Tony Wilkey
Chief Executive,
Prudential Corporation Asia
Our strategy
Prudential has built a well diversified Asian platform that matches our distribution and product strengths to each market’s long-term opportunities in the life sector, and maximises our asset-gathering capabilities in the region’s investment management industry.
Our strategy page 14
www.prudentialcorporation-asia.com
www.prudential.co.uk
Market overview
Asia’s economic transformation continues to generate material increases in personal wealth and drives significant demand for solutions to individuals’ financial planning needs. During 2015, macroeconomic and geopolitical turbulence continued to create some challenges but the long-term potential remains compelling.
The degree of state-sponsored financial provision for healthcare and other social services varies by market, but is typically very basic, and it is widely appreciated that the private sector has a very important complementary role. Protection gaps remain high and the regulators have tasked the industry with improving levels of financial literacy and addressing this issue. Consequently, the regulations governing the industry continue to evolve in largely positive ways with good outcomes for customers and shareholders.
There is a healthy competitive environment with a good mix of domestic, regional and international companies operating in the markets. However, barriers to entry remain high in terms of the availability of new licences, the need for significant capital investment and the challenges in building distribution scale and quality.
Given the low penetration rates of insurance and investment products we see considerable growth opportunities over the long term.
Favourable demographic and economic trends
Asia (excluding Japan) is leading the world in terms of GDP growth. In the period 2014 to 2020, it is expected to generate around US$7.0 trillion2 of new GDP, more than the US and the other advanced economies combined.
GDP growth in Prudential
Corporation Asia’s markets US$trn
+US$7trn
24.1
17.1
2014 2020
Growing middle class bn
+700m people
1.9
1.2
2010 2020
Source: Based on IMF and includes China, Cambodia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.
alth and he pr
, o s t g ec n i t i a v o S n
Asia
Significant protection gap and investment needs of the middle class
Self-reliant global middle class S s US UK g Transition of Savings gap and a v n i i baby boomers ageing population in need n v a g into retirement of returns and income
S s
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 19
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Our businesses and their performance continued
Prudential Corporation Asia is a powerful franchise with a wide footprint in the right markets, established go-to market capabilities and superior brand strength.
A platform for growth
Asia population Prudential customers
3,302m 14m
Prudential agents Prudential bancassurance branches
500,000+ 10,000
A trusted brand and market leader in Asia
Distribution Product
Vietnam
Market ranking5 1st Population 92m Penetration6 0.7%
Long-term industry leader
— Strong presence in major cities and all 63 provinces
— 97 per cent brand recognition
— 1.3 million customers
— Circa 100,000 agents, one third of industry
UAE8
Population 9.3m
Othe L r 11 in
% ke d2
3%
9 % B 1 %
| 5 |
|
a 5 n s |
y c Customers a c g Customers n 3 n i e g 0 v a r P
A % S t o c e t o i
| 2 |
|
n |
| 6 |
|
%
— Proven multichannel model — All season product solutions
— Over 500,000 agents — >25% APE from new products3
— Selling through over — Pioneering service proposition 10,000 bank branches
Platform Asset management
— We’ve been working in Asia since 1923 — Strong presence in Asia
— Top 3 position in nine out of the — Circa £90 billion funds under 12 life markets management
— Top decile brand awareness4 — Operating in 10 major Asian markets5
Thailand
Market ranking5 9th Population 69m Penetration6 3.6%
Excellent bancassurance platform
— APE has grown 2.7 times since acquisition of Thanachart Life in 2013
— Access to 800 branches nationwide with partners – Standard Chartered Bank, United Overseas Bank and Thanachart Bank
Cambodia
Market ranking5 1st Population 16m Penetration6 0%
www.prudential.co.uk
India
Market ranking5 1st Population 1,276m Penetration6 2.6%
China
Market ranking5 3rd Population 1,375m Penetration6 1.7%
Successful joint venture
— Operating in 64 cities
— 50 per cent increase in number of active agents during 2015
— Broad range of bank partners – regional, national, international
Korea
Market ranking5 17th Population 51m Penetration6 7.2%
Hong Kong
Market ranking5 2nd Population 7m Penetration6 12.7%
Resilient distribution platform
— Leading insurer with scale in agency and bank distribution
— 2015 saw a 39 per cent increase in active manpower and a 27 per cent increase in productivity
— Successful partnership with Standard Chartered Bank now in 18th year
— Product innovations drive new customer acquisition and repeat sales
Japan8
Population 127m
Taiwan
Market ranking5 16th Population 23m Penetration6 15.6%
Philippines
Market ranking5 2nd Population 101m Penetration6 1.6%
Rapidly scaling up distribution
— Almost tripled agency size in less than three years
— Expanding across country
— Improving efficiency – 80 per cent of policies now processed ‘straight through’
— Market leader in linked-with-protection policies
Malaysia
Market ranking5 1st Population 31m Penetration6 3.1%
Well positioned to capture emerging opportunity in Bumi segment
— Largest agency in the industry
— Most productive bancassurance relationships
— Pioneer in linked policies with riders for flexible savings and protection
— 43 per cent7 market share of Takaful (Sharia compliant) life business.
www.prudential.co.uk
Singapore
Market ranking5 2nd Population 6m Penetration6 5%
Professional agency complemented by a distinctive range of bank partners
— Market-leading PruShield product drives customer acquisition
— Number one for regular premium new business
— Focus on ‘value over volume’; agency new business profit up 7 per cent over prior year
Indonesia
Market ranking5 1st Population 255m Penetration6 1.1%
Unmatched platform with scale and geographic reach
— Over 400 agency offices across country
— Largest agency force
— High-tech agency training and licensing
— ‘All-in-one’ product solution combines protection, investment and savings
— Conventional and Takaful options
— Value-add services such as PRUHospital Friends
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 21
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Our businesses and their performance continued
More mortality cover US$trn
Mortality Protection Gap
Income to maintain living Life Insurance standards
Savings
US$50trn
Mortality protection gap
More health cover US$bn
Health Protection Gap
Total future healthcare costs Projected expenditure to cover future healthcare
US$161bn
Gap in healthcare protection by 2020
Better use of savings
19% 11% 28% 50%
61%
31%
North Asia America ex Japan
Cash Equities Bonds
2x
proportion of savings in cash higher than the US
Source: Based on Swiss Re report and includes Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam; BCG wealth 2015.
22 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
Strong demand for savings and protection products
As people move into the middle class, their increased wealth and higher income give them the opportunity to make financial plans for the first time. Typically the priority is to provide protection for their families and establish a regular savings plan through a life insurance policy.
Social welfare provisions vary by market in Asia but generally fall well below the levels people need to sustain their families’ lifestyle in the event of a personal tragedy such as the diagnosis of a critical illness. Also, while basic medical services may be provided by the state, there can be a high level of out-of-pocket expenses, creating demand for financial solutions to significantly improve an individual’s experience through access to private medical services. Therefore, critical illness and medical riders are popular additions to life insurance policies.
Traditionally, Asians would have relied on their children to provide for them in their retirement but with family sizes decreasing people are increasingly making their own financial provisions and life insurance policies are a popular part of a retirement plan.
Once the savings and protection solutions are in place there is the opportunity to invest. Single premium insurance policies are also important in more developed markets and it is likely that customers will increasingly seek access to different asset classes through mutual funds as their wealth grows and their financial needs become more sophisticated.
Evolving regulatory environment
Each Asian market has evolved its own regulatory regime depending on the heritage of the industry, experiences and developmental priorities.
Regulators across the region are generally keen to promote the growth of the life insurance industry as they appreciate the social utility of providing financial security to individuals, and the way insurers can channel unproductive cash savings into long-term investments in the economy. However, they are imposing higher standards on the industry and monitoring compliance more actively, with increasing focus on the quality of advice distributors provide and the suitability of the products offered. Although assessments of solvency can vary considerably market by market, there is increasing convergence on risk-based calculations.
What we do and how we do it
Although Prudential has been operating in Asia for over 90 years, we began building our regional business in earnest in 1994 with the establishment of Prudential Corporation Asia. Since then, Prudential Corporation Asia has entered new markets, added considerable agency scale and launched bank distribution, developed product capabilities – particularly unit-linked with protection – and built a customer-centric brand anchored on the tag line ‘Always Listening, Always Understanding’.
Today, Prudential Corporation Asia is focused on leveraging this platform to grow in a disciplined way for the benefit of our customers, shareholders and communities. Success is defined by metrics that ensure we deliver volume, value and good service.
Market participation
Each market is unique and our overarching regional strategy is very specifically tailored to the opportunities that reflect the many differences in each country, including its stage of economic development, cultural preferences, regulation, the competitive landscape and our own risk appetite.
Life insurance distribution
Prudential Corporation Asia is well positioned in terms of its scale and diversity of distribution. Over 500,000 agents produce around 60 per cent of sales, with the remainder mainly coming from bancassurance that includes exclusive agreements with Standard Chartered Bank, UOB and Thanachart. At the core of our distribution model is face-to-face interaction with customers that delivers high-quality, needs-based advice.
Products
Our product portfolio is tailored to suit the savings and protection needs of customers in each market.
For example, in markets such as Indonesia and Malaysia there is a high demand for regular premium unit-linked policies that provide coverage for hospital and surgical and critical illnesses, combined with savings for items such as children’s education. In Hong Kong, there is high demand for participating products where the smoothed investment returns are particularly appealing as part of a broader financial plan.
www.prudential.co.uk
Shane from the Philippines has been a Prudential customer for five years, and holds a PRULink Exact Protector policy, with the additional optional riders Life Care Benefit, Personal Accident, Hospitalisation Income and Waiver of Total and Permanent Disability.
‘Last year, my father got hospitalised. We were devastated, not only emotionally but also financially, that my siblings and I had to chip in to make ends meet. To make things worse, I also needed money for my son’s tuition fee as the start of classes was fast approaching. We would have been in deep financial trouble if not for PRULink Exact Protector (PEP) 10, my life insurance with Pru Life. I was hesitant to get one at first, but these
kinds of unforeseen events prove life insurance to be a vital investment for everyone – through the withdrawals PEP 10 allowed me to make, my father’s hospitalisation and my son’s tuition fee were both covered. Now, my dad is happily recovering, my son is enjoying learning at school, and I’m incredibly grateful to have gotten claims when I needed them the most.’ Launched in 2011, PRULink Exact Protector is an investment-linked life insurance plan that offers both insurance protection and savings, providing customers with peace of mind.
An investment-linked plan, it allows customers to align their premium payments with their investment strategy and provides a choice of funds.9
Our customers in focus
Customers
Prudential Corporation Asia has over 14 million life insurance customers and over 22 million in-force policies. We actively monitor customer satisfaction levels across multiple indicators, but key statistics are the numbers of customers who keep their policies (our retention rate is over 90 per cent), and the number of customers who buy more policies from us (in 2015 more than 38 per cent of APE sales were from existing customers), reflecting the success of our advice-driven approach and that customers appreciate the value of the products we provide.
Innovations in service are also important to customer satisfaction. Some are technology based, such as e-submissions (up 35 per cent in 2015) and automated underwriting, but a key component is also innovation with the ‘human touch’ such as Singapore’s PRUhealthcare assist.
Asset management
Eastspring Investments, Prudential’s asset management business in Asia, manages investments for Prudential’s Asia, UK and US life companies and also has a broad base of third-party retail and institutional clients.
The asset mix is well balanced with 50 per cent equities, 43 per cent fixed income and 7 per cent money market. Around 54 per cent of funds have outperformed their benchmarks over a three-year period. Eastspring Investments has been building expertise in infrastructure, negotiated credit and quantitative investment capabilities.
www.prudential.co.uk
Eastspring Investments funds under management £bn
89.1
77.3 52.8 59.9 47.2 50.3 58.1 36.5 37.7 31.1
36.3
21.6 22.2 30.1 19.2
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Internal* External
*Invested by Prudential’s insurance funds
Corporate social responsibility activities
Prudential is a committed member of the communities where we operate, and through the Prudence Foundation we drive social responsibility activities, with a focus on providing disaster relief, promoting financial literacy and children’s education. During 2015, Prudential extended its highly successful children’s financial literacy programme, ‘Cha-Ching’ and launched the second stage of the SafeSteps programme, focusing on road safety with ambassador Michele Yeoh. For more information on these and other initiatives, see the Corporate responsibility review on page 57.
Notes
| 1 |
|
Agency excluding India. |
| 2 |
|
Prudential estimates based on IMF data |
– October 2013.
| 3 |
|
Based on products launched over the past 24 months. |
| 4 |
|
Top decile in five of seven countries in South-east Asia and Hong Kong. |
5 Prudential’s rank in insurance market by new business APE. Based on formal (competitors’ results releases, local regulators, insurance associations) and informal (industry exchange) market share data.
| 6 |
|
Market penetration sourced from Swiss Re – based on insurance premiums as a percentage of GDP in 2014 (estimated). |
| 7 |
|
Source: based on Insurance Services Malaysia Berhad data as at 31 December 2015. |
| 8 |
|
Asset management operations. |
9 Any investors should note that the value of investments, and the income from them, will fluctuate, which will cause fund prices to fall as well as rise and they may not get back the original amount they invested. The customers’ circumstances and views are specific to them and should not be taken as a recommendation, advice or forecast.
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 23
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Our businesses and their performance continued
United States
Providing US baby boomers with solutions for a stable retirement
Performance highlights
— Cash remittance increased by 13 per cent to a record level of £470 million
— Total IFRS operating pro?t of £1,702 million, up 9 per cent from year-end 2014
— Continued strong returns on shareholder capital across all key ?nancial metrics
— Successfully managed sales of variable annuities with guarantees in line with risk appetite
— Awarded ‘World Class Certification’ by Service Quality Measurement Group, Inc. and ‘Highest Customer Satisfaction by Industry’ award – the tenth consecutive year of recognition for customer service performance in these two categories
24 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
New business profit1 £m
809
706 694 530 568
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Net cash remittances £m
470
415 122 One-o_*
} 249 294 220
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
*One-off release of excess surplus
IFRS operating profit £m
1,702
1,302 1,443 1,003 675
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Growth in statutory admitted assets
US$bn
190.0 199.1 170.9 142.8 107.6
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
www.prudential.co.uk
‘Jackson continues its long-term disciplined approach to our business, with a sharp focus on aligning the needs of our stakeholders. This disciplined approach has enabled us to manage successfully volatile macroeconomic conditions, and drive consistently positive outcomes even in the midst of unsteady financial markets. Jackson’s mission is important. We provide financial security to our customers with products and services designed to support them into and through retirement. Our strategy remains focused on providing a strong proposition to our customers and value creation for our shareholders.’
Barry Stowe
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, North America Business Unit
Our strategy
Prudential’s strategy in the US is well established and continues to focus on:
— Capitalising on baby boomer retirement opportunities;
— Maintaining a balanced product suite throughout the economic cycle;
— Streamlining operating platforms, driving further operational efficiencies; and
— Conservative, economic based approach to pricing and risk management.
Our strategy page 14
www.jackson.com
www.prudential.co.uk
Market overview
Providing solutions to retirement challenges
The US is the world’s largest retirement savings market with total assets in the annuity sector of over US$2.6 trillion2. Each year, approximately four million baby boomers reach retirement age.
The number of retirees entering this stage of their life are triggering a shift from savings accumulation to retirement income generation of more than US$10 trillion3. However, as a group, baby boomers are under-saved and, in addition, their life expectancies continue to rise. They are in need of insurance products that offer the opportunity to grow their assets and to provide with guaranteed lifetime income to support them through these challenges. The US retirement market continues to offer significant opportunities for profitable growth by providing solutions to the millions of baby boomers and to the future generations that will follow.
US economic environment
Despite a noticeable deceleration in consumer spending and a contraction in business investment in the fourth quarter, the US economy continued its trend of modest annual growth. While some sectors were disappointing, notably manufacturing, the US economy created 2.7 million new jobs4, pushed unemployment down to 5.0 per cent and showed continued improvement in the housing market. In December, the Federal Reserve raised the Federal Funds rate by 25 basis points, their first increase in almost 10 years. The S&P 500 returned approximately negative 1 per cent in 2015, after much stronger returns in 2013 and 2014, while the benchmark 10-year US Treasury note yield rose from 2.18 per cent at the end of 2014 to 2.28 per cent at 31 December 2015.
Regulatory landscape
In addition to the uneven economic conditions in 2015, the insurance industry continues to deal with an evolving regulatory landscape and a multitude of initiatives. Many of these initiatives began in response to the financial crisis over eight years ago and were focused on the broader financial services industry. Within the insurance industry, we continue to see changes in supervisory structures, new global group supervision and capital standards and a focus on the reduction of ‘systemic risk’. More recently, with the release of a US Department of Labor (DOL) proposal to introduce new fiduciary obligations for distributors of investment products to holders of regulated accounts, the industry is now dealing with a regulatory initiative that will significantly impact the delivery of advice to our customers. The rules related to this proposal are not yet final, but as a leader in the industry, we have spent many hours with a wide variety of stakeholders to highlight the issues and to ensure that lawmakers and regulators understand the impact of what is proposed and the consequences it will have on various segments of the retirement market. Jackson has a good track record of navigating and, at times, benefiting from changes in the regulatory environment. This remains our mindset as we work to meet the needs of all of our stakeholders.
Competitive landscape
We continue to see significant changes across the competitive landscape as well. Sales in the annuity industry were down approximately 2 per cent5 comparing third quarter year-to-date 2015 (latest available data) against third quarter year-to-date and total industry variable annuity sales were down approximately 4 per cent5. These results partially reflect the headwinds the industry faced in 2015, including market volatility and unknown regulatory outcomes.
and
alth and he pr
, o s t g ec n i t i a v o S n
Asia
Significant protection gap and investment needs of the middle class
Self-reliant global middle class S s US UK g Transition of Savings gap and a v n i i baby boomers ageing population in need n v a g into retirement of returns and income
S s
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 25
Our businesses and their performance continued
Competitors continued to make product changes across many segments and we noted competitors evolving across product categories. In 2015, we saw more competitors join the fixed-index annuities space. In many cases they offered living benefits on their products in an attempt to compete with variable annuities. In addition, some insurers have made changes to the fund platforms within their variable annuity products, requiring managed volatility funds with a living benefit guarantee which purportedly protect annuity customers from downside market risks. There are now 17 Investment Only Variable Annuity (IOVA) products that compete directly with Elite Access, our variable annuity product with no guarantee benefits. The majority of those competitors have added guaranteed benefits to the IOVA products. Elite Access still commands a significant market share with sales of £3.1 billion in 2015.
Despite positive demographic trends and the needs of retirees, these competitive activities, market volatility and regulatory headwinds have impacted the industry, and further market share adjustments have resulted as customers and distributors seek insurers like Jackson that offer consistency, stability and financial strength.
What we do and how we do it Long-term perspective
Jackson’s long-term strategy is focused on profitable growth opportunities created by the demand for retirement income and accumulation products in the world’s largest retirement market.
We take a disciplined approach by leveraging our distinctive distribution
Grandparents Joanne and Charlie (68 and 69) are both semi-retired, and live in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. They own a Jackson annuity contract.
‘After weathering the storm in 2000 and watching our portfolio take another hit during the crisis in 2008, Charlie and I decided that we couldn’t go through that agony for a third time. After listening to our story, our wonderful financial professional, being the excellent teacher that he is, introduced us to annuities, explaining that these products offered guaranteed income for life, the opportunity for growth over our lifetime, and that our children could even benefit
capabilities and asset liability management expertise to offer prudently priced annuity products aligned with our risk appetite. There continues to be strong consumer demand for our products. We continue to respond to this demand with product innovation and distribution strategies that meet the needs of a growing retirement population while generating shareholder value.
With a long-term focus on balancing the needs of multiple stakeholders, Jackson has forged a solid reputation and built strong relationships based upon its financial stability, innovative and creative products and market-leading adviser support.
Our relentless pursuit of excellence has earned us a leading position in the industry.
Creative product development
Jackson develops and distributes products that address the retirement needs of our customers through various market cycles. These products include variable annuities, fixed annuities and fixed index annuities. Among the main attractions of a variable annuity product is the optional lifetime guarantee, where customers can access a stream of payments with downside protection while still being able to invest in a broad range of assets, as well as the benefit of tax deferral on the investment growth within the product. The breadth of our product offering, strength of our distribution relationships and our ability to maintain financial stability through the crisis and remain as a consistent presence within the market, has resulted in Jackson being the number one5 writer of variable annuities in the US.
from the products as our heirs. It’s very clear that our financial professional cares about us, so we took his advice, and honestly we could not be happier. Our annuity has worked exactly as he described it, and Charlie and I agree that it’s the very best product for us.’ Jackson is a leading provider of retirement solutions for industry professionals and their clients. The Company offers a diverse range of products including variable, fixed and fixed index annuities designed for tax-efficient accumulation and distribution of retirement income for retail customers, and fixed income products for institutional investors.8
Additionally, Jackson’s success with the development, launch and execution of Elite Access demonstrates the depth and strength of our creative and distribution capabilities in the industry. We now command a leading position in a market we were not operating in prior to 2012. Elite Access is the third best-selling variable annuity product in the US6. As of third quarter of 2015, Jackson offers three of the top 10 best-selling variable annuity products across the industry6.
The strength of our product development capabilities continues to support the diversification of our product mix, with the sale of variable annuities with living benefit guarantees remaining in line with our risk appetite in 2015. As expected, in the current historically low interest rate environment, variable annuities continue to outsell fixed rate products. While sales of fixed annuities have been lower in recent years, fixed index annuities increased 15 per cent from 2014. These products still make up a significant portion of our balance sheet and earnings.
Jackson stopped selling traditional life insurance products in 2012; however, we continue to look for opportunistic ‘bolt-on’ acquisitions to further diversify our earnings and balance sheet risks. In the past, these disciplined acquisitions have shaped Jackson’s earnings while helping to diversify Jackson’s overall risk profile. We continue to balance proactively value, volume, capital and balance sheet strength across our suite of product offerings, which allows us to compete effectively throughout the economic cycle.
Our customers in focus
www.prudential.co.uk
26 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
Strength of distribution
Our distribution teams set us apart from our competitors. Jackson’s wholesaling force is the largest in the industry, supporting thousands of advisers across multiple channels and distribution outlets.
Our wholesalers provide extensive training to these advisers. In 2015, we led the industry with the highest level of sales efficiency, with gross sales per wholesaler 32 per cent higher than the nearest competitor.
National Planning Holdings, an affiliate of Jackson, is the sixth7 largest independent broker-dealer network in the US. Leveraging the collective strength of the four broker-dealers within the network, National Planning Holdings is able to meet the specific needs of three key distribution channels: independent representatives, financial institutions, and tax and accounting professionals. We offer registered representatives and investment advisers access to industry-leading mutual fund/asset management companies, insurance carriers, and to thousands of brokerage products. National Planning Holdings provides significant benefits for Jackson by offering Jackson products and providing market intelligence.
The strength and flexibility of this network will give us distinct advantages as we continue to manage through the pending US Department of Labor fiduciary proposal which, as it is drafted today, will have a direct impact on the distribution of annuities in the future.
Efficient operations
We support our industry-leading product development and distribution teams with award-winning customer service. Jackson was awarded by Service Quality Measurement Group, Inc. World Class Certification in customer satisfaction and received the Highest Customer Satisfaction by Industry award, achieving the top rating for the financial industry for the tenth consecutive year.
www.prudential.co.uk
High-quality information technology systems are critical for providing award-winning customer service. We leverage technology to enhance processing quality and reduce the time required to process new business and commissions. The flexibility of our information technology systems contributes to our ability to manufacture, distribute and service an unbundled product design unique to the industry. The focus on our operational platforms, and the efficiencies achieved as a result, has provided us with among the lowest general and administration expense to asset ratio relative to competitors.
Disciplined risk management
Jackson operates within a well-defined risk framework aligned with the overall Prudential Group risk appetite. The type and number of products we sell remains balanced. Our conservative and disciplined economic approach to pricing is designed to achieve both adequate returns on our products and sufficient resources to support our hedging programme.
Our hedge philosophy has not changed in 2015. Jackson is able to aggregate financial risks across the Company, obtain a unified view of our risk positions, and actively manage net risks through an economically based hedging programme. A key element of our core strategy is to protect the Company from severe economic scenarios while maintaining adequate regulatory capital. We benefit from the fact that the competitive environment continues to favour companies with robust financial strength and a demonstrated track record of financial discipline, both key elements of our long-term strategy.
Notes
1 The 2015 EEV results of the Group are presented on a post-tax basis and, accordingly, prior years’ results are shown on a comparable basis.
| 2 |
|
LIMRA, Annuity US Individual Annuities Survey Participant’s Report (Q3 2015). |
| 3 |
|
US Census Bureau. |
| 4 |
|
Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor. |
5 LIMRA/Secure Retirement Institute, US Individual Annuities Sales Survey (Q3 2015). Jackson is ranked first in total Variable Annuities sales out of 44 participating companies in LIMRA’s quarterly survey as of 3Q YTD 2015.
6 ©2015 Morningstar Inc. All Rights Reserved. The information contained herein: (1) is proprietary to Morningstar and/or its content providers; (2) may not be copied or distributed; and (3) is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. Neither Morningstar nor its content providers are responsible for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Morningstar Annuity Research Center 3QYTD15 variable annuity sales by contract.
| 7 |
|
Paikert, C. (2015). New Paths to Scale. Financial Planning. June 2015. |
8 Any investors should note that the value of investments, and the income from them, will fluctuate, which will cause fund prices to fall as well as rise and they may not get back the original amount they invested. The customers’ circumstances and views are specific to them and should not be taken as a recommendation, advice or forecast.
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 27
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Our businesses and their performance continued
United Kingdom
Insurance and investments
Serving the savings and retirement needs of the ageing population in the UK
Performance highlights
— Robust sales performance in challenging ‘pension freedom’ environment
— Named Company of the Year for excellence in service2
— Retained two Five Star ratings for excellent service2, achieved for fifth consecutive year
— Best Investment Service and Best Investment Bond Provider 20153
— Diversified distribution model focusing on intermediaries, Prudential Financial Planning (our direct advice service) and individual customers via mail, email and telephone
— Significant investment to develop digital distribution capabilities
— Launch of PruFund range within ISA wrapper drives further strong performance of with-profits offering
— Implementation of ‘pension freedom’ drives product innovation to meet changing face of UK retirement market
28 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
New business profit1 £m
318
259* 117 241 237 105 195 30 24
19 211 213 201 176 154*
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Wholesale Retail
*Adjusted to exclude results of PruHealth and PruProtect
Net cash remittances £m
355
325 331 297 313
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
IFRS operating profit £m
1,195 89 1,106
723 736 735 753* 105
23 31 25 648* 700 705 710
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Wholesale Retail
*Adjusted to exclude results of PruHealth and PruProtect
Inherited estate £bn
8.0
7.2 7.6*
7.0 6.1
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
*Representing Solvency II own funds of the UK with-profits funds
www.prudential.co.uk
‘The regulatory and government interventions we continued to witness in 2015 will benefit the well known, financially strong firms, such as Prudential, as more transparency and competition comes to the sector.
This changing environment creates opportunities that play to our strengths – great investment performance, access to a true multi-asset fund and a customer return less impacted by market fluctuations.’
John Foley
Chief Executive Prudential UK & Europe
Our strategy
Prudential UK & Europe is a well established provider of retirement income and investment solutions with a focus on helping customers achieve their long-term investment goals.
Its distinct competitive advantage in with-profits and longevity management continues to provide market-leading returns to customers over the long term. Using this core capability it is attracting new customers with a range of new products designed to meet their retirement income and savings needs in a post-pension freedom market.
By optimising its in-force business and focusing on the areas of the market where it has a distinct competitive advantage, Prudential continues to deliver sustainable cash flows for the Group and its shareholders.
Our strategy page 14
www.pru.co.uk
www.prudential.co.uk
Market overview period of fundamental change and opportunity
The UK is the world’s fifth largest retail investment market. Wealth is concentrated the 50+ age group, with the younger generation of savers being typically less well-funded. In our target over-50 demographic, the population growth rate is almost double the growth rate of the UK population as a whole, and while the introduction of pension freedom reforms in April 2015 has fundamentally changed the way in which individuals can access their savings to help fund their income in retirement, the need to accumulate savings remains unchanged. These radical changes, when combined with our trusted brand and product capabilities, provide new and significant opportunities for the profitable and capital efficient growth of our business in the UK.
The new regulatory rule book
When compared to 2012, the UK pensions industry today is almost unrecognisable. Three years of unprecedented regulatory change has resulted in a structural marketplace shift in how customers view retirement, with consumers being given greater flexibility to access their pension savings in retirement. Customers are engaging more frequently with their providers and the demand for financial advice and guidance is increasing. Those companies that are well known, financially strong and create products and services to match the pension freedom needs and expectations of customers will prosper.
Prudential is well placed in this evolving marketplace. This is evident in our new business profile relative to a few years ago. Where once bonds and annuities were the dominant components of new business, since the emergence of greater post-pension freedoms we have been writing more bond, ISA, pension saving and income drawdown business, and a significantly lower volume of annuity business, giving a better balance to our business portfolio.
What we do and how we do it Valuable customer franchise
For over 167 years Prudential has been providing financial security to generations of UK customers through an unwavering focus on long-term value as evidenced by our longevity experience, multi-asset investment capabilities and our financial strength. Such attributes are highly sought after today by customers adjusting to pension freedoms and by financial advisers who require a brand they can trust to help secure dependable incomes in retirement for their clients. Our inherent brand strength, in combination with our range of market-leading with-profits and retirement income products, resonate more strongly than ever with customers and distributors. This is driving significant demand for our differentiated and market-leading retirement solutions.
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 29
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Our businesses and their performance continued
We continue to focus on meeting customer needs through the following actions:
— Providing products and retirement solutions perfectly tailored to help customers take advantage of the new pension freedoms;
— Broadening the ways in which customers can do business with us through financial adviser intermediaries, providing advice to customers in their homes through our 250 Prudential
Financial Planning partners, or by telephone and increasingly online;
— Investing in technology that enables customers to engage more flexibly with us online;
— Enhancing access to our market-leading PruFund investment range through an ISA wrapper;
— Introducing income drawdown specifically designed for the pension freedoms market; and
— Consistently committing to customer service improvement, which was recognised at the 2015 Financial Adviser Service Awards where we received the accolade of Company of the Year for the first time, while also retaining our two Five Star ratings in the Life & Pensions and Investment categories for the fifth consecutive year.
Focused participation in two distinct segments
Retail growth Cash and in-force optimisation
Grow differentiated proposition and distribution Improve, re-shape, optimise
Segment — Mutual value creation for customers — Significant ongoing value to be managed features and shareholders — Opportunity to improve customer service
— Diversification of product base using and retention core capabilities — Optimise costs
— Long-term savings and retirement focus
Pru competitive — Investment record; asset side scale — Strength of customer base; direct capability capabilities — Complementary intermediary and owned — Long track record of managing longevity distribution; retail brand
Aims ‘UK’s leading provider of investment ‘Well-managed back book underpinning solutions’ future profit delivery’
Capital-lite, profitable growth Customer outcome delivery Long-term cash generation
Strong investment track record, product capabilities and customer outcomes
Prudential is a leader in its chosen markets, benefiting from a strong investment track record, a financially strong with-profits fund and a recognised reputation for developing innovative products.
Over the long term our with-profits fund has continued to perform strongly. Over a period spanning nearly 20 years, our asset share fund has outperformed the median investment return of our peer group by an average of just over 100 basis points per annum.
Our with-profits, or PruFund, platform gives us the ability to create products perfectly tailored for the customers of the pension freedoms world. In the past year we have made two significant enhancements that have broadened access to our proposition: making PruFund available through an ISA wrapper and through a drawdown product.
30 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
PruFund investment performance*
PruFund growth
+83%
80%
60%
40%
20% ABI fund comparator
+37%
0%
-20% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
PruFund growth ABI fund comparator
| * |
|
ABI Mixed Investment 20%-60% Shares TR; performance from 31 December 2005 to 31 December 2015 |
www.prudential.co.uk
Our customers in focus
Mike retired in 2014, and was introduced to the Prudential Flexible Retirement and Flexible Drawdown Plan by Prudential Financial Planning.
‘The PruFund range has allowed me to look forward to my retirement with total confidence. I was introduced to the Prudential Flexible Retirement and Flexible Drawdown Plan, and discovered that this gave me much more control over my financial planning over the coming years; I was able to consolidate all my pensions into one “pot” and the fund should grow modestly while still allowing a comfortable lifestyle. I am able to adjust my pension up or down depending on my circumstances, and also take a lump sum if needed. And the real bonus is that when I do head up the “stairway to
heaven”, the monies in the fund will pass on to my wife and then on to our children.’ Prudential UK’s PruFund4 offers customers the potential for growth alongside a degree of security against losing money. With its market-leading multi-asset fund offering, Prudential UK provides access to our fund management expertise. Our innovative funds spread risk through investing in many different assets, employ a smoothing process that offers potential growth in the value of the funds while helping to manage short-term volatility, and provide a range of guarantee options to tie in with customers’ future needs.
Our competitive strength in these areas combined with our product suite continues to attract new customers seeking protection from the impact of volatile market conditions. Importantly for customers, our PruFund range provides smoothing in a volatile and uncertain investment environment. The strength of the proposition is reflected in the consistent growth we have experienced, both in terms of the number of customers invested and the assets under management.
PruFund comprises a range of different funds, with or without explicit guarantees, and a range of ‘risk-rated’ fund options. We meet a wide range of customer needs by providing access to PruFund through a variety of tax or product wrappers, namely ISAs, bonds, pensions and drawdown. In Corporate Pensions, we continue to focus on securing new members and incremental business from our current portfolio of customers and on additional voluntary contribution plans within the public sector, where Prudential is the market leader, providing schemes for 73 of the 101 public sector authorities in the UK. Our approach to bulk annuity transactions in the UK continues to be one of disciplined participation, focusing on those opportunities where we can bring both significant value to our customers and meet our shareholder return requirements. In 2015 we completed four transactions at the higher end of the market, generating sales in excess of £1.5 billion.
Broad distribution
Our diversified distribution model, focused on both third-party financial advisers and the individual customer through a direct non-advised channel and our own financial planning arm Prudential Financial Planning, has been central to the increase in retail business written in 2015. Distribution through financial advisers continues to be
www.prudential.co.uk
our most significant route to market in the UK with sales growth of 52 per cent over the same period in 2014 being achieved by our intermediary sales teams. Sales generated by Prudential Financial Planning increased by 77 per cent. The expertise and capability within our Retail Voice telephony team is ideally suited to supporting developments of our direct to consumer franchise and is complementary to the services of Prudential Financial Planning. Our business in Poland has established a strong customer franchise, growing steadily since launching in 2013.
Headquartered in Warsaw, the business now has 18 branches across the country and 597 financial planning consultants. Its success demonstrates our ability to build a new business franchise by applying our existing product and distribution expertise to a new market.
Prudential UK & Europe has well established franchise in its chosen markets which continues to drive strong growth and ongoing product demand among customers. The business is focused on delivering retail growth and the optimisation of in-force business. It will continue to develop retirement solutions based on the market-leading and differentiated PruFund range.
Developments will be underpinned by the latest technology including the introduction of a new policy administration system to support the launch of a retirement account specifically designed for the post-pension freedom marketplace.
Notes
1 The 2014 EEV results of the Group are presented on a post-tax basis and, accordingly, prior years’ results are shown on a comparable basis. 2 Financial Adviser Services Awards.
| 3 |
|
Moneyfacts Life and Pensions Awards 2015. |
4 Any investors should note that the value of investments, and the income from them, will fluctuate, which will cause fund prices to fall as well as rise and they may not get back the original amount they invested. The customers’ circumstances and views are specific to them and should not be taken as a recommendation, advice or forecast.
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 31
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Our businesses and their performance continued
United Kingdom
Asset management
Serving both retail and institutional investors’ needs through a conviction-led and long-term approach to investing
Performance highlights
— Retail external funds under management of £60.8 billion
— 5 per cent growth in institutional business to £65 billion under management
— 2015 profits of £442 million
— Recognised for its investment expertise with awards across nearly all its asset categories in 2015, including Investment Manager of the Year at the European Pension Awards
M&G external net flows £bn
16.9
9.0*
9.5
2.1 7.1
4.4 7.9 7.4 0.4
0. 3.9 5 6.7 3.9
(10.9) (7.0)
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Institutional Retail
*Including £7.6 billion single mandate
Net cash remittances £m
302
285 235 213 206
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
M&G external funds under management £bn
126 137
126
112 63
59 65 57 92 48 74 67
61
55 44
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Institutional Retail
IFRS operating profit1 £m
446 442 395 320 301
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
www.prudential.co.uk
32 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
‘After a period of exceptional growth M&G had a more challenging year, with retail redemptions due in part to continuation of a market-wide change in investor sentiment away from fixed-income. Our track record of innovation in institutional business combined with asset class diversification helped deliver capital efficient profits and cash generation for the Group.’
Michael McLintock
Chief Executive Officer, M&G
Our strategy
M&G manages the investments of individuals, institutions and the UK policyholders of Prudential funds. Its aim is to help these customers to meet their financial goals through long-term active investment management across a diversified range of asset classes.
Innovation and independence of thought are prized at M&G in the belief that these are the factors that lead to superior, sustainable returns for its clients over the longer term. A record of strong investment returns attracts clients and assets, and the resulting management fees continue to generate strong cash flows for Prudential’s shareholders.
Our strategy page 14
www.mandg.co.uk
www.prudential.co.uk
Market overview
The European asset management market is the second largest in the world with net assets of ¤12.6 trillion2. Demand for asset management services is expected to continue to grow as governments and employers increasingly pass the responsibility for retirement planning and other long-term savings to individuals. Asset managers with records of strong investment returns and a high level of client service are in a good position to attract flows of new money.
The UK asset management industry, M&G’s core market, is the second largest national market in the world with £870.7 billion3 of assets and is a global centre of excellence for investment management and a major source of long-term funding for the UK economy. M&G manages money on behalf of retail and institutional investors, and Prudential UK’s funds.
Market backdrop over the past year
The global economy in 2015 was dominated by three factors: fears of an economic slowdown in China, which led to the Chinese stock market crash in August; the continued decline in global commodity prices; and a strong US dollar. While commodity-exporting emerging markets and currencies suffered during 2015, the US dollar strengthened in anticipation of a rise in the federal funds rate, further bolstered by investors seeking a safe haven during heightened geopolitical tensions. Despite signs of economic recovery in developed countries, 2015 saw heightened market volatility across most asset classes and regions.
In Europe, investors shifted away from fixed income and equities towards mixed asset funds and cash, accompanied by a significant increase in funds flowing to exchange traded funds. Net sales of UK-domiciled mutual funds were £17.0 billion3 during 2015, with annual net outflows of £4.7 billion3 from the fixed income asset class by itself, although property and money market funds held up well.
What we do and how we do it
M&G has been managing money on behalf of third-party investors for more than 80 years. We believe our active approach to investment – selecting investments on a conviction basis rather than following a market index – produces superior returns for our customers over the longer term. We offer our customers the ability to invest in a diverse range of assets; not only equities and fixed income but also unlisted investments such as property, direct lending, infrastructure and private equity. M&G is one of the UK’s largest real estate investors, with a property portfolio of £23.4 billion at 31 December 2015, and is the third largest private debt lender in the world.
M&G operates a range of UK-domiciled retail funds which are now distributed in 15 markets across Europe and Asia. At the end of 2015 clients outside the UK account for 41 per cent of our retail assets under management.
In the institutional market, M&G provides a range of strategies that help pension funds, sovereign wealth funds and other large institutional investors match liabilities and achieve growth targets. Some of these strategies were developed originally for Prudential’s insurance funds.
alth and he pr
, o s t g ec n i t i a v o S n
Asia
Significant protection gap and investment needs of the middle class
Self-reliant global middle class S s US UK g Transition of Savings gap and a v n i i baby boomers ageing population in need n v a g into retirement of returns and income
S s
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 33
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Our businesses and their performance continued
M&G’s retail market position
Retail fund markets are highly fragmented, with no single company dominating. This reflects the competitive nature of the business and the multiplicity of providers. Retail clients favour pooled funds such as open-ended investment companies which they buy directly from M&G or more typically through an intermediary such as an independent financial adviser or discretionary fund manager. By total UK assets under management, M&G is the second largest retail fund manager with £35.7 billion of assets under management, equivalent to a market share of 6.8 per cent3. In Europe, where M&G has distributed funds since 2002, it has over £23.5 billion of assets under management and a market share of 0.4 per cent4.
M&G’s institutional market position
Institutional clients require investment strategies that help them meet future outgoings, from a pension scheme making payments to retired employees to a sovereign wealth fund that finances schools, transport and other infrastructure developments. M&G’s ability to design and commercialise investment strategies for such clients is founded on the quality of its people and their acknowledged expertise in the world’s credit and real estate markets. Many of the innovative strategies developed for today’s institutional clients are long-term, illiquid investments – from infrastructure and housing to solar parks and corporate lending. Such investments often require a client to sign up for multiple years, creating long-term stability and security in the yields received by the client and the fees received by M&G.
Our institutional fixed income clients include some of the UK’s largest pension
M&G funds under management £bn
264
244 246 228 118 127 120 201 116 109
63
59 65 57
48 74
67 61 55 44
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Internal* Institutional Retail
*Invested by Prudential’s insurance funds
funds, 51 UK local authority pension schemes and a number of sovereign wealth funds. M&G Real Estate is one of the world’s largest international property investors enabling clients to access a wide range of investment opportunities in real estate across all the major sectors in the UK, Europe and Asia.
People
Our investment edge is our people. We employ more than 2,000 people operating from offices across Europe, Asia and in southern Africa. We take pride in attracting, developing and retaining people of the highest calibre. In return, they are committed to working with us to meet the long-term needs of our customers. Our investment teams are primarily based in our headquarters in London, where they benefit from the provision of high quality support staff and investment infrastructure: from analysts and dealers to operations, risk and compliance. Reflecting the need for local expertise in real estate,
we also have specialist real estate teams in Paris, Frankfurt, Luxembourg, Singapore, Seoul and Tokyo in addition to those in London.
Meeting customers’ needs
A committed focus on long-term investment returns means that the interests of M&G and its customers are aligned, whether clients are individual savers, institutional investors or the funds of Prudential’s insurance operations.
M&G has a strong investment brand, built over decades and based on a reputation for honesty, innovation and a commitment to building long-term wealth for our investors. We aim to put our customers at the heart of everything we do and seek to be a trusted partner for all of our clients.
Investment expertise
M&G’s investment expertise spans all the principal asset classes – equities, fixed income, multi-asset and real estate – so that we can always offer investment solutions to our clients as market conditions and investor sentiment change.
Equities: Our fund managers have the freedom to develop their own investment approaches. Their main strength lies in stock selection, focusing on fundamental company analysis. M&G’s size and standing enables our fund managers to develop an effective dialogue with the management teams of the companies in which they invest.
Fixed income: M&G is one of Europe’s largest fixed income investors. Our fund managers benefit from one of the region’s largest and most experienced in-house credit research teams, whose knowledge covers the full range of fixed income investment, from the management of
Our customers in focus
Ian retired at 55, and now has more time to spend doing what matters to him and his wife Sue, which includes managing their money.
‘My job now is to get the best possible return on our savings and investments and I like to keep up to date with the latest financial developments and look for good investment opportunities. Diversification is key to my investment strategy and the wide range of funds available from M&G allows me to achieve this.’ Like many M&G direct customers, Ian prefers to invest in ‘income’ shares of M&G mutual funds, which pay out income regularly to help support his
34 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
lifestyle throughout retirement. To spread his risk across geographies, asset classes and fund strategies, Ian holds shares in the M&G Property Portfolio (which mainly invests in commercial properties in the UK) and in a broad mix of equity funds invested in the UK, Europe, North America and Asia6.
www.prudential.co.uk
sovereign debt and public corporate bond portfolios through to private debt such as leveraged finance, real estate finance, direct lending and infrastructure. In a ranking of global private debt managers for 2015, M&G ranked third, with a book of over £20.7 billion5.
Multi-asset: M&G’s Multi-Asset team, the Macro Investment Business, is responsible for the management of a range of funds for retail investors and segregated accounts for institutional clients. The team applies a top-down ‘macro’ approach, with a strong valuation framework, which can be applied across markets and regions in many market conditions.
Real estate: M&G Real Estate is a leading global property investor and manager covering all major real estate sectors including business space, retail and leisure, residential and alternatives sectors. We actively manage our assets, drawing on our long heritage of expertise and knowledge and our extensive network of contacts. This approach enables the business to identify and capitalise on attractive investment opportunities. We also have a track record of identifying and exploiting real estate development opportunities and for the successful delivery of projects. M&G concluded 2015 with £4.2 billion of global property transactions. This included £2.6 billion of acquisitions with an average deal size of £56 million.
A history of innovation
Since launching the UK’s first open-ended fund in 1931, we have brought a succession of new investment strategies to the retail and institutional markets. In combination with this tradition of innovative investment thinking, M&G has a proven ability to convert ideas into products that meet our clients’ needs and attract significant fund flows. It is these two qualities in combination that make M&G distinctive. M&G saw healthy inflows to its ranges of retail multi-asset funds in 2015, as investors sought flexibility and stability in times of low yields and economic and political uncertainty. During the year, M&G launched a third fund in its popular European multi-asset range, the M&G Prudent Allocation Fund.
In the institutional market, pension funds, sovereign wealth funds and other large clients require stable, long-term cash flows that help meet their liabilities. Our reputation for innovation in the institutional market continues to grow, with M&G at the forefront of a number of specialist fixed income markets, including leveraged finance and infrastructure investment. The consistency of our institutional investment returns helped earn M&G the prestigious 2015 Financial News Institutional Asset Management Awards for Infrastructure Manager of the Year for our infrastructure investment arm, Infracapital.
www.prudential.co.uk
Diversification
M&G has pursued business diversification across:
— Asset class: expertise across equities, fixed income, real estate and multi-asset strategies;
— Client type: retail customers and institutional clients including pension funds, sovereign wealth funds, and Prudential’s own long-term insurance funds;
— Investment strategy: over 60 pooled retail funds covering domestic, global and emerging market strategies, 14 of which have funds under management of over £1 billion, up from 13 in 2014. Institutional clients benefit from a wide-range of pooled and/or segregated fixed income, equity and real estate strategies; and
— Countries.
Notes
| 1 |
|
Excludes Prudential Capital. |
| 2 |
|
Based on data as at Q4 2015. European Fund & Asset Management Association (published on |
22 February 2016).
| 3 |
|
Source: Investment Association, 31 December 2015. |
4 Lipper FMI FundFile, 31 December 2015, based on Europe ex. UK and International region. M&G data sourced internally.
5 Private Debt Investor figures based on amount of capital raised over the last five years for discrete private debt strategies.
6 Any investors should note that the value of investments, and the income from them, will fluctuate, which will cause fund prices to fall as well as rise and they may not get back the original amount they invested. The customers’ circumstances and views are specific to them and should not be taken as a recommendation, advice or forecast.
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 35
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Chief Financial Officer’s report on our 2015 financial performance
Delivering a strong financial performance across our ‘growth and cash’ metrics
‘The Group’s financial performance and its resilience increasingly benefits from ongoing improvement in the quality of our income delivered through stronger growth in non-interest sensitive sources and from the balance of profit and cash across different geographies, currencies, products and distribution channels.’
Nic Nicandrou
Chief Financial Officer
Prudential aims to have clarity and consistency in the performance indicators that drive our businesses. Alongside this, we develop our financial disclosures to enable our external stakeholders to fairly assess our long-term performance. We have three objectives:
— To demonstrate how we generate profits;
— To show how we think about capital allocation; and
— To highlight the cash generation of our business.
36 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
Performance highlights
IFRS operating profit £m EEV operating profit £m
CAGR CAGR
+20% +14%
4,007 4,881
3,186 4,096 2,954 3,174
2,520 2,868 2,937
2,017
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Group free surplus generation £m Business unit remittances £m
CAGR CAGR
+11% +9%
3,050 1,482 1,625
2,462 2,579 1,341 1,200
1,982 2,080 1,105
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Measuring our performance page 16
lus I r p n-f s u n or E h e t io c a s r e r a e r n
C a F e n e i g n g s
e s t s N c n i n e u t a w s t Long-term b s i m s u e sustainable value i n e n i r sh e u B s s s a c
Fi y a na n c nd nci l v e li ng So a l qui p i t dity c a
Capital
www.prudential.co.uk
£4,007m
IFRS operating profit
22%
increase on 2014
£2,617m
EEV new business profit
20%
increase on 2014
Measuring our performance page 16
www.prudential.co.uk
2015 has been another year of progress, delivering a strong financial performance across our ‘growth and cash’ metrics of new business profit, IFRS operating profit and operating free surplus generation.
This performance was broad-based with strong contributions from our principal business operations. The Group’s financial performance and its resilience increasingly benefits from ongoing improvement in the quality of our income delivered through stronger growth in non-interest-sensitive sources and from the balance of profit and cash across different geographies, currencies, products and distribution channels. Prudential’s balance sheet remains conservatively positioned, our Group solvency under the Insurance Groups Directive (IGD) is robust and our Solvency II outcome, following approval by the Prudential Regulation Authority of our internal model in December 2015, underscores the strength and resilience of the Group’s capital position.
The key financial highlights of 2015 (on a constant exchange rate basis) were:
— Group IFRS operating profit was
22 per cent higher at £4,007 million.
— Group profit before tax attributable to shareholders on an IFRS basis increased 19 per cent to £3,148 million, including the financial impact of short-term movements in investment values and other items reported outside the operating result.
— Underlying free surplus generation1
(net of investment in new business) rose by 15 per cent to £3,050 million.
— On the European Embedded Value (EEV) basis of reporting performance, new business profit increased
20 per cent2 to £2,617 million, contributing to EEV operating profit of £4,881 million, up 16 per cent.
— EEV basis shareholders’ funds at
31 December 2015 increased to £32.4 billion, 11 per cent higher than the previous year end on an actual exchange rate basis.
During 2015, investment markets have remained volatile, reflecting growing concerns on the outlook for global growth, the consequences of monetary policy actions and unease caused by the steep decline in commodities prices. The fourth quarter in particular saw weakening equity markets and widening credit spreads across most of the major global economies. Although we have taken steps to reduce the investment market sensitivity of our earnings and balance sheet in recent years, we remain significant long-term holders of financial assets. Short-term fluctuations in the value of these assets are reported outside the operating result, which is based on longer-term investment return assumptions.
Currency values in the countries in which we operate have also fluctuated in the course of 2015. As a significant proportion of our earnings and capital are US dollar denominated, the weaker sterling benefited our reported results, shareholders’ equity and solvency. However, for the purposes of evaluating the financial performance of our businesses outside the UK, unless otherwise stated, we continue to present growth rates before the impact of currency movements, as this gives a more meaningful assessment of underlying performance trends.
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 37
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Chief Financial Officer’s report on our 2015 financial performance continued
IFRS profit
Actual exchange rate Constant exchange rate 2015 £m 2014 £m Change % 2014 £m Change %
Operating profit before tax
Long-term business:
Asia 1,209 1,050 15 1,040 16 US 1,691 1,431 18 1,543 10 UK2 1,167 729 60 729 60 Long-term business operating profit2 4,067 3,210 27 3,312 23 UK general insurance commission 28 24 17 24 17 Asset management business: M&G 442 446 (1) 446 (1) Prudential Capital 19 42 (55) 42 (55) Eastspring Investments 115 90 28 91 26 US 11 12 (8) 13 (15) Other income and expenditure3 (675) (661) (2) (661) (2) Results of the sold PruHealth and PruProtect business – 23 (100) 23 (100)
Total operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 4,007 3,186 26 3,290 22 Short-term fluctuations in investment returns: Insurance operations (663) (461) (44) (537) (23) Other operations (74) (113) 35 (113) 35 (737) (574) (28) (650) (13) Other non-operating items3 (122) 2 n/a (4) n/a
Profit before tax attributable to shareholders 3,148 2,614 20 2,636 19 Tax charge attributable to shareholders’ returns (569) (398) (43) (396) (44)
Profit for the year attributable to shareholders 2,579 2,216 16 2,240 15
IFRS earnings per share
Actual exchange rate Constant exchange rate 2015 pence 2014 pence Change % 2014 pence Change %
Basic earnings per share based on operating profit after tax 125.8 96.6 30 99.5 26 Basic earnings per share based on total profit after tax 101.0 86.9 16 87.9 15
Note B1: Analysis of performance by segment page 155 and Note B6: Earnings per share page 177
IFRS operating profit
Total IFRS operating profit increased by 22 per cent to £4,007 million in 2015, driven by improved performance in our life operations in Asia, the US and the UK.
— Asia total operating profit of
£1,324 million was 17 per cent higher than the previous year (16 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis), with strong growth in both life insurance and Eastspring Investments, our Asia-based asset management business.
— US total operating profit at
£1,702 million increased by 9 per cent (18 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis), driven by higher fee income from growth in Jackson’s separate account asset base.
38 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
— UK total operating profit was
59 per cent2 higher at £1,195 million, driven by our focused approach on active management of our in-force portfolio and the positive impact of specific management actions taken to position the balance sheet more efficiently under the new Solvency II regime.
— M&G operating profit (excluding
Prudential Capital) at £442 million was in line with 2014, with action on costs mitigating the impact of lower revenues following a 7 per cent reduction in funds managed at end 2015.
Life insurance operations: taken together,
IFRS operating profit from our life insurance operations in Asia, the US and the UK
increased 23 per cent2 to £4,067 million. This increase reflects the growth in the scale of these operations, driven primarily by positive business inflows. We track the progress that we make in growing our life insurance business by reference to the scale of our obligations to our customers, which are referred to in the financial statements as policyholder liabilities. Each year these liabilities increase as we collect premiums and decrease as we pay claims and policies mature. The overall scale of these policyholder liabilities is relevant in evaluating our profit potential, in that it reflects, for example, our ability to earn fees on the unit-linked element and it sizes the risk that we carry on the insurance element, for which Prudential needs to be compensated.
www.prudential.co.uk
Shareholder-backed policyholder liabilities and net liability flows4
2015 £m 2014 £m Actual exchange rate Actual exchange rate
At 1 Market and At 31 At 1 Market and At 31 January Net liability other December January Net liability other December 2015 flows5 movements 2015 2014 flows5 movements 2014
Asia 26,410 1,867 (433) 27,844 21,931 1,937 2,542 26,410 US 126,746 8,476 3,691 138,913 107,411 8,263 11,072 126,746 UK 55,009 (2,694) 509 52,824 50,779 (610) 4,840 55,009 Total Group 208,165 7,649 3,767 219,581 180,121 9,590 18,454 208,165
Note C4: Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds page 219
Focusing on the business supported by shareholder capital, which generates the majority of the life profit, in the course of 2015 policyholder liabilities increased from £208.2 billion at the start of the year to £219.6 billion at 31 December 2015. The consistent addition of high-quality profitable new business and proactive management of the existing in-force portfolio underpins this increase, resulting in positive net flows4,5 into policyholder
liabilities of £7.6 billion in 2015 driven by our US and Asia businesses. Net ?ows into our US business were £8.5 billion in 2015, reflecting continued success in attracting new variable annuity business. The consistency of our net flows into Asia is underpinned by our focus on recurring premium new business and strong customer retention. Across this business net liability flows continue to be positive at £1.9 billion. Net outflows in the UK are
partly due to the impact of large investment only corporate pension schemes transfers combined with annuity payments that are no longer offset by new business inflows following the reduction in retail annuity sales. Positive foreign currency translation effects together with favourable investment market and other movements have contributed a further £3.8 billion to the increase in policyholder liabilities since the start of the year.
Analysis of long-term insurance business pre-tax IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns by driver6
Actual exchange rate Constant exchange rate 2015 £m 2014 £m 2014 £m Operating Average Operating2 Average Operating2 Average profit liability Margin profit liability Margin profit liability Margin bps bps bps
Spread income 1,157 73,511 157 1,131 67,252 168 1,189 69,628 171 Fee income 1,896 125,380 151 1,618 110,955 146 1,726 116,507 148 With-profits 314 106,749 29 298 101,290 29 299 101,653 29 Insurance margin 1,759 1,418 1,464 Margin on revenues 1,911 1,721 1,708 Expenses: Acquisition costs* (2,186) 5,607 (39)% (2,014) 4,627 (44)% (2,077) 4,778 (43)% Administration expenses (1,688) 206,423 (82) (1,454) 186,049 (78) (1,505) 194,588 (77) DAC adjustments 340 277 292 Expected return on shareholder assets 225 215 216 3,728 3,210 3,312 Impact of specific management actions in second half of the year, ahead of Solvency II 339 – –Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 4,067 3,210 3,312
The ratio of acquisition costs is calculated as a percentage of APE sales including with-profits sales. Acquisition costs include only those relating to shareholder- backed business.
Note 1a: Analysis of long-term insurance business pre-tax IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns by driver page 333
In 2015, we maintained our preference for higher-quality sources of income such as insurance margin and fee income. We favour insurance margin because it is relatively insensitive to the equity and interest rate cycle and prefer fee income to spread income because it is more capital-efficient. Insurance margin was up 20 per cent (24 per cent on an actual
exchange rate basis) reflecting our strategic emphasis on growing our offering of risk products such as health and protection in Asia. Fee income was up 10 per cent (17 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis) primarily reflecting the growth in the level of assets that we manage on behalf of our customers, primarily in the US. In contrast, the contribution to our profits
from spread income decreased by 3 per cent (increase 2 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis), primarily due to the effect of lower achieved yields in the US and a declining contribution from UK annuities. The fact that insurance margin and fee income generated a higher and growing proportion of our income represents a healthy evolution in the
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 39
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Chief Financial Officer’s report on our 2015 financial performance continued
quality, resilience and balance of our earnings. Our share of returns from with-profits operations was up 5 per cent, providing a stable and reliable source of income for both shareholders and customers invested in these funds. The total costs we have incurred in writing new business and administering the in-force life business also increased but at a more modest rate than total income, highlighting the advantages of increased scale as we build our business, while maintaining control of costs.
In the second half of 2015 and ahead of securing Solvency II internal model approval, a number of specific management actions were taken by our UK life business to position the balance sheet more efficiently under the new regime. These actions included extending the reinsurance of longevity risk to cover £8.7 billion of annuity liabilities by the end of 2015 (end 2014: programme covered £2.3 billion of liabilities). It also included repositioning of the fixed income asset portfolio, increasing to 95 per cent the proportion that would benefit from the matching adjustment under Solvency II. The combined effect of these and other actions generated a £339 million IFRS operating profit in the second half of 2015 and is not expected to recur going forward.
IFRS operating profit from our portfolio of life insurance operations in Asia was up 16 per cent to £1,209 million, driven by a 14 per cent increase in the contribution from the in-force business, reflecting both
its larger scale and our regular premium health and protection-oriented product focus. Indonesia IFRS operating profit, our largest market on this measure, increased 21 per cent to £356 million, reflecting the addition of new savings and protection sales in the year to an already sizeable recurring premium in-force business. Hong Kong IFRS operating profit was 27 per cent higher at £150 million, mainly due to the increasing profit contribution from a growing customer base purchasing health and protection cover. Malaysia IFRS operating profit grew by 12 per cent to £120 million, reflecting a growing contribution from the in-force business. IFRS operating profit in Singapore declined 4 per cent to £204 million, the result of our deliberate decision to discontinue universal life sales as the returns of these products in the current interest rate environment are unattractive. We are also encouraged to see further progress among our fast- growing businesses in China, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam which collectively generated £220 million of Asia’s IFRS operating profit, up 28 per cent compared to the prior year, and now account for 18 per cent of the total life result compared to just 7 per cent only three years ago. In the US, life IFRS operating profit increased by 10 per cent to £1,691 million, primarily as a result of an 11 per cent increase in fee income, which is now Jackson’s main income source, and efficient management of costs. The uplift in fee income reflects the growth in average separate account assets from £78.1 billion
in 2014 to £86.9 billion in 2015, equating to an increase of 11 per cent on a constant exchange rate basis (20 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis), driven by sizeable variable annuity net premium inflows. Contribution from insurance margin also increased by 10 per cent. Lower yields impacted the spread income which decreased by 6 per cent on a constant exchange rate basis.
UK life IFRS operating profit was 60 per cent higher than 2014 at £1,167 million (2014: £729 million). New annuity business contributed £123 million (2014: £162 million) including £89 million (2014: £105 million) from the four bulk transactions completed in 2015. The balance of £1,044 million (2014: £567 million), reflects a robust level of profit from our core annuity in-force and with-profits business and includes a £339 million benefit from specific management actions taken in the second half of the year to position the balance sheet more efficiently under the new Solvency II regime. Of this amount, £170 million related to profit on longevity reinsurance transactions executed in the second half of the year, with a further £169 million reflecting the effect of repositioning the fixed income asset portfolio and other actions. The non-recurring nature of these actions and our reduced appetite for annuities post-Solvency II will mean that, going forward, IFRS earnings from our UK life business will be predominantly driven by the contribution from core annuity in-force and with-profits business.
Asset management net inflows and external funds under management7
External net inflows External funds under management Actual exchange rate Constant exchange rate Actual exchange rate 2015 £m 2014 £m Change % 2014 £m Change % 2015 £m 2014 £m Change %
M&G
Retail (10,858) 6,686 (262) 6,686 (262) 60,801 74,289 (18) Institutional 3,850 401 860 401 860 65,604 62,758 5 M&G (7,008) 7,087 (199) 7,087 (199) 126,405 137,047 (8) Eastspring Investments8 5,971 5,430 10 5,380 11 30,281 25,333 20 Total asset management (1,037) 12,517 (108) 12,467 (108) 156,686 162,380 (4) Total asset management (including MMF) 28 12,526 (100) 12,481 (100) 162,692 167,180 (3)
Note 1c: Analysis of asset management operating profit based on longer-term investment returns page 339
40 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Asset management: in 2015, our asset management businesses in the UK and Asia collectively increased their contribution to IFRS operating profit compared to the previous year. Similar to the trend observed in our life operations, asset management operating profit primarily reflects the scale of these businesses, as measured by funds managed on behalf of external institutional and retail customers and our internal life insurance operations.
M&G delivered a broadly unchanged IFRS operating profit of £442 million (2014: £446 million), reflecting a 2 per cent rise in underlying profit to £406 million (2014: £400 million), lower performance-related fees of £22 million (2014: £33 million) and a similar level of earnings from associates of £14 million (2014: £13 million). While underlying revenues in the first half of 2015 benefited from higher levels of funds under management, the large net outflows from retail funds since May contributed to a 2 per cent decrease in underlying revenues for the year overall. Actions on costs mitigated the effect of lower overall revenues to deliver a modest increase in underlying profit compared to 2014. However, the lower level of assets under management at the end of 2015 will impact the revenue prospects for 2016 absent a meaningful recovery in M&G’s overall third party net flows or a significant uplift in the market value of assets.
Our Asia asset management business,
Eastspring Investments, has benefited from significant growth in funds under management during 2015, with IFRS operating profit higher by 26 per cent at £115 million. An 11 per cent increase in third-party net inflows to £6.0 billion saw external funds managed rise by 20 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis to £30.3 billion at end 2015. Average total funds under management, including funds managed on behalf of Prudential’s life operations, increased by 25 per cent to £85.1 billion compared with 2014. Eastspring Investments’ growth in fee
revenue outpaced the increase in operating costs, resulting in a modestly improved cost-income ratio of 58 per cent (59 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis).
In the US, our non-insurance businesses collectively generated IFRS operating profit of £11 million (2014: £13 million). In July, Jackson announced that Curian would no longer accept new business effective from
31 July 2015. Curian continues to actively manage existing accounts into 2016 to allow for the transition of accounts, but is expected to exit the business around the end of the first quarter of 2016. Total IFRS operating losses in Curian in 2015 were £16 million and included £13 million of cost related to exiting the business. Prudential Capital produced IFRS operating profit of £19 million in 2015 (2014: £42 million). During 2015, we started to refocus activity away from revenue generation towards internal treasury services and this reprioritisation will continue into 2016.
IFRS short-term fluctuations
IFRS operating profit is based on longer-term investment return assumptions. The difference between actual investment returns recorded in the income statement and the assumed longer-term returns is reported within short-term fluctuations in investment returns. In 2015 the total short-term fluctuations in investment returns relating to the life operations were negative £663 million, comprising negative £119 million for Asia, negative £424 million in the US and negative £120 million in the UK.
In Asia, the negative short-term fluctuations of £119 million reflected net unrealised losses on fixed income securities, primarily due to rises in bond yields.
Short-term fluctuations in the US mainly reflect the net value movement on the guarantees offered by Jackson and the associated derivatives held to manage market exposures. Under IFRS accounting, the movement in the valuation of derivatives,
which are fair valued, is asymmetrical to the movement in the guarantee liabilities, which are not fair valued in all cases. Jackson designs its hedge programme to protect the economics of the business from large movements in investment markets and therefore accepts variability in the accounting results. The negative short-term fluctuations of £424 million in 2015 were primarily attributable to the net value movement in the year of the hedge instruments held to manage market exposures.
Negative short-term fluctuations of £120 million in the UK reflected net unrealised losses on fixed income assets supporting the excess capital held within the shareholder-backed annuity business following a rise in interest rates during the year.
IFRS effective tax rates
In 2015, the effective tax rate on IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns was 20 per cent (2014: 23 per cent). The reduction is due to lower corporate tax rates in certain jurisdictions and a higher benefit from non-recurring tax credits, specifically in Jackson.
The 2015 effective tax rate on the total IFRS profit was 18 per cent (2014: 15 per cent), reflecting a larger overall contribution to the total profit from Jackson which attracts a higher rate of tax.
Total tax contribution
The Group continues to make significant tax contributions in the countries in which it operates, with £3,004 million remitted to tax authorities in 2015. This was higher than the equivalent amount of £2,237 million in 2014, principally due to higher corporation tax payments. In the US, a change of basis for taxing derivatives which affects the timing but not the quantum of tax payable, has accelerated future tax payable into 2015. Tax payments in the UK in 2015, which relate to both the current and prior year, reflect positive investment returns in 2014.
2015 £m 2014 £m
Corporation Other Taxes Total Corporation Other Taxes Total taxes taxes collected remitted taxes taxes collected remitted
Taxes paid in:
Asia 258 77 111 446 199 52 87 338 US 556 51 433 1,040 205 35 375 615 UK 521 184 786 1,491 314 202 759 1,275 Other 5 20 2 27 3 4 2 9 Total tax paid 1,340 332 1,332 3,004 721 293 1,223 2,237
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 41
Chief Financial Officer’s report on our 2015 financial performance continued
Corporation taxes include amounts paid on taxable profits which, in certain countries such as the UK, include policyholder investment returns on certain life insurance products. Other taxes include property taxes, withholding taxes, employer payroll taxes and irrecoverable indirect taxes. Taxes collected are other taxes that Prudential remits to tax authorities which
it is obliged to collect from employees, customers and third parties which include sales taxes, employee and annuitant payroll taxes.
Free surplus generation
Free surplus generation is the financial metric we use to measure the internal cash generation of our business operations.
For life insurance operations it represents amounts maturing from the in-force business during the year, net of amounts reinvested in writing new business. For asset management it equates to post-tax IFRS profit for the year. In 2015 underlying free surplus generation, after investment in new business, increased by 15 per cent to £3,050 million.
Free surplus generation
Actual exchange rate Constant exchange rate 2015 £m 2014 £m Change % 2014 £m Change %
Free surplus generation1
Asia 1,086 938 16 930 17 US 1,433 1,197 20 1,291 11 UK2 900 656 37 656 37 M&G 358 353 1 353 1 Prudential Capital 18 33 (45) 33 (45) Underlying free surplus generated from in-force life business and asset management2 3,795 3,177 19 3,263 16 Investment in new business2 (745) (598) (25) (618) (21) Underlying free surplus generated 3,050 2,579 18 2,645 15 Market related movements, timing differences and other movements 282 (6) Net cash remitted by business units (1,625) (1,482) Total movement in free surplus 1,707 1,091 Free surplus at 1 January 5,059 4,003 Effect of domestication of Hong Kong branch – (35) Free surplus at end of year 6,766 5,059
Note 8: Analysis of movement in free surplus page 310
£3,050m
underlying free surplus generation
15%
increase on 2014
Measuring our performance page 16
42 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
The increase in free surplus generated by our life insurance businesses reflects our growing scale and the highly capital-generative nature of our business model. We drive this metric by targeting markets and products that have low-strain, high-return and fast payback profiles and by delivering both good service and value to improve customer retention. Our ability to generate both growth and cash is a distinctive feature of Prudential in our industry. In line with this approach, the closing value of free surplus in our life and asset management operations increased to £6,766 million at 31 December 2015 (31 December 2014: £5,059 million, on an actual exchange rate basis), after financing reinvestment in new business and funding cash remittances from the business units to Group.
In Asia, growth in the in-force life portfolio, and a 28 per cent increase in post-tax profit from Eastspring Investments, contributed to free surplus generation of £1,086 million, up 17 per cent. In the US, free surplus generation before new business increased by 11 per cent, also reflecting business growth. In the UK, the 37 per cent increase to £900 million reflects a higher underlying contribution from the in-force business and a contribution of £223 million for the specific management actions taken in the second half of the year to position the balance sheet more efficiently under the new Solvency II regime.
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We invested £745 million of the free surplus generated during the year in writing new business (2014: £618 million on a constant exchange rate basis) equivalent to a reinvestment rate9 of 20 per cent, which is in line with recent periods. Asia remained the primary destination of our new business investment, 17 per cent higher at £413 million, lower than the 26 per cent increase in APE sales reflecting changes to product mix. In the US, new business investment increased to £267 million, mainly due to an increase in the proportion of variable annuity
Holding company cash11
premiums that customers directed towards the fixed account option. At just under 2 per cent of new single premiums, Jackson’s overall strain remains low, supporting the generation of significant returns on capital. New business investment in the UK remains at £65 million (2014: £65 million), despite higher new business volumes, reflecting capital-efficient growth in with-profits business and lower strain on bulk annuities (measured under the solvency regime applicable in 2015). The internal rates of return achieved on new business remain attractive at over
20 per cent across all three business operations and the average payback period10 for business written in 2015 was three years for Asia, one year for the US and three years for the UK.
We continue to manage cash flows across the Group with a view to achieving a balance between ensuring sufficient remittances are made to service central requirements (including paying the external dividend) and maximising value to shareholders through retention and reinvestment of capital in business opportunities.
Actual exchange rate
2015 £m 2014 £m Change %
Net cash remitted by business units:
Asia 467 400 17 US 470 415 13 UK 331 325 2 M&G 302 285 6 Prudential Capital 55 57 (4) Net cash remitted by business units 1,625 1,482 10
Holding company cash at 31 December 2,173 1,480
Note IIa: Holding company cash flow page 341
Cash remitted by the business units to the corporate centre in 2015 increased by 10 per cent to £1,625 million with significant contributions from each of our four major business operations. Asia’s remittances increased to £467 million and included the proceeds from the sale of the Japan life business of £42 million. The higher remittances from the US of £470 million reflect Jackson’s disciplined approach to growing this business and its effective risk management. The remittances from the UK are in line with 2014 and we continue to invest in upgrading our UK pre- and post- retirement customers propositions. M&G’s remittances of £302 million reflected the level of post-tax earnings delivered in the year.
Cash remitted to the Group in 2015 was used to meet central costs of £354 million (2014: £353 million), pay the dividends and finance the second of three up-front payments for the renewal of the distribution agreement with Standard Chartered Bank. The issue of hybrid debt in June 2015 raised £590 million. Reflecting these movements in the year, total holding company cash at the end of 2015 was £2,173 million compared to £1,480 million at the end of 2014.
£1,625m
net cash remittances from business units
10%
increase on 2014
Measuring our performance page 16
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 43
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Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Chief Financial Officer’s report on our 2015 financial performance continued
EEV profit
Actual exchange rate Constant exchange rate 2015 £m 2014 £m Change % 2014 £m Change %
Post-tax operating profit
Long-term business:
Asia 2,321 1,900 22 1,903 22 US 1,808 1,528 18 1,647 10 UK2 863 735 17 735 17 Long-term business operating profit2 4,992 4,163 20 4,285 16 UK general insurance commission 22 19 16 19 16 Asset management business: M&G 358 353 1 353 1 Prudential Capital 18 33 (45) 33 (45) Eastspring Investments 101 78 29 79 28 US 7 6 17 7 –Other income and expenditure12 (617) (567) (9) (567) (9) Results of the sold PruHealth and PruProtect businesses – 11 (100) 11 (100)
Post-tax operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 4,881 4,096 19 4,220 16 Short-term fluctuations in investment returns: Insurance operations (1,153) 856 (235) 864 (233) Other operations (55) (93) 41 (93) 41 (1,208) 763 (258) 771 (257) Effect of changes in economic assumptions 57 (369) 115 (389) 115 Other non-operating items12 221 (147) 250 (147) 250
Profit attributable to shareholders 3,951 4,343 (9) 4,455 (11)
Earnings per share
Actual exchange rate Constant exchange rate 2015 pence 2014 pence Change % 2014 pence Change %
Basic earnings per share based on post-tax operating profit 191.2 160.7 19 165.6 15 Basic earnings per share based on post-tax total profit 154.8 170.4 (9) 174.8 (11)
Note 2: Results analysis by business area page 302
EEV operating profit
On an EEV basis, Group post-tax operating profit based on longer-term investment returns was 16 per cent higher (19 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis) at £4,881 million in 2015. The increase is primarily due to higher new business profit from the Group’s life businesses, which increased by 20 per cent (24 per cent on an actual exchange rate) to £2,617 million and profit from the in-force life business, which increased by 13 per cent (16 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis) to £2,375 million. This reflects on-going business growth and higher profits from the better than expected management of the in-force business, with positive experience and assumptions changes of £666 million (2014: £648 million).
In Asia, EEV life operating profit was 22 per cent higher at £2,321 million, with in-force profit up 13 per cent to £831 million, benefiting from increased scale across all our operations. Asia new business profit was 28 per cent higher at £1,490 million, reflecting volume growth
44 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
from the continued build-out of our distribution platform.
Jackson’s EEV life operating profit increased by 10 per cent to £1,808 million, driven by growth in the scale of our in-force book and higher new business profit. In-force profit increased by 11 per cent to £999 million (20 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis), primarily reflecting higher unwind from the larger book of existing business. US new business profit was up 8 per cent to £809 million (17 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis), due to the 3 per cent (11 per cent on an actual exchange rate basis) increase in sales volume and a beneficial shift in business mix.
In the UK, EEV life operating profit increased by 17 per cent2 to £863 million (2014: £735 million). New business profit was 23 per cent2 higher at £318 million (2014: £259 million) and includes a contribution of £117 million (2014: £105 million) from four bulk annuity transactions in 2015. Retail new business profit was up 31 per cent2 at £201 million
(2014: £154 million), due to the positive effect of the 32 per cent increase in retail sales volumes offset by business mix effects. In-force profit was 14 per cent higher at £545 million (2014: £476 million) and includes a net charge of £13 million from the specific management actions taken in the second half of the year to position the balance sheet more efficiently under the new Solvency II regime.
EEV non-operating results
EEV operating profit is based on longer-term investment returns and excludes the effect of short-term volatility arising from market movements and the effect of changes from economic assumptions. These items are captured in non-operating profit which reduced the 2015 results by a net £930 million (2014: net increase of £247 million on an actual exchange rate basis).
EEV short-term fluctuations
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns reflect the element of non-operating profit which relates to the effect
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£32.4bn
EEV shareholders’ funds
equivalent to
1,258p
per share
on EEV of the difference between the actual investment returns achieved and those assumed in arriving at the reported operating profit.
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns for life operations of negative £1,153 million include negative £206 million for Asia, negative £753 million for our US operations and negative £194 million in the UK.
In Asia and the UK, negative short-term fluctuations principally reflect unrealised movements on bond holdings in the year. They also reflect the effect on the embedded value of flat to negative equity market returns. In the US, the variance represents the impact of modestly negative market-related movements on separate account values in the year, and on the value movements on derivatives held to manage the Group’s equity and interest rates exposure.
Effect of changes in economic assumptions
The small overall interest rate rises in the UK and US have had a beneficial impact on the level of future assumed earnings
that we expect to generate from our existing book of business. This is partly offset by the effect of interest rate rises in Asia, which impact EEV negatively, as the present value future Asia health and protection profits are discounted at higher rates.
Capital position, financing and liquidity Capital position
We continue to operate with a strong solvency position, while maintaining high levels of liquidity and capital generation. This is testament to our capital discipline, the effectiveness of our hedging activities, our low direct Eurozone exposure, the minimal level of credit impairments and the natural offsets in our portfolio of businesses. The estimated Group Solvency II capital surplus13,14 at 31 December 2015 is £9.7 billion, equivalent to a ratio of 193 per cent. The table below shows the impact of moving from our previously reported economic capital basis to the Solvency II-approved internal model basis and the capital generation in 2015.
Analysis of movement in Group capital surplus
£ billion
Economic capital surplus as at 1 January 9.7 Operating experience 2.4 Non-operating experience (including market movements) (0.6) Other capital movements Subordinated debt issuance 0.6 Foreign currency translation impacts 0.2 Final 2014 and 2015 first interim dividend paid (1.0)
Methodology and calibration changes
Changes to own funds (net of transitionals) and solvency capital Requirement calibration strengthening (0.2) Effect of partial derecognition of Asia Solvency II surplus (1.4)
Estimated Solvency II surplus as at 31 December 9.7
Note IIc: Solvency II capital position at 31 December 2015 page 343
The movement in the Group Solvency II capital surplus in 2015 was driven by:
— Operating experience of £2.4 billion: generated by in-force business and new business written in 2015 and included £0.4 billion of benefit from the specific management actions taken in the second half of the year to position the balance sheet more efficiently under the new Solvency II regime;
— Non-operating experience of £0.6 billion: mainly arising from negative market experience during the year; and
— Other capital movements: comprising an increase in capital from subordinated debt issuance, positive foreign currency translation effects offset by a reduction in surplus from payment of the 2014 final and 2015 first interim dividend.
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The methodology and calibration changes arose as part of the internal model approval process and related to:
— A £0.2 billion reduction in surplus due to an increase in the Solvency capital requirement from strengthening of internal model calibrations, mainly relating to longevity risk, operational risk, credit risk and correlations, and a corresponding increase in the risk margin, which is partially offset by UK transitionals; and
— A £1.4 billion reduction in surplus due to the negative impact of Solvency II rules for ‘contract boundaries’ and a reduction in the capital surplus of the Group’s Asian life operations, as agreed with the Prudential Regulation Authority.
Solvency II as a measure of regulatory capital is more volatile than under the previous Solvency I regime. At
31 December 2015, the estimated sensitivity of the Group Solvency II capital surplus to significant changes in market conditions is as set out below:
— An instantaneous 20 per cent fall in equity markets would reduce surplus by £1.0 billion and reduce the solvency ratio to 186 per cent;
— A 40 per cent fall in equity markets (comprising an instantaneous 20 per cent fall followed by a further 20 per cent fall over a four-week period) would reduce surplus by £1.8 billion and reduce the solvency ratio to 179 per cent;
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 45
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Chief Financial Officer’s report on our 2015 financial performance continued
— A 50 basis points reduction in interest rates (subject to a floor of zero and allowing for transitional recalculation) would reduce surplus by £1.1 billion and reduce the solvency ratio to 179 per cent;
— A 100 basis points increase in interest rates (allowing for transitional recalculation) would increase surplus by £1.1 billion and increase the solvency ratio to 210 per cent; and
— A 100 basis points increase in credit spreads (with credit defaults of 10 times the expected level in Jackson) would reduce surplus by £1.2 billion and reduce the solvency ratio to 187 per cent.
At 31 December 2015 our Insurance Groups Directive surplus is estimated at £5.5 billion14, equivalent to a solvency cover of 2.5 times.
Group Solvency II capital surplus
Solvency ratio
193%
20.1
Surplus £9.7bn
10.4
Own Solvency funds capital requirement
Local statutory capital
All our subsidiaries continue to hold appropriate capital positions on a local regulatory basis. Jackson’s risk-based capital ratio at the end of 2015 was 481 per cent, having remitted £470 million to Group earlier in the year. The Prudential Assurance Company Limited, our main UK operation, has an estimated Solvency II
surplus of £3.3 billion in respect of its shareholder business, equivalent to a ratio of 146 per cent. Separately, the UK with-profits funds remained well capitalised with an estate value of £7.6 billion15, covering its solvency capital requirements approximately 1.75 times.
Debt portfolio
The Group continues to maintain a high-quality defensively positioned debt portfolio. Shareholders’ exposure to credit is concentrated in the UK annuity portfolio and the US general account, mainly attributable to Jackson’s fixed annuity portfolio. The credit exposure is well diversified and 98 per cent of our UK portfolio and 96 per cent of our US portfolio are investment grade. We experienced no default losses and reported impairments of £26 million (2014: £7 million) across these two fixed income securities portfolios.
Financing and liquidity
Shareholders’ net core structural borrowings and ratings
2015 £m 2014 £m Mark to Mark to
IFRS market EEV IFRS market EEV basis value basis basis value basis
Shareholders’ borrowings in holding company 4,567 353 4,920 3,869 579 4,448 Prudential Capital 275 – 275 275 – 275 Jackson surplus notes 169 55 224 160 42 202 Total 5,011 408 5,419 4,304 621 4,925 Less: holding company cash and short-term investments (2,173) – (2,173) (1,480) – (1,480) Net core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations 2,838 408 3,246 2,824 621 3,445
Note C6.1: Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations page 241
Our financing and liquidity position remained strong throughout the year. Our central cash resources amounted to £2.2 billion at 31 December 2015, compared with £1.5 billion at the end of 2014, and we currently retain a further £2.6 billion of untapped committed liquidity facilities.
On an IFRS basis, the Group’s core structural borrowings at 31 December 2015 were £5,011 million (31 December 2014: £4,304 million on an actual exchange rate basis) and comprised £4,567 million
46 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
(31 December 2014: £3,869 million on an actual exchange rate basis) of debt held by the holding company, and £444 million (31 December 2014: £435 million on an actual exchange rate basis) of debt held by the Group’s subsidiaries, Prudential Capital and Jackson. In June 2015, Prudential issued £600 million 5.0 per cent tier 2 subordinated notes, increasing funds available for general corporate purposes. In addition to its net core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations set out above, the Group also
has access to funding via the money markets and has in place an unlimited global commercial paper programme. As at 31 December 2015, we had issued commercial paper under this programme, totalling £138 million and US$1,428 million, to finance non-core borrowings.
Prudential’s holding company currently has access to £2.6 billion of syndicated and bilateral committed revolving credit facilities, provided by 19 major international banks, expiring in 2020. Apart from small drawdowns to test the process, these
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facilities have never been drawn, and there were no amounts outstanding at
31 December 2015. The medium-term note programme, the SEC-registered US shelf programme, the commercial paper programme and the committed revolving credit facilities are all available for general corporate purposes and to support the liquidity needs of Prudential’s holding company and are intended to maintain a strong and flexible funding capacity. Prudential manages the Group’s core debt within a target level consistent with its current debt ratings. At 31 December 2015, the gearing ratio (debt, net of cash
and short-term investments, as a proportion of IFRS shareholders’ funds plus net debt) was 18 per cent, compared to 19 per cent at 31 December 2014. Prudential plc has strong debt ratings from Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s and Fitch. Prudential plc’s long-term senior debt is rated A+, A2 and A from Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s and Fitch, while short-term ratings are A-1, P-1 and F1 respectively. The Prudential Assurance Company Limited was downgraded by Moody’s in September 2015 from Aa2 to Aa3. All ratings on Prudential and its subsidiaries are on stable outlook.
The financial strength of the Prudential Assurance Company Limited is rated AA by Standard & Poor’s, Aa3 by Moody’s and AA by Fitch.
Jackson National Life Insurance Company’s financial strength is rated AA by Standard Poor’s, A1 by Moody’s and AA by Fitch. Prudential Assurance Co Singapore (Pte) Ltd’s (Prudential Singapore) financial strength is rated AA by Standard & Poor’s.
Shareholders’ funds
IFRS EEV
2015 £m 2014 £m 2015 £m 2014 £m
Profit after tax for the year 2,579 2,216 3,951 4,343 Exchange movements, net of related tax 118 220 244 737 Unrealised gains and losses on Jackson fixed income securities classified as available for sale16 (629) 565 – –Dividends (974) (895) (974) (895) Other 50 55 (23) 131
Net increase in shareholders’ funds 1,144 2,161 3,198 4,316 Shareholders’ funds at beginning of the year 11,811 9,650 29,161 24,856 Effect of domestication of Hong Kong branch – – – (11)
Shareholders’ funds at end of the year 12,955 11,811 32,359 29,161 Shareholders’ value per share 504p 460p 1,258p 1,136p Return on shareholders’ funds17 27% 26% 17% 16%
IFRS consolidated statement of changes in equity page 135 and Note 9: reconciliation of movements in shareholders’ equity page 313
In a period of currency volatility, UK sterling weakened relative to non-sterling currencies, in particular the US dollar. With approximately 54 per cent of the Group’s IFRS net assets (68 per cent of EEV net assets) denominated in non-sterling currencies, this generated a positive foreign exchange movement on net assets in the year. In addition, the increase in US 10-year treasury rate and higher spreads produced unrealised losses on fixed income securities held by Jackson that are accounted for as available-for-sale under IFRS.
Taking these non-operating movements into account, the Group’s IFRS shareholders’ funds at 31 December 2015 increased by 10 per cent to £13.0 billion (31 December 2014: £11.8 billion on an actual exchange rate basis).
The Group’s EEV shareholders’ funds also increased by 11 per cent to £32.4 billion (31 December 2014: £29.2 billion on an actual exchange rate basis). On a per share basis the Group’s embedded value at
31 December 2015 stood at 1,258 pence, up from 1,136 pence at 31 December 2014.
Corporate transactions Entrance into Uganda life insurance market
In June 2015 we completed the acquisition of Ugandan company Goldstar Life Assurance and signed a long-term cooperation agreement with Crane Bank of Uganda. In January 2016 we announced entry into Zambia via our acquisition of Professional Life Assurance, which is subject to regulatory approval.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 47
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Chief Financial Officer’s report on our 2015 financial performance continued
Reporting considerations
As announced at our investor conference in January 2016, we plan to discontinue publication of our first- and third-quarter interim management statements with immediate effect.
Dividend
The Board has decided to increase the full-year ordinary dividend by 5 per cent to 38.78 pence per share, reflecting the continued strong financial performance of the Group in 2015. In line with this, the directors have approved a second interim ordinary dividend of 26.47 pence per share (2014: final dividend of 25.74 pence) which brings the total ordinary dividend for the year to 38.78 pence (2014: 36.93 pence). In addition, the Board has decided to award a special dividend of 10 pence per share, reflecting the additional contribution to earnings from the specific management actions taken to position the balance sheet more efficiently under the new Solvency II regime.
Although the Board has been able to approve a special dividend of 10 pence per share in 2015, the Group’s dividend policy remains unchanged. The Board will maintain its focus on delivering a growing ordinary dividend, which will continue to be determined after taking into account the Group’s financial flexibility and our assessment of opportunities to generate attractive returns by investing in specific areas of the business. The Board believes that in the medium term a dividend cover of around two times is appropriate.
48 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
Notes
1 Underlying free surplus generation comprises underlying free surplus released from long-term business (net of investment in new business) and that generated from asset management operations.
2 Following the disposal of the Group’s 25 per cent interest in PruHealth and PruProtect in November 2014, the 2014 comparative results of UK insurance operations have been adjusted to exclude results of those businesses.
3 Refer to note B1.1 in IFRS financial statements for the breakdown of other income and expenditure, and other non-operating items.
4 Includes Group’s proportionate share of the liabilities and associated flows of the insurance joint ventures in Asia.
5 Defined as movements in shareholder-backed policyholder liabilities arising from premiums (net of charges), surrenders/withdrawals, maturities and deaths.
| 6 |
|
For basis of preparation see note I (a) of Additional unaudited IFRS financial information. |
| 7 |
|
Includes Group’s proportionate share in PPM |
South Africa and the Asia asset management joint ventures.
8 Net inflows exclude Asia Money Market Fund (MMF) inflows of £1,065 million (2014: net inflows £9 million). External funds under management exclude Asia MMF balances of £6,006 million (2014: £4,800 million).
9 Investment in new business as a percentage of underlying free surplus generated from in-force life business and asset management.
10 Payback period, measured on an undiscounted basis, is the time in which the initial ‘cash’ outflow of investment is expected to be recovered from the ‘cash’ inflows generated by the investment. The ‘cash’ outflow is measured by our investment of free surplus in new business sales. The payback period equals the time taken for new business sales to generate free surplus to cover this investment.
11 The full holding company cash flow is disclosed in note II (a) of Additional unaudited IFRS financial information.
12 Refer to the EEV basis supplementary information – Post-tax operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and Post-tax summarised consolidated income statement, for the breakdown of other income and expenditure, and other non-operating items.
13 The methodology and assumptions used in calculating the Solvency II capital results are set out in note II (c) of Additional unaudited financial information. The Group Solvency II capital ratio is based on outputs from the Group’s Solvency II internal model, approved by Prudential Regulation Authority in December 2015.
14 Before allowing for second interim ordinary and special dividends.
15 Representing Solvency II own funds of the UK with-profits funds.
16 Net of related charges to deferred acquisition costs and tax.
17 Operating profit after tax and non-controlling interests as percentage of opening shareholders’ funds.
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Group Chief Risk Officer’s report of the risks facing our business and how these are managed
Generating value while maintaining an appropriate risk profile
‘We seek to retain only those risks consistent with our risk appetite with the aim of ensuring we deliver on our long-term commitments to our customers and shareholders.’
Penny James
Group Chief Risk Officer
o n s a t i R r gic Ma i s e te rk k p r a et s o t f s S r s o e t m n i se n o s C s u em r u nn e r b i i
r so Group d n
ui r i t u B v v e o n
e risk profile t s
m m o O e r y f p t n e i t s r s k d s i at u i i
R on i q al L
Insurance
Risks our b from s usin duct ess pro
The Group aims to help customers achieve their long-term financial goals by providing and promoting a range of products and services that meet customer needs, are easy to understand and deliver real value. We recognise that we are implicitly committing to customers that we will maintain a healthy company, and are there to meet our long-term commitments to them.
From the shareholders’ perspective, we generate value by selectively taking exposures to risks that are adequately rewarded and that can be appropriately quantified and managed. The Group’s approach is to retain risks where doing so contributes to value creation, the Group is able to withstand the impact of an adverse outcome, and has the necessary capabilities, expertise, processes and controls to manage appropriately the risk.
In my report, I seek to explain the main risks inherent in our business and how we manage those risks, with the aim of ensuring we maintain an appropriate risk profile.
Principles and objective
Prudential defines ‘risk’ as the uncertainty that Prudential faces in successfully implementing its strategies and objectives. This includes all internal or external events, acts or omissions that have the potential to threaten the success and survival of
Prudential. As such, material risks will be retained only where this is consistent with the Group’s risk appetite framework and its philosophy towards risk-taking.
Risk governance
The organisational structures, reporting relationships, delegation of authority, and roles and responsibilities that Group Head Office and the business units establish to make decisions and control their activities on risk-related matters form the foundation of Prudential’s risk governance. Effective risk governance encompasses individuals, Group-wide functions and committees involved in the management of risk.
Risk framework
The Group’s risk framework has been developed to monitor and manage the risk of the business at all levels and is owned by the Board. The aggregate Group exposure to market, credit, insurance, liquidity and operational risks is monitored and managed by the Group Risk function whose responsibility it is to seek to ensure the maintenance of an adequate risk exposure and solvency position from the Group economic, regulatory and ratings perspectives.
Our Group Risk Framework requires that all our businesses and functions establish processes for identifying, evaluating and managing the key risks faced by the Group and is based on the concept of the ‘three lines of defence’. These comprise risk-taking and management, risk control and oversight, and independent assurance.
The key risks inherent in the insurance and capital management operations of Prudential’s business:
Risks from our investments
Uncertainty around investment returns can arise through credit risk via the potential of defaults, and market risks resulting from the volatility of asset values as a result of fluctuations in equity prices, interest rates, foreign exchange and property prices. Liquidity risk is also a key area of focus. Regular stress testing is undertaken to ensure the Group is able to generate sufficient cash resources to meet financial obligations as they fall due in business as usual and in stress scenarios.
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Risks from our products Insurance risk
The processes of determining the price of our products and reporting the results of our long-term business operations require us to make a number of assumptions. In common with other life insurers, the profitability of our businesses depends on a mix of factors including mortality and morbidity levels and trends, persistency, and claim inflation.
Risks from our business operations Operational risk
As a group, we are dependent on the successful processing of a large number of transactions, utilising various IT systems and platforms across numerous and diverse products.
We also operate under the ever-evolving requirements set out by different regulatory and legal regimes (including tax), as well as utilising a significant number of third parties to distribute products and to support business operations; all of which add to the complexity of the operating model if not properly managed.
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 49
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Group Chief Risk Officer’s report of the risks facing our business and how these are managed continued
Risk mitigation and hedging
We manage our risk profile according to our desired acceptance of risk. To do this, Group Head Office and the business units maintain risk registers that include details of the risks identified and of the controls and mitigating actions used in managing them. Our identified keys risks are set out in the table below.
Key risks Risk type
Market risk Equity Investment risk Interest rates Foreign exchange
Credit risk Counterparty Invested credit
Insurance risk Mortality/longevity Morbidity/health Persistency Medical expense inflation risk
Liquidity risk
Operational risk Regulatory and legislative compliance Third-party management IT and information (including cyber security) Business continuity Business environment risk
Strategic risk
Risk definition
The risk of loss for our business, or of adverse change in the financial situation, resulting, directly or indirectly, from fluctuations in the level or volatility of market prices of assets and liabilities.
The risk of loss for our business, or of adverse change in the financial situation, resulting from fluctuations in the credit standing of issuers of securities, counterparties and any debtors in the form of default or other significant credit event (eg downgrade or spread widening).
The risk of loss for our business, or of adverse change in the value of insurance liabilities, resulting from changes in the level, trend, or volatility of a number of insurance risk drivers. This includes adverse mortality, longevity, morbidity, persistency and claim inflation.
The risk of the Group being unable to generate sufficient cash resources to meet financial obligations as they fall due in business as usual and stress scenarios.
The risk of loss (or unintended gain/ profit) arising from inadequate or failed internal processes, or from personnel and systems, or from external events (other than those external events covered under Business Environment Risk).
Exposure to forces in the external environment that could significantly change the fundamentals that drive the business’s overall strategy. Ineffective, inefficient or inadequate senior management processes for the development and implementation of business strategy in relation to the business environment and the Group’s capabilities.
Risk management and mitigation
— Market risk policy
— Risk appetite statements, limits and triggers in place
— Monitoring and oversight of market risks through the reporting of regular management information
— Asset Liability Management programmes in place
— Use of derivative programmes
— Currency hedging of expected business unit remittances
— Credit risk policy
— Risk appetite statements and limits defined on an issuer/ counterparty/average credit quality of the portfolio basis
— Collateral arrangements in place for derivative transactions
— Group Credit Risk Committee oversight of credit and counterparty credit risk and sector and/or name-specific reviews
— Close monitoring/restricting of investments that may be of concern
— Insurance and Underwriting risk policies
— Risk appetite statements, limits and triggers in place
— Longevity, morbidity and persistency assumptions reflect recent experience and expectation of future trends; industry data and expert judgement are used, where appropriate
— Reinsurance is used to mitigate longevity and morbidity risks
— Morbidity mitigated by appropriate underwriting when policies are issued and claims received
— Persistency mitigated through improving quality of sales processes and customer retention initiatives
— Medical expense inflation risk mitigated through regular product re-pricing
— Liquidity risk policy
— Risk appetite statements, limits and triggers in place
— Monitoring of liquidity risk through regular management information
— Regular stress testing
— Liquidity contingency plans established and sources identified
— Ability to access the money and debt capital markets
— Access to external sources of finance through committed credit facilities
— Operational risk and Outsourcing and Third-Party supply policies
— Corporate insurance programmes to limit the impact of operational risks
— Scenario analysis for operational risk capital requirements, which focus on extreme, yet plausible, events
— Internal and external review of cyber security capability
— Regular testing of elements of the disaster-recovery plan
— A Risk and Capital Plan that includes considerations of current strategies
— Business environment and strategic risks closely monitored and assessed for consideration in the business plans where appropriate
— Board strategy sessions consider risk themes
— Systemic Risk Management Plan which details the Group’s strategy and risk management framework
— Recovery Plan which covers the Group’s corporate and risk governance for managing a distressed environment, a range of credible recovery options, and scenarios to assess the effectiveness of these recovery options
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50 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
The drivers of each of the key risks vary by business unit, and depend primarily on the value of locally-held products.
Market risk
Investment risk
(Audited)
In Prudential UK, investment risk arising out of the assets in the with-profits fund impacts the shareholders’ interest in future transfers and is driven predominantly by equities in the fund as well as by other investments such as property and bonds. The value of the future transfers is partially protected against equity falls by hedging conducted outside the fund. The fund’s large inherited estate – estimated at £7.6 billion1 as at
31 December 2015 on a Solvency II basis – can absorb market fluctuations and protect the fund’s solvency. The inherited estate is partially protected against falls in equity markets through an active hedging programme within the fund.
In Asia, our shareholder exposure to equities arises from unit-linked products where revenue is linked to funds under management and on its with-profits businesses where bonuses declared are broadly based on historical and current rates of return on equity.
In Jackson, investment risk arises in relation to the assets backing the policies. In the case of ‘spread business’, including fixed annuities, these assets are generally bonds and our shareholder exposure comes from the minimum asset return required to be generated to meet the guaranteed rates of return offered to policyholders. For the variable annuity business, these assets include equities as well as other assets such as bonds. In this case, the impact on the shareholder comes from the guarantees on return on investments embedded in variable annuity products. Shareholders’ exposure to these guarantees is mitigated through a hedging programme, as well as reinsurance. Further measures have been undertaken including re-pricing initiatives and the introduction of variable annuities without guarantees. Furthermore, it is our philosophy not to compete on price; rather, we seek to sell at a price sufficient to fund the cost incurred to hedge or reinsure the risks and to achieve an acceptable return.
Jackson hedges the guarantees on its variable annuity book on an economic basis and, thus, accepts variability in its accounting results in the short term in order to achieve the appropriate economic result. In particular, under Prudential’s Group IFRS reporting, the measurement of the Jackson variable annuity guarantees is typically less sensitive to market movements than the corresponding hedging derivatives, which are held at market value. However, depending on the level of hedging conducted regarding a particular risk type, certain market movements can drive volatility in the economic result which may be either more or less significant under IFRS reporting. The Jackson IFRS shareholders’ equity and US statutory capital are also
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sensitive to the effects of policyholder behaviour on the valuation of guarantees.
Interest rate risk
(Audited)
Long-term rates remain close to historic lows. Products that we offer are sensitive to movements in interest rates. We have already taken a number of actions to de-risk the in-force business as well as re-price and restructure new business offerings in response to historically low interest rates. However, this remains an area of sensitivity and persistently low rates may impact policyholders’ savings patterns and behaviour.
Interest rate risk arises in our UK business from the need to match cash flows for annuity payments with those from investments; movements in interest rates may have an impact on profits where durations are not perfectly matched. As a result, we aim to match the duration of assets and liabilities as closely as possible and the position is monitored regularly. Under the European Union’s Solvency II Directive, additional interest rate exposure is created due to the nature of the construction of this balance sheet, such as the inclusion of the risk margin. The UK business continually assesses the need for any derivative overlays in managing this sensitivity. The with-profits business is exposed to interest rate risk as a result of underlying guarantees. Such risk is largely borne by the with-profits fund, but shareholder support may be required in extremis.
In Asia, exposure to interest rate risk arises from the guarantees of some non-unit-linked investment products. This exposure arises because it may not be possible to hold assets which will provide cash flows to match exactly those relating to policyholder liabilities. While this residual asset/liability mismatch risk can be managed, it cannot be eliminated.
Jackson is exposed to interest rate risk in its fixed, fixed index and variable annuity books. Movements in interest rates can influence the cost of guarantees in such products, in particular the cost of guarantees may increase when interest rates fall.
Interest rate risk across the entire business is managed through the use of interest rate swaps, interest rate options and hybrid options (options protecting against simultaneous decreases in equity values and interest rates).
Foreign exchange risk
(Audited)
We principally operate in Asia, the US and the UK. The geographical diversity of our businesses means that we are inevitably subject to the risk of exchange rate fiuctuations. Our operations in the US and Asia, which represent a significant proportion of our operating profit and shareholders’ funds, generally write
policies and invest in assets denominated in local currencies. Although this practice limits the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on local operating results, it can lead to significant fluctuations in our consolidated financial statements when results are expressed in UK sterling. We retain revenues locally to support the growth of our business and capital is held in the local currency of the business to meet local regulatory and market requirements, accepting the accounting balance sheet translation risks this can produce. However, in cases where a surplus arising in an overseas operation supports Group capital or where a significant cash remittance is due from an overseas subsidiary to the Group, this exposure is hedged where we believe it is economically optimal to do so. We do not have appetite for significant shareholder exposure to foreign exchange risks in currencies outside the local territory. Where this arises, currency borrowings, swaps and other derivatives are used to manage exposures.
Credit risk
(Audited)
We invest in fixed income assets in order to match policyholder liabilities and enter into reinsurance and derivative contracts to mitigate various types of risk. As a result, we are exposed to credit and counterparty credit risk across our business. We employ a number of risk management tools to manage credit risk, including limits defined on an issuer/counterparty basis as well as on average credit quality to seek to ensure the diversification of the portfolio and have in place collateral arrangements in derivative transactions. The Group Credit Risk Committee oversees credit and counterparty credit risk across the Group and conducts sector and/or name-specific reviews as required. In particular, in 2015, it has conducted sector reviews in the banking, commodities and energy sectors.
Debt and loan portfolio
(Audited)
Our UK business is primarily exposed to credit risk in the shareholder-backed portfolio, with fixed income assets of £32.1 billion. Credit risk arising from a further £44.5 billion of fixed income assets is largely borne by the with-profits fund, although, in extremis, shareholder support may be required should the with-profits fund become unable to meet its liabilities. The debt portfolio of our Asia business totalled £28.3 billion at 31 December 2015. Of this, approximately 68 per cent was in unit-linked and with-profits funds with minimal shareholder risk. The remaining 32 per cent is shareholder exposure. Credit risk arises in the general account of our US business, where £34.1 billion of fixed income assets back shareholder liabilities including those arising from fixed annuities, fixed index annuities and life insurance.
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 51
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Group Chief Risk Officer’s report of the risks facing our business and how these are managed continued
The shareholder-owned debt and loan portfolio of the Group’s asset management operations of £2.2 billion as at
31 December 2015 is principally related to Prudential Capital operations. Prudential Capital generates revenue by providing bridging finance, managing investments and operating a securities-lending and cash-management business for the Prudential Group and our clients.
Certain sectors have seen specific pressure during 2015 and into early 2016. The Group’s credit exposure to the oil and gas sector represents approximately 4 per cent or £3.1 billion of the shareholder credit portfolio. Prolonged, depressed oil prices are expected to exert downward rating pressure within the sector, which is being monitored closely through Group risk processes and the Group Credit Risk Committee. The Group’s credit exposure to the metal and mining sector represents 1 per cent of the total shareholder debt portfolio (£78 billion). Similarly, this sector is subject to ongoing monitoring and regular management information reporting to the Group’s risk committees.
Further details of the composition and quality of our debt portfolio, and exposure to loans, can be found in the IFRS financial statements.
Group sovereign debt
(Audited)
Sovereign debt represented 17 per cent or £12.8 billion of the debt portfolio backing shareholder business at 31 December 2015 (31 December 2014: 15 per cent or £11.0 billion). 44 per cent of this was rated AAA and 94 per cent investment grade (31 December 2014: 43 per cent AAA, 95 per cent investment grade). At 31 December 2015, the Group’s shareholder-backed business’s holding in Eurozone sovereign debt2 was £546 million. 75 per cent of this was AAA rated (31 December 2014: 82 per cent AAA rated). We do not have any sovereign debt exposure to Greece.
Bank debt exposure and counterparty credit risk
(Audited)
Our bank exposure is a function of our core investment business, as well as of the hedging and other activities undertaken to manage our various financial risks. Given the importance of our relationship with our banks, exposure to the banking sector is a key focus of management information provided to the Group’s risk committees and the Board.
The exposures held by the shareholder-backed business and with-profits funds in sovereign debt and bank debt
52 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
securities at 31 December 2015 are given in note C3.3(f) of the Group’s IFRS financial statements.
Our exposure to derivative counterparty and reinsurance counterparty credit risk is managed using an array of risk management tools, including a comprehensive system of limits.
Where appropriate, we reduce our exposure, purchase credit protection or make use of additional collateral arrangements to control our levels of counterparty credit risk. At 31 December 2015, shareholder exposure to corporate debt by rating and sector is shown below:
— 95 per cent of the shareholder portfolio is investment grade rated. In particular, 67 per cent of the portfolio is rated A- and above3.
— The Group’s shareholder portfolio is well diversified: no individual sector makes up more than 10 per cent of the total portfolio (excluding the financial and utilities sectors).
Insurance risk
(Audited)
Insurance risk constitutes a sizeable proportion of the Group’s exposure; the profitability of our businesses depends on a mix of factors including mortality and morbidity levels and trends, persistency, investment performance and claim inflation.
Longevity risk (people’s propensity to live longer) is a significant contributor to our insurance risk exposure and is also capital intensive under the Solvency II regime. One tool used to manage this risk is reinsurance. During 2015, we completed deals on a number of tranches of bulk and retail annuity liabilities when terms were sufficiently attractive and aligned with our risk management framework. The recently enhanced pensions freedoms in the UK have greatly reduced the demand for retail annuities and further liberalisation is anticipated. However, given our significant UK annuity portfolio, the assumptions that we make about future rates of mortality improvement will remain key to the measurement of insurance liabilities and to the assessment of any subsequent reinsurance transactions.
We continue to conduct research into longevity risk using both experience from our annuity portfolio and industry data. Although the general consensus in recent years is that people are living longer, there remains considerable volatility in year-on-year longevity experience, which is why we need expert judgement in setting our longevity assumptions.
Shareholder exposure to corporate debt by rating
5% 11%
27%
24%
33%
AAA AA A BBB
BB or below, or non-rated assets
Shareholder exposure by sector
12%
21%
8%
2%
3% 5% 5% 9% 5% 4%
8% 18%
Financial
Mortgage securities Utilities Government Consumer, non-cyclical Communications Industrial Energy Consumer, cyclical Asset-backed securities Real estate Others
Morbidity risk is mitigated by appropriate underwriting when policies are issued and claims are received. Our morbidity assumptions reflect our recent experience and expectation of future trends for each relevant line of business.
In Asia, a key assumption is the rate of medical inflation, typically in excess of general price inflation. This is the risk that the expenses of medical treatment increase more than expected, so that the medical claim cost passed on to Prudential is much higher. Medical expense inflation risk is
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best mitigated through retaining the right to re-price our products each year and by having suitable overall claim limits within our policies, either limits per type of claim or in aggregate across policies.
Our persistency assumptions similarly reflect recent experience for each relevant line of business, and future expectations. Persistency risk is mitigated by appropriate training and sales processes and managed locally post-sale through regular experience monitoring and the identification of common characteristics of poor persistency business. Where appropriate, allowance is also made for the relationship – either assumed or historically observed – between persistency and investment returns, and for the resulting additional risk. Modelling this ‘dynamic’ policyholder behaviour is particularly important when assessing the likely take-up rate of options embedded within product features.
Liquidity risk
(Audited)
The Group has significant internal sources of liquidity which are sufficient to meet all of its expected requirements, for a period of at least 12 months from the date the financial statements are approved, without having to make use of external funding. In aggregate, the Group currently has £2.6 billion of undrawn committed facilities, expiring in 2020. In addition, the Group has access to liquidity via the debt capital markets. We also have in place an unlimited commercial paper programme and have maintained a consistent presence as an issuer in this market for the last decade.
Liquidity uses and sources have been assessed at the Group and at a business unit level under base case and stressed assumptions. The liquidity resources available and the subsequent Liquidity Coverage Ratio are regularly monitored and are assessed to be sufficient.
Operational risk
(Unaudited)
The Group does not actively seek to take operational risk to generate returns. Instead, it accepts a level of risk whereby the controls in place should prevent material losses, but should also not excessively restrict business activities. Direct and/or indirect financial losses are likely to arise if there is a failure to develop, implement and monitor appropriate controls.
For each business unit, accountabilities for operational risk management and oversight are based on the principles of the ‘three lines of defence’ model of risk-taking and management, risk control and oversight, and independent assurance. The approach adopted is proportional to the size, nature and complexity of the business unit and the risks it manages.
We have an operational risk management framework in place that facilitates both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of operational risk exposures. The output of
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this framework, in particular management information on key operational risk and control assessments, scenario analysis, internal incidents and external incidents, is reported by the business units and presented to the Group Operational Risk Committee.
This information also supports business decision-making and lessons-learned activities, the ongoing improvement of the control environment, and determination of the adequacy of our corporate insurance programme.
Top operational risks
Key areas of focus within the operational risk framework are:
— The risk of non-compliance due to the momentum of regulatory change in both our developed and developing markets, as well as recognising that Prudential’s designation as a Global Systemically Important Insurer which requires the Group to comply with additional policy measures including enhanced Group-wide supervision;
— The risk of improper, or mis-selling of Prudential products and the resulting risk of censure from local regulators;
— The risk of regulatory censure due to poor conduct or weaknesses in systems and controls;
— The risk of censure for money laundering, sanctions or anti-bribery and corruption failures;
— The risk that reliance on IT infrastructures which support core activities/processes of the business, could fail or otherwise negatively impact business continuity and scalability needed to support the growth and changing needs of the business;
— The risk of a significant failure of a third-party provider impacting critical services;
— The risk of trading, transacting or modelling errors having a material cost across Group;
— The risk of the Group failing to attract and retain quality senior managers and other key employees;
— The risk that key people, processes and systems are unable to operate (thus impacting the on-going operation of the business) due to a significant unexpected external event occurring (eg a pandemic, terrorist attack, natural disaster, political unrest); and
— The risk of losses resulting from damage to the firm’s reputation. This can be either real or perceived reputational damage but which could nevertheless diminish the standing of the organisation in the eyes of key stakeholders (eg customers, shareholders), destroy shareholder value, adversely impact revenues or result in significant costs to rectify.
Cyber security
Cyber security is an increasingly important risk facing the Group. The risk is that a member of the Group could be the target of a cyber-related attack which could result in disruption to the key operations, make it difficult to recover critical services, damage assets, and compromise data (both corporate and customer). This is a global issue which is rising in prominence across the financial services industry. As a result of Prudential’s increasing market profile, the growing interest by customers to interact with their insurance provider and asset manager through the internet and social media, improved brand awareness and the classification of Prudential as a Global Systemically Important Insurer, there is an increased likelihood of Prudential being considered a target by cyber criminals. A number of industry, company-wide and local business unit-specific initiatives are underway in response to this risk.
Business environment and strategic risks
(Unaudited)
Global regulatory and political risk
There are a number of ongoing policy initiatives and regulatory developments that are having, and will continue to have, an impact on the way Prudential is supervised. These include addressing Financial Conduct Authority reviews, on-going engagement with the Prudential Regulation Authority and includes the work of the Financial Stability Board and standard-setting institutions such as the International Association of Insurance Supervisors. The International Association of Insurance Supervisors has various initiatives. On
18 July 2013, it published a methodology for identifying Global Systemically Important Insurers, and a set of policy measures that will apply to them, which the Financial Stability Board endorsed. Groups designated as a Global Systemically Important Insurer are subject to additional regulatory requirements, including enhanced group-wide supervision, effective resolution planning, development of a Systemic Risk Management Plan, a Recovery Plan and a Liquidity Risk Management Plan. Prudential’s designation as a Global Systemically Important Insurer was reaffirmed on 3 November 2015. Prudential is monitoring the development and potential impact of the policy measures and is continuing to engage with the Prudential Regulation Authority on the implications of the policy measures and Prudential’s designation as a Global Systemically Important Insurer.
The Global Systemically Important Insurer regime also introduces two types of capital requirements. The first, a Basic Capital Requirement, is designed to act as a minimum group capital requirement; and the second, a Higher Loss Absorption requirement reflects the drivers of the assessment of Global Systemically Important Insurer designation. The International Association of Insurance Supervisors
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effect from January 2019, but Global Systemically Important Insurers will be expected to report privately to their group-wide supervisors in the interim. The International Association of Insurance Supervisors is also developing a Common Framework (ComFrame) which is focused on the supervision of large and complex Internationally Active Insurance Groups. ComFrame will establish a set of common principles and standards designed to assist regulators in addressing risks that arise from insurance groups with operations in multiple jurisdictions. As part of this, work is underway to develop a global Insurance Capital Standard that would apply to Internationally Active Insurance Groups. Once the development of the Insurance Capital Standard has been concluded, it is intended to replace the Basic Capital Requirement as the minimum group capital requirement for Global Systemically Important Insurers. Further consultations on the Insurance Capital Standard are expected over the coming years and a version of the Insurance Capital Standard is expected to be adopted as part of ComFrame in late 2019.
The International Association of Insurance Supervisors’ Insurance Core Principles, which provide a globally accepted framework for the supervision of the insurance sector and ComFrame evolution, are expected to create continued development in both prudential and conduct regulations over the next two to three years, particularly in the emerging markets of Asia.
The European Union’s Solvency II Directive came into effect on 1 January 2016. The
European Commission will review elements of the Solvency II legislation from 2016 onwards including a review of the Long Term Guarantee measures by 1 January 2021. Similar national and regional efforts to curb systemic risk and promote financial stability are also underway in certain jurisdictions in which Prudential operates, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in the US, and other European Union legislation related to the financial services industry.
The UK government has committed to holding a ‘remain/leave’ referendum on EU membership which will be held on 23 June 2016. The possible withdrawal of the UK from the EU would have political, legal and economic ramifications for both the UK and the EU, although these are expected to be more pronounced on the UK.
In the US, the implementation of the Department of Labor proposal to introduce new fiduciary obligations for distributors of investment products to holders of regulated accounts would dramatically reshape the distribution of retirement products. If approved, the final rule could be in place in 2016. Jackson’s strong relationships with distributors, history of product innovation and efficient operations should help mitigate any impacts.
Emerging risks
(Unaudited)
Generally, emerging risks are qualitative in nature and are not amenable to modelling using statistical techniques. The emerging risk identification process at Prudential seeks to leverage the expertise of the organisation through a combination of top-down and bottom-up assessments of risks. Following
two years of development, the emerging risk identification process is now well-embedded across the Group.
The use of ‘brainstorming’ sessions at various levels of the organisation is used as a central pillar of the emerging risk identification process to identify, develop and challenge potential emerging risks. Input is also taken from external speakers, forums and databases.
The Group has also sought to maintain contacts with industry experts and peers to benchmark and refine the emerging risk-management process. For example, Prudential has been a member of the Emerging Risk Initiative at the CRO Forum for two years, and chaired this initiative for 2015.
Risk factors
(Unaudited)
Our disclosures covering risk factors can be found at the end of this document.
Risk management cycle and governance
Our Group risk framework requires that all our businesses and functions establish processes for identifying, evaluating and managing the key risks faced by the Group. The framework is based on the concept of ‘three lines of defence’ comprising risk-taking and management, risk control and oversight and independent assurance.
Group risk framework page 84
Risk management cycle and governance
Risk identification covers Group-wide: Risks are assessed in terms of materiality.
— Top-down risk identification
Material risks which are modelled are
— Bottom-up risk identification included in capital models, including
— Emerging risk identification
Ris E-Cap. on a k t i n m
_ c a d a ea i ss s Risks which cannot be quantified are t e ur n s e d e s assessed qualitatively. i m me s k e n n
R i tt
Risk
Risk reports are provided to the Group management Risk processes that support the cycle
Executive Risk Committee, Group M o l management and controlling of risk o n t r
Risk Committee and Board which include i o n exposures include: t o rc updates on exposure against Board-a n d — Risk appetite and limits nda approved risk appetite statements and limits.re g e — Financial Incidents Procedures po n a rt Ma — Large Risk Approval Process Risk reports also provide updates on the
— Global Counterparty Limit Framework Group top risks.
— Own Risk and Solvency Assessment
— Reverse Stress Testing
54 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Risk identification
(Unaudited)
The Group’s risk profile is a robust assessment of the principal risks facing the Group, including those that would threaten its business model, future performance, solvency or liquidity. The risk profile is a key output from the risk identification and risk measurement processes, and is used as a basis for setting Group-wide limits, management information, assessment of solvency needs, and determining appropriate stress and scenario testing. An annual ‘top-down’ identification of our key risks assesses the risks that have the greatest potential to impact the Group’s operating results and financial condition. The bottom-up approach of risk identification is more granular and refers to the processes by which the business units identify, assess and document risks, with the appropriate coordination and challenge from the risk functions.
The Group Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Report pulls together the analysis performed by a number of risk and capital management processes, which are embedded across the Group, and provides quantitative and qualitative assessments of the Group’s risk profile, risk management and solvency needs on a forward-looking basis. The scope of the Group Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Report covers the full known risk universe of the Group. In accordance with provision C.2.1 of the UK Corporate Governance Code, the directors have performed robust assessment of the principal risks facing the Company, through the Group Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Report and the risk assessments completed as part of the business planning review including how they are managed and mitigated given in this Chief Risk Officer’s report. Insurers are also required to undertake Reverse Stress Testing, which requires firms to work backwards from an assumed point of business model failure, to identify the stress scenarios that could result in such adverse outcomes. Each firm must then consider whether the likelihood of these scenarios, taking into account likely management actions, is consistent with its risk appetite and, if not, must initiate actions to address any inconsistencies. The actions considered form a part of our Recovery Plan.
Risk measurement and assessment
(Unaudited)
All identified risks are assessed based on an appropriate methodology for that risk. All quantifiable risks which are material and mitigated by holding capital are modelled in the Group’s Internal Model, which is used to determine capital requirements under the Solvency II Pillar 1 and economic capital bases. Governance arrangements are in place to support the internal model. This includes independent validation and process and controls around model changes and limitations.
www.prudential.co.uk
Manage and control
(Unaudited)
The control procedures and systems established within the Group are designed to manage the risk of failing to meet business objectives. This can of course only provide reasonable and not absolute assurance against material misstatement or loss. They focus on aligning the levels of risk-taking with the achievement of business objectives.
The management and control of risks are set out in the Group risk policies. These risk policies define:
— The Group’s risk appetite in respect of material risks, and the framework under which the Group’s exposure to those risks is limited;
— The processes to enable Group senior management to effect the measurement and management of the Group material risk profile in a consistent and coherent way; and
— The flows of management information required to support the measurement and management of the Group material risk profile and to meet the needs of external stakeholders.
Monitoring and reporting
(Unaudited)
The management information received by the Group Risk Committees and the Board is tailored around the risks identified in the annual ‘top-down’ process, and also covers ongoing developments in other key and emerging risks.
Risk appetite and limits
(Unaudited)
The extent to which the Group is willing to take risk in the pursuit of its objective to create shareholder value is defined by a number of risk appetite statements, operationalised through measures such as limits, triggers and indicators.
Risk appetite has been set at a Group aggregate level and by risk type, and covers all risks to shareholders, including those from participating and third-party business. The qualitative statements are operationalised down to the local business units through measures such as limits, triggers and indicators, and cover the most significant exposures to the Group, particularly those that could impact the Group’s aggregate risk appetite metrics. The Group Risk function is responsible for reviewing the scope and operation of these measures at least annually, to determine that they remain relevant. On the recommendation of the Group Risk Committee, the Board approves all changes made to the Group’s risk appetite framework.
We define and monitor aggregate risk limits based on financial and non-financial stresses for our earnings volatility, liquidity and capital requirements as follows:
Earnings volatility:
The objectives of the aggregate risk limits seek to manage that:
— The volatility of earnings is consistent with the expectations of stakeholders;
— The Group has adequate earnings (and cash flows) to service debt, expected dividends and to withstand unexpected shocks; and
— Earnings (and cash flows) are managed properly across geographies and are consistent with funding strategies.
The two measures used to monitor the volatility of earnings are IFRS operating profit and EEV operating profit, although IFRS and EEV total profits are also considered.
Liquidity:
The objective is to monitor that the Group is able to generate sufficient cash resources to meet financial obligations as they fall due in business as usual and stressed scenarios.
Capital requirements:
The limits aim to manage that:
— The Group meets its internal economic capital requirements;
— The Group achieves its desired target rating to meet its business objectives; and
— Supervisory intervention is avoided.
The two measures used to define the limits are Solvency II capital requirements and internal economic capital requirements. In addition, outside the UK, capital requirements are monitored on local statutory bases.
We use an internal economic capital assessment calibrated on a multi-term basis to monitor our capital requirements across the Group. This approach considers, by risk drivers, the timeframe over which each risk can threaten the ability of the Group to meet claims as they fall due, allowing for realistic diversification benefits. This assessment provides valuable insights into our risk profile and for continuing to maintain a strong capital position. With the introduction of Solvency II, the existing European Union Insurance Group Directive’s risk appetite statement has been replaced with a Solvency II Pillar 1 risk appetite. As part of our annual business planning cycle the risk appetite framework plays an integral role. The Group Risk Committee is responsible for reviewing the risks inherent in the Group’s business plan and for providing the Board with input on the risk/reward trade-offs implicit therein. This review is supported by the Group Risk function, which uses submissions from our local business units to calculate the Group’s aggregated position (allowing for diversification effects between local business units) relative to the aggregate risk limits.
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Risk policies
(Unaudited)
Risk policies set out specific requirements for the management of, and articulate the risk appetite for, key risk types. There are core risk policies for credit, market, insurance, liquidity and operational risks and a number of internal control policies covering, internal model risk, underwriting, dealing controls and tax risk management. They form part of the Group Governance Manual, which was developed to make a key contribution to the sound system of internal control that we maintain in line with the UK Corporate Governance Code and the Hong Kong Code on Corporate Governance Practices.
Risk culture
(Unaudited)
The increasing regulatory focus on market participants instilling corporate cultures that support prudent management and outcomes for consumers is indelibly linked to what we do and how we do it. The ‘risk culture’ (as a subset of the broader business culture) is reflected in the values and behaviours the Group displays when managing risk. It therefore permeates throughout the Group’s Risk Framework and governance processes.
The Group promotes a responsible risk culture in three main ways:
— By the leadership and behaviours demonstrated by management;
— By building skills and capabilities to support risk management; and
— By including risk management (through the balance of risk with profitability and growth) in the performance evaluation of individuals.
Senior management leadership
Senior management promote a responsible culture of risk management by emphasising the importance of balancing risk with profitability and growth in decision making, while seeking to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and internal policies. As part of this, they encourage all employees to be risk-aware and to take personal responsibility for identifying and helping to address risk issues.
Building skills and capabilities
The Group works to build skills and capabilities in risk management, which are needed by both senior management and risk management specialists, while attempting to allocate scarce resources appropriately.
56 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
Performance management
The Group includes risk management measures that balance risk taken with profitability and growth achieved in the performance evaluation of key individuals, including both senior management and those directly responsible for risk management (objectives may be quantitative or qualitative as appropriate). The remuneration strategy at Prudential is designed to be consistent with its risk appetite, and the Group Chief Risk Officer advises the Group Remuneration Committee on adherence to our risk framework and appetite.
Viability statement
In accordance with provision C.2.2 of the UK code, the directors have assessed the prospects of the Company and the Group by reference to the three-year planning period to December 2018. The Group prepares a business plan annually covering a three-year period on a rolling basis. This plan covers projected performance with regards to profitability, cash generation, the capital position of the Group and the parent company’s liquidity over this three-year period. The Group’s risk appetite framework forms an integral part of the annual business plan. The financial performance, capital, and liquidity positions over the plan period are tested against the Group’s risk appetite statements which are set by the Board to ensure the ongoing viability of the Group. They are also subjected to other stress scenarios, such as substantial declines to interest rates and equity markets based on a macroeconomic assessment for each period, so as to evaluate the Group’s resilience to significant deteriorations in market conditions and other shock events. The impact on the business of known areas of regulatory change whose financial implications can be reasonably quantified is also considered as part of the plan. In making the assessment, the directors have taken into account the Group’s current position and the potential impact of the principal risks faced by the Group. The Group’s business activities and the factors likely to affect its future development, successful performance and position in the current economic climate are set out on pages 4 to 35. The risks facing the Group’s capital and liquidity positions and their sensitivities are referred to on pages 45 to 54.
Based on this assessment, the directors have a reasonable expectation that the Company and the Group will be able to continue in operation and meet their liabilities as they fall due over the three-year plan period to December 2018. In addition to these considerations, the directors regularly consider strategic matters that may affect the longer-term prospects of the Group. Further, the Group as a whole, and each of its life assurance operations, are subject to extensive regulation and supervision, which are designed primarily to reinforce the Company’s management of its long-term solvency, liquidity and viability to ensure that it can continue to meet obligations to policyholders.
In particular, the Group and UK insurance subsidiaries are subject to the capital adequacy requirements of the European Union Solvency II regulatory basis as implemented by the Prudential Regulation Authority in the UK. Capital requirements for the Group’s other subsidiaries are also monitored on their local regulatory bases. In addition to these external capital metrics, the Group uses an internal economic capital assessment to monitor its capital requirements across the Group. Further details on the capital strength of the Group are provided on pages 45 and 46.
Notes
1 Representing Solvency II own funds of the UK with-profits funds.
2 Excludes Group’s proportionate share in joint ventures and unit-linked assets and holdings of consolidated unit trust and similar funds.
3 In the ‘Shareholder exposure by rating’, 75 per cent of non-rated assets are internally rated, privately held loans.
www.prudential.co.uk
Corporate responsibility review
Helping build strong communities
‘Our businesses provide social and economic benefits to communities around the world. Through our corporate responsibility activities and using our resources and the skill and energy of our employees, we provide benefits to customers, communities and the environment.’
Paul Manduca
Chairman
Our corporate responsibility strategy Our Group approach to corporate responsibility is underpinned by four global principles:
— Serving our customers;
— Valuing our people;
— Supporting local communities; and
— Protecting the environment.
www.prudential.co.uk
Performance highlights
£21.7m
total community investment
51,979 hours
volunteered by employees across the Prudential Group
£519,826
donated by employees through payroll giving across the Group
Prudential provides solutions that address the biggest financial dilemmas people face. Whether it’s the need for income in old age, support for children’s education or for protection in case the main household earner becomes ill, we offer solutions targeting each of these potentially life-changing events, based on our long-term approach to our customers and our business.
This purpose, and this long-term approach, is reinforced by our Group-wide corporate responsibility strategy. Through our corporate responsibility programmes around the world we help to build stronger and more sustainable communities, and in the process provide benefits to our customers, our colleagues and the environment.
We aim to provide fair We seek to make a positive and transparent products that contribution to our communities meet our customers’ needs through long-term partnerships with charitable organisations Page 58 that make a real difference
Su o u r pp
s co or Page 61
g r m t i i n e m n v m g e rs t o unil
S t o c u i e c a s l
Long-term sustainable value
V h e a l g tn t ui n e p n t i eo g c m o t e n pl ur r o r o e P v i e n
We aspire to retain and develop We take responsibility for the highly engaged employees environment in which we operate
Page 59 Page 64
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Our Group approach to corporate responsibility is underpinned by four global principles:
— Serving our customers: we aim to provide fair and transparent products that meet our customers’ needs;
— Valuing our people: we aspire to retain and develop highly engaged employees;
— Supporting local communities: we seek to make a positive contribution to our communities through long-term partnerships with charitable organisations that make a real difference; and
— Protecting the environment: we take responsibility for the environment in which we operate.
These principles provide a framework within which our businesses shape their own individual corporate responsibility goals – our strong belief is that corporate responsibility is best managed and delivered by those closest to the customer and local stakeholders. This review gives an overview of our activities and progress in 2015. More detailed information is available online at www.prudential.co.uk/corporate-responsibility
Serving our customers
Prudential has been meeting people’s needs for more than 167 years and today we serve 24 million insurance customers across four continents.
We offer solutions for customers as they face the biggest financial challenges of their lives. Those issues vary in different parts of the world, and in each of our businesses we are focused on providing for a distinct set of customers’ needs. Those are: the significant and growing demand for saving and protection of the middle class in Asia, the retirement income needs of baby boomers in the US, the financial requirements of the UK’s ageing population, which needs both to save more and to access secure income in retirement, and the growing needs of customers in our new markets in Africa.
We want our customers to stay with us for the long term. This means we must proactively listen to them to understand and respond to their changing needs, and maintain their trust in us with fair, transparent products and service. We achieve this by not only delivering consistent performance from all our businesses, year in and year out, but also by ensuring that performance is sustained over the long term.
58 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
Asia
In Asia, we focus our efforts on helping our customers build better futures for themselves and their families, by helping to fill the savings and protection gap that exists in many countries in the region. The extent of this gap is clear. In terms of protection, in Asia overall 42 per cent of healthcare spend is out-of-pocket, with this figure reaching 56 per cent in some markets, compared with 12 per cent in the US and 9 per cent in the UK.
While in Asia savings represent 44 per cent of GDP, compared with 18 per cent in the US and 13 per cent in the UK, 60 per cent of assets in Asia are held in cash, compared with 31 per cent in the US and 26 per cent in the UK. These figures illustrate the shortfall in both protection and savings opportunities in the region, and our products and services are designed to help make up that shortfall.
Before launching any initiative, we always listen to and understand our customers’ needs. This allows us to propose financial solutions customised for different groups, whether that is young parents or middle-aged people providing for their extended family, for example. Prudential Corporation Asia introduced a number of tailored products and services to meet our customers’ changing needs in 2015. With cancer survival rates increasing in Hong Kong and the region, PRUhealth cancer multi-care was launched to address anxieties about the financial impacts of multiple cancer strikes. This plan serves customers with the right support exactly when they need it most.
Prudential Singapore’s PRUCover Total Refund is designed to provide much-needed security and reassurance for customers during times of crisis. In the event of critical illness, customers can focus on improving their health while being assured that they have the financial support to see them through this stressful time. The affected customer will receive a lump sum payout as well as a waiver of future premiums, while also continuing to receive coverage for death and terminal illness. In the event of accidental death, family members of the policyholder will receive a payout of three times the sum assured. PRUCover Total Refund also rewards those who have remained in good health. If customers do not have claims on the Critical Illness Benefit, they will receive a refund on the total premiums paid at the end of the policy term.
Prudential Thailand introduced a new series of unit-linked plans that allow
customers to accumulate wealth through regular premium contributions. Varying unit allocation and life protection coverage is available depending on the customers’ needs. This series allows customers who have protection needs to enjoy life protection coverage as high as 30 times the annual premium and still be able to benefit from the asset appreciation. To further strengthen the unit-linked platform, the fund choices have been expanded by offering foreign investment funds in order to better meet different customers’ needs and risk appetite.
Meanwhile, Prudential Hong Kong’s Customer Day puts customers’ needs at the forefront. During the event, a facilitator asks customers about their experiences with Prudential, with customers sharing many insightful comments. Around 200 managers and senior management attended the inaugural Customer Day, interacting with customers to answer questions and gain further insight into what customers think and how they feel.
US
Prudential’s US operation develops and distributes products that seek to address the retirement needs of its more than four million contract-holders and provide them with security through the ups and downs of financial market cycles. Jackson offers a diverse range of variable, fixed and fixed-index annuity products, designed with a variety of custom options to fit different financial goals.
Many Americans are approaching retirement with inadequate resources. Private defined-benefit pension plans are disappearing, government defined-benefit plans are underfunded, and social security, whose long-term status is in question, was never intended to be the primary retirement plan. At the same time, increasing life expectancy and the difficulty for individual investors in capturing market returns have added to the pressure on retirement resources. The low interest-rate environment presents extra challenges, hindering the growth of savings and the ability to generate income from savings.
Retirees need access to equity market growth, protection of their principal, a way of converting savings into retirement income and a degree of certainty. The variable annuities that Jackson offers can provide both guaranteed income and access to market growth. They are a way for investors to access guaranteed income for life, making them in effect a defined-benefit plan for the 21st century.
www.prudential.co.uk
Jackson’s Elite Access is a variable annuity that enhances traditional investing through diverse investment options, access to portfolios previously unavailable to retail investors, and tax advantages that help customers seek opportunities and manage risk throughout the economic cycle. Elite Access is a logical extension of Jackson’s variable annuity investment freedom philosophy, which provides customers with a large set of investment options and the ability to tailor the portfolio to their investment risk appetite.
Jackson has launched a new tool to support Elite Access, the Elite Access 1:1 Video Presenter. This is an interactive and personalised multi-media experience created to enable Jackson wholesalers to engage key audiences and help advisers grow their business. The tool features adviser-facing and client-facing versions. From the moment an adviser or investor engages with the video, they are met with a user experience that is focused entirely on them, which is what makes this tool unique. It is centred on meeting the needs of the audience and providing an experience that is led by the individual. The business is proactively strengthening relationships and creating a distinctive presence in the market.
Jackson has a long history of providing premier service to the producers and clients who interact with the Company every day. As part of the Company’s ongoing commitment to exceeding best practices and delivering top-quality service, Jackson introduced the new Beyond World Class Service eLearning training module in 2015. The module poses everyday service scenarios to prepare and educate operations associates how to best answer producer and client service requests. The training has been designed to help employees better understand how and why the business measures the quality of performance through the eyes of external customers. It focuses on the impact of poorly-handled service issues and allows employees to practise identifying and reporting service experiences through real case studies. The module presents an actor-driven, service-recovery scenario from the perspective of the producer, employee, customer service support and distribution teams. The two-part module showcases how service experiences impact Jackson’s business through real-life re-enactment, showing the employee how the service call has gone wrong, followed by practice scenarios. Scenarios are pulled directly from trending reports to help associates identify the issue, select an appropriate resolution and flag the experience to complete the exercise. This will ensure employees are trained in how best to meet producer and client expectations and understand how to handle an experience if they are dissatisfied.
www.prudential.co.uk
UK and Europe
The UK’s pension and retirement income system underwent significant reform during 2015. Known as pension freedoms, the reforms give consumers greater flexibility to access their pension savings in retirement. Prudential reacted quickly when the reforms were announced in the March 2014 Budget, committing significant resources to ensure that our processes facilitated the new regime when it launched just over a year later in April 2015.
In the past year the business made two significant enhancements that have broadened access to products. The Flexible Retirement Plan was enhanced to include the introduction of a Flexible Drawdown option in advance of April’s pension reforms. Further developments were introduced in September 2015, when a non-advised flexible drawdown plan, the Pension Choices Plan, was introduced for those clients who choose not to be advised. PruFund, the business’s flagship multi-asset investment range, was made available through an ISA wrapper for the first time in February 2015.
As part of Prudential UK & Europe’s commitment to placing the customer at the heart of everything they do, Prudential also began the rollout of the new MyPru online service, which allows UK customers to take greater control of their products online without having to make direct contact. The drive to continually improve customer service quality has, once again, been reflected in Prudential UK & Europe’s continued success in the Financial Adviser Service Awards, which are voted on by financial advisers. In 2015, Prudential secured the Company of the Year Award for the first time, while retaining its coveted Five Star ratings in the Life and Pensions and Investments categories for the fifth consecutive year.
Asset management
M&G, Prudential’s UK and European asset management business, is a long-term, active investor that takes seriously its responsibilities as a steward of clients’ assets, often working closely with the management of the companies in which we invest. M&G’s investment teams incorporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors into investment analysis and decision-making processes, wherever they have a meaningful impact on risk or return. Active voting is an integral part of the investment approach, both adding value and protecting our interests as shareholders. The M&G website provides an overview of voting history: www.mandg.com/corporate/about-mg/ investment-philosophy/corporate-governance/voting-history/ Reflecting this approach, M&G is a signatory to the UN Principles for Responsible Investment (UNPRI), an international
network of investors working together to promote responsible investment practices. M&G provides market insights to clients, intermediaries and others through a number of channels, including a programme of roadshows and events. The M&G Client Council, launched in 2014, offers customers who invest directly with M&G an opportunity to help shape our products and services, in line with their needs. These investors give feedback through online surveys and interviews throughout the year, and members are kept informed about the results with regular emails and updates on a dedicated website.
Valuing our people
We foster an environment in which our people find value and meaning in their work, and deliver outstanding performance for our customers, shareholders and communities. This is achieved through our continued focus on diversity and inclusion, talent development, employee engagement, and performance and reward.
Diversity and inclusion
Prudential believes that a diversity of skill sets and backgrounds enriches the organisation. Given the diverse nature of our business and our stakeholders, we are committed to making diversity and inclusion a competitive advantage for our organisation. By continuing to ensure diversity among senior leadership teams and pipelines, as well as across the entire employee population, we aim to further increase the positive impact of diversity on our commercial success and ability to successfully compete in an increasingly complex and dynamic business environment.
We believe in respecting human rights, acting responsibly and with integrity. Our policies are guided by the principles of the UN’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Labour Organisation’s core labour standards. These are also incorporated into our Group Code of Business Conduct, which sets out the Group values and expected standards of behaviour for all employees, and in our Group Outsourcing and Third Party Supply Policy.
We maintain an inclusive culture that is sensitive to the needs of all employees. In particular, our Group-wide Diversity and Inclusion policy acts to ensure that each of our businesses takes appropriate measures to prevent discrimination in the workplace, and provides equality of opportunity both for our employees and for candidates that wish to join our Group regardless of their sex, race, age, ethnic origin, marital status, pregnancy and maternity, caring responsibilities, civil partnership status, any gender re-assignment, sexual orientation, religion or belief, disability
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Corporate responsibility review continued
or part-time/fixed-term work. As such, we give full and fair consideration and encouragement to all applicants with suitable aptitude and abilities. For those employees and applicants with disabilities, we make appropriate disability adjustments as required, and ensure that we can provide training and career development opportunities for all.
We monitor the diversity of our leadership and our leadership pipeline, with diversity and inclusion KPIs reported to the Board annually.
Across our businesses our commitment to diversity and inclusion is supported by initiatives such as reviews of pay and performance management consistency, providing training to managerial and non-managerial staff, supporting flexible working arrangements, and engaging with recruitment firms to mitigate unconscious bias and diversify the pool of potential candidates. In Prudential Corporation Asia, since 2009 a Financial Literacy for Women programme has shared tips and training on financial planning and management with more than 19,000 female entrepreneurs. Our North American business is involved in the Women of Color STEM Conference, which recognises outstanding women in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields; and M&G has introduced the Women in Fund Management Roundtable, an internal network of senior women investors to support a shift in the gender balance within investment functions. Many of our businesses also run apprenticeship schemes. In 2015 we further nurtured two affinity networks: M&G Pride for LGBT employees and allies and the London-based Prudential Women’s Professional Network, each of which held several well-attended events. A third cohort of colleagues based in the UK have joined The Pearls Programme, a UK-based development initiative designed to support women in middle- to senior-management positions in building confidence, capabilities and contacts.
Gender diversity across Prudential as of 31 December 2015 is shown below.
Headcount Total Male Female
Chairman and independent Non-executive Directors 10 8 2 Executive Directors1 6 5 1 Group Executive Committee (GEC) (includes Executive 11 10 1 Directors1) Senior managers (excludes the Chairman, all directors 65 52 13 and GEC members) Whole Company2 (includes the Chairman, all directors 23,507 10,879 12,628 and GEC members)
1 Does not include announcements made after 31 December 2015: John Foley’s appointment to Executive Director and Anne Richards to replace Michael McLintock later in 2016.
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Excludes PCA joint ventures. |
Talent development
We recognise that people are our key resource, that investment in their development is essential to deliver our strategy, and that the quality of leadership across the Group is fundamental to the future growth and success of the business. We review our talent annually and offer a range of programmes that enable our people to continue to grow and develop. The majority of these are managed by our business units, while Group human resources focuses on tailored programmes for senior leaders across the organisation, succession planning for senior roles and development of our leadership talent pipeline. We invest in succession planning for our leaders and critical specialists, and segment our talent to identify short-, medium- and long-term successors and support them with the appropriate development and career planning, to ensure that we maintain an appropriate balance of internal progression and external hires.
Individually tailored development offerings are provided for our most senior executives so they are well prepared to deliver the long-term ambitions of the Group. In addition, in 2015 more than 180 senior high-potential individuals participated in our Group-wide leadership development programmes Impact, Agility and in our new programme for emerging talent, Next Generation. These programmes have been developed in partnership and co-delivered with world-leading academic institutions such as Duke Corporate Education, the Oxford Saïd Business School, and the London School of Economics.
Within our businesses there are many examples of our continuing commitment to talent development. Prudential Corporation Asia develops CEOs with targeted high-touch programmes, such as cross-company experience and industry expectations, for them to stay relevant and gain new insights. In the US, Jackson
University provides a highly customisable approach for associates’ personal development and professional learning; and Prudential UK provides a fully differentiated management development offering, distinguishing the requirements of aspiring managers and experienced leaders. M&G Real Estate supports career development through a fund manager job shadowing programme; and Group Head Office provides innovative programmes (designed in partnership with top academic institutions such as the London Business School and Cambridge Judge), which offer leadership development and the opportunity to gain valuable experience through relevant business projects.
Employee engagement
An array of initiatives are in place within our different businesses to drive employee engagement. Depending on the business this engagement can start as soon as a new employee joins us, with an induction programme to learn about the history and strategy of the Group. Throughout the employee’s career, additional opportunities may include being offered a number of high-impact training sessions as well as workshops on resilience, managing energy and enhancing productivity.
Each of our businesses manages its own intranet, providing all employees with access to regular updates, articles and internal and external news items relevant to the business and its geographical location. Each intranet also gets updated with material news from across the Group. Some of our businesses hold regular employee open forums with senior management, conduct yearly engagement surveys or organise awaydays to discuss the business, our performance and internal management. Any highlighted issues are then used to improve the way in which we work. In addition, there are informal opportunities to meet senior managers and facilities to network with both peers and
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senior leaders across functions; and well-being programmes to support sustainable high performance. We also have policies to encourage and support volunteering for charitable causes. The success of our efforts has again been recognised internally and externally. In 2015, engagement surveys in various business units showed excellent results. We have also received prestigious awards. For example, M&G was the highest-ranking asset manager in the Glassdoor survey of Best Places to Work in Consulting and Finance, and seventh in the Rate-My-Apprenticeship Top 60 Employers 2014-15. The ranking is based on anonymous reviews of current and former staff. In addition, our businesses in the UK have a longstanding relationship with the union Unite.
We encourage volunteering, through which our employees can support our communities and acquire new skills.
Further details page 63
Performance and reward
Our reward packages are designed to attract, motivate and retain high-calibre people across all levels. Each individual contributes to the success of the Group and should be rewarded accordingly. We recognise and reward high performance while operating a fair and transparent system of reward. Reward is linked to the delivery of business goals and expected behaviours, and we ensure that rewards for our people are consistent with our values and do not incentivise inappropriate risk-taking. To enable this, employees are not only regularly assessed on ‘what’ they have achieved, but also on ‘how’ they did so.
There are recognition initiatives running across our businesses, such as the Prudential Stars awards at Group Head Office, which are made to individuals nominated by their colleagues for outstanding examples of execution, impact and engagement.
We believe in the importance of enabling our employees to have the opportunity to benefit from the Group’s success through share ownership, and operate employee share plans across the UK and Asia. This includes PruSharePlus which first launched in 2014 and is open to all employees of Prudential in Asia. PruSharePlus enables Prudential’s employees to share in the longer-term success of the business, and actively encourages share ownership and engagement with the business by providing a market-competitive share-matching plan. We were delighted that PruSharePlus recently received an award from the Global Equity Organization in recognition of its innovative and creative plan design.
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Supporting local communities
Our community programmes are grouped around the broad theme of ‘Strong Foundations’. This reflects our focus on helping communities establish those fundamental building blocks essential for their long-term futures. Our three ‘building blocks’ represent areas of primary need:
Education and life skills
Strengthening numeracy, financial literacy and employment training
Disaster readiness and relief
Providing long-term support to help prevent disasters and deal with their impact
Wellbeing and protection
Helping provide resources, such as clean water and shelter, that are essential for health and a thriving future
The inherent long-term social value of our business is complemented by community investments in each of the markets in which we operate. We provide support to charitable organisations through both funding, and the experience and expertise of our employees.
We establish long-term relationships with our charity partners to ensure that the projects we support are sustainable and we work closely with them to ensure that our programmes continuously improve. The diversity of our markets means that our programmes vary from region to region, but a shared focus for our community investment is education and life skills. These activities include financial education, support to improve social mobility and employee volunteering.
Education and life skills
In Asia, Prudence Foundation – the charitable arm of Prudential Corporation Asia – aims to maximise the impact of our community investment efforts in the countries where we have a presence. Its mission is to make a lasting contribution to societies across Asia through sustainable initiatives focused on three pillars: Children, Education, and Disaster Preparedness and Recovery.
The First Read programme was launched in 2013 in partnership with Save the Children in Cambodia and the Philippines. It works closely with parents of pre-school children to promote home-based early childhood care and development (ECCD) and address the issue of literacy. The programme enables parents to help develop their children’s early literacy skills and overall
well-being so they can benefit from future schooling and prevent repetition of grades and dropping out of school, which is a significant issue in both countries. First Read also supports and collaborates closely with local book publishers, helping to develop and create new books written in local languages. Since inception, the programme has benefited almost 190,000 adults and children up to the age of six. In addition, First Read has indirectly benefited over 440,000 community members through the sharing of knowledge and resources.
Prudence Foundation launched Cha-Ching, a multi-media programme built around a series of three-minute animated music videos, in 2011 to help parents instill ‘money-smart skills’ in children aged seven to 12. This was developed with Cartoon Network and Dr Alice Wilder, an award-winning children’s education specialist, to help children learn the fundamental money management concepts of earn, save, spend and donate. The programme has gained international recognition for promoting financial literacy, and won several industry awards. Over the past few years it has grown to become one of the top-rated children’s television programmes in Asia. Today Cha-Ching is available in 10 languages in Asia, reaching 51 million households a day across Asia through the Cartoon Network. The Cha-Ching website has more than 73 million page views, and YouTube music videos have two million views. The Cha-Ching School Contact Programme, which brings Cha-Ching directly to schoolchildren across Asia, continues to develop and expand. To date it has reached more than 200,000 school children in nine countries. The Foundation has also started to work with Junior Achievement to develop a standardised school curriculum for Cha-Ching, which will be launched in 2016. This will further help meet the need for stronger financial literacy capabilities in students across Asia. In the US, Jackson has pledged to support a new Teen Center at the Boys & Girls Club of Lansing, Michigan. The commitment is from the business and individual employees who will contribute toward the total investment needed to complete the project. The new Jackson Teen Zone will be added onto the existing Boys & Girls Club facility and will provide a much-needed quiet space for homework, college prep and Money Matters, a financial literacy curriculum designed by Boys & Girls Club of America. Every day more than 250 young people go to the Boys & Girls Club of Lansing.
As one of the most respected brands in the UK – according to Opinion Leader Brand Tracking we are the second most trusted insurance company in the UK – Prudential is taking a major role in helping to shape future job prospects for young people. Over the past two years the business has recruited 130 young people to join the
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Our communities in focus
Every Saturday for six weeks, volunteers from Prudential worked 325 employees with Prestasi Junior Indonesia to volunteered regenerate vacant wasteland and promote healthy living in a low-income, densely populated area of South Jakarta. 1,625 hours
The project involved clearing rubbish volunteered and educating residents on appropriate waste management.
Volunteers helped transform the area 2,996 into a cleaner, safer environment and beneficiaries facilitated local health clinics and financial education sessions.
highly regarded apprenticeship programme, gaining important work and life skills as well as achieving recognised vocational and professional qualifications. As a National Champion of Business in the Community’s Business Class programme, Prudential UK & Europe works to set and promote the direction of the nationwide programme. It also partners with three schools, in London, Reading and Stirling, with over 320 employees having supported more than 3,400 children since 2013, including with pupils’ interview and presentation skills and building public speaking confidence.
In India, Prudential UK & Europe works in partnership with the NGO, Magic Bus, which provides children from marginalised communities with opportunities for learning and developing work-readiness skills. This is achieved via a sport-focused activity curriculum, mentorship and employability programmes. We have specifically supported a personal development programme for 500 children and an employability skills workshop for 150 children.
M&G continues to fund a literacy centre at a primary school in the London Borough of Lambeth by funding the work of Springboard for Children, a charity that provides support to children whose reading age is significantly below their national average reading age.
In our new markets in Africa we have committed to provide support for academically able but financially disadvantaged high school students, and to help build capacity for training in actuarial sciences at local universities. Working with Plan International, the Prudential Scholarship
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scheme, started in Ghana, has now been extended to Kenya and the two schemes will help more than 700 students to complete their secondary school education. Throughout 2016 we will work with Plan Uganda to build new classrooms and latrines and provide up-to-date learning equipment as well as financial support for vulnerable students. The potential reach will be 5,267 girls and boys in six secondary schools in northern Uganda. In addition we have established the Prudential Actuarial Support System awards for actuarial science in universities in Ghana and Kenya to support the top 10 graduating students for three years.
Disaster readiness and relief
As a life insurance and asset management company, our core business is the provision of protection, security and risk mitigation to families. Over the past four decades, the Asia-Pacific region has experienced 75 per cent of the world’s natural disasters, resulting in a loss of nearly two million lives. The Prudence Foundation is working with NGOs to help communities better prepare for such disasters before they strike. The Foundation has a strategic approach to its efforts in disaster preparedness, focusing on three key areas: mass education and awareness, capacity building and advocacy. In each area we have programmes that serve a vital need to help communities in the region become more disaster-resilient. As part of a mass education initiative, the Foundation launched Safe Steps in May 2014, in partnership with National Geographic Channel and endorsed by the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Safe Steps is a first-of-its-kind pan-Asian public-service
initiative to enhance disaster preparedness and awareness through the dissemination of educational survival tips for natural disasters. It is a multi-platform programme including on-air video messages, an informative website and educational collateral that can be shared among communities. Core to the programme is a series of 60-second educational videos which advise individuals and households what they should do when disasters strike. Together with on-air television distribution and through our partnerships with governments, NGOs and the private sector, Safe Steps has the potential to reach over 100 million people every day. For capacity building, we partner with Plan International and Save the Children to implement the Safe Schools programme in Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. Safe Schools focuses on placing schools at the heart of building a culture of disaster preparedness within communities. This is performed by training students and their teachers in key disaster management skills, and supporting the organisation of disaster simulations and evacuation drills for students and their community. Since we began in 2013, over 36,000 students have participated, together with more than 11,000 teachers.
As a form of advocacy, Prudence Foundation partners with CSR Asia to host an annual Disaster Preparedness Forum in one selected city in Asia. We firmly believe the private sector has an important role to play in strengthening community disaster resilience, and this Forum provides a unique platform for dialogue and exchange of ideas between government, NGO, humanitarian and private-sector participants. We have held three forums to date, in
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Jakarta in 2013, Manila in 2014 and most recently in Hanoi in 2015, with close to 500 participants representing the various stakeholders.
As part of our focus on disaster relief and recovery, Prudence Foundation provided financial donations for emergency relief efforts in Malaysia following the severe floods in January 2015, in Nepal after the devastating earthquake in April 2015, and in Myanmar after the floods in August 2015. In Malaysia we were also able to provide support for long-term rehousing efforts, partnering with Epic Homes, a local NGO, to fund and build 14 new houses for a remote village in Kelantan state. Similar to our efforts in Bantayan Island, the Philippines, Prudence Foundation sponsored a month-long 500-volunteer effort to complete construction of the houses, which also included 100 Prudential volunteers from across Asia.
As a Group, Prudential has been a partner of Save the Children’s Emergency Fund for a number of years and has committed in 2016 to a further three years. The Children’s Emergency Fund enables the charity to respond immediately to emergencies in countries where there is the greatest need and where children are most at risk. Save the Children has been able to use the Children’s Emergency Fund to respond to 124 disasters across 49 countries in 2015, which demonstrates the scale of the need and the power of the emergency fund as a resource for their response work.
Wellbeing and protection
We help to provide the resources that are essential to secure a healthy, thriving future for our customers, our people and our communities. We work with local communities to develop strong, sustainable projects that meet local needs. For example, Jackson employees are actively engaged in our commitment to communities by taking part in programmes such as the Jackson National Community Fund Advisory
The Jackson Board Corps programme is changing the way employees volunteer with charitable organisations. Since its launch in 2014, 40 Jackson employees have been trained to serve in leadership positions for non-profit organisations.
The Board Corps programme consists of a series of classes and group work led by philanthropy experts, along with non-profit site visits. The classes and group work allow employees to further develop their leadership skills, while the site visits help participants explore what type of charity and mission resonate with them personally.
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Committee and the employee-nominated matching programme. The Jackson National Community Fund supports charities that help the elderly and children through quarterly grants in communities where Jackson’s four largest offices are located. Jackson’s matching programme offers a two-to-one match on all employee donations made to approved charities. This programme ensures that causes important to employees are given charitable consideration and ensures Jackson’s support is received by responsible organisations where funding will create a significant impact.
Jackson has played a key role in building Beacon Field, Lansing’s only drop-in youth soccer field, which opened in September 2015. Use of the field is free and open to anyone. It includes synthetic turf and features two goals, kick boards and solar lights. The charitable priorities of the business are to serve children and senior citizens, and Jackson was keen to collaborate with other businesses to be part of a project to build a safe place for young children to play soccer in the heart of downtown Lansing. The project has enhanced a run-down part of Lansing and brought community, corporations and local businesses together to maximise benefits for the local community.
Prudential UK & Europe employee volunteers have continued to be involved in Call in Time, an Age UK telephone befriending programme that matches each volunteer with an older person who they speak to weekly. This year, 42 lonely and isolated older people have been supported by Prudential volunteers, with some volunteers having now been involved in the programme for more than six years. In 2015, M&G Investments continued to provide support to some of the most deprived and disadvantaged communities located near its offices. A total of 228 charities and community organisations
The programme offers the opportunity to increase the charitable involvement of Jackson while also developing professional leadership skills for employees, which not only provide valuable contributions to the boards they serve on but also benefit their careers and personal lives. At the conclusion of each Jackson Board Corps class, Jackson’s CSR team helps pair each employee with a charitable organisation in line with their area of interest.
received donations, enabling positive and lasting changes to be made in the lives of thousands of people. Projects across a range of sectors gained benefits as a result. Academic achievement was encouraged through support given to schools and educational establishments. A number of social, welfare, children and youth programmes were funded – many of which addressed issues of social cohesion, feelings of isolation and lack of inclusion in community life. Medical facilities such as hospitals and hospices were also recipients of funding, as were projects related to the arts and environmental conservation.
The Chairman’s Challenge and employee volunteering
Many of our employees play an active role in their communities through volunteering, charitable donations and fundraising. In the UK, the US and Asia we offer our employees the opportunity to support charities through payroll giving.
In 2015, employees across the Group volunteered in their communities on a range of projects, providing a total of 51,979 hours of volunteering. We recognise that employee volunteering brings benefit not only to the charities but also to the development of our people, and we actively encourage colleagues to participate in our programmes.
More than 7,000 employees volunteered through Prudential’s flagship international programme, the Chairman’s Challenge, which encourages people from across the Group to volunteer on projects initiated by our global charity partners, including Plan International, Help Age International and Junior Achievement. Each volunteering project focuses on one or more of our Strong Foundations themes and allows us to support both large, well-established charities and innovative, smaller-scale activities with volunteers as well as financial support. Prudential donates £150 to our charity partners for every employee who
Our communities in focus
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registers for the programme. Charity partners use this money to seed-fund charitable projects for Prudential volunteers. Employees across the Group are involved in the voting process to decide the most innovative projects. As well as volunteering efforts on behalf of the Chairman’s Challenge, employees around the Group volunteered on a huge range of other charitable projects, from providing relief following disasters to mentoring schoolchildren, supporting the elderly and skills-sharing.
Prudential RideLondon
The 2015 Prudential RideLondon, the world’s biggest festival of cycling, was a great success. This was the third RideLondon sponsored by Prudential and raised more than £12 million for charity, promoting health and providing a memorable occasion for participants and spectators and an opportunity for Prudential staff from around the world to take part. Around 70,000 people took to the streets of London on 1 August to enjoy cycling on traffic-free roads in the Prudential RideLondon FreeCycle. The following day, 25,000 people took on the challenge of cycling 100 miles through London and the hilly country to the south- west in the Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100, with more than 180 cyclists from across the Group, including colleagues from Group Head Office, Prudential UK
& Europe, M&G, Jackson and Prudential Corporation Asia.
In addition, 160 colleagues were on duty as volunteers to help make the event a success. The programme also featured two professional races involving some of the world’s best riders – the Prudential RideLondon Grand Prix women’s race around St James’s Park on the Saturday and the Prudential RideLondon Classic men’s professional race on the Sunday, which
Jackson opened its new, environmentally responsible building in Lansing which provides capacity for more than 1,200 state-of-the-art workspaces, as well as conference facilities and other amenities.
The new building has been built to minimise long-term environmental impact and is connected to Jackson’s existing office through a glass-enclosed walkway, providing employees with a feeling of being in the midst of the natural landscape. The conference centre
64 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
followed the same course as the amateur riders earlier in the day. All the weekend’s events featured prominently on national TV and radio and in the press.
In its first three years, Prudential RideLondon participants have raised more than £29 million for good causes throughout the UK. We have renewed our sponsorship for a further three years to 2018 and will focus on maximising funds raised for charity by the organisers and through the development of new and existing Prudential charitable partnerships.
Charitable donations
We calculate our community investment spend using the internationally recognised London Benchmarking Group standard. This includes cash donations to registered charitable organisations, as well as a cash equivalent for in-kind contributions. In 2015, the Group spent £21.7 million supporting community activities, an increase of 10.7 per cent on 2014. The direct cash donations to charitable organisations amounted to £18.8 million, of which approximately £5.8 million came from our UK and EU operations, which are principally our UK insurance operation and M&G. The remaining £13 million was contributed to charitable organisations by Jackson National Life Insurance Company, Prudential Corporation Asia and Prudential Africa.
The cash contribution to charitable organisations from our UK and EU operations is broken down as follows: education £2,401,000; social, welfare and environment £3,097,000; cultural £227,000 and staff volunteering £109,000. The balance of the amount includes in-kind donations as set out in our corporate responsibility report and prepared in accordance with London Benchmarking Group (LBG) guidelines.
features a living-grass roof which reduces energy consumption while blending in with the surrounding landscape. The building is expected to qualify for an Energy Star rating that places it in the top 20 per cent of the most energy-efficient buildings in the US. This focus on integrating its buildings with the natural beauty of its corporate campus, along with an energy-efficient design, allows Jackson to operate on a very cost-efficient basis while providing an environmentally-conscious and healthy working environment for employees.
Political donations
It is the Group’s policy neither to make donations to political parties nor to incur political expenditure, within the meaning of those expressions as defined in the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000. The Group did not make any such donations or incur any such expenditure in 2015.
Protecting the environment
The management of environmental issues is an integral part of managing the total risks faced by our business. Part of our strategy to mitigate against climate change includes:
— Measuring, reporting and improving environmental performance of our global operations; and
— Improving the indirect environmental impacts as an asset owner.
In addition to our own internal reduction targets, we also participate in the Carbon Disclosure Project. This survey captures data on a whole range of different aspects of an organisation’s impact on the global environment. Over the last three years we have been able to provide increasing levels of detail and this has improved our disclosure score from 70 per cent in 2013 to 97 per cent in 2015, and our performance rating from D to B.
We are also a member of ClimateWise, which is a voluntary leadership group driving an insurance industry response to the transition to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy. As part of our membership we report, and are independently measured, against six core principles. During 2015 we were able to increase our score and ranked within the top 10 members. For more information the latest ClimateWise report can be found at: www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/publications/ sustainable-finance-publications/ a-climate-of-change
Our environment in focus
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As a financial services business we recognise that one of the most significant direct impacts on the environment results from the operation of the properties we occupy and invest in.
Reducing our direct impact: occupied properties
We monitor and publish Group performance data for our CO2e emissions, water and energy use in over 400 sites across 24 countries.
We have strategies in place to reduce energy, waste generated, water consumption and paper use. In the past year, Prudential sourced 27 per cent of electricity from renewable or non-fossil fuel sources.
Reducing our impact: property investment portfolio
M&G Real Estate forms part of the M&G Group of Companies, the asset management arm of Prudential plc in the UK and Europe. Its approach to responsible property investment enables it to manage and respond to the growing range of environmental and social issues that can impact property values. It also helps M&G Real Estate to protect and enhance fund and asset performance for its clients. Responsible property investment is integrated within M&G Real Estate’s day-to-day investment practices. It enables them to adapt and respond to the challenges and opportunities posed by various issues, such as rising energy and resource costs, greater legislative demands and stronger tenant and investor requirements.
M&G Real Estate’s focus on embedding responsible property investment principles into its investment activities has achieved some significant results. In the past year, M&G Real Estate has:
— Reduced global energy consumption and carbon emissions by 3 per cent at properties held consistently for two years;
— Achieved four Green Stars in the 2015 Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark survey in recognition of its market-leading performance; and
— Ensured that more than 640,000 m2 of floor space has environmental certification, providing independent verification of its performance.
M&G Real Estate’s progress can be found in its annual responsible property investment report at www.mandg.co.uk/ institutions/realestate/responsible-investing/
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Prudential plc – greenhouse gas emissions statement
We have compiled our greenhouse gas emissions data in accordance with the Companies Act 2006 (Strategic and Directors’ Reports) Regulations 2013. We have included full reporting for all Scope 1 (direct emissions such as combustion of gas for heating, fugitive emissions and emissions from owned vehicles) and 2 (indirect emissions for consumption of electricity, heat or steam) emissions where operational control of the emissions of the sources concerned was demonstrated. We have also reported on
a number of Scope 3 emissions as a matter of best practice. These are emissions arising as a consequence of the activities of the company, but occur from sources not owned or controlled by the company. For the purpose of the 2015 report these Scope 3 emissions include: water (new metric for 2015), waste generated in operations in the UK and US, and business travel booked from the UK. We are continuously working with our business units to review the extent of our Scope 3 reporting and increase where practicable.
Assessment parameters Baseline year: 1 October 2014—30 September 2015 Assurance: Deloitte LLP has provided limited assurance over selected environmental metrics in accordance with the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board’s (ISAE3000 (Revised)) international standard. Please refer to the 2015 Prudential corporate responsibility report for further detail.
Consolidation approach Operational control
Boundary summary All entities and all facilities under operational control (including those owned) were included
Consistency with the This period does not correspond with the Directors’ financial statements report period (January 2015 to December 2015).
The reporting period was brought forward by three months to improve the availability of invoice data (which often lags by one month or more after the usage period) and reduce the reliance on estimated data. Prudential owns assets, which are held on its balance sheet in the financial statements, over which it does not have operational control. These are excluded from the data below. Assets not included on the balance sheet but held under an operating lease and where we have operational control are included.
Emission factor data source Defra 2015 – obtained from www.ukconversionfactorscarbonsmart.co.uk
Assessment methodology The Greenhouse Gas Protocol Revised ‘A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard (Revised Edition)’ 2004
Materiality threshold 5 per cent
Intensity ratio Tonnes of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent per metre squared (Net Lettable Area)
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Greenhouse gas emissions source
Emissions source 2015 2014 2013
Scope 1 Combustion of fuel and operation of facilities Occupied Estate 8,409 8,486 6,019 (Tonnes CO2-e) Investments 8,845 10,044 13,062 Scope 2 Electricity, heat, steam and cooling purchased for Occupied Estate 62,695 61,550 65,730 own use (Tonnes CO2-e) Investments 28,691 39,573 42,079 Scope 1 and Scope 2 Emissions (Tonnes CO2-e) Occupied Estate 71,104 70,036 71,749 Investments 37,536 49,617 55,141
Total Scope 1 and 2 (Tonnes CO2-e) 108,640 119,653 126,890
Normalised Normalised Scope 1 and 2 (kg CO2-e/m2) Occupied Estate 132 135 139 emissions
Investments 10 13 15
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Total Scope 1 and 2 (kg CO2-e/m ) 25 28 31
Scope 3 Waste generated (UK and US) (Tonnes CO2-e) Occupied Estate 77 201 166 Investments 244 387 840 Water consumption (Tonnes CO2-e) Occupied Estate 80 – – Investments 174 – – Air travel (Booked from UK only) (Tonnes CO2-e) Occupied Estate 13,451 9,818 9,398 Investments n/a n/a n/a Other business travel (rail and vehicle) Occupied Estate 56 50 19 (Tonnes CO2-e) Investments n/a n/a n/a Total Scope 3 Emissions (Tonnes CO2-e) Occupied Estate 13,664 10,069 9,583 Investments 418 387 840
Total Scope 3 (Tonnes CO2-e) 14,082 10,456 10,423
Scope 1, 2 and 3 Total Scope 1, 2 and 3 Emissions (Tonnes CO2-e) Occupied Estate 84,768 80,105 81,332 Investments 37,954 50,004 55,981
Total Scope 1, 2 and 3 (Tonnes CO2-e) 122,722 130,109 137,313
Normalised Normalised Scope 1, 2 and 3 (kg CO2-e/m2) Occupied Estate 157 154 157 emissions
Investments 10 13 16
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Total Scope 1, 2 and 3 (kg CO2-e/m ) 28 30 33
Following a detailed review of the Group’s approach to reporting emissions resulting from investments, investment data has been restated. Due to the changing size and nature of the investment portfolio, absolute and normalised comparisons between years are not comparative. Net lettable area is reported for all properties held within the reporting period. In line with best practice, environmental data is collected for properties at acquisition and at date of divestment, therefore
66 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
comparisons for absolute change and normalised change are not directly comparative. For more information on sustainability progress, please refer to the annual M&G Real Estate Responsible Property Investment report for further details, including like-for-like comparisons. Overall Scope 1 and 2 emissions in the global occupied estate have increased 1.53 per cent from 2014, and decreased 0.9 per cent from the 2013 baseline.
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Accountability and governance for corporate responsibility The Board
The Board regularly reviews the Group’s corporate responsibility performance and scrutinises and approves the Group corporate responsibility report and strategy on an annual basis.
Code of Business Conduct
Consideration of environmental, social and community matters is integrated in our Code of Business Conduct. Our code is reviewed by the Board on an annual basis.
Risk assessment
For more information on the risks facing our business see page 49.
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Local governance
In M&G, Jackson and Prudential UK there are governance committees in place – with senior management representation – that agree strategy and spend. In Asia, the Prudence Foundation has been established as a unified charitable platform to align and maximise the impact of community efforts across the region.
Supply chain management
It is our policy to work in partnership with third parties whose values and standards are aligned with our Group Code of Business Conduct.
Procurement practices in Prudential UK have been successfully accredited with the Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply certification, an industry benchmark of recognised good practice.
Strategic report approval by the Board of Directors
The strategic report set out on pages 11 to 67 is approved by the Board of Directors. Signed on behalf of the Board of Directors
Mike Wells
Group Chief Executive
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March 2016 |
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01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
68 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Governance
70 Chairman’s introduction
71 Board of Directors
76 How we operate
76 Board roles
77 Board decision making
79 Board balance and effectiveness
81 Shareholder engagement
82 Further information on Directors
84 Risk management and internal control
86 Committees
98 Statutory and regulatory disclosures
99 Compliance with corporate governance codes
99 Additional information
100 Index to principal Directors’ report disclosures
Volunteering in South Jakarta Our communities
Volunteers from Prudential worked to regenerate vacant wasteland and promote healthy living in a low-income, densely populated area of South Jakarta. Find out more on page 62.
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Chairman’s introduction
Strong, effective and transparent governance
Dear Shareholder
As Chairman of the Board, I am pleased to report on our governance and stewardship throughout the year.
Succession was understandably a key focus in 2015, but there were many other areas that commanded attention. Alongside the ongoing items of strategy and business performance, the Board and its committees also spent time on Solvency II and preparations for the G-SII regime.
Good corporate governance makes an indispensable contribution to the growth and long-term success of any business. Providing appropriate support, focused oversight and constructive challenge are critical elements of a well-functioning board. This means ensuring that our own processes, mechanisms and structures are best matched to the business and its strategy.
Alongside this, there is also the important role of the Board in establishing and promoting the culture and values of the Company. Prudential has a proud heritage which shapes how we conduct our business. Our role as custodians of that legacy is one that we take seriously.
70 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
To achieve all these aims means that managing the development of the Board is vital, and as Chairman that duty falls to me. I have sought to cast the Board so that its composition and balance best supports the business in delivering sustainable long-term value. This means ensuring that we have the right skill sets and experience, and ensuring that succession planning is supported by a strong bench with a depth of talent.
We adhere to the relevant principles and codes and also work to remain abreast of trends and developments in corporate governance. This is an ever-evolving field, which rightly attracts close scrutiny. I have an ongoing programme of engagement with our major investors and meet retail shareholders at the Annual General Meeting. I have been pleased with the feedback we have received on our progress.
Our stakeholders not only expect high-quality governance, they also expect to be able to see that it is being delivered. As such, we remain committed to clarity and transparency in our reporting.
Paul Manduca
Chairman
www.prudential.co.uk
Board of Directors
Paul Manduca, Chairman
Appointment: October 2010 Chairman: July 2012 Committee: Nomination (Chair)
Age: 64
Michael Wells, Group Chief Executive
Appointment: January 2011
Group Chief Executive: June 2015 Age: 55
www.prudential.co.uk
Paul is the Chairman of the Board. He initially joined the Board as the Senior Independent Director and member of the Audit and Remuneration Committees, and latterly, the Nomination Committee.
Relevant skills and experience
Paul retired as Chairman of JPM European Smaller Companies Investment Trust Plc in December 2012 and was the Chairman of Aon UK Limited until September 2012. He was also a non-executive director and Chairman of the Audit Committee of KazMunaiGas Exploration & Production until the end of September 2012. From September 2005 until March 2011, Paul was a non-executive director of Wm Morrison Supermarkets Plc. During his tenure, he was the Senior Independent Director, the first Audit Committee Chairman and Chair of the Remuneration Committee. Paul was the Senior Independent Director and Chairman of the Audit Committee of Development Securities plc until March 2010, Chairman
Mike is Group Chief Executive, a position he has held since June 2015.
Relevant skills and experience
Mike joined Jackson National Life Insurance Company (Jackson), the North American unit of Prudential, in 1995, and became Chief Operating Officer and Vice-Chairman in 2003. In 2011, he was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer of Jackson, and joined the Board of Prudential.
Mike began his career at the brokerage house Dean Witter going on to become a managing director at Smith Barney Shearson. At Jackson, Mike was responsible for the establishment of the broker-dealer network National Planning Holdings and the development of Jackson’s market-leading range of variable annuities. He was also part of the Jackson teams that purchased and successfully integrated a savings institute, three broker dealers and two life companies.
of Bridgewell Group plc until 2007 and a director of Henderson Smaller Companies Investment Trust plc until 2006. Prior to that, he was European CEO of Deutsche Asset Management from 2002 to 2005, global CEO of Rothschild Asset Management from 1999 to 2002 and founding CEO of Threadneedle Asset Management Limited from 1994 to 1999 when he was also a director of Eagle Star and Allied Dunbar. Paul has also served as Chairman of the Association of Investment Companies from 1991 to 1993 and is a former member of the Takeover Panel.
Other appointments
Paul is a member of the Securities Institute and Chairman of Henderson Diversified Income Limited. In 2015, Paul became Chairman of TheCityUK’s Advisory Council and Chairman of the Templeton Emerging Markets Investment Trust (TEMIT).
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Board of Directors continued
Executive Directors
Nicolaos Nicandrou ACA Chief Financial Officer
Appointment: October 2009 Age: 50 Nic is Chief Financial Officer, a position he has held since October 2009.
Penelope James ACA Group Chief Risk Officer
Appointment: September 2015 Age: 46 Penny is the Group Chief Risk Officer, a position she has held since September 2015.
John Foley Executive Director
Appointment: January 2016 Age: 59 John is Chief Executive of Prudential UK & Europe, a position he has held since January 2016.
Michael McLintock Executive Director
Appointment: September 2000 Age: 54 Michael is the Chief Executive of M&G, a position he held at the time of M&G’s acquisition by Prudential in 1999.
Relevant skills and experience
Before joining Prudential, Nic worked at Aviva, where he held a number of senior finance roles, including Norwich Union Life Finance Director and Board Member, Aviva Group Financial Control Director, Aviva Group Financial Management and Reporting Director and CGNU Group Financial Reporting Director. Nic started his career at PricewaterhouseCoopers where he worked in both London and Paris.
Relevant skills and experience
Penny joined Prudential in 2011 as the Director of Group Finance, a position she held until her appointment to the Board. Before joining Prudential, Penny was Group Chief Financial Officer of Omega Insurance Holdings, a company formerly listed on the Main Market of the London Stock Exchange. She previously held a number of senior finance positions during her 12 years with Zurich Financial Services, most recently serving as Chief Financial Officer of the UK General Insurance Division.
Relevant skills and experience
John joined Prudential as Deputy Group Treasurer in 2000, before being appointed Managing Director, Prudential Capital, and Group Treasurer in 2001. He was appointed Chief Executive, Prudential Capital, and to the Group Executive Committee in 2007. John was appointed Group Chief Risk Officer and joined the Prudential plc Board in 2011. In 2013, he was appointed to the new role of Group Investment Director, leaving the Board but remaining a member of the Group Executive Committee. He was appointed
Relevant skills and experience
Michael joined M&G in 1992. He also served on the board of Close Brothers as a non-executive director from 2001 to 2008.
Other appointments
Michael has been a Trustee of the Grosvenor Estate since October 2008 and was appointed as a non-executive director of Grosvenor Group Limited in March 2012.
In December 2014, Nic was appointed Chairman of the European Insurance CFO Forum.
Penny qualified as a chartered accountant with Coopers & Lybrand Deloitte (now part of PwC) prior to joining Zurich.
Other appointments
In January 2015, Penny was appointed as a non-executive director of Admiral Group plc and is a member of Admiral’s audit committee.
as Interim Chief Executive of Prudential UK & Europe in October 2015. Before joining Prudential, he spent three years with National Australia Bank as General Manager, Global Capital Markets. John began his career at Hill Samuel & Co. Limited where, over a 20-year period, he worked in every division of the bank, culminating in senior roles in risk, capital markets and treasury of the combined TSB and Hill Samuel Bank.
He has been a member of the Finance Committee of the MCC since October 2005. Michael was appointed to the Takeover Appeal Board on 1 March 2016.
72 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Barry Stowe Executive Director
Appointment: November 2006 Age: 58 Barry is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the North American Business Unit, a position he has held since June 2015. The North American Business Unit comprises Jackson, Curian Capital, Jackson National Asset Management, PPM America and National Planning Holdings.
Tony Wilkey Executive Director
Appointment: June 2015 Age: 56 Tony is Chief Executive of Prudential Corporation Asia, a position he has held since June 2015.
Relevant skills and experience
Barry was the Chief Executive of Prudential Corporation Asia from October 2006 to June 2015. Before joining Prudential, Barry was President, Accident & Health Worldwide for AIG Life Companies. He joined AIG in 1995 after having held senior positions at Pan-American Life and Willis in the United States.
Relevant skills and experience
Tony joined Prudential in 2006 as Chief Executive of Prudential Corporation Asia’s network of life insurance operations in Asia across 12 markets, a position he held until his appointment to the Board. Under Tony’s leadership, Prudential’s life insurance operations grew into significant market-leading positions.
Other appointments
Barry is a member of the Board of Directors of the International Insurance Society.
Before he joined Prudential, Tony served as Chief Operating Officer of American International Assurance (AIA), based in Hong Kong, overseeing AIA’s life companies in South-east Asia.
Further information relating to Directors can be found on pages 82 and 83
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Non-executive Directors
The Hon. Philip Remnant CBE FCA
Senior Independent Director
Appointment: January 2013 Age: 61 Committees: Audit, Nomination and Remuneration
Relevant skills and experience
Philip was a senior adviser at Credit Suisse until December 2013. Philip was previously a Vice Chairman of
Sir Howard Davies Non-executive Director
Appointment: October 2010 Age: 65 Committees: Risk (Chair), Audit and Nomination
Relevant skills and experience
Sir Howard has a wealth of experience in the financial services industry, across civil service, consultancy, asset management,
Ann Godbehere FCPA FCGA Non-executive Director
Appointment: August 2007 Age: 60 Committees: Audit (Chair), Nomination and Risk
Relevant skills and experience
Ann began her career in 1976 with Sun Life of Canada, joining Mercantile & General Reinsurance Group in 1981, where she held a
Alexander (Alistair) Johnston CMG FCA
Non-executive Director
Appointment: January 2012 Age: 63 Committees: Audit Alistair will retire from the Board with effect from the close of the Company’s 2016 Annual General Meeting on 19 May 2016.
David Law ACA Non-executive Director
Appointment: September 2015 Age: 55 Committees: Audit
Relevant skills and experience
David began his career at PwC, where he worked in a variety of roles in the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Hong Kong. He was the Global Leader of PwC’s
Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB) Europe and Head of the UK Investment Banking Department. Philip was seconded to the role of Director General of the Takeover Panel from 2001 to 2003, and again in 2010. He served on the Board of Northern Rock plc from 2008 to 2010, and from 2007 to 2012 was Chairman of the Shareholder Executive.
regulatory and academia. Sir Howard was previously Chairman of the Phoenix Group and an independent director of Morgan Stanley Inc.
Other appointments
Sir Howard is Chairman of the Royal Bank of Scotland and a Professor at Institut d’Études Politiques (Sciences Po). He is Chairman of the International Advisory Board of the China Securities Regulatory Commission
number of management roles rising to Senior Vice President and Controller for life and health and property/casualty businesses in North America in 1995. Between 1996 and 2003 Ann held a number of CFO and CEO posts in different businesses within Swiss Re and from 2003 until February 2007, Ann was Chief Financial Officer of the Swiss Re Group. From its nationalisation in 2008 until January 2009, Ann was Interim Chief
Relevant skills and experience
Alistair was a partner of KPMG from 1986 to 2010. He joined KPMG (then Peat Marwick Mitchell) in 1973 and held a number of senior leadership positions. These included Vice Chairman of UK Financial Services and Head of UK Insurance Practice, International Managing Partner
– Global Markets and UK Vice Chairman. Latterly he served as a Global Vice Chairman of KPMG
insurance practice, a Partner in PwC’s UK firm and worked as the Lead Audit Partner for multinational insurance companies until his retirement on 30 June 2015. David has also been responsible for PwC’s insurance and investment management assurance practice in London and the firm’s Scottish assurance division.
Other appointments
Philip is a Deputy Chairman of the Takeover Panel, a non-executive director of Severn Trent plc (since March 2014) and Senior Independent Director of UK Financial Investments Limited. Philip is also Chairman of City of London Investment Trust plc (since 2011).
and a member of the International Advisory Board of the China Banking Regulatory Commission.
Financial Officer and Executive Director of Northern Rock. She was also a director of Atrium Underwriting Group Limited and Atrium Underwriters Limited (until March 2014), as well as Arden Holdings Limited (until November 2014).
Other appointments
Ann is a non-executive director of British American Tobacco p.l.c., Rio Tinto plc, Rio Tinto Limited, UBS Group AG and UBS AG.
from 2007 to 2010.
Alistair acted as a non-executive director of the Foreign & Commonwealth Office from 2005 to 2010 and chaired the audit committee until 2009.
Other appointments
Alistair is a Visiting Professor at Cass Business School, a Trustee of the Design Museum in London and a Trustee of The Royal Academy of Arts.
Other appointments
David is a Director of L&F Holdings Limited and Chief Executive of L&F Indemnity Limited, the professional indemnity captive insurance group that serves the PricewaterhouseCoopers network and its member firms.
www.prudential.co.uk
74 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
Kaikhushru Nargolwala FCA Non-executive Director
Appointment: January 2012 Age: 65 Committees: Remuneration and Risk
Relevant skills and experience
Kai was a non-executive director of Singapore Telecommunications Limited until July 2015. He was also non-executive Chairman of Credit Suisse Asia Pacific until December 2011, having joined Credit Suisse in 2008 as a member of the Executive Board and CEO of the Asia Pacific
Anthony Nightingale CMG SBS JP
Non-executive Director
Appointment: June 2013 Age: 68
Committees: Remuneration (Chair) and Nomination
Relevant skills and experience
Anthony was Managing Director of the Jardine Matheson Group from 2006 to 2012. He joined that Group in 1969 and held a number of senior positions before joining the Board of Jardine Matheson Holdings in 1994.
Alice Schroeder Non-executive Director
Appointment: June 2013 Age: 59 Committees: Audit
Relevant skills and experience
Alice began her career as a qualified accountant at Ernst & Young in 1980 where she worked for 11 years before leaving to join the Financial Accounting Standards Board as a manager.
Lord Turner
Non-executive Director
Appointment: September 2015 Age: 60 Committees: Risk
Relevant skills and experience
Lord Turner began his career with McKinsey & Co, where he advised companies across a range of industries. He has served as Director-General of the Confederation of British Industry,
region. From 1998 to 2007, Kai worked for Standard Chartered PLC where he was a Group Executive Director responsible for Asia Governance and Risk. Prior to that, he spent 19 years at Bank of America and from 1990 was based in Asia as Group Executive Vice President and Head of the Asia Wholesale Banking Group. From 2004 to 2007, he was a non-executive director at Tate & Lyle plc and at Visa International, where he served on the Asia Pacific Board.
Other appointments
Kai is a member of the Board of
Other appointments
Anthony is now a non-executive director of Jardine Matheson Holdings and of other Jardine Matheson group companies. These include Dairy Farm, Hongkong Land, Jardine Cycle
& Carriage, Jardine Strategic and Mandarin Oriental. Anthony is also a commissioner of Astra International and a non-executive director of Schindler Holding Limited, Vitasoy International Holdings Limited and Shui On Land Limited. He is a Hong Kong representative to the APEC Business Advisory Council and Chairman of The Hong Kong -APEC
From September 1993, she worked at various investment banks leading teams of analysts specialising in property-casualty insurance before joining Morgan Stanley, where she became a Managing Director in 2001 heading the Global Insurance Equity Research team.
In May 2003, Alice became a senior adviser at Morgan Stanley leaving in November 2009. Alice was an independent board member of the
Vice-Chairman of Merrill Lynch Europe, Chairman of the Pensions Commission and as a non-executive director of Standard Chartered Bank. Lord Turner was Chairman of the UK’s Financial Services Authority (FSA), a member of the international Financial Stability Board and a non-executive director of the Bank of England between 2008 and 2013.
the Casino Regulatory Authority of Singapore, a non-executive director of PSA International Pte. Limited and a director and Chairman of Clifford Capital Pte. Limited. Kai was appointed as a director of Credit Suisse Group AG in April 2013 and became a member of the Singapore Capital Markets Committee of the Monetary Authority of Singapore in January 2014. Kai is also Chairman of Prudential Corporation Asia Limited, a subsidiary of the Company.
Trade Policy Study Group. He is also a member of the Securities and Futures Commission Committee on Real Estate Investment Trusts, a council member of the Employers’ Federation of Hong Kong, a member of the UK-ASEAN Business Council Advisory Panel and a non-official member of the Commission on Strategic Development in Hong Kong.
Cetera Financial Group until April 2014. She is author of the official biography of Warren Buffett.
Other appointments
Alice is a non-executive director of Bank of America Merrill Lynch International, CEO and Chairman of WebTuner Corp. and a member of WomenCorporateDirectors.
Other appointments
Lord Turner has been a crossbench member of the House of Lords since 2005. He is also a non-executive director of OakNorth Bank, Chairman of the Institute for New Economic Thinking, a Visiting Professor at both the London School of Economics and the Cass Business School, and a Visiting Fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford University.
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How we operate
Board roles
Chairman
Paul Manduca
The Chairman has overall responsibility for leadership of the Board and ensuring its overall effectiveness. He sets the Board’s agendas to ensure the Board has adequate time for discussion of all agenda items, in particular strategic issues. The Chairman promotes a culture of openness and debate, and fosters constructive relations between Executive and Non-executive Directors. The Chairman ensures directors receive relevant information in a timely fashion. Externally, the Chairman is a key contact for shareholders to discuss governance and strategy.
Group Chief Executive Senior Independent Director Committee Chairs
Mike Wells
The Group Chief Executive is responsible for the operational management of the Group on behalf of the Board and for ensuring the implementation of the Board’s decisions. The Group Chief Executive leads the Executive Directors and other senior executives in the management of all aspects of the day to day business of the Group. The Group Chief Executive ensures that the Chairman is kept informed of all key issues.
The Board is collectively responsible for the long-term success of the Group and for providing leadership within a framework of effective controls. The control environment enables the Board to identify significant risks and apply appropriate measures to manage and mitigate them. The Board is responsible for approving the Group strategy and for ensuring that the Group is suitably resourced to achieve it. In doing so, the Board takes account of its responsibilities to the Group’s stakeholders, including its shareholders, employees, suppliers and the communities in which Prudential operates.
The Non-executive Directors are responsible for constructively challenging, and helping to develop, proposals on Group strategy, offering input based on individual and collective experience. They scrutinise the performance of management in meeting agreed goals and objectives and take on specific duties as members of the Board’s principal Committees.
The Senior Independent Director acts as a sounding board for the Chairman and is available to shareholders to address any concerns or issues not resolved through normal channels.
The Senior Independent Director leads the Non-executive Directors in conducting the Chairman’s annual evaluation.
The Board has terms of reference which specifically set out matters reserved for its decision. These include matters such as approving the Group’s strategy and monitoring its implementation, the approval of annual budgets and business plans, as well as the risk appetite of the Group and its capital and liquidity positions. The Board has approved a governance framework that requires all business units to seek authority from the Board to carry out actions exceeding pre-determined limits.
The Board has delegated authority to a number of Board Committees which assist the Board in delivering its responsibilities and ensuring that there is appropriate independent oversight of internal control and risk management.
Authority for the operational management of the Group’s businesses has been delegated to the Group Chief Executive for execution or further delegation by him in respect of matters which are necessary for the effective day-to-day running and management of the business. The chief executive of each business unit has responsibility for the management of that business unit.
Paul Manduca, Howard Davies, Ann Godbehere, Anthony Nightingale
The committee chairs are responsible for the leadership and governance of the Board’s principal committees and report matters of significance to the Board.
76 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Changes to Board roles and membership
During 2015, and in the year to date, Board roles and membership changed as follows:
Board changes
— Tidjane Thiam stepped down as Group Chief Executive and Executive Director (May 2015).
— Lord Turnbull stepped down as Chairman of the Remuneration Committee, member of the Nomination Committee and Non-executive Director (May 2015).
— Pierre-Olivier Bouée stepped down as Executive Director (May 2015) and as Group Chief Risk Officer (June 2015).
— Tony Wilkey, previously Chief Executive of Prudential Corporation Asia’s network of life insurance operations, was appointed as Executive Director of Prudential plc and Chief Executive, Prudential Corporation Asia (June 2015).
— Penny James, previously Director of Group Finance, was appointed as Executive Director and Group Chief Risk Officer (September 2015).
— David Law and Lord Turner were appointed as Non-executive Directors (September 2015).
— Jackie Hunt’s departure as Chief Executive, Prudential UK & Europe was announced (October 2015) and Ms Hunt resigned as Executive Director (November 2015).
— John Foley, previously Group Investment Director, was appointed as Executive Director and Chief Executive of Prudential UK & Europe (January 2016).
Role changes
— Anthony Nightingale took on the role of the Chair of the Remuneration Committee and was appointed as a member of the Nomination Committee, continuing in his role as Non-executive Director (May 2015).
— Mike Wells, previously President and Chief Executive Officer of Jackson National Life Insurance Company, became Group Chief Executive, continuing in his role as Executive Director (June 2015).
— Barry Stowe, previously Chief Executive of Prudential Corporation Asia, became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the North American Business Unit, continuing in his role as Executive Director (June 2015).
The current Directors’ biographies, including the skills and experience they bring to the Board, can be found on pages 71 to 76.
Mr McLintock has indicated his intention to retire from the Board in 2016. We have announced that Mr McLintock will be succeeded by Anne Richards, who will join Prudential from Aberdeen Asset Management PLC, where she held the position of Chief Investment Officer and was responsible for operations in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. She has held senior roles at JP Morgan Investment Management, Mercury Asset Management and Edinburgh Fund Managers.
Mr Johnston will retire at the end of the 2016 Annual General Meeting.
Board decision making
The Board has established a number of committees comprising Non-executive Directors in line with corporate governance guidelines, to ensure independent oversight and challenge and to assist the Board in operating effectively. The responsibilities of the principal committees are key components of the Group’s governance framework.
Nomination Committee Audit Committee Risk Committee Remuneration Committee
Paul Manduca
The Nomination Committee ensures that the Board retains an appropriate balance of skills to support the strategic objectives of the Group and that an effective framework for senior succession planning is in place.
Ann Godbehere
The Audit Committee monitors the integrity of the Group’s financial reporting, including the effectiveness of internal control and risk management systems and the effectiveness of internal and external auditors.
Howard Davies
The Risk Committee oversees the Group’s overall risk appetite and risk tolerance, as well as the Group’s investment and risk management frameworks.
Anthony Nightingale
The Remuneration Committee determines the overall remuneration policy for the Group, including the individual remuneration packages of the Chairman and Executive Directors, and oversees the remuneration arrangements of senior management.
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How we operate continued
Key areas of focus – how the Board spent its time
19%
35%
23%
23%
Group strategy Business unit reviews
Business performance, financial reporting, operations projects and transactions Risk, compliance and governance
Meetings
The Board met on 10 occasions during the year, which included two overseas meetings held at the Group’s operations in the US and Hong Kong. The Board also held a separate strategy event during the year. Individual Directors’ attendance at meetings throughout the year is set out in the table below.
During the year, the Chairman met with the Non-executive Directors without the Executive Directors being present on five occasions.
In the ordinary course, Board and Committee papers are provided one week in advance of each meeting and, where a Director was unable to attend a meeting, their views were canvassed in advance by the Chairman of that meeting.
Powers of the Board
The Board may exercise all powers conferred on it by the Company’s Articles of Association (the Articles) and the Companies Act 2006. This includes the powers of the Company to borrow money and to mortgage or charge any of its assets (subject to the limitations set out in the Companies Act 2006 and the Company’s Articles) and to give a guarantee, security or indemnity in respect of a debt or other obligation of the Company.
Board and committee meeting attendance during 2015
Audit Nomination Remuneration Risk General Board Committee Committee Committee Committee Meeting Number of meetings held 10 10 5 7 6 1
Chairman
Paul Manduca 10 – 5 – – 1
Executive Directors
Tidjane Thiam1 4/4 – – – – 1 Mike Wells2 10 – – – – 1 Nic Nicandrou 10 – – – – 1 Pierre-Olivier Bouée3 4/4 – – – – 1 Jackie Hunt4 8/8 – – – – 1 Penny James5 3/3 – – – – n/a Michael McLintock 10 – – – – 1 Barry Stowe 10 – – – – 1 Tony Wilkey6 5/6 – – – – n/a
Non-executive Directors
Philip Remnant 10 10 4/5 7 – 1 Howard Davies 10 10 4/5 – 6 1 Ann Godbehere 10 10 5 – 6 1 Alistair Johnston 10 10 – – – 1 David Law7 3/3 3/3 – – – n/a Kai Nargolwala 10 – – 7 6 1 Anthony Nightingale8 10 – 4/4 7 – 1 Alice Schroeder 10 10 – – – 1 Lord Turner7 3/3 – – – 2/2 n/a Lord Turnbull9 4/4 – 0/1 3/3 3/3 1
Notes:
| 1 |
|
Tidjane Thiam stepped down as an Executive Director and Group Chief Executive on 31 May 2015. |
| 2 |
|
Mike Wells was appointed as Group Chief Executive on 1 June 2015. |
| 3 |
|
Pierre-Olivier Bouée stepped down as an Executive Director on 31 May 2015. |
| 4 |
|
Jackie Hunt resigned as an Executive Director on 3 November 2015. |
| 5 |
|
Penny James was appointed as an Executive Director on 1 September 2015. |
| 6 |
|
Tony Wilkey was appointed as an Executive Director on 1 June 2015. |
| 7 |
|
David Law and Lord Turner were appointed as Non-executive Directors on 15 September 2015. |
| 8 |
|
Anthony Nightingale was appointed as a member of the Nomination Committee on 14 May 2015. |
9 Lord Turnbull stepped down as a Non-executive Director on 14 May 2015.
10 The Audit and Risk Committees held two meetings jointly during the year in addition to those listed above, which were attended by all members from both Committees.
78 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Board balance and effectiveness
Succession planning
The Board continues to be actively engaged in succession planning for both executive and non-executive roles to ensure that Board composition is progressively refreshed and that the Board retains its effectiveness. The Board carries out its succession planning primarily through the Nomination Committee, as described more fully on page 87. The Board is kept fully apprised of the review process applied across all businesses which covers both executive director and senior management succession and development. The Board considers annually the outcome of the review and any actions arising from the review are implemented as part of the management development agenda. The Board confirms that Egon Zehnder supported the
succession planning process, undertook external searches for candidates and evaluated internal candidates for both Board and non-Board roles. Aside from these activities, Egon Zehnder did not undertake any other significant work for Prudential.
Diversity
Given the global reach of the Group’s operations, the Board makes every effort to ensure it is able to recruit directors from different backgrounds, with diverse experience, perspectives and skills. This diversity not only contributes towards Board effectiveness but is essential for successfully delivering the strategy of an international group. The Board is committed to recruiting the best available talent and appointing the most appropriate candidate for each role. This approach,
including due consideration of gender, is followed as part of the Nomination Committee’s ongoing activities carried out during 2015 in respect of succession planning for Executive and Non-executive Directors.
The Board does not endorse quotas, but continues to commit to having an increasing representation of women in senior positions in the Group and on the Board.
Directors’ ongoing development
Prudential offers each Director an induction programme on joining the Board and provides opportunities for ongoing development.
Induction
The Chairman is responsible for ensuring that induction programmes are provided for all new directors. These are tailored to reflect the experience of each director and their position as either Executive or Non-executive Directors. On appointment, Non-executive Directors embark upon a wide-ranging induction programme covering, among other things, the principal bases of accounting for the Group’s results, the role of the Board and its principal Committees, the Group’s key risks and the risk management framework, as well as the compliance environment in which the Group operates. The programme also includes detailed briefings on the Group’s business units, its product range, the markets in which it operates and the overall competitive environment.
Both Mr Law and Lord Turner started their induction programme in 2015, which included sessions with key management in the Group’s businesses.
Executive Directors receive an induction tailored to their skills and experience.
Ongoing development
The Chairman is also responsible for ensuring that all Directors continually update their skills, knowledge and familiarity with the Group. Directors regularly receive reports on the Group’s businesses and the regulatory and industry-specific environments in which it operates.
In 2015, the Board took time for particular focus on the Group’s US and Asian businesses. During visits to the US and Asia, the Board received updates on key products and distribution in the US and in the Asian businesses, including an investor’s perspective. The Board’s overseas visits have allowed the directors to meet with the local senior management teams. Throughout the year, the Board focused on regulatory developments, particularly Solvency II, and the introduction of a new regulatory responsibility framework for the industry, applicable to Senior Insurance Managers. A separate session was held updating the Board on risk and capital models. In addition, Directors were provided with updates at each Board meeting on other legal and regulatory changes and developments that could impact the industry and the Group.
Committee members received updates at Committee meetings on areas of particular relevance to the respective committees and were kept updated on ongoing developments in these areas, as well as the impact these have on the Group. In 2015, the Audit Committee and Risk Committee held two joint sessions in which they were provided with an update on Solvency II and related disclosures.
Directors may request individual in-depth briefings from time to time, which is valuable to Non-executive Directors wishing to improve their knowledge of particular developments affecting the Group or particular parts of the business.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 79
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
How we operate continued
Performance evaluation
2014
The table below sets out the actions taken by the Board in 2015 in response to themes arising from the 2014 externally-facilitated evaluation.
Theme
Board composition
Relationship with senior management
Selection processes
Board papers
Action
Prioritise operational experience, gender balance and relevant geographical representation where possible in making new appointments to the Board. Keep the balance of Executive and Non-executive Directors under review.
Consider ways of further increasing informal contact between Non-executive Directors and senior management, for example, inviting additional senior managers to attend committee meetings where appropriate and continuing to create opportunities for contact with local management during overseas visits.
Provide more detailed updates and information on potential Board candidates to the whole Board as early as possible.
Continue to review and streamline Board and committee papers.
Outcome
This is an ongoing focus of the work of the Nomination
Committee on succession planning and is one of the key criteria included when identifying and recommending individuals for Board succession.
The appointment of Penny James as Group Chief Risk Officer and Executive Director, effective 1 September 2015, maintains gender balance at Board level.
The appointment of two further Non-executive Directors to the Board ensures the composition of the Board remains balanced between Executive and Non-executive Directors.
In addition, the appointment of David Law to the Board and Audit Committee provides detailed expertise around the audit processes of global insurance groups, and the appointment of Lord Turner to the Board and Risk Committee adds extensive high-level experience of international regulation and financial services.
Both the Audit and Risk Committees widened the pool of attendees at their meetings during 2015, including senior management from business units presenting updates where relevant.
As during previous overseas meetings, the Board met various senior management at Jackson and Prudential Corporation Asia as part of the overseas Board visits. These additional visits provided in-depth information and an opportunity for questions to be put directly to local management.
The Chairman continued to ensure that the Board was updated as early as possible on potential candidates.
As part of the selection process leading to the appointment of David Law and Lord Turner, individual meetings with a number of Directors took place and the Board was kept updated on the appointment process throughout.
Board papers remained subject to continuous improvement throughout the year to provide relevant, high-quality information and strike the right balance between detail and overview.
2015
The performance evaluation of the Board and its principal Committees for 2015 was conducted internally at the end of 2015. The assessment was carried out by the Chairman and Group General Counsel and Company Secretary through a questionnaire. The findings were presented to the Board in February 2016 and an action plan agreed to address areas of focus identified by the evaluation.
The performance of the Non-executive Directors and the Group Chief Executive was evaluated by the Chairman in individual meetings. Philip Remnant, the Senior Independent Director, led the Non-executive Directors in a performance evaluation of the Chairman.
Executive Directors are subject to regular review and the Group Chief Executive individually appraised the performance of each of the Executive Directors as part of the annual Group-wide performance evaluation of all staff.
The review confirmed that the Board continued to operate effectively during the year and no major areas requiring improvement were highlighted. Progress has been made on the actions identified in 2014 and addressed in 2015, as reported above.
80 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
The following themes were identified as areas for focus in 2016:
Governance of subsidiary boards
The Board evaluation recognised that, following agreement with the PRA to appoint independent non-executive directors to certain of the Group’s larger subsidiaries, more formal oversight of the governance arrangements for their boards would be required. In addition, a process for appointing the subsidiary independent directors and the relationship between them and the Chairman and chairs of the Group Audit and Risk Committees would need to be implemented.
Post action reviews
The evaluation noted that the Board should continue to analyse past decisions closely, testing assumptions and projections made in the past.
Board papers
On Board processes, the feedback highlighted progress made during the year, in particular improvements in clarity of papers. This is another area we will continue to focus on during 2016 to ensure that the right balance is struck regarding the level of detail provided in papers, especially for technically complex matters. This will continue to assist the Board in managing a growing agenda and keeping regulatory and strategic issues balanced appropriately.
Products and customers
The Board intends to continue holding in-depth focus sessions on products and customers of the Group, including using Board visits to the business units in the UK, Asia and the US as a key opportunity to do this.
The Board will track its progress in addressing these themes at its meetings throughout the course of 2016 and report on actions taken in its next Annual Report.
Shareholder engagement
As a major institutional investor, the Board recognises the importance of maintaining a high level of two-way communication with shareholders. The Company holds an ongoing programme of regular contact with major shareholders, conducted by the Chairman, Group Chief Executive, Chief Financial Officer and the Director of Strategy and Capital Market Relations. Shareholder feedback from these meetings and general market views, for example from analyst research reports, are communicated to the Board.
The Senior Independent Director and other Non-executive Directors are available to meet with major shareholders on request.
The Group maintains a corporate website containing a wide range of relevant information for private and institutional investors, including the Group’s financial
calendar. The Company’s Registrar, Equiniti, operates an internet access facility for registered shareholders, providing details of their shareholdings at www.shareview.co.uk A full programme of engagement with shareholders, potential investors and analysts, in the UK and overseas, is led each year by the Director of Strategy and Capital Market Relations. In addition, a conference for investors and analysts has been held on a regular basis since 2010, with in-depth business presentations and opportunities for attendees to meet with members of the Board and senior management through the course of the event. Most recently, the Group held a conference for investors in January 2016. The Group Chief Executive, Chief Financial Officer and investor relations team also attend major financial services conferences to present to, and meet with, the
Company’s shareholders. In 2015, as part of the investor relations programme, over 440 meetings were held with approximately 700 individual institutional investors across the UK, in continental Europe, US and Asia.
The Chairman and Senior Independent Director also held individual meetings with major shareholders, primarily to discuss governance and strategy.
The Annual General Meeting is an opportunity for further shareholder engagement, for the Chairman to explain the Company’s progress and along with other members of the Board, to answer any questions. All Directors then in office attended the 2015 Annual General Meeting. Details of the 2016 Annual General Meeting are available on www.prudential.co.uk under ‘Investors’.
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 81
Further information on Directors
Information on a number of regulations and processes relevant to directors and how these are addressed by Prudential is given below.
Prudential’s approach
Area
Rules governing appointment and removal
Terms of appointment
Non-executive Directors Executive Directors
— The Board, or members in a general meeting, may appoint a maximum of 20 directors as set out in the Company’s Articles.
— Their appointment and removal is also governed by other provisions in the Articles, the UK Corporate Governance Code (the UK Code), the Hong Kong Corporate Governance Code (HK Code) as appended to the Hong Kong Listing Rules (HK Listing Rules), and the Companies Act 2006.
Non-executive Directors are appointed for an initial term of three years.
Subject to review by the Nomination Committee and re-election by shareholders, it would be expected that they serve a second term of three years.
After six years, Non-executive Directors may be appointed for a further year, up to a maximum of three years in total, subject to rigorous review and re-election by shareholders.
The Directors’ remuneration report sets out the terms of the Non-executive Directors’ letters of appointment on page 123.
— The Directors’ remuneration report sets out the
terms of Executive Directors’ service contracts on
page 122.
Independence of the Non-executive Directors
— Prudential is one of the UK’s largest institutional investors and the Board does not believe that this compromises the independence of those Non-executive Directors who are on the boards of companies in which the Group has a shareholding. The Board also believes that such shareholdings should not preclude the Company from having the most appropriate and highest calibre Non-executive Directors.
— The independence of the Non-executive Directors is determined by reference to the UK Code and HK Listing Rules. Prudential is required to affirm annually the independence of all Non-executive Directors under the HK Listing Rules and the independence of its Audit Committee members under Sarbanes-Oxley legislation.
— For the purposes of the UK Code, throughout the year, all Non-executive Directors were considered by the Board to be independent in character and judgement, and to have met the criteria for independence as set out in the UK Code.
— For the HK Listing Rules purposes, the Company will consider Mr Law independent from 1 July 2016, the date one year after his retirement from PwC. The Company has received confirmation of independence from each of the other Non-executive Directors as required by the HK Listing Rules.
— The Board does not consider that Mr Law’s previous position at PwC affects his status as an independent Director for the purposes of the UK Code (or in relation to his membership of the Audit Committee, under applicable Sarbanes-Oxley legislation). Mr Law does not retain any ongoing involvement with PwC other than his pension entitlements and his current position as CEO of L&F Indemnity, the captive insurance group that serves the PricewaterhouseCoopers network (this group of companies has no involvement in the operation of PwC).
— There were no other material factors which were deemed to affect the Non-executive Directors’ independence.
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Prudential’s approach
Area
External appointments
Conflicts of interest
Election and re-election
Indemnities and protections
Independent legal advice
Share dealing and inside information
Compensation for loss of office
Significant contracts
Non-executive Directors Executive Directors
Directors may hold directorships or other significant interests in companies outside the Group which may have business relationships with the Group.
Non-executive Directors may hold positions on a number of external company boards or other bodies provided that they are able to demonstrate satisfactory time commitment to their role at Prudential and that they discuss any new appointment with the Chairman prior to accepting. This ensures that they do not compromise their independence and that any potential conflicts of interest or possible issues arising out of the time commitments required by the new role can be identified and addressed appropriately.
The major commitments of the Non-executive Directors are detailed in their biographies on pages 74 and 75.
— Executive Directors may accept external
directorships and retain any fees earned from
those directorships subject to prior discussion
with either the Chairman or Group Chief
Executive and, where necessary, consideration by
the Nomination Committee. Permission is granted
provided that the appointments do not lead to any
conflicts of interest.
— In line with the UK Code, we would not expect our
Executive Directors to hold more than one
Non-executive Directorship in another FTSE 100
company nor chair such a company.
— Details of any fees retained from such
appointments are included in the Directors’
remuneration report on page 101.
— Directors have a statutory duty to avoid conflicts of interest with the Company. The Company’s Articles allow its Directors to authorise conflicts of interest, and the Board has adopted a policy and effective procedures to manage and, where appropriate, approve conflicts or potential conflicts of interest.
— Under these procedures, Directors are required to notify all directorships in companies which are not part of the Group, along with other positions which could result in a conflict or could give rise to a potential conflict, before they take on their additional positions.
— The Chairman and the Group General Counsel and Company Secretary assess new appointments which Board members are considering, in order to identify any conflicts or potential conflicts. Where a conflict or potential conflict is identified, the Nomination Committee, or the Board where appropriate, considers, and if thought fit, approves each such situation individually.
— Authorisations of conflicts are reviewed annually prior to the publication of the Annual Report.
— Proposals for election and re-election are supported by the annual performance evaluation of each Director, which concluded that each Director continues to make an effective contribution.
— All Directors will retire from the Board at the 2016 Annual General Meeting.
— John Foley, Penny James, David Law, Lord Turner and Tony Wilkey will seek election for the first time.
— All other Directors, except Alistair Johnston, wish to seek re-election.
— The Company’s Articles permit the Directors and Officers of the Company to be indemnified in respect of liabilities incurred as a result of their office.
— Suitable insurance cover is in place in respect of legal action against directors and senior managers of companies within the Group.
— This includes qualifying third-party indemnity provisions for the benefit of the Directors of the Company and other such persons in their capacity as Directors of other companies within the Group.
— These indemnities were in force during 2015 and remain so.
— Directors have the right to seek independent professional advice at the Group’s expense and copies of such advice are circulated to other Directors where applicable and appropriate.
— Prudential has adopted share dealing rules relating to securities transactions by Directors on terms no less exacting than required by Appendix 10 to the HK Listing Rules and by the UK Model Code. The Directors have complied with this code of conduct throughout the period. Relevant controls are applied to the handling and dissemination of inside information which form part of the Group’s internal governance framework.
— The Company’s policy on loss-of-office payments for Directors forms part of the Directors’ remuneration policy which was approved by shareholders at the 2014 Annual General Meeting. A copy of the policy is available on the Company’s corporate website www.prudential.co.uk
— At no time during the year did any Director hold a material interest in any contract of significance with the Company or any subsidiary undertaking.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 83
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01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Risk management and internal control
The Board is responsible for ensuring that an appropriate and effective system of internal control and risk management is in place across the Group. The framework of internal control and risk management centres on clear delegated authorities to ensure Board oversight and control of important decisions. The framework is underpinned by the Group Code of Business Conduct, which sets out the ethical standards the Board requires of itself, employees, agents and others working in the Group.
Internal control
The Group Governance Manual sets out the delegated authorities and establishes the requirements for subsidiaries to seek approvals from or report to Group Head Office. Group-wide standards are established through policies and other governance arrangements which are also included in the Group Governance Manual. Internal controls and processes, based on the provisions established in the Group Governance Manual, are in place across the Group. These include controls for the preparation of financial reporting. The operation of these controls and processes facilitates the preparation of reliable financial reporting and the preparation of local and consolidated financial statements in accordance with the applicable accounting standards and requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. These controls include certifications by the Chief Executive and Chief Financial Officer of each business unit regarding the accuracy of information provided for use in preparation of the Group’s consolidated financial reporting and the assurance work carried out in respect of US reporting requirements.
The Board has delegated authority to the Audit Committee to review the framework and effectiveness of the Group’s systems of internal control. The Audit Committee is supported in this responsibility by the assurance work carried out by Group-wide Internal Audit and the work of the business unit audit committees, which oversee the effectiveness of controls in each respective business unit. Details of how the Audit Committee oversees the framework of controls and their effectiveness on an ongoing basis, is set out more fully in the report on pages 89 to 94.
Risk management
A key component of the Group Governance Manual is the Group Risk Framework, which requires all business units to establish processes for identifying, evaluating and managing the risks facing the business.
The Board determines the nature and extent of the principal risks it is willing to take in achieving its strategic objectives. It has delegated authority to the Risk Committee to review the Group Risk Framework and to approve the risk policies, standards and limits within the overall Board approved risk appetite. The Risk Committee monitors the effectiveness of the Group Risk Framework and ongoing compliance with it through its regular activities detailed in the report on pages 95 to 97.
The Group’s risk governance arrangements, which support the Board, the Risk Committee and the Audit Committee, are based on the principles of the ‘three lines of defence’ model: risk-taking and management, risk control and oversight, and independent assurance.
First line of defence
(risk-taking and management)
— Takes and manages risk exposures in accordance with the risk appetite, mandate and limits set by the Board;
— Identifies and reports the risks that the Group is exposed to, and those that are emerging;
— Promptly escalates any limit breaches or any violations of risk-management policies, mandates or instructions;
— Identifies and promptly escalates significant emerging risk issues; and
— Manages the business to ensure full compliance with the Group risk management framework as set out in the Group Governance Manual, which includes the Group risk framework and risk policies as well as approvals requirements, among other requirements.
Second line of defence (risk control and oversight)
— Assists the Board to formulate and then implements the approved risk appetite and limit framework, risk-management plans, risk policies, risk reporting and risk identification processes; and
— Reviews and assesses the risk-taking activities of the first line of defence and where appropriate, challenges the actions being taken to manage and control risks, and approves any significant changes to the controls in place.
Third line of defence (independent assurance)
— Provides independent assurance on the design, effectiveness and implementation of the overall system of internal control, including risk management and compliance.
84
The three lines of defence model is adopted at the Group level as follows:
Board
Nomination Committee Remuneration Committee Risk Committee Audit Committee
1st line of defence 2nd line of defence 3rd line of defence
Executives Group CEO
CEC GERC
GEC Group CFO Group Regulatory Group CRO Director
BSCMC
Management
TAC GCRC GORC GwIRC CSC GAB- STOC
Group Finance Group Compliance Group Security Group Risk Group-wide Internal Audit
Key CEC Chief Executive’s Committee Board-level committees GEC Group Executive Committee
Executive personnel BSCMC Balance Sheet & Capital Management Committee Exec/Management committees GERC Group Executive Risk Committee GHO functions TAC Technical Actuarial Committee Direct reporting line GCRC Group Credit Risk Committee Regular communication GORC Group Operational Risk Committee and escalation GwIRC Group-wide Information Risk Committee GABCSC Group Anti-Bribery and Corruption Steering Committee STOC Solvency II Technical Oversight Committee
Formal review of controls
A formal evaluation of the systems of internal control and risk management is carried out at least annually. The report is considered by the Audit Committee and Risk Committee prior to the Board reaching a conclusion on the effectiveness of the systems in place. This evaluation takes place prior to the publication of the Annual Report.
As part of the evaluation, the Chief Executive and Chief Financial Officer of each business unit, including Group Head Office, certify compliance with the Group’s governance policies and the internal control and risk management requirements. The Group Risk function facilitates a review of the matters identified by this certification process. This includes the assessment of any risk and control issues reported during the year, risk and control matters identified and reported by the other Group oversight functions and the findings from the reviews undertaken by Group-wide Internal Audit, which carries out risk-based audit plans across the Group. Issues arising from any external regulatory engagement are also taken into account.
www.prudential.co.uk
The system of internal control complies with the UK Code and the HK Code, as required by the Group’s primary listings in London and Hong Kong, as well as the relevant provisions required by the Company’s secondary listings in New York and Singapore.
For the purposes of the effectiveness review, the Group has followed the 2014 FRC Guidance on Risk Management, Internal Control and Related Financial and Business Reporting. In line with this guidance, the certification provided above does not apply to certain material joint ventures where the Group does not exercise full management control. In these cases, the Group satisfies itself that suitable governance and risk management arrangements are in place to protect the Group’s interests. However, the relevant Group company which is party to the joint venture must, in respect of any services it provides in support of the joint venture, comply with the requirements of the Group’s internal governance framework.
Effectiveness of controls
In accordance with provision C.2.3 of the UK Code and provision C.2.1 of the HK Code, the Board has reviewed the effectiveness and performance of the system of risk management and internal control during 2015. This review covered all material controls, including financial, operational and compliance controls, risk-management systems and the adequacy of the resources, qualifications and experience of staff of the Group’s accounting and financial reporting function. The Board confirms that there is an ongoing process for identifying, evaluating and managing the significant risks faced by the Group, which has been in place throughout the period and up to the date of this report and confirms that the system remains effective.
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 85
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Committees
The principal Committees of the Board are the Nomination, Audit, Risk and Remuneration Committees. These Committees form a key element of the Group governance framework, facilitating effective independent oversight of the Group’s activities by the Non-executive Directors.
Each Committee Chairman provides an update to the Board of each Committee meeting, supported by a short written summary of the Committee business considered.
Paul Manduca
Chairman of the Nomination Committee
86
Nomination Committee report
As Chairman of the Nomination Committee, I am pleased to report on the Committee’s activities and focus during 2015.
The Nomination Committee ensures that the Group has appropriate diversity and balance of skills and experience on the Board and its committees and that suitable succession planning is in place.
During 2015, the Committee carried out a robust process in selecting and recommending a number of key executives and non-executives for appointment or role change, namely Mike Wells as Group Chief Executive, Penny James as Group Chief Risk Officer, Barry Stowe and Tony Wilkey as business unit Chief Executives and Lord Turner and David Law as Non-executive Directors.
These appointments demonstrate the quality of the Committee’s succession planning. The Committee ensured that the Board was able to appoint high-calibre candidates, keeping it well positioned to develop and implement our strategy of delivering long-term value.
The Committee continues to refresh its succession planning on an ongoing basis. At the request of the Board, and as agreed with the PRA, the Committee undertook preparatory work during 2015 in order to put in place independent chairs and directors on certain of the Group’s subsidiary boards. From February 2016, the duties of the Committee were extended to reflect new responsibilities in relation to the governance arrangements for such subsidiary boards and the independent chairs and directors. The Committee has been re-named the Nomination & Governance Committee to reflect these new duties.
Key committee details
Committee members
— Paul Manduca (Chairman)
— Howard Davies
— Ann Godbehere
— Anthony Nightingale (from May 2015)
— Philip Remnant
— Lord Turnbull (until May 2015)
Regular attendees
— Group Chief Executive
— Group Human Resources Director
— Group General Counsel and Company Secretary
Number of meetings in 2015: five Key responsibilities
— Keeping under review the leadership needs of the Group and ensuring suitable Board successions plans are in place;
— Reviewing the size, structure and composition of the Board including knowledge, experience, diversity, and making recommendations to the Board with regard to any changes;
— Identifying and nominating candidates, based on merit and against objective criteria, for approval by the Board to fill any Board vacancies;
— Regularly reviewing the independence of the Non-executive Directors;
— Reviewing the time required from a Non-executive Director to fulfil the obligations of the position;
— Recommending to the Board the re-appointment of any Non-executive Director at the conclusion of their specified term of office and making recommendations as to their re-election by shareholders;
— Considering and authorising any actual or potential situational conflicts arising from either new or existing appointments.
How the Committee discharged its responsibilities during 2015
Matter considered Succession planning
— Appointments
– Non-executive Directors
– Executive Directors
www.prudential.co.uk
How the Committee addressed the matter
The Committee kept succession plans for executive and non-executive Board roles under continuous review.
During 2015, the Committee led a search for additional candidates to be appointed to the Board as Non-executive Directors, in order to ensure Board composition was progressively refreshed, assisted by Egon Zehnder as the search consultant.
An initial list of candidates was provided to the Committee and comments fed back to the Chairman. A shortlist was prepared and the Committee agreed that the Chairman would continue the search process. The Chairman coordinated the continued search, keeping the other Committee members closely involved in the process. This included conversations with potential candidates, who met the Chairman, the Group Chief Executive and other members of the Committee, including the Senior Independent Director and key management. The Board was kept regularly updated on progress. Mr Law and Lord Turner were identified through this process. Mr Law has excellent knowledge and in-depth experience of the issues in the financial services industry gained throughout his lengthy career at PwC which included five years as Global Leader of their insurance practice. He also has extensive experience working with clients in an industry regulated by the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) and the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA).
Lord Turner has held a number of non-executive positions since 2000, which provided him with extensive involvement in audit, risk and remuneration committees across a range of industries. He has in-depth knowledge of financial services gained during his appointment as Chairman of the FSA (2008-2013) and as non-executive director of the Bank of England.
The Committee recommended the appointment of Mr Law and Lord Turner to the Board for approval.
The Committee also led searches for the executive Board vacancies which arose during the year. During 2015, the appointments of the Group Chief Executive, the Group Chief Risk Officer and the Chief Executives of the Northern American, Asian and UK & Europe businesses were recommended by the Committee.
Egon Zehnder were again appointed as the search consultant to review the external market and, where required, to provide support in the assessment of internal candidates.
Initial longlists of potential internal and external candidates were considered. After a review of the longlists, shortlisted candidates met the Chairman, the Group Chief Executive and other members of the Committee, including the Senior Independent Director and key management where appropriate. Additionally, candidates were assessed by Egon Zehnder against the role specification requirements. The outcomes of these searches are set out below.
Mr Wells was selected for the role of Group Chief Executive. Mr Wells has served on the Board since January 2011 as President and Chief Executive of Jackson. He has extensive experience of life insurance, retirement services and asset management, having worked in the sector for 29 years, with 20 of those years spent in senior and strategic positions at Jackson.
Mr Stowe was selected as Chairman and Chief Executive of the North American business unit. He had served on the Board since November 2006 as Chief Executive of Prudential Corporation Asia and altogether has 35 years of experience of leading life insurance organisations in the US and Asia. Mr Wilkey was selected as Chief Executive, Prudential Corporation Asia. He has 28 years of experience in life insurance. Prior to joining Prudential in 2006 as Chief Executive, Insurance, at Prudential Corporation Asia, Mr Wilkey was Deputy President and Chief Operating Officer of American International Assurance (AIA), responsible for AIA’s life companies in South East Asia. Ms James was selected as Group Chief Risk Officer. She previously served as Director of Group Finance, responsible for the delivery of the Group’s financial results, business planning and performance monitoring. In that role, she also led Prudential’s Solvency II programme and was a member of the Group Executive Risk Committee.
Mr Foley was selected as Chief Executive, UK & Europe in January 2016. He has more than 35 years’ experience and an in-depth knowledge of Prudential UK & Europe. Mr Foley acted as Interim Chief Executive of the UK & Europe business from October 2015 in addition to his duties as Group Investment Director. Between 2011 and 2013, he served on the Company’s Board as Group Chief Risk Officer.
Ms Richards will join Prudential as successor to Mr McLintock as Chief Executive of M&G
Investments. Mr McLintock announced in February 2016 his intention to retire from the Board. Ms Richards joins from Aberdeen Asset Management PLC, where she held the position of Chief Investment Officer and was responsible for operations in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. She has held senior roles at JP Morgan Investment Management, Mercury Asset Management and Edinburgh Fund Managers.
The Board was kept informed throughout the process and the Committee recommended the appointment of Mr Wells, Mr Stowe, Mr Foley, Mr Wilkey, Ms James and Ms Richards to the Board for approval.
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01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Committees continued
How the Committee discharged its responsibilities during 2015 continued
Matter considered
— Re-election of directors
Independence
Conflicts of interest
Governance
— Committee effectiveness
— Group subsidiaries
— Terms of reference
88
How the Committee addressed the matter
As part of its ongoing work on Board succession planning, the Committee considered the terms of appointment for the Chairman, Committee Chairmen and Non-executive Directors taking into account time commitment and the general balance of skills, experience and knowledge on the Board and assessing length of service in their roles. Having reviewed the performance of relevant Non-executive Directors in office at the time, the Committee recommended to the Board that those Non-executive Directors should stand for re-election at the 2015 Annual General Meeting. The Chairman was appointed by the Board in July 2012 for an initial three-year term, which expired in 2015. The performance of the Chairman is reviewed annually through a process led by the Senior Independent Director. Following review in 2015, the Committee, led by the Senior Independent Director, recommended to the Board that the Chairman be appointed for a further term of three years expiring in 2018, subject to re-election by shareholders.
The Committee further considered the term of appointment of Ann Godbehere, who has been a Non-executive Director since 2007 and Chairman of the Audit Committee from 2010. In line with corporate governance guidelines, any reviews of Non-executive Director terms beyond six years are particularly rigorous. The Committee invited Ann to serve an additional year expiring at the conclusion of the 2016 Annual General Meeting.
Alistair Johnston and Kai Nargolwala completed their first term of three years following their initial appointment by shareholders at the 2012 Annual General Meeting. Following performance evaluation by the Committee and re-election by shareholders in 2015, both were invited to serve a further term of three years, expiring at the conclusion of the 2018 Annual General Meeting.
The Committee considered the independence of the Non-executive Directors against relevant requirements as outlined on page 82.
The Board has delegated authority to the Committee to consider, and authorise where necessary, any actual or potential conflicts of interest in accordance with relevant legislation, the provisions in the Company’s Articles and the procedures approved by the Board.
In February 2016, the Committee considered the external appointments of all Directors and reviewed existing conflict authorisations, reaffirming or updating any terms or conditions attached to authorisations where required.
New positions were reviewed during the year as they arose and conflicts authorised as relevant.
The effectiveness of the Committee was assessed as part of the overall performance evaluation of the Board. This assessment confirmed that the Committee continued to operate effectively during the year. More information on the Board evaluation can be found on page 80.
At the request of the Board, and as agreed with the PRA, the Committee undertook preparatory work during 2015 in order to put in place independent chairs and directors on certain of the Group’s subsidiary boards. From February 2016, the duties of the Committee were extended to reflect the new responsibilities in relation to the governance arrangements for such subsidiary boards and the independent chairs and directors.
The Committee has been re-named the Nomination & Governance Committee to reflect these new duties.
The Committee considered and made recommendations to the Board regarding its terms of reference during the year. The terms of reference, which are reviewed annually, can be found on the Company’s website www.prudential.co.uk These recommendations included provisions setting out the Committee’s new duties in respect of independent directors of certain of the Group’s subsidiaries.
Ann Godbehere
Chairman of the Audit Committee
www.prudential.co.uk
Audit Committee report
As Chairman of the Audit Committee, I am pleased to report on the Committee’s activities and areas of focus during 2015. The Audit Committee plays a vital role in Prudential’s governance, one that is becoming increasingly important as the Group continues to grow in size and complexity. The Committee’s responsibility for overseeing financial reporting, supervising the effectiveness of internal control systems and monitoring the independence of the auditor, places it at the centre of our ongoing drive to ensure that the Group’s governance is as rigorous, transparent and effective as possible. During 2015, the Committee continued to focus closely on its core responsibilities around financial reporting, internal controls and oversight of assurance work, including Sarbanes-Oxley certifications. At the same time, we addressed the implications for the Group of emerging regulatory requirements, among them the implementation of the Solvency II regime, the new guidance affecting going concern and the requirement for a statement on longer-term viability as well as the forthcoming new rules governing audit rotation and tender.
The Committee has continued to ensure that the Group’s financial reporting remains clear, accurate and informative. We have worked closely with the Risk Committee to provide an integrated approach to risk assurance and management.
As part of our business as usual activities, we have met regularly with the Group-wide Internal Audit Director and the External Audit Partner.
During the year, we welcomed David Law as an additional member of the Audit Committee.
Key committee details
Committee members
— Ann Godbehere (Chairman)
— Howard Davies
— Alistair Johnston
— David Law (from September 2015)
— Philip Remnant
— Alice Schroeder
Regular attendees
— Chairman of the Board
— Group Chief Executive
— Chief Financial Officer
— Group Chief Risk Officer
— Group Regulatory and Government Affairs Director
— Group General Counsel and Company Secretary
— Director of Group Compliance
— Director of Group-wide Internal Audit
— External Audit Partner
Number of meetings in 2015: 10
In addition two joint meetings were held with the Risk Committee.
Key responsibilities
— Monitoring the integrity of the Group’s Annual Report and Accounts and any other periodic financial reporting, reviewing the accounting policies adopted, decisions taken regarding major areas of judgement and the going concern assumption;
— Reviewing and providing advice to the Board as to whether the Group’s Annual Report and Accounts are fair, balanced and understandable;
— Keeping under review the framework and effectiveness of the Group’s systems of internal control and approving the statements to be included in financial reports concerning their effectiveness;
— Assessing the performance, independence and objectivity of the external auditor, making recommendations to the Board regarding their appointment and approving their terms of engagement;
— Reviewing the effectiveness and performance of the service provided by the internal audit function and approving the internal audit programme;
— Considering the effectiveness of compliance arrangements across the Group and approving the annual compliance plan;
— Reviewing procedures for managing allegations from whistleblowers and arrangements for employees to raise any concerns about possible financial reporting improprieties;
— Reviewing the effectiveness of the Group Governance framework and any material approvals for deviations from the Group’s governance policies;
— Approving the standard terms of reference for the Business Unit audit committees and annually reviewing their effectiveness.
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Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Committees continued
How the Committee discharged its responsibilities during 2015
Matter considered Financial reporting
— Overview
— Key assumptions and judgements
— Other financial reporting matters
How the Committee addressed the matter
The Committee assessed whether appropriate accounting policies had been adopted throughout the accounting period and whether management had made appropriate estimates and judgements over recognition, measurement and presentation of the financial results. There were no new or altered accounting standards in 2015 that had a material effect on the Group’s financial statements. The Committee also focused on the accounting for material transactions, clarity of disclosures in financial reports, the going concern assumptions, and compliance with accounting standards and obligations under applicable laws, regulations and governance codes. As part of this focus, it reviewed the changes to the UK Corporate Governance Code with particular attention given to the Group’s planned disclosures on the required new statement discussing the longer-term viability of the Group. The Committee further considered the fair, balanced and understandable requirement under the UK Code, providing advice to the Board in respect of this requirement.
The Committee reviewed the key assumptions and judgements made in valuing the Group’s investments, insurance liabilities and deferred acquisition costs under IFRS, together with reports on the operation of internal controls to derive these amounts. It also reviewed the assumptions underpinning the Group’s European Embedded Value (EEV) metrics. The Committee considered information, including peer comparisons if relevant and available, on the following key assumptions:
— Persistency, mortality, morbidity and expense assumptions within the Asia life businesses;
— Economic and policyholder behaviour assumptions affecting the measurement of Jackson guarantee liabilities and amortisation of deferred acquisition costs; and
— Mortality and credit risk for UK annuity business.
The Committee also received information on the nature of goodwill and intangible asset values and the carrying value of investments in the Group’s balance sheet. In relation to investments, this included the results of independent valuations by the external auditor.
No significant issues arose in respect of these items.
The Audit Committee also considered the nature of non-recurrent items and judgemental matters regarding provisions for certain open tax items. The Committee was satisfied that management’s approach was reasonable in these areas.
The Committee considered various analyses from management regarding Group and subsidiary capital and liquidity prior to recommending to the Board that it could conclude that the financial statements should continue to be prepared on the going concern basis and the disclosures on the Group’s longer-term viability were both reasonable and appropriate.
As part of its assessment of the description of performance within the Annual Report and Accounts, the Committee considered judgemental aspects of the Group’s reporting across the Group’s IFRS and EEV metrics. This assessment included a review to ensure that the allocation of items between operating and non-operating profit was in accordance with the Group’s accounting policy. The Committee considered the impact of equity and interest rate movements on the IFRS results of the Group’s US business and, after discussion, the Committee was satisfied that the presentation and disclosure of such impacts was appropriate and consistent with prior periods.
In addition, in relation to the Group’s supplementary reporting on the EEV basis, the Committee considered the appropriateness of the economic assumptions underpinning the projected rates of return and risk discount rates, and of changes to EEV operating assumptions and the level of operating experience variances. It also reviewed the impact of changes to the Group’s EEV as a result of changes to the UK corporation tax rate enacted in the last quarter of 2015. The Committee was satisfied that the assumptions adopted by the Group were appropriate.
In relation to the Group’s Solvency II disclosures, the Committee considered management’s planned approach to disclosures in advance of formal implementation of Solvency II at 1 January 2016 in conjunction with the Group Risk Committee. It considered detailed papers in advance of the December announcement of internal model approval by the PRA and the Investor Day presentation in January 2016. It also reviewed the methodology for the basis of calculation and the disclosures within the supplementary information included in the full-year results announcement and Annual Report and Accounts. The Committee concluded the disclosure was reasonable.
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Matter considered
— Other financial reporting matters continued
Internal control
External audit
— External audit effectiveness
— Auditor independence and objectivity
www.prudential.co.uk
How the Committee addressed the matter
The Committee considered the effects of volatility in equity market movements, and changes in interest and foreign currency translation rates on the Group’s results. The impact of these market-driven effects on the accounting, presentation and disclosure of the Group’s longer-term investment return assumptions and short-term fluctuations in investment return was an area of focus.
No significant issues arose in respect of these items.
For all the above areas, the Committee received input from management and the external auditor prior to reaching its conclusions.
In addition to these reporting matters, the Committee also received and considered regular updates from management on the status and implications for the Group of financial reporting developments, including updates on discussions by the International Accounting Standards Board on the development of the Phase II Insurance Standard and proposed ‘Overlay’ and ‘Temporary Exemption’ options to permit altered presentation of the profit and loss account or deferral of IFRS 9 by insurers.
In conjunction with the Risk Committee, the Committee considered the outcome of the annual review of the systems of internal control and risk management. The report considered all material controls, including financial, operational and compliance controls and reflected changes in the UK Code which became effective for financial years commencing on or after 1 October 2014. Having considered the review, the Committee made recommendations to the Board regarding the effectiveness of the internal control and risk management systems in place. The Board’s statement regarding effectiveness of these systems can be found on page 84.
The Group’s external auditor is KPMG LLP and oversight of the relationship with them is one of the Committee’s key responsibilities. The Committee approved KPMG’s terms of engagement for the statutory audit, and approved fees for both audit and non-audit services in accordance with the Group’s policy.
To assess the effectiveness of the auditor, the Committee reviewed the audit approach and strategy and received an internal report on their performance. They also considered findings contained in a report issued following inspection of KPMG’s audit by the Financial Reporting Council’s Audit Quality Review team.
The Committee discussed the findings of this external report and the actions undertaken by KPMG to address the matters raised as part of the 2015 audit. It agreed that the audit was effective overall and that any identified areas for further improvement had been addressed or had appropriate action plans in place.
The internal evaluation was conducted using a questionnaire which was circulated to the
Committee, the Chief Financial Officer and the Group’s senior financial leadership for completion. In total, 80 people provided input on the performance of the auditor.
The feedback provided was reviewed and compiled into a report for the Committee which covered areas such as the knowledge and expertise of the partners and team members, their understanding of the Group, the resourcing applied to the audit and continuity of the team, liaison with Group-wide internal audit and approach to resolution of issues, as well as factors such as their coordination across the Group’s multiple jurisdictions and quality of their written and oral communication. The degree of challenge and robustness of approach to the audit were key components of the evaluation.
The Committee Chairman invited other Group stakeholders to provide their views on the performance of the auditor, and KPMG was given the opportunity to respond to the findings in the report.
On completion of the activities outlined above, the Committee concluded that the audit had been effective and the challenge appropriately robust across all parts of the Group.
The Committee has responsibility for monitoring auditor independence and objectivity and is supported in doing so by the Group’s Auditor Independence Policy (the Policy). The Policy is updated annually and approved by the Committee. It sets out the circumstances in which the external auditor may be permitted to undertake non-audit services and is based on four key principles which specify that the auditor should not:
— Audit its own firm’s work;
— Make management decisions for the Group;
— Have a mutuality of financial interest with the Group; or
— Be put in the role of advocate for the Group.
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01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Committees continued
How the Committee discharged its responsibilities during 2015 continued
Matter considered
— Auditor independence and objectivity continued
— Fees paid to the auditor
— Re-appointment
— Audit tender
How the Committee addressed the matter
The Policy has two permissible service types: those that require specific approval by the Committee on an engagement basis and those that are pre-approved by the Committee with an annual monetary limit. In accordance with the Policy, the Committee approved these permissible services, classified as either audit or non-audit services, and monitored the annual limits on a quarterly basis. All non-audit services undertaken by KPMG were agreed prior to the commencement of work and were confirmed as permissible for the external auditor to undertake under the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
During the year, the Committee considered updates to the policy required to reflect proposed changes to permissible non-audit services issued for consultation by the Financial Reporting Council, in connection with the implementation of broader EU reforms to the audit market. This will include adopting the schedule of prohibited non-audit services specified in the EU directive. The proposed changes will begin to be implemented during the 2016 reporting period in preparation for the required full implementation for 2017.
In keeping with professional ethical standards, KPMG also confirmed their independence to the Committee and set out the supporting evidence for their conclusion in a report which was considered by the Committee prior to the publication of the financial results.
The fees paid to KPMG for the year ended 31 December 2015 amounted to £16.6 million
(2014: £16.6 million) of which £4.3 million (2014: £5.1 million) was payable in respect of non-audit services. Non-audit services accounted for 26 per cent of total fees payable (2014: 31 per cent). A breakdown of the fees paid to KPMG can be found in Note B3.4 to the financial statements on page 171.
Of the £4.3 million of non-audit services, the principal types of non-audit engagements approved for 2015 were tax compliance services of £0.7 million, other assurance services of £2.2 million (mainly in connection with Solvency II reporting and disclosures), corporate finance services of £0.2 million and other non-audit services of £1.2 million (which mainly consist of risk management services and Solvency II internal model validation work). Total Solvency II assurance and validation fees payable for the year to KPMG were £1.9 million (2014: £1.4 million). The Committee considered that the Solvency II assurance work is most appropriately completed by the auditor as it builds on the expertise gained from KPMG’s core audit work from their insight into the Group’s systems, processes and controls, driving significant synergies.
As explained above, following the introduction of the EU reforms and the adoption of these in the Company’s 2016 Auditor Independence Policy we do not expect significant use of KPMG for tax services from 2016.
Based on the outcome of the effectiveness evaluation and all other considerations, the Committee recommended to the Board that KPMG be re-appointed as the auditor. A resolution to this effect will be proposed to shareholders at the 2016 Annual General Meeting.
The external audit was last put out to competitive re-tender in 1999 when the present auditor, KPMG, was appointed. Since 2005, the Committee has annually considered the need to re-tender the external audit service and it again considered this in February 2016, concluding that there was nothing in the performance of the auditor which required such a tender.
The Committee acknowledges the provisions contained in the UK Code in respect of audit tendering, along with European rules on mandatory audit rotation and audit tendering. In light of this, and conforming to the requirements of the EU rules, the Company will be required to change auditor no later than for the 2023 financial year end. The Committee also recognises that the industry is in a period of unprecedented change with the introduction of Solvency II from this January and the IASB expecting to issue a new insurance accounting standard for implementation not before 2019. The Committee currently believes any change of auditor should be scheduled to limit operational disruption during such a period of change and, as a consequence, is not currently planning to re-tender the audit ahead of 2019, subject to the Committee’s normal annual review. In line with the Auditing Practices Board Ethical Statements and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, a new lead audit partner is appointed every five years. A new lead audit partner was appointed in respect of the 2012 financial year who will be replaced post 2016 reporting.
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Matter considered Internal audit
— Regular reporting
— Annual plan and focus for 2016
— Internal audit effectiveness
— BU audit committee effectiveness
— BU model terms of reference
Group compliance
— Regular reporting
www.prudential.co.uk
How the Committee addressed the matter
The independent assurance provided by Group-wide Internal Audit formed a fundamental part of the Committee’s deliberations on the Group’s overall control environment. The Committee received regular updates on audits conducted and management’s progress in addressing audit findings. Each of the Group’s business units has an internal audit team, the heads of which report to the Director of Group-wide Internal Audit. The function also has a Quality Assurance Director, whose primary role is to monitor and evaluate adherence to industry practice guidelines and Group-wide Internal Audit’s own standards and methodology. Internal audit resources, plans, budgets and its work are overseen by both the Committee and the relevant business unit audit committee. The Director of Group-wide Internal Audit reports functionally to the Chairman of the Committee and, for management purposes, to the Group Chief Executive.
The Committee approved the half-year update of the 2015 plan. It also considered and approved the Internal Audit plan, resource and budget for 2016.
At the half year, the Committee considered recommendations to refresh the Audit plan in response to changes in the Business Unit operating environments and an update to the Group’s top risks. The 2016 Plan was formulated based on a bottom-up risk assessment of audit needs mapped to the Group Risk Framework. It also considered a top-down challenge by GwIA Leadership Team of the extent of coverage of key themes, ensuring extensive coverage of Group Tier 1 and Tier 2 top risks as identified by the Group Risk Committee and delivering audit coverage of other key areas of risk within a tiered cycle of coverage (ie two- three- and four-year cycles).
In addition to the periodic external effectiveness review required every five years (last conducted in 2012), the Committee annually assesses the performance and effectiveness of the internal audit function. A 2015 internal effectiveness review, performed by the Group-wide Internal Audit Quality Assurance Director, was conducted in accordance with the professional practice standards of the Chartered Institute of Internal Auditors (CIIA). The review concluded that Group-wide Internal Audit continues to comply with the requirements of internal audit policies, procedures and practices, and standards in all material respects relating to audit planning and execution, and continued to be aligned with its mandated objectives and maintained general conformance with the CIIA guidance for Effective Internal Audit in the Financial Services Sector.
Having considered the findings of the 2015 internal effectiveness review, the Committee concluded that Group-wide Internal Audit had continued to operate in compliance with the requirements of Group-wide Internal Audit policies, procedures and practice standards in all material respects and remained aligned to mandated objectives during 2015.
The Committee is supported by the work carried out by the business unit audit committees and annually reviews the effectiveness of these committees. These committees provide oversight of the respective business units. During the year, membership comprised senior management who were independent of the Business Unit and in some cases included independent Non-executive Directors. The minutes of these committees were provided to the Committee and their meetings were attended by the external auditor as well as senior management from the business unit (including the Business Unit Chief Executive, heads of Finance, Risk, Compliance and Group-wide Internal Audit).
The Committee’s assessment of the Business Unit audit committees was carried out by local teams from Group-wide Internal Audit and considered whether each of the committees fulfilled the responsibilities documented in their terms of reference. Attendance rates by committee members and evidence of the committees’ coverage of key business unit issues, as well as the appropriate escalation of concerns to the Committee, formed part of the criteria used for the evaluation. The Committee approved the Group’s standard terms of reference for business unit audit committees, which were updated to reflect changes in the Committee’s own responsibilities to align them with best practice. These were adopted by the business unit audit committees with minor variations to address local regulations or the particular requirements of the business.
Regular updates were provided to the Committee by the Group Regulatory and Government Affairs Director and the Director of Group Compliance. The reports kept the Committee apprised of communications with the principal UK regulators, international regulatory developments and compliance with the Group’s Compliance policies. The introduction of the new Senior Insurance Managers Regime (SIMR), the PRA’s workplan for Prudential and the US Department of Labor’s consultation on fiduciary duties were areas of focus for the Committee. Group Compliance led the development of the Group’s framework for the implementation of the new SIMR regime and kept the Committee updated on developments in this area.
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01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Committees continued
How the Committee discharged its responsibilities during 2015 continued
Matter considered
— Compliance plan and focus for 2016
Financial crime
Whistleblowing
Group Governance Framework
Governance
— Committee effectiveness
— Private meetings
— Terms of reference
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How the Committee addressed the matter
The Committee considered and approved the 2016 Group Compliance Plan. Areas of focus included strengthening the compliance framework, a focus on key risk drivers which have caused compliance issues across the industry, including: confiicts of interest; culture, values and the fair treatment of customers; the articulation of compliance risk appetite; and the assessment and mitigation of key risks, including anti-money laundering and sanctions, continued proactive engagement with the PRA and FCA and a number of Business Unit-specific risk areas, which were cascaded down to the Business Units for implementation and oversight by the respective Business Unit audit committees.
In 2016, Group Compliance intends to take forward the policy initiatives developed in 2015 and to review and refresh the Group Compliance Policy standards against which Business Units are assessed.
The Committee received the Money Laundering Prevention Officer’s report which assessed the operation and effectiveness of the Group’s systems and controls in relation to managing money laundering and sanctions risk. The Committee noted the regulatory developments relating to the strengthening of the regimes in Asia ahead of various Financial Action Task Force reviews and the drive for transparency of beneficial ownership, led by the G20 and UK regulators.
Regular updates were provided to the Committee on matters raised through the Group’s Confidential Reporting Lines and the actions taken in response to these. The role of the whistleblowing champion for the purpose of SIMR will be carried out by the Chair of the UK business unit risk committee. At Group level, the Chair of the Group Audit Committee remains responsible for oversight of whistleblowing activities across the whole of the Group.
The Group Governance Framework links together internal controls, authorisation requirements, Business Unit reporting and escalation, as well as the policies adopted by the Group. The Framework comprises a central repository of information, the Group Governance Manual, which contains these controls, plus a number of processes to ensure polices remain accurate and up to date. The Group Governance Manual is also used to promote awareness and educate colleagues across the Group about their obligations. Procedures to assess to what extent all Business Units in the Group meet these obligations are in place and the outcome is monitored by the Committee. The Committee reviewed the outcomes of the Governance Quality Assurance reviews undertaken during 2015, the update on the annual Group Governance Manual content review and results of the year-end certification of compliance with the Group Governance Manual requirements for the period ended 31 December 2015.
The Committee reviewed compliance with various applicable regulations and codes of conduct. The results of this assessment were presented to the meeting in February 2016.
The effectiveness of the Committee was assessed as part of the overall performance evaluation of the Board. This assessment confirmed that the Committee continued to operate effectively during the year. More information on the Board evaluation can be found on page 80.
Periodically during the year, the Committee met with each of the external and internal auditors and with Group Security without the presence of management.
The Committee considered and made recommendations to the Board regarding its terms of reference during the year. The terms of reference, which are reviewed annually, can be found on the Company’s website www.prudential.co.uk These recommendations reflected the Committee’s new responsibilities regarding the longer-term viability statement and auditor rotation.
Howard Davies
Chairman of the Risk Committee
www.prudential.co.uk
Risk Committee report
As Chairman of the Risk Committee, I am pleased to report on the Committee’s activities and focus during 2015.
The Committee’s work has contributed to the Board’s understanding of the risks facing the business and shaping our risk appetite. During the year, the Committee oversaw a number of initiatives to strengthen further the Group’s processes and capabilities around reporting and managing risk.
Alongside regular monitoring of the application of, and compliance with, the Group Risk Framework, we ensured that the Group was fully prepared for the introduction of Solvency II. This included reviewing the methodology and calibration of the internal model, receiving reports on the independent validation of the model, monitoring progress towards the Prudential Regulation Authority’s approval of the model, reviewing the Group’s Own Risk and Solvency Assessment, progress towards wider Solvency II compliance and the governance framework for approving disclosures.
We have worked closely with the Audit Committee to provide risk oversight throughout the Group to ensure an integrated approach.
The Committee also oversaw the work required as a result of the Group’s designation as a Global Systemically Important Insurer, including the development of the Systemic Risk Management Plan, the Liquidity Risk Management Plan and the Recovery Plan. As part of our regular work schedule, we conducted an assessment of our stress-testing processes, again working closely with the Audit Committee on any areas of overlap. We monitored the operation of the three lines of defence system operating throughout the Group and received regular reports from the chief risk officers of the business units who attended our meetings, following up those reports as appropriate with detailed reviews of areas where concerns were reported.
During the year, we welcomed Lord Turner as a Committee member and Penny James as our Group Chief Risk Officer.
Key committee details
Committee members
— Howard Davies (Chairman)
— Ann Godbehere
— Kai Nargolwala
— Lord Turner (from September 2015)
— Lord Turnbull (until May 2015)
Regular attendees
— Chairman of the Board
— Group Chief Executive
— Chief Financial Officer
— Group Chief Risk Officer
— Group Regulatory and Government Affairs Director
— Group General Counsel and Company Secretary
— Group Investment Director
— Director of Group-wide Internal Audit
Number of meetings in 2015: Six
In addition two joint meetings were held with the Audit Committee.
Key responsibilities
— Recommending the Group’s overall risk appetite to the Board for approval;
— Reviewing the Group’s risk and investment frameworks and approving the policies forming part of the frameworks;
— Reviewing the Group’s material risk exposures against the risk methodologies and management’s actions to monitor and control such exposures;
— Reviewing the Group’s stress testing;
— Reviewing the overall effectiveness of the Internal Model used for the purposes of the Solvency II regime and making recommendations to the Board as required in respect of changes to the Model;
— Advising the Board on the risks inherent in strategic acquisitions and the business plan;
— Advising the Remuneration Committee on risk weightings to be applied to performance objectives for Executive remuneration;
— Monitoring the effectiveness of the Group Chief Risk Officer.
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01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Committees continued
How the Committee discharged its responsibilities during 2015
Matter considered Risk appetite
Risk management
Group top risks
Solvency II and Pillar 3 reporting
Global Systemically Important Insurer
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How the Committee addressed the matter
The Committee considered the Group’s risk appetite including conducting a benchmarking exercise undertaken against comparator businesses considered relevant in terms of size, complexity, geography and business lines. Having reviewed the report and taking account of the Group’s business environment, the Committee concluded that the current risk metrics continued to be appropriate. The Committee considered the effect of the introduction of Solvency II, and recommended alterations to the Group’s risk appetite to the Board, reflecting the introduction of the new capital metric.
The Committee received deep dive reports on areas of interest from across the Group and carried out post-transaction reviews of certain of the Group’s transactions.
The Group Risk Development Plan for the year was considered and approved by the Committee. The Plan underpins the ongoing enhancement of the Group Risk Framework and drives the development of the Group Risk function’s capability across the Group. The Plan included recommendations aimed at further embedding the Economic Capital model in risk processes and decision making, enhancing the understanding and interpretation of the Group Risk Framework and the review of the appropriateness of the limit framework, the development of the risk appetite to reflect the introduction of Solvency II and certain enhancements to the limit framework. The Committee was provided with regular updates from the Group Treasury function as part of its oversight of liquidity management. It also received reports from Group-wide Internal Audit, minutes from the Group Executive Risk Committee and matters escalated by other Group-level risk management committees.
The Committee evaluated the Group’s top risks, considering recommendations for promoting additional risks, expanding the scope of existing risks and removing those risks no longer requiring particular focus from the Committee. The Committee received regular reporting on these risks and mitigating actions.
The Group Chief Risk Officer regularly provided the Committee with updates on market conditions likely to have an impact on Group and policyholder investments, such as the implications of a sustained low-interest-rate environment and falling oil prices.
The Group Chief Risk Officer regularly reported to the Committee on compliance with the Group Risk Framework and the composition of the Group’s ‘Watch Lists’ of credit counterparties. The Group Chief Risk Officer’s reports also provided the Committee with regulatory updates, particularly regarding Solvency II and submission of the Group’s Internal Model to the PRA, development of the Group’s global capital standards and the deliverables required as a result of the Group’s designation as a Global Systemically Important Insurer.
The Committee considered the Own Risk and Solvency Assessment report based on the outcomes of the Group’s 2015-17 Business Plan and the FY14 risk and solvency positions prior to its approval by the Board. The report was also considered in light of the results of the Group’s regular stress testing. The 2015 Own Risk and Solvency Assessment report enhanced the 2014 report through improved alignment with business planning and strategy processes and better linkage with the Group’s risk profile.
The Committee continued to oversee the submission of the Group’s Internal Model Approval Process application, including reviewing the methodology and assumptions in the model and receiving input from the independent model validation team and made recommendations to the Board in respect of its submission to the PRA. The Committee also considered and provided feedback on the overall governance process and the approach to the disclosures of the internal model outcome. This activity was undertaken working closely with the Audit Committee.
In light of its designation as a Global Systemically Important Insurer, the Company is required to annually agree a number of deliverables with its Crisis Management Group consisting of the Group’s principal regulators. The Committee played a key part in considering and approving a number of these including the Group’s Liquidity Risk Management Plan, Systemic Risk Management Plan and Recovery Plan.
Matter considered Reverse Stress Testing
Internal control and risk management
Governance
— Committee effectiveness
— Terms of reference
How the Committee addressed the matter
The Reverse Stress Test exercise was carried out to confirm the Group’s position as being significantly resilient to certain business failure scenarios. The report related to the Group’s year-end 2015 position and was submitted to the PRA.
In conjunction with the Audit Committee, the Committee reviewed the outcome of the annual review of the Group’s systems of internal control and risk management.
The effectiveness of the Committee was assessed as part of the overall performance evaluation of the Board. This assessment confirmed that the Committee continued to operate effectively during the year. More information on the Board evaluation can be found on page 80.
The Committee considered and made recommendations to the Board regarding its terms of reference during the year. The terms of reference, which are reviewed annually, can be found on the Company’s website www.prudential.co.uk These recommendations incorporated changes to reflect the Committee’s role in assessing the effectiveness of the Group’s Internal Model and making recommendations to the Board regarding proposed changes to the Group’s Internal Model.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 97
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01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Statutory and regulatory disclosures
Financial reporting
The Directors have a duty to report to shareholders on the performance and financial position of the Group and are responsible for preparing the financial statements on pages 132 to 291 and the supplementary information on pages 298 to 328. It is the responsibility of the auditor to form independent opinions, based on its audit of the financial statements and its audit of the EEV basis supplementary information, and to report its opinions to the Company’s shareholders and to the Company. Its opinions are given on pages 293 to 296 and page 330.
Company law requires the Directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year which give a true and fair view of the financial affairs of the Company and of the Group. The criteria applied in the preparation of the financial statements are set out in the statement of Directors’ responsibilities on page 292 and page 329. Company law also requires the Board to approve the Strategic report. In addition, the UK Code requires the Directors’ statement to state that they consider the Annual Report and financial statements, taken as a whole is fair, balanced and understandable and provides the information necessary for shareholders to assess the Company’s position and performance, business model and strategy. The Directors are further required to confirm that the Strategic report includes a fair review of the development and performance of the business, with a description of the principal risks and uncertainties. Such confirmation is included in the statement of Directors’ responsibilities on page 292 and page 329. The Strategic report provides, on pages 45 to 47, a description of the Group’s capital position, financing and liquidity. The risks facing the Group’s business and how these are managed are discussed in the audited sections of the Group Chief Risk Officer’s report on pages 49 to 56.
The Directors who held office at the date of approval of this Directors’ report confirm that, so far as they are each aware, there is no relevant audit information of which the Company’s auditor is unaware; each Director has taken all the steps that he or she ought to have taken as a Director to make himself or herself aware of any relevant audit information and to establish that the Company’s auditor is aware of that information. This confirmation is given, and should be interpreted in accordance with, the provisions of Section 418 of the Companies Act 2006.
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Going concern
In accordance with the requirements of the guidance issued by the Financial Reporting Council in September 2014 ‘Guidance on Risk Management, Internal Control and Related Financial and Business Reporting’, after making sufficient enquiries, the Directors have a reasonable expectation that the Company and the Group have adequate resources to continue their operations for a period of at least 12 months from the date that the financial statements are approved. In support of this expectation, the Company’s business activities, together with the factors likely to affect its future development, successful performance and position in the current economic climate are set out in pages 4 to 35. The risks facing the Group’s capital and liquidity positions and their sensitivities are referred to in the Strategic report on pages 45 to 54. Specifically, the Group’s borrowings are detailed in note C6 on pages 241 and 242; the market risk and liquidity analysis associated with the Group’s assets and liabilities can be found in note C3.5(a) on pages 213 to 215; policyholder liability maturity profile by business units in notes C4.1(b), (c) and (d) on pages 222, 224 and 225 respectively; cash flow details in the consolidated statement of cash flows; and provisions and contingencies in notes C12 and D2. The Directors therefore consider it appropriate to continue to adopt the going concern basis of accounting in preparing the financial statements for the year ended
31 December 2015.
Compliance with corporate governance codes
In line with its primary listings on the London and Hong Kong Stock Exchanges, the Company has applied the main principles and all relevant provisions of the UK and HK Codes throughout the 2015 financial year as set out in the Governance report on pages 70 to 100 and also in the Directors’ remuneration report, which can be found on pages 102 to 129.
Additional information
US regulation and legislation
As a result of its listing on the New York Stock Exchange, the Company is required to comply with the relevant provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 as they apply to foreign private issuers and has adopted procedures to ensure such compliance. In particular, in relation to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 which covers disclosure controls and procedures, a Disclosure Committee has been established, reporting to the Group Chief Executive, chaired by the Chief Financial Officer and comprising members of senior management. The work of the Disclosure Committee supports the Group Chief Executive and Chief Financial Officer in making the certifications regarding the effectiveness of the Group’s disclosure procedures.
The Board confirms that it has complied with all relevant principles set out in the UK and HK Codes throughout the accounting period. With respect to Code Provision B.1.2(d) of the HK Code, the responsibilities of the Remuneration Committee do not include making recommendations to the Board on the remuneration of the Non-executive Directors.
Change of control
Under the agreements governing
Prudential Corporation Holdings Limited’s life insurance and fund management joint ventures with China International Trust & Investment Corporation (CITIC), if there is a change of control of the Company, CITIC may terminate the agreements and either (i) purchase the Company’s entire interest in the joint venture or require the Company to sell its interest to a third party designated by CITIC, or (ii) require the Company to purchase all of CITIC’s interest in the joint venture. The price of such purchase or sale is to be the fair value of the shares to be transferred, as determined by the auditor of the joint venture.
In line with the principles of the UK Code, fees for the Non-executive Directors are determined by the Board. The UK Code, issued in 2012, and revised in 2014, can be viewed on the FRC’s website, with the HK Code available on the website of the HK Stock Exchange.
Customers
The five largest customers of the Group constituted in aggregate less than 30 per cent of its total sales for each of 2015 and 2014.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 99
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Index to principal Directors’ report disclosures
Information required to be disclosed in the Directors’ report may be found in the following sections:
Information Section in Annual Report Page number(s)
Disclosure of information to auditor Additional disclosures 98 Directors in office during the year Board of Directors 71 to 75 Corporate responsibility governance Corporate responsibility review 67 Employment policies and employee involvement Corporate responsibility review 59 to 61 Greenhouse gas emissions Corporate responsibility review 65 Political donations and expenditure Corporate responsibility review 64 Remuneration Committee report Directors’ remuneration report 101 Directors’ interests in shares Directors’ remuneration report 121 Agreements for compensation for loss of office Governance report 83 or employment on takeover Details of qualifying third-party indemnity provisions Governance report 83 Powers of directors Governance report 78 Rules governing appointments of directors Governance report 82 Significant agreements impacted by a change Governance report 99 of control Future developments of the business of the Company Group Chief Executive’s report 10 Post-balance sheet events Note D3 of the Notes on the Group financial 272 statements Rules governing changes to the Articles of Shareholder information 368 Association Structure of share capital, including changes during Shareholder information and Note C10 of the Notes on 368 and 261 the year and restrictions on the transfer of securities, the Group financial statements voting rights and significant shareholders Business review Strategic report 11 Changes in borrowings Strategic report and Note C6 of the Notes on the 46 and 241 Group financial statements.
Dividend details Strategic report 48 Financial instruments – risk management objectives Strategic report 49 and policies
In addition, the risk factors set out on pages 358 to 363 and the additional unaudited financial information set out on pages 332 to 357, are incorporated by reference into this report.
Signed on behalf of the Board of Directors
Alan F Porter
Group General Counsel and Company Secretary
| 8 |
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March 2016 |
100
Directors’ remuneration report
102 Annual statement from the Chairman of the Remuneration Committee 104 Our executive remuneration at a glance 106 Summary of Directors’ remuneration policy 109 Annual report on remuneration 126 Supplementary information
This report has been prepared to comply with Schedule 8 of the Large and Medium-sized Companies and Groups (Accounts and Reports) (Amendment) Regulations 2013, as well as the Companies Act 2006 and other related regulations.
The following sections were subject to audit: salary information table in section entitled Base salary, Annual bonus, Long Term Incentive Plans with performance periods ending on 31 December 2015; Pension entitlements; table of 2015 and 2014 Executive Director total remuneration ‘The Single Figure’ and related notes; Long-term incentives awarded in 2015; Non-executive Director remuneration in 2015; Statement of Directors’ shareholdings; Outstanding share options; Recruitment arrangements; and Payments to past directors and payments for loss of office.
Chairman’s Challenge Our communities
More than 7,000 employees volunteered through Prudential’s flagship international programme, the Chairman’s Challenge. Find out more on page 63.
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 101
Directors’ remuneration report
Annual statement from the Chairman of the Remuneration Committee
Anthony Nightingale, CMG SBS JP
Chairman of the Remuneration Committee
102 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015
Dear shareholder,
I am pleased to present the Remuneration Committee’s report for the year to
31 December 2015.
This is my first report as Chairman of the Remuneration Committee since I took on the role in May 2015. I would like to thank my predecessor Andrew Turnbull, who served as a member of the Committee for nine years, acting as Chairman for four of those years, for his contribution and leadership of the Committee during this period.
The Committee’s report is presented in the following sections:
— An ‘at a glance’ summary of the Group’s remuneration arrangements on pages 104 and 105;
— Our Directors’ remuneration policy on pages 106 to 108 which describes how we pay directors. This policy was approved by shareholders at the 2014 AGM;
— Our annual report on remuneration on pages 109 to 125 which describes how the Committee applied the remuneration policy in 2015 and the decisions it has made in respect of 2016; and
— Supplementary information on pages 126 to 129.
By way of preface, I would like to share the context for the key decisions the Committee took during 2015, in particular the remuneration arrangements for those joining and stepping down from the Board, how we rewarded the performance achieved in 2015 and the decisions relating to remuneration arrangements for 2016.
Rewarding long-term performance
As set out overleaf, the strong performance of the Group has been sustained over a number of years, notwithstanding the
external challenges faced by the Group during this time. The Group delivered total IFRS operating profits of £10,147 million in the 2013, 2014 and 2015 financial years, exceeding the stretching targets established by the Committee.
I am pleased to say that this impressive financial performance has translated into significant returns to the Company’s shareholders, with £100 invested in Prudential on 1 January 2013 being worth £189 on 31 December 2015 through the combined effect of dividends paid and increases in the share price.
Based on this level of total shareholder return and strong cumulative IFRS operating profit performance over the same period, the Committee determined that the performance conditions attached to Prudential Long Term Incentive Plan (‘PLTIP’) awards made to Executive Directors in 2013 achieved between 97.5 per cent and 100 per cent vesting depending on business unit. These awards will be released to participants in May 2016. Our Executive Directors are also Prudential shareholders, with a significant proportion of their remuneration delivered in the Company’s shares through both the annual and long-term incentive plans we operate. This alignment between the executive team and other shareholders is demonstrated by the fact that many of the Executive Directors have shareholdings well in excess of the guidelines that they are asked to meet. For instance, on
31 December 2015, Mike Wells had a beneficial interest in shares with a value of over 650 per cent of his salary, which is significantly higher than his share ownership guideline of 350 per cent of salary.
Prudential’s 2016 Executive Directors’ remuneration
No changes to Prudential’s remuneration architecture are proposed for 2016. We will continue to operate all elements of
www.prudential.co.uk
remuneration in line with the Directors’ remuneration policy approved by shareholders at the 2014 AGM, and accordingly do not intend to ask shareholders to vote on the policy at the 2016 AGM. An enhancement to the policy since it was adopted in 2014 has been the inclusion of a recovery provision (clawback) in Executive Directors’ incentive arrangements from 2015, which was described in the 2014 Directors’ remuneration report. This provision allows incentives to be recovered after they are paid in certain circumstances. In determining remuneration packages for 2016, the Remuneration Committee was mindful of the need to maintain restraint on base salary increases. The Executive Directors will receive an increase in base salary of 1 per cent with effect from
1 January 2016, which is below the salary increase budget for other employees. There have been no changes to incentive opportunities for 2016.
Enhanced bonus disclosure
The Committee has enhanced the Annual Incentive Plan (‘AIP’) reporting this year, a development which I trust you will find welcome. In addition to the information on bonus disclosure familiar to shareholders from last year’s report, which provides an illustrative view of 2015 performance against Group and business unit targets, we have also given more detailed information on the Group financial performance range (threshold and maximum) and the results achieved for the 2014 performance year. These disclosures can be found in the annual report on remuneration.
This more detailed disclosure complements the retrospective reporting of the three-year IFRS operating profit targets applied to awards made under the PLTIP. The performance period for 2013 PLTIP awards ended on 31 December 2015 and the Group IFRS operating profit target (and the result achieved) for this period is disclosed in the annual report on remuneration.
The Committee believes these enhanced disclosures will provide shareholders with additional clarity.
Changes to the executive team
As you will be aware, there have been a number of changes to Prudential’s executive team during 2015, including the appointment of Mike Wells as Group Chief Executive. The remuneration decisions arising from these changes were disclosed in stock exchange and website announcements when they took place. Further information can be found in the ‘Recruitment arrangements’ and ‘Payments to past directors’ sections of this report. In making decisions about the remuneration arrangements for those joining and stepping down from the Board, the Committee worked within the Directors’ remuneration policy approved by shareholders and was mindful of:
— The skills, knowledge and experience that each new Executive Director brought to the Board;
— The need to support the relocation of executives where this is necessary to enable them to assume their roles;
— Its commitment to honour legacy arrangements; and
— In relation to executives leaving the Board, the particular circumstances of the departure and the contribution the individual made to the Group.
In conclusion
During the year, I wrote to our major shareholders, and the shareholder representative bodies, ISS and the Investment Association, seeking their views on the decisions which the Committee took in 2015 and its proposals for 2016. We had a number of useful meetings where shareholders expressed their views and I am grateful for this feedback. On behalf of the Committee, I would like to thank shareholders for their engagement. We are firmly committed to continuing the Committee’s policy of engaging with our shareholders and we look forward to your continued support for the Company’s remuneration arrangements.
I trust that you will find this report a clear account of the way in which the Committee has implemented the Directors’ remuneration policy during 2015.
Anthony Nightingale, CMG SBS JP
Chairman of the Remuneration Committee
8 March 2016
Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 103
Rewarding 2015 performance
As set out in the business review section earlier in this Annual Report, the Group’s financial performance in 2015 was very strong:
2015 bonus Strategic priority Group performance £m achievement IFRS operating CAGR Above stretch level profit +20% IFRS operating profit Prudential’s primary accounted for
4,007
measure of 35 per cent of Group profitability and a 3,186 financial bonus targets
2,954
key driver of 2,520 shareholder value 2,017
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
2014-2015 growth 26%
EEV new CAGR Above stretch level business profit +16% EEV new business A measure of the profit accounted for
2,617
future profitability of 5 per cent of Group the new business 2,115 financial bonus targets
1,791
sold during the year 1,536
1,433
and indicates the profitable growth of the Group
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
2014-2015 growth 23%
Business unit CAGR Above stretch level remittances +9% A cash flow measure Cash flows across was used to determine
1,625
the Group balance 1,341 1,482 10 per cent of the these net remittances 1,200 Group financial bonus 1,105 targets (which support dividend payments) with the retention of cash for profitable
reinvestment 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
2014-2015 growth 10%
Performance against these key metrics exceeded the stretching targets established by the Board. The Group achieved these results while maintaining appropriate levels of capital and operating within the Group’s risk appetite and framework. The Committee believes that the bonuses it awarded to Executive Directors for 2015 appropriately reflect this excellent performance.
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Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Our executive remuneration at a glance
Our executive remuneration at a glance
Our remuneration strategy and principles
Our remuneration strategy remains unchanged from that previously approved by shareholders:
To attract and retain the high-calibre executives required to lead and develop the Group
Reward must be:
— Valued by executives; and
— Competitive, to engage executives who are in demand in the global talent market, and, if required, support hiring the best external talent.
To reward executives for delivering our business plans and generating sustainable growth and returns for shareholders
Reward must be:
— Determined by delivery of the Group’s annual and longer-term business objectives;
— Aligned with shareholder value creation; and
— Consistent with the Group’s risk appetite so that the delivery of the business plan can be sustained.
Our remuneration architecture
Key elements1
Salary 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Financial and personal Cash objectives set bonus with reference to business plans approved by the Board. Deferred
bonus
Stretching IFRS Prudential profit ranges set Long Term with reference to business plans Incentive Plan approved by the (‘PLTIP’) Board.
TSR vesting schedule relative to insurance peers.
Share ownership guidelines
Key features of the policy
Broadly aligned with pay review budgets for other employees.
The maximum opportunity is up to 200% of salary.
A significant proportion, currently 40%, of bonus is deferred into shares for three years.
Award is subject to malus and clawback provisions.
Maximum award under the Plan is 550% of salary.
Aligned with our long-term business strategy and delivery of shareholder value, vesting is currently subject to:
— Relative TSR; and
— Group IFRS profit; or
— Business unit IFRS profit.
Measured over the three financial years from year of award.
How we implemented the policy
— Salary increases of 3% in 20152; and
— Salary increases of 1% in 2016.
The Group Chief Executive has a maximum AIP opportunity of 200% of salary. For other executives the maximum is 180% or less.
2015 bonuses were paid based on performance measures related to profit, cash flow and capital adequacy, as well as personal objectives. Clawback provisions allow amounts to be recouped.4
Awards in 2015 were, and awards in 2016 will be, below plan limits:
— Group Chief Executive: 400% of salary;
— CEO JNL: 460% of salary; and
— Other PLTIP awards were 250% of salary.
For business unit CEOs, awards vest based on TSR and business unit IFRS profit. For other executives, awards are subject to TSR and Group IFRS profit targets.
The Committee keeps the performance conditions under review to ensure that future awards remain aligned with strategy. 4
We have significant share ownership guidelines for all executives3 as follows:
— 350% of salary for the Group Chief Executive; and
— 200% of salary for other Executive Directors.
Key
Fixed pay
Short-term variable pay Long-term variable pay Share ownership guidelines
Notes
1 CEO, JNL also shares in the JNL bonus pool; and CEO, M&G retains separate arrangements.
2 The Chief Executive Officer, Prudential Corporation Asia received an increase of 5 per cent.
3 Progress against the share ownership guidelines is detailed in the ‘Statement of directors’ shareholdings’ section of the annual report on remuneration.
4 More detail on how we implemented the policy is set out in the annual report on remuneration.
104 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
What this performance means for Executive Directors’ pay
At Prudential, remuneration packages are designed to ensure a strong alignment between pay and performance. As you can see from the charts on page 103, sustained growth across all our key performance metrics has delivered substantial value to our shareholders. This has been reflected in both the annual bonuses paid and the release of long-term incentive awards, as set out in the annual report on remuneration.
In particular, the long-term incentives awarded to Executive Directors in 2013 had stretching performance conditions attached to vesting and were denominated in shares or ADRs. The value generated for shareholders through share price growth and dividends paid over the last three years is therefore reflected in the value of the 2015 long-term incentive plan (‘LTIP’) releases.
The value of these performance-related elements of remuneration are added to the fixed packages provided to Executive Directors to calculate the 2015 ‘single figure’ of total remuneration. The values for the current Executive Directors who were directors during the year are outlined in the table below:
Fixed pay Performance related
2015 Pension and 2015 LTIP 2015 2014 Executive Director Role Salary benefits Bonus vesting ‘Single figure’ ‘Single Figure’
Penny James1 Group Chief Risk Officer £200,000 £71,000 £318,000 £410,000 £999,000 –Michael McLintock Chief Executive, M&G £394,000 £169,000 £2,128,000 £2,751,000 £5,442,000 £5,729,000 Nic Nicandrou Chief Financial Officer £703,000 £553,000 £1,224,000 £1,996,000 £4,476,000 £5,623,000 Barry Stowe Chairman & CEO, NABU3 £729,000 £746,000 £3,281,000 £2,072,000 £6,828,000 £5,984,000 Mike Wells Group Chief Executive £942,000 £1,439,000 £3,223,000 £4,427,000 £10,031,000 £12,393,000 Tony Wilkey2 Chief Executive, PCA4 £433,000 £511,000 £748,000 £1,740,000 £3,432,000 –
Notes
1 Penny James was appointed to the Board on 1 September 2015. The remuneration above was paid in respect of her service as an Executive Director.
2 Tony Wilkey was appointed to the Board on 1 June 2015. The remuneration above was paid in respect of his service as an Executive Director.
3 NABU is an abbreviation of North American Business Unit.
4 PCA is an abbreviation of Prudential Corporation Asia.
Aligning 2016 pay to performance
The Remuneration Committee awarded salary increases to Executive Directors for 2016 of 1 per cent which was below the salary increase budget for the wider workforce. No other changes have been made as we believe remuneration packages remain strongly aligned with performance over both the short and the long term.
The resultant remuneration packages for 2016 are set out in detail in the annual report on remuneration and summarised in the table below:
Maximum AIP (% salary)
Maximum Bonus LTI award Executive Director Role 2016 Salary bonus deferred (% salary)
John Foley Chief Executive, UK & Europe £750,000 180% 40% 250% Penny James Group Chief Risk Officer £606,000 160% 40% 250% Michael McLintock1 Chief Executive, M&G £398,000 600% 40% 450% Nic Nicandrou Chief Financial Officer £711,000 175% 40% 250% Barry Stowe2 Chairman & CEO, NABU US$1,111,000 160% 40% 460% Mike Wells Group Chief Executive £1,081,000 200% 40% 400% Tony Wilkey Chief Executive, PCA HK$8,890,000 180% 40% 250%
Notes
1 The bonus opportunity for the Chief Executive, M&G remains the lower of 0.75 per cent of M&G’s IFRS profit or six times salary. He continues to receive awards under the Prudential LTIP and the M&G Executive LTIP, which are both included in the above LTI award.
2 The Chairman & CEO, NABU will also continue to have a 10 per cent share of the Jackson Senior Management Bonus Pool. 40 per cent of this is deferred in shares.
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01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Summary of Directors’ remuneration policy
Summary of Directors’ remuneration policy
The Company’s Directors’ remuneration policy was approved by shareholders at the 2014 AGM. This policy came into effect following the AGM on 15 May 2014 and will apply for a period of three years unless shareholders approve a revised policy within that time. The pages that follow present a summary of the remuneration policy. The complete policy can be found on our website at www.prudential.co.uk/site-services/governance-and-policies/directors-remuneration-policy
Remuneration for Executive Directors
Fixed pay Element Salary
Benefits
Provision for an income in retirement
Operation
The Committee reviews salaries annually, considering factors such as:
— Salary increases for all employees;
— The performance and experience of the executive;
— Group or business unit financial performance;
— Internal relativities; and
— Economic factors such as inflation.
Market data is also reviewed so that salaries remain a competitive range relative to each Executive Director’s local market.
Executive Directors are offered benefits which reflect their individual circumstances and are competitive within their local market, including:
— Health and wellness benefits;
— Protection and security benefits;
— Transport benefits;
— Family and education benefits;
— All-employee share plans and savings plans; and
— Relocation and expatriate benefits.
Current executives have the option to:
— Receive payments into a defined contribution scheme; and/or
— Take a cash supplement in lieu of contributions.
Jackson’s Defined Contribution Retirement Plan has a guaranteed element (6 per cent of pensionable salary) and additional contributions (up to a further 6 per cent of pensionable salary) based on the profitability of JNL.
Opportunity
Annual salary increases for Executive Directors will normally be in line with the increases for other employees across our business units. However, there is no prescribed maximum annual increase.
The maximum paid will be the cost to the Company of providing benefits. The cost of benefits may vary from year to year but the Committee is mindful of achieving the best value from providers.
Executive Directors are entitled to receive pension contributions or a cash supplement (or combination of the two) up to a total of 25 per cent of base salary. In addition, the Chief Executive, PCA receives statutory contributions into the Mandatory Provident Fund.
106 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Variable pay Element Annual bonus
Deferred bonus shares
Prudential Long Term Incentive Plan
M&G Executive LTIP
Operation
Currently all Executive Directors participate in the Annual Incentive Plan (AIP).
AIP awards for all Executive Directors are subject to the achievement of financial and personal objectives. Business unit chief executives either have measures of their business unit’s financial performance in the AIP or they may participate in a business unit-specific bonus plan. For example, the President and CEO, JNL currently participates in the Jackson Senior Management Bonus Pool as well as in the AIP.
The financial measures used for the annual bonus will typically include profit, cash and capital adequacy. Jackson’s profitability and other key financial measures determine the value of the Jackson Senior Management Bonus Pool.
In specific circumstances, the Committee also has the power to recover all (or part of) bonuses for a period after they are awarded to executives. These clawback powers apply to the cash and deferred elements of 2015 and subsequent bonuses made in respect of performance in 2015 and subsequent years.
Executive Directors are required to defer a percentage (currently 40 per cent) of their total annual bonus into Prudential shares for three years. The release of awards is not subject to any further performance conditions.
The Committee has the authority to apply a malus adjustment to all, or a portion of, an outstanding deferred award in specific circumstances. From 2015 and future awards, the Committee also has the power to recover all, or a portion of, amounts already paid in specific circumstances and within a defined timeframe (clawback).
Currently all Executive Directors participate in the Prudential Long Term Incentive Plan (‘PLTIP’). The PLTIP has a three-year performance period. Vesting of outstanding awards is dependent on:
— Relative TSR (50 per cent of award); and
— Group IFRS profit (50 per cent of award); or
— Business unit IFRS profit (50 per cent of award).
The performance measures attached to each award are dependent on the role of the executive and will be disclosed in the relevant annual report on remuneration. The Chief Executive, M&G’s PLTIP awards are subject only to the TSR performance condition as the IFRS profit of M&G is a performance condition under the M&G Executive LTIP.
The Committee has the authority to apply a malus adjustment to all, or a portion of, an outstanding award in specific circumstances. For 2015 and future awards, the Committee also has the power to recover all, or a portion of, amounts already paid in specific circumstances and within a defined timeframe (clawback).
The Chief Executive, M&G currently receives awards under this plan. He receives an annual award of phantom shares each with a notional starting share price of £1. The phantom share price at vesting is currently determined by M&G’s profitability, with profit and investment performance adjustments, over the three-year performance period. Awards are settled in cash.
The Committee has the authority to apply a malus adjustment to all, or a portion of, an outstanding award in specific circumstances. For 2015 and future awards, the Committee also has the power to recover all, or a portion of, amounts already paid in specific circumstances and within a defined timeframe (clawback).
Opportunity
The Chief Executive, M&G has a bonus opportunity of the lower of six times salary or 0.75 per cent of M&G’s IFRS profit. For other Executive Directors, the maximum AIP opportunity is up to 200 per cent of salary. Annual awards are disclosed in the relevant annual report on remuneration.
In addition to the AIP, the President & CEO, JNL receives a 10 per cent share of the Jackson Senior Management Bonus Pool.
The maximum vesting under this arrangement is 100 per cent of the original deferral plus accrued dividend shares.
The value of shares awarded under the PLTIP (in any given financial year) may not exceed 550 per cent of the executive’s annual basic salary. Awards made in a particular year are usually significantly below this limit and are disclosed in the relevant annual report on remuneration. The Committee would consult with major shareholders before increasing award levels during the life of this policy.
The maximum vesting under the PLTIP is 100 per cent of the original share award plus accrued dividend shares.
The Chief Executive, M&G receives an award with an initial value of 300 per cent of salary under this plan. Maximum vesting is 100 per cent of the number of phantom shares originally awarded.
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 107
Summary of Directors’ remuneration policy continued
Share ownership guidelines
The guidelines for share ownership are as follows:
— 350 per cent of salary for the Group Chief Executive; and
— 200 per cent of salary for other Executive Directors.
Executives have five years from the implementation of these increased guidelines (or from the date of their appointment, if later) to build this level of ownership.
The full policy sets out the Committee’s powers in respect of Executive Directors joining or leaving the Board, where a change in performance conditions is appropriate or in the case of corporate transactions (such as a takeover, merger or Rights Issue). The policy also describes legacy long-term incentive plans under which some Executive Directors continue to hold awards.
Remuneration for Non-executive Directors and the Chairman
Non-executive Directors
Fees
All Non-executive Directors receive a basic fee for their duties as a Board member. Additional fees are paid for added responsibilities such as chairmanship and membership of committees or acting as the Senior Independent Director. Fees are paid to Non-executives in cash. Fees are reviewed annually by the Board with any changes effective from 1 July. If, in a particular year, the number of meetings is materially greater than usual, the Company may determine that the provision of additional fees is fair and reasonable.
Non-executive Chairman Fees
The Chairman receives an annual fee for the performance of the role. On appointment, the fee may be fixed for a specified period of time. Fees will otherwise be reviewed annually with any changes effective from 1 July. The Chairman is not eligible to participate in annual bonus plans or long-term incentive plans.
Benefits
Travel and expenses for Non-executive Directors are incurred in the normal course of business, for example in relation to attendance at Board and committee meetings. The costs associated with these are all met by the Company.
Benefits
The Chairman may be offered benefits including:
— Health and wellness benefits;
— Protection and security benefits;
— Transport benefits; and
— Relocation and expatriate benefits (where appropriate).
The Chairman is not eligible to receive a pension allowance or to participate in the Group’s employee pension schemes.
Share ownership guidelines
It is expected that Non-executive Directors will hold shares with a value equivalent to one times the annual basic fee (excluding additional fees for chairmanship and membership of any committees).
Non-executive Directors are expected to attain this level of share ownership within three years of their appointment.
Share ownership guidelines
The Chairman has a share ownership guideline of one times his annual fee and is expected to attain this level of share ownership within five years of the date of his appointment.
In setting the Directors’ remuneration policy, the Committee considers a range of factors including:
Conditions elsewhere in the Group
Across the Group, remuneration is reviewed regularly with the intention that all employees are paid appropriately in the context of their local market and given their individual skills, experience and performance. Each business unit’s salary increase budget is set with reference to local market conditions. The Remuneration Committee considers salary increase budgets in each business unit when determining the salaries of Executive Directors.
Prudential does not consult with employees when setting the Directors’ remuneration policy. Prudential is a global organisation with employees, and agents in multiple business units and geographies. As such, there are practical challenges associated with consulting with employees directly on this matter. As many employees are also shareholders, they are able to participate in binding votes on the Directors’ remuneration policy and annual votes on the annual report on remuneration.
Shareholder views
The Remuneration Committee and the Company undertake regular consultation with key institutional investors on the remuneration policy and its implementation. This engagement is led by the Remuneration Committee Chairman and is an integral part of the Company’s investor relations programme. The Committee is grateful to shareholders for their feedback and takes this into account when determining executive remuneration.
108 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Annual report on remuneration
Annual report on remuneration
The Board has established Audit, Remuneration, Nomination and Risk Committees as principal standing Committees of the Board. These Committees form a key element of the Group governance framework.
The operation of the Remuneration Committee Members
Anthony Nightingale (Chairman from 14 May 2015, member since 1 June 2013) Kai Nargolwala Philip Remnant Lord Turnbull (Chairman and member until 14 May 2015)
Role and responsibility
The role and responsibilities of the Committee are set out in its terms of reference, which are reviewed by the Committee and approved by the Board on an annual basis, and which can be found on the Company’s website. The Committee’s role is to assist the Board in meeting its responsibilities regarding the determination, implementation and operation of the overall remuneration policy for the Group, including the remuneration of the Chairman and Executive Directors, as well as overseeing the remuneration arrangements of other staff within its purview.
The principal responsibilities of the Committee are:
— Determining and recommending to the Board for approval, the framework and policy for the remuneration of the Chairman and Executive Directors;
— Approving the design of performance-related pay schemes operated for the Executive Directors and determining the targets and individual payouts under such schemes;
— Reviewing the design and development of all share plans requiring approval by the Board and/or the Company’s shareholders;
— Approving the share ownership guidelines for the Chairman and Executive Directors and monitoring compliance;
— Reviewing and approving individual packages for the Executive Directors and the fees of the Chairman and other independent chairs of the Group’s material subsidiaries;
— Reviewing and approving packages to be offered to newly recruited Executive Directors;
— Reviewing and approving the structure and quantum of any severance package for Executive Directors;
— Ensuring the process for establishing remuneration policy is transparent and consistent with the Group’s risk appetite, encourages strong risk-management and solvency-management practices and takes account of remuneration practices across the Group;
— Monitoring the remuneration and risk-management implications of remuneration of senior executives across the Group, senior staff in the risk, control and governance functions, and those with an opportunity to earn in excess of £1 million in a particular year; and
— Overseeing the implementation of the Group remuneration policy for those roles within scope of the specific arrangements referred to in Article 275 of Solvency II.
The effectiveness of the Committee was assessed as part of the overall performance evaluation of the Board. This assessment confirmed that the Committee continued to operate effectively during the year. More information on the Board evaluation can be found on page 80.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 109
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Annual report on remuneration continued
In 2015, the Committee met seven times. Key activities at each meeting are shown in the table below:
Meeting February 2015
March 2015
May 2015
June 2015
September 2015
December 2015 (two meetings)
Key activities
Approve the 2014 Directors’ remuneration report; consider 2014 bonus awards for Executive Directors; consider vesting of the long-term incentive awards with a performance period ending on 31 December 2014; approve 2015 long-term incentive awards, performance measures and plan documentation; and approve the introduction of clawback provisions.
Confirm 2014 annual bonuses and the vesting of long-term incentive awards with a performance period ending on 31 December 2014, in light of audited financial results.
Approve separation arrangements for executives who were stepping down from the Board.
Consider performance for outstanding long-term incentive awards, based on the half-year results; review the remuneration of senior executives across the Group, senior risk staff and of employees with a remuneration opportunity over £1 million per annum; review the application of the loss-of-office policy; and consider and review progress towards share ownership guidelines by the Chairman, Executive Directors and Group Executive Committee members.
Review the dilution levels resulting from the Company’s share plans; review total proposed 2016 remuneration of Executive Directors ahead of consultation with shareholders; and review the Remuneration Committee’s terms of reference.
Review the level of participation in the Company’s all-employee share plans; consider feedback received from shareholders about executive remuneration in 2016; approve new and existing Executive Directors’ 2016 salaries and incentive opportunities; consider the annual bonus and long-term incentive measures and targets to be used in 2016 (including Ecap surplus and Solvency II surplus metrics and targets to be used for 2016 bonuses); review an initial draft of the 2015 Directors’ remuneration report; approve the implementation of the remuneration requirements of Solvency II; and approve the Committee’s 2016 work plan.
Additionally, a number of resolutions in writing were approved by the Committee between these meetings relating to new and promoted Executive Directors’ remuneration arrangements and separation arrangements for those Executive Directors who stepped down from the Board.
The Chairman and the Group Chief Executive attend meetings by invitation. The Committee also had the benefit of advice from:
— Group Chief Risk Officer;
— Chief Financial Officer;
— Group Human Resources Director; and
— Director of Group Reward and Employee Relations.
Individuals are never present when their own remuneration is discussed and the Committee is always careful to manage potential confiicts of interest when receiving views from Executive Directors or senior management about executive remuneration proposals. During 2015, Deloitte LLP was the independent adviser to the Committee. Deloitte was appointed by the Committee in 2011 following a competitive tender process. As part of this process, the Committee considered the services that Deloitte provided to Prudential and its competitors as well as other potential confiicts of interests. Deloitte is a member of the Remuneration Consultants’ Group and voluntarily operate under their code of conduct when providing advice on executive remuneration in the UK. Deloitte regularly meet with the Chairman of the Committee without management present. The Committee is comfortable that the Deloitte engagement partner and team providing remuneration advice to the Committee do not have connections with Prudential that may impair their independence and objectivity. The total fees paid to Deloitte for the provision of independent advice to the Committee in 2015 were £77,700 charged on a time and materials basis. During 2015, Deloitte also gave Prudential management advice on remuneration, as well as providing guidance on Solvency II, taxation, internal audit, real estate and other financial, risk and regulatory matters. Remuneration advice is provided by an entirely separate team within Deloitte.
In addition, management received external advice and data from a number of other providers. This included market data and legal counsel. This advice, and these services, are not considered to be material.
During the year, the Company has complied with the appropriate provisions of the UK Corporate Governance Code regarding directors’ remuneration.
110 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Remuneration in respect of performance in 2015 Base salary
Executive Directors’ salaries were reviewed in 2014 with changes effective from 1 January 2015. When the Committee took these decisions it considered:
— The salary increases awarded to other employees;
— The performance and experience of each executive;
— The relative size of each director’s role; and
— The performance of the Group.
Salary increases for the wider workforce vary across our business units, reflecting local market conditions; in 2015 salary budgets increased between 2.5 per cent and 5 per cent for the wider workforce.
To provide context for this review, information was also drawn from the following market reference points:
Executive
Pierre-Olivier Bouée
Jackie Hunt
Michael McLintock
Nic Nicandrou
Barry Stowe
Tidjane Thiam
Mike Wells
Role
Group Chief Risk Officer
Chief Executive, UK & Europe
Chief Executive, M&G
Chief Financial Officer
Chief Executive, PCA
Group Chief Executive
President & CEO, JNL
Benchmark(s) used to assess remuneration
FTSE 40
FTSE 40
International Insurance Companies
McLagan UK Investment Management Survey International Insurance Companies
FTSE 40
International Insurance Companies
Towers Watson Asian Insurance Survey
FTSE 40
International Insurance Companies
Towers Watson US Financial Services Survey LOMA US Insurance Survey
As reported in last year’s report, after careful consideration the Committee decided to increase salaries by 3 per cent for all Executive Directors, other than the Chief Executive, Prudential Corporation Asia, whose salary was increased by 5 per cent to reflect the inflationary environment in Asia.
The Committee also approved changes to 2015 incentive opportunities for two Executive Directors: the Chief Executive, Prudential Corporation Asia’s maximum AIP and LTIP awards were increased to 180 per cent and 250 per cent of salary, respectively. This reflects the importance of Prudential Corporation Asia’s strategic initiatives which are crucial to the achievement of Group-wide objectives. The Chief Executive, Prudential UK & Europe’s maximum AIP and LTIP awards were increased to 175 per cent and 250 per cent of salary, respectively. This reflects the fact that the scope of the incumbent’s role had increased due to the Group’s expansion into Africa. Additionally, this reflects the ambition of the UK & Europe business as it relates to the Group’s growth and cash ambitions.
Executive 2014 salary 2015 salary
Pierre-Olivier Bouée £630,000 £649,000 Jackie Hunt £644,000 £664,000 Michael McLintock £382,000 £394,000 Nic Nicandrou £682,000 £703,000 Barry Stowe1 HK$8,490,000 HK$8,920,000 Tidjane Thiam £1,061,000 £1,093,000 Mike Wells2 US$1,114,000 US$1,148,000
Notes
1 Barry Stowe was appointed Chairman & CEO, NABU on 1 June 2015. The annualised 2015 salary above was paid in respect of his service as Chief Executive, PCA.
2 Mike Wells was appointed Group Chief Executive on 1 June 2015. The annualised 2015 salary above was paid in respect of his service as President & CEO, JNL.
Penny James was appointed to the Board as Group Chief Risk Officer on 1 September 2015 with a salary of £600,000 and Tony Wilkey was appointed to the Board as Chief Executive, Prudential Corporation Asia on 1 June 2015 with a salary of HK$8,800,000. On his promotion to Group Chief Executive on 1 June 2015, Mike Wells’s salary was £1,070,000 and on appointment as Chairman & CEO, NABU, on 1 June 2015, Barry Stowe’s salary was US$1,100,000.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 111
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01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Annual report on remuneration continued
Annual bonus
2015 annual bonus opportunities
Executive Directors’ bonus opportunities, the weighting of performance measures for 2015 and the proportion of annual bonuses deferred are set out below:
Weighting of measures Maximum Financial measures
AIP opportunity Personal Executive (% of salary) Deferral requirement Group Business unit objectives
Pierre-Olivier Bouée1 160% 40% of total bonus 50% – 50% Jackie Hunt2 175% 40% of total bonus 20% 60% 20% Penny James3 160% 40% of total bonus 50% – 50% Michael McLintock4 600% 40% of total bonus 20% 60% 20% Nic Nicandrou 175% 40% of total bonus 80% – 20% Barry Stowe5 160% 40% of total bonus 80% – 20% Tidjane Thiam6 200% 40% of total bonus 80% – 20% Mike Wells7 200% 40% of total bonus 80% – 20% Tony Wilkey8 180% 40% of total bonus 20% 60% 20%
Notes
1 Pierre-Olivier Bouée stepped down from the Board on 31 May 2015. The maximum bonus opportunity shown represents his annual opportunity as an Executive Director but no bonus was paid.
2 Jackie Hunt stepped down from the Board on 3 November 2015. The maximum bonus opportunity shown represents her annual opportunity as an Executive Director.
3 Penny James was appointed to the Board on 1 September 2015. The maximum bonus opportunity shown represents her annual opportunity as an Executive Director – this was pro-rated for the portion of the year for which she was an Executive Director.
4 Michael McLintock’s annual bonus opportunity in 2015 was the lower of 0.75 per cent of M&G’s IFRS profit and six times annual salary. M&G’s IFRS profit in 2015 was £473.2 million.
5 Barry Stowe was Chief Executive, PCA until 31 May 2015 and was appointed Chairman & CEO, NABU on 1 June 2015. The maximum opportunity shown represents his annual opportunity in his current role – this was pro-rated for the portion of the year he was in this role and he also receives a pro-rated AIP in respect of the portion of the year he was Chief Executive, PCA. In addition to the AIP, he receives 10 per cent share of the Jackson Senior Management Bonus Pool pro-rated for the period he was in his current role. This is determined by the financial performance of Jackson.
6 Tidjane Thiam stepped down from the Board on 31 May 2015. The maximum bonus opportunity shown represents his annual opportunity as an Executive Director – this was pro-rated for the portion of the year for which he was an Executive Director.
7 Mike Wells was President & CEO, Jackson until 31 May 2015 and was appointed Group Chief Executive on 1 June 2015. The maximum opportunity shown represents his annual opportunity in his current role – this was pro-rated for the portion of the year he was in this role and he also receives a pro-rated AIP in respect of the portion of the year he was President & CEO, Jackson. In addition to the AIP, he received 10 per cent share of the Jackson Senior Management Bonus Pool pro-rated for the period he was in that role. This is determined by the financial performance of Jackson.
8 Tony Wilkey was appointed to the Board on 1 June 2015. The maximum bonus opportunity shown represents his annual opportunity as an Executive Director – this was pro-rated for the portion of the year for which he was an Executive Director.
2015 AIP performance measures and achievement
Financial performance
The financial performance measures set for 2015 are shown below. Prior to the start of the year, the Committee set stretching performance ranges for each of these measures in line with the Group’s business plan targets. The Committee reviewed performance against these ranges at its meeting in February 2016; in all of our bonus performance metrics, other than the new measure of ECap surplus, the Group’s 2015 results exceeded its stretch plan targets.
The Committee also considered a report from the Group Chief Risk Officer which confirmed that these results were achieved within the Group’s and business units’ risk appetite and framework. The Group Chief Risk Officer also considered the effectiveness of risk management and internal controls, and specific actions taken to mitigate risks, particularly where these may be at the expense of profits or sales. The Group Chief Risk Officer’s recommendations were taken into account by the Committee when determining AIP outcomes for Executive Directors.
The performance measures, their weightings and the achievement compared to the performance range, is illustrated below. The performance range (the levels of performance required for threshold and maximum bonuses to be paid) for the 2015 Group financial measures will be disclosed in the 2016 report.
Threshold Midpoint Maximum Above maximum MeasureWeighting 0% vesting 50% vesting 100% vesting 100% vesting
Cash _ow 10% Operating free surplus 25% IGD surplus 10% ECap surplus 5% NBP EEV pro,t 5% In-force EEV pro,t 10% IFRS pro,t 35%
Group Prudential Corporation Asia UK & Europe M&G
112 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Personal performance
As set out in the Directors’ remuneration policy, a proportion of the annual bonus for each Executive Director is based on the achievement of personal objectives. These objectives include the executive’s contribution to Group strategy as a member of the Board and specific goals related to their functional and/or business unit role. Performance against these objectives was assessed by the Committee at its meeting in February 2016.
2015 Annual Incentive Plan payments
On the basis of the strong performance of the Group and its business units, and the Committee’s assessment of each executive’s personal performance, the Committee determined the following 2015 AIP payments:
2015 AIP payment
Maximum (percentage 2015 AIP Executive Role 2015 salary* 2015 AIP of maximum) payment
Pierre-Olivier Bouée1 Group Chief Risk Officer £649,000 160% 0% £nil Jackie Hunt2 Chief Executive, UK & Europe £664,000 175% 89.4% £1,039,160 Penny James Group Chief Risk Officer £600,000 160% 99.3% £317,740 Michael McLintock Chief Executive, M&G £394,000 600% 90.0% £2,127,600 Nic Nicandrou Chief Financial Officer £703,000 175% 99.5% £1,223,782 Barry Stowe Chairman & CEO, NABU US$1,100,000 160% 99.5% US$1,021,277 Chief Executive, PCA HK$8,920,000 180% 95.9% HK$6,413,852 Tidjane Thiam3 Group Chief Executive £1,093,000 200% 77.3% £703,857 Mike Wells Group Chief Executive £1,070,000 200% 99.7% £1,244,214 President & CEO, JNL US$1,148,000 160% 99.7% US$762,846 Tony Wilkey Chief Executive, PCA HK$8,800,000 180% 95.9% HK$8,858,593
| * |
|
At 31 December 2015 or stepping down from the Board if earlier. |
Notes
| 1 |
|
Pierre-Olivier Bouée stepped down from the Board on 31 May 2015 and no bonus was paid. |
2 Jackie Hunt stepped down from the Board on 3 November 2015. The bonus shown above was paid in respect of her service as an Executive Director. Please see the ‘Payments to past directors’ section for details.
3 Tidjane Thiam stepped down from the Board on 31 May 2015. The bonus shown above was paid in respect of his service as an Executive Director. Please see the ‘Payments to past directors’ section for details.
4 Where individuals joined the Board during the year, or their roles changed during the year, the bonus paid reflected the time they spent as Executive Directors in their respective roles.
2015 Jackson bonus pool
In 2015, the Jackson bonus pool was determined by Jackson’s profitability, capital adequacy, remittances to Group, in-force experience, ECap solvency ratio and credit rating. Across all of these measures Jackson delivered strong performance and exceeded prior year performance. As a result of this performance the Committee determined that Mike Wells’s share of the bonus pool would be US$2,261,250 and Barry Stowe’s share of the bonus pool would be US$3,165,750.
Disclosure of targets and achievement for the 2014 Annual Incentive Plan
The Group’s financial performance range and the results achieved in respect of the 2014 Annual Incentive Plan are disclosed below. The Board believe that, due to the commercial sensitivity of the business unit targets, disclosing further details of these targets may damage the competitive position of the Group.
Targets and achievement for the 2014 Annual Incentive Plan
Payout as % Measure Weighting Threshold MaximumAchievement of maximum
Group cash _ow 15% 234 100%
0 128
Operating free surplus 20% 2,579 100% 2,108 2,448 Group IGD surplus 15% 4,715 100% 3,508 4,508 Post-tax NBP EEV pro_t 5% 2,126 100% 1,769 2,044 Post-tax In-force EEV pro_t 10% 1,970 100% 1,244 1,519 Group IFRS pro_t 35% 3,186 100% 2,619 2,969
Overall Group bonus score 100%
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 113
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01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Annual report on remuneration continued
Remuneration in respect of performance in 2015
Long-term incentive plans with performance periods ending on 31 December 2015
Our long-term incentive plans have stretching performance conditions which are aligned to the strategic priorities of the Group. In deciding the portion of the awards to be released, the Committee considered actual financial results against these performance targets. The Committee also reviewed underlying Company performance to ensure vesting levels were appropriate. The Directors’ remuneration policy contains further details of the design of Prudential’s long-term incentive plans.
Prudential Long-Term Incentive Plan (PLTIP) and Group Performance Share Plan (GPSP)
In 2013, all Executive Directors were made awards under the PLTIP or GPSP. The awards were subject to challenging targets. The weightings of these measures are detailed in the table below:
Weighting of measures
IFRS profit Executive Group TSR1 (Group or business unit)2
Michael McLintock 100% –Jackie Hunt 50% 50% (business unit target) Barry Stowe 50% 50% (business unit target) Mike Wells 50% 50% (business unit target) All other Executive Directors 50% 50% (Group)
Notes
| 1 |
|
Group TSR is measured on a ranked basis over three years relative to peers. |
| 2 |
|
IFRS profit is measured on a cumulative basis over three years. |
Under the Group TSR measure, 25 per cent of the award vests for TSR at the median of the peer group increasing to full vesting for performance within the upper quartile. The peer group for the awards is: Aegon Aflac AIA AIG
Allianz Aviva AXA Generali Legal & General Manulife MetLife Munich Re Old Mutual Prudential Financial Standard Life Sun Life Financial Swiss Re Zurich Insurance Group
Prudential’s TSR performance during the performance period (1 January 2013 to 31 December 2015) was in the upper quartile of the peer group above (ranked 5). The portion of the awards related to TSR therefore vested in full.
Under the IFRS measure, 25 per cent of the award vests for meeting the threshold IFRS profit set at the start of the performance period increasing to full vesting for performance at or above the stretch level. The table below illustrates the cumulative performance achieved over 2013 to 2015 compared to the Group targets set in 2013:
Cumulative Cumulative target achievement Overall Group (2013-15) (2013-15) vesting
IFRS operating profit £8,329 million £10,147 million 100%
The Committee determined that the cumulative IFRS operating profit target established for the PLTIP should be expressed using exchange rates consistent with our reported disclosures. All the individual business units exceeded their stretch performance target and achieved 100 per cent vesting, other than Asia which exceeded plan performance, but not stretch performance, and therefore vested at 95 per cent. The individual business unit IFRS targets have not been disclosed as the Committee considers that these are commercially sensitive and disclosure of targets at such a granular level would put the Company at a disadvantage compared to its competitors. The Committee will keep this disclosure policy under review based on whether, in its view, disclosure would compromise the Company’s competitive position.
M&G Executive Long-Term Incentive Plan
The phantom share price at vesting for the 2013 M&G Executive Long-Term Incentive Plan award is determined by the increase or decrease in M&G’s profitability over the three-year performance period with adjustments for the investment performance of its funds. M&G performance and the resulting phantom share price for Michael McLintock are shown below:
3-year profit 3-year investment 2015 phantom Value of Award growth of M&G performance share price awards vesting
2013 M&G Executive LTIP 36% 2nd quartile £1.79 £1,991,196
114 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Prudential Corporation Asia Long-Term Incentive Plan
Tony Wilkey received awards under the Prudential Corporation Asia Long-Term Incentive Plan before he was appointed to the Board, which vested during 2015. The Prudential Corporation Asia Long-Term Incentive Plan does not have performance conditions.
2015 LTIP vesting
On the basis of the performance of the Group and its business units, and the Committee’s assessment that the awards should vest, the vesting of each executive’s LTIP awards are set out below.
Maximum value of Percentage of the Number of Value of Executive award at full vesting1 LTIP award vesting shares vesting5 shares vesting1
Pierre-Olivier Bouée2 £500,638 69.4% 22,993 £347,654 Jackie Hunt2 £1,922,024 100% 127,118 £1,922,024 Penny James £409,994 100% 27,116 £409,994 Michael McLintock3 £760,158 100% 50,275 £760,158 Nic Nicandrou £1,995,522 100% 131,979 £1,995,522 Barry Stowe £2,124,954 97.5% 68,952 £2,071,801 Tidjane Thiam2 £5,552,986 66.7% 244,840 £3,701,981 Mike Wells £4,426,975 100% 147,335 £4,426,975 Tony Wilkey4 £1,750,647 97.5%/100% 118,132 £1,740,350
Notes
1 Other than for Tony Wilkey’s award which vested on 14 September 2015, the share price used to calculate the value of the LTIP awards which vest in 2016 was the average share price/ADR price for the three months up to 31 December 2015, being £15.12/£30.05.
2 Pierre-Olivier Bouée, Jackie Hunt and Tidjane Thiam left the Board during 2015. For details of arrangements in respect of their long-term incentive awards, please see the ‘Payments to Past Directors’ section.
| 3 |
|
This does not include the vesting of Michael McLintock’s M&G Executive Long-Term Incentive Plan award. |
4 Tony Wilkey’s awards include an award which vested on 14 September 2015 (the share price on that date was £13.85) in addition to the awards which vest in 2016.
| 5 |
|
The number of shares vesting include accrued dividend shares. |
Malus and clawback policy
During the year the Committee adopted a clawback policy that applies to Executive Directors and members of the GEC. A summary of both this policy and the malus policy is set out below.
Malus (applies in respect of any annual bonus or long-term incentive award).
Allows unvested shares awarded under deferred bonus and LTIP plans to be forfeited in certain circumstances.
Clawback (applies in respect of any annual bonuses paid in respect of performance in 2015 and subsequent years, and the deferred portions of these bonuses. Also applies to long-term incentive awards made on or after 1 January 2015). Allows cash and share awards to be recovered before or after release in certain circumstances.
Circumstances when the Committee may exercise its discretion to apply malus or clawback to an award
Where a business decision taken during the performance period by the participant’s business unit at the time of the decision has resulted in a material breach of any law, regulation, code of practice or other instrument which applies to companies or individuals within the business unit.
There is a materially adverse restatement of the accounts for any year during the performance period of (i) the business unit in which the participant worked at any time in that year; and/or (ii) any member of the Group which is attributable to incorrect information about the affairs of that business unit.
Any matter arises which the Committee believes affects or may affect the reputation of the Company or any member of the Group.
Where at any time before the fifth anniversary of the start of the performance period, either (i) there is a materially adverse restatement of the Company’s published accounts in respect of any financial year which (in whole or part) comprised part of the performance period; or (ii) it becomes apparent that a material breach of a law or regulation took place during the performance period which resulted in significant harm to the Company or its reputation.
And the Committee considers it appropriate, taking account of the extent of the participants’ responsibility for the relevant restatement or breach, that clawback be applied to the relevant participant.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 115
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Annual report on remuneration continued
Pension entitlements
Pension provisions in 2015 were:
Executive
Barry Stowe
Tony Wilkey
Mike Wells
All other UK-based executives
2015 pension arrangement
As Chief Executive, PCA: pension supplement in lieu of pension of 25 per cent of salary and a HK$15,000 payment to the Hong Kong Mandatory Provident Fund.
As Chairman & CEO, NABU: pension supplement of 25 per cent of salary, part of which is paid as a contribution to an approved US retirement plan.
Pension supplement in lieu of pension of 25 per cent of salary and a HK$10,500 payment to the Hong Kong Mandatory Provident Fund.
Mike Wells did not qualify for matching contributions when he was Chairman & Chief Executive, Jackson, as he was not in that role for the qualifying period during 2015.
As Group Chief Executive: pension supplement in lieu of pension of 25 per cent of salary.
Pension supplement in lieu of pension of 25 per cent of salary.
Life assurance provision
As Chief Executive, PCA, four times salary.
As Chairman & CEO, NABU, two times salary.
Four times salary.
As Group Chief Executive, four times salary plus a dependants’ pension.
Up to four times salary plus a dependants’ pension.
Michael McLintock previously participated in a contributory defined benefit scheme which was open at the time he joined the Company. The scheme provided a target pension of two thirds of final pensionable earnings on retirement for an employee with 30 years or more potential service who remained in service to Normal Retirement Date. He is now a deferred member of the scheme. Mr McLintock’s Normal Retirement Date under the scheme is age 60, should he claim his deferred pension before this age it will be subject to an actuarial reduction. There are no additional benefits payable should Mr McLintock retire early.
At the end of 2015 the transfer value of this entitlement was £1,462,621. This equates to an annual pension of £59,686 which will increase broadly in line with inflation in the period before Mr McLintock’s retirement.
116 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Table of 2015 Executive Director total remuneration ‘The Single Figure’
Of which:
Amount deferred Total 2015 2015 2015 Amount into 2015 2015 remuneration 2015 taxable total paid in Prudential LTIP pension ‘The Single £000s salary benefits* bonus cash shares† releases‡ benefits§ Figure’¶
Pierre-Olivier Bouée1 270 38 – – – 348 68 724 Jackie Hunt2 557 76 1,039 623 416 1,922 139 3,733 Penny James3 200 21 318 191 127 410 50 999 Michael McLintock 394 71 2,128 1,277 851 2,751 98 5,442 Nic Nicandrou4 703 377 1,224 734 490 1,996 176 4,476 Barry Stowe5 729 558 3,281 1,969 1,312 2,072 188 6,828 Tidjane Thiam6 455 44 704 422 282 3,702 114 5,019 Mike Wells7 942 1,283 3,223 1,934 1,289 4,427 156 10,031 Tony Wilkey8 433 402 748 449 299 1,740 109 3,432
Total 4,683 2,870 12,665 7,599 5,066 19,368 1,098 40,684
* Benefits include (where provided) the cost of providing the use of a car and driver, medical insurance, security arrangements and relocation/expatriate benefits.
† The deferred part of the bonus is subject to malus and clawback in accordance with the Malus and Clawback policies.
‡ In line with the regulations, the estimated value of LTIP releases in 2016 has been calculated based on the average share/ADR price over the last three months of 2015
(£15.12/£30.05). The actual value of LTIPs, based on the share price on the date awards are released, will be shown in the 2016 report.
§ 2015 pension benefits include cash supplements for pension purposes and contributions into DC schemes as outlined on the previous page.
¶ Each remuneration element is rounded to the nearest £1,000 and totals are the sum of these rounded figures. Total remuneration is calculated using the methodology prescribed by Schedule 8 of the Companies Act.
Notes
1 Pierre-Olivier Bouée stepped down from the Board on 31 May 2015. The remuneration above was paid in respect of his service as an Executive Director.
2 Jackie Hunt stepped down from the Board on 3 November 2015. The remuneration shown above was paid in respect of her service as an Executive Director.
3 Penny James was appointed to the Board on 1 September 2015. The remuneration above was paid in respect of her service as an Executive Director, other than the LTIP releases which related to her previous role.
4 Nic Nicandrou’s 2015 benefits relate primarily to a legacy relocation clause in his contract agreed on his appointment and disclosed in the 2009 Annual Report. The figure includes costs of £243,750 to cover stamp duty.
5 Barry Stowe’s 2015 benefits relate primarily to his expatriate status while he was located in Hong Kong in his previous role as Chief Executive, PCA, including costs of £139,405 for housing, £62,586 home leave and a £152,978 Executive Director Location Allowance. In addition, to facilitate his move back to the US, his benefits include relocation support including costs of £110,101 for relocation, shipping and tax return preparation. His bonus figure excludes a contribution of £10,404 from a profit sharing plan which has been made into a 401(k) retirement plan in respect of his role as Chairman & CEO, NABU. This is included under 2015 pension benefits.
6 Tidjane Thiam stepped down from the Board on 31 May 2015. The remuneration shown above was paid in respect of his service as an Executive Director.
7 To facilitate his move to the UK, Mike Wells’s benefits include relocation support including an allowance of £200,000 for relocation and shipping, £177,890 for temporary accommodation, £513,750 to cover stamp duty and £56,604 to cover mortgage interest.
8 Tony Wilkey was appointed to the Board on 1 June 2015. The remuneration above was paid in respect of his service as an Executive Director, other than the LTIP releases which related to his previous role. Tony Wilkey’s 2015 benefits include costs of £140,134 for housing and a £214,169 Executive Director Location Allowance.
Table of 2014 Executive Director total remuneration ‘The Single Figure’
Amount deferred Total 2014 2014 2014 Amount into 2014 2014 remuneration 2014 taxable total paid in Prudential LTIP pension ‘The Single £000s salary benefits* bonus† cash shares† releases‡ benefits§ Figure’¶
Pierre-Olivier Bouée1 473 75 752 451 301 886 118 2,304 John Foley2 162 24 255 153 102 3,740 41 4,222 Jackie Hunt 644 163 1,016 610 406 1,687 161 3,671 Michael McLintock 382 94 2,292 1,375 917 2,865 96 5,729 Nic Nicandrou 682 96 1,186 712 474 3,488 171 5,623 Barry Stowe3 665 710 1,046 628 418 3,394 169 5,984 Tidjane Thiam 1,061 132 2,122 1,273 849 9,838 265 13,418 Mike Wells4 676 58 4,348 2,609 1,739 7,292 19 12,393 Total 4,745 1,352 13,017 7,811 5,206 33,190 1,040 53,344
* Benefits include (where provided) the cost of providing the use of a car and driver, medical insurance, security arrangements and relocation/expatriate benefits.
† The deferred part of the bonus is subject to malus in accordance with the Malus and Clawback policies.
‡ In line with the regulations, the value of the LTIP releases has been recalculated based on the closing share/ADR price on the date awards were released, 30 March 2015
(£16.97/£33.09). The value also includes the cash payment relating to the final dividend declared in March 2015, approved at the AGM and paid after the vesting date.
§ 2014 pension benefits include cash supplements for pension purposes and contributions into DC schemes.
¶ Each remuneration element is rounded to the nearest £1,000 and totals are the sum of these rounded figures. Total remuneration is calculated using the methodology prescribed by Schedule 8 of the Companies Act.
Notes
1 Pierre-Olivier Bouée was appointed to the Board on 1 April 2014. The remuneration above was paid in respect of his service as an Executive Director.
2 John Foley stepped down from the Board on 1 April 2014. The remuneration above was paid in respect of his service as an Executive Director.
3 Barry Stowe’s 2014 benefits relate primarily to his expatriate status, including costs of £217,393 for housing, £18,272 for children’s education, £76,319 for home leave and a £340,473 Executive Director Location Allowance.
4 Mike Wells’s bonus figure excludes a contribution of £9,469 from a profit sharing plan which has been made into a 401(k) retirement plan. This is included under 2014 pension benefits.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 117
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01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Annual report on remuneration continued
Performance graph and table
The chart below illustrates the TSR performance of Prudential, the FTSE 100 and the peer group of international insurers used to benchmark the Company’s performance for the purposes of the PLTIP.
Prudential TSR v FTSE 100 and peer group averages – total return, per cent over seven years to 31 December 2015
£600
£547
£500
£400
£300
£242
£200 £191
£100 Dec 2008 Dec 2009 Dec 2010 Dec 2011 Dec 2012 Dec 2013 Dec 2014 Dec 2015
Prudential FTSE 100 Peer group average
Note
The peer group average represents the average TSR performance of the peer group currently used for PLTIP awards (excluding companies not listed at the start of the period).
The information in the table below shows the total remuneration for the Group Chief Executive over the same period:
£000 2009 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015
Group Chief Executive M Tucker T Thiam T Thiam T Thiam T Thiam T Thiam T Thiam T Thiam M Wells Salary, pension and benefits 1,013 286 1,189 1,241 1,373 1,411 1,458 613 1,992 Annual bonus payment 841 354 1,570 1,570 2,000 2,056 2,122 704 1,244 (As % of maximum) (92%) (90%) (97%) (97%) (100%) (99.8%) (100%) (77.3%) (99.7%) LTIP vesting 1,575 – 2,534 2,528 6,160 5,235 9,838 3,702 4,427 (As % of maximum) (100%) – (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) Other payments 308 – – – – – – – –Group Chief Executive Single Figure of total remuneration 3,737 640 5,293 5,339 9,533 8,702 13,418 5,019 7,663
Notes
1 Mark Tucker left the Company on 30 September 2009. Tidjane Thiam became Group Chief Executive on 1 October 2009. The figures shown for Tidjane Thiam’s remuneration in 2009 relate only to his service as Group Chief Executive.
2 Tidjane Thiam left the Company on 31 May 2015. Mike Wells became Group Chief Executive on 1 June 2015. The figures shown for Mike Wells’s remuneration in 2015 relate only to his service as Group Chief Executive.
Percentage change in remuneration
The table below sets out how the change in remuneration for the Group Chief Executive between 2014 and 2015 compared to a wider employee comparator group:
Salary Benefits Bonus
Group Chief Executive 1.75% 824.6% (8.2)% All UK employees 3.3% 17.1% 10%
The employee comparator group used for the purpose of this analysis is all UK employees. This includes employees in the UK Insurance Operations business, M&G and Group Head Office, and reflects the average change in pay for employees employed in both 2014 and 2015. The salary increase includes uplifts made through the annual salary review as well as any additional changes in the year, for example to reflect promotions or role changes. The UK workforce has been chosen as the most appropriate comparator group as it reflects the economic environment for the location in which the Group Chief Executive is employed.
The Group Chief Executive’s salary, benefits and bonus percentage change has been calculated by taking the amounts received by both Tidjane Thiam and Mike Wells in this role in 2015 and calculating the percentage increase or decrease from the amount received by Tidjane Thiam in 2014. Mike Wells was required to relocate to London to assume the Group Chief Executive role and the increase in benefits received by the Group Chief Executive role reflects this relocation support.
118 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Letters of appointment of the Chairman and Non-executive Directors
The Directors’ remuneration policy contains further details on Non-executive Directors’ letters of appointment. Details of their individual appointments are outlined below:
Initial election Expiration of the Appointment by shareholders current term of Chairman/Non-executive Director by the Board at the AGM Notice period appointment
Chairman
Paul Manduca1 15 October 2010 AGM 2011 12 months AGM 2018
Non-executive Directors
Philip Remnant 1 January 2013 AGM 2013 6 months AGM 2016 Howard Davies 15 October 2010 AGM 2011 6 months AGM 2017 Ann Godbehere2 2 August 2007 AGM 2008 6 months AGM 2016 Alistair Johnston3 1 January 2012 AGM 2012 6 months AGM 2018 David Law 15 September 2015 AGM 2016 6 months AGM 2019 Kai Nargolwala 1 January 2012 AGM 2012 6 months AGM 2018 Anthony Nightingale 1 June 2013 AGM 2014 6 months AGM 2017 Alice Schroeder 10 June 2013 AGM 2014 6 months AGM 2017 Lord Turner 15 September 2015 AGM 2016 6 months AGM 2019
Notes
1 Paul Manduca was appointed as Chairman on 2 July 2012.
2 Ann Godbehere was reappointed in 2015 for one year.
3 Alistair Johnston will retire from the Board at the Annual General Meeting on 19 May 2016.
Recruitment arrangements
In making decisions about the remuneration arrangements for those joining the Board, the Committee worked within the Directors’ remuneration policy approved by shareholders and was mindful of:
— The skills, knowledge and experience that each new Executive Director brought to the Board;
— The need to support the relocation of executives to enable them to assume their roles; and
— Its commitment to honour legacy arrangements.
Appointing high-calibre executives to the Board and to different roles on the Board is necessary to ensure the Company is well positioned to develop and implement its strategy and deliver long-term value. As the Company operates in an international marketplace for talent, the best internal and external candidates are sometimes asked to move location to assume their new roles. Where this happens, the Company will offer relocation support. The support offered will depend on the circumstances of each move but may include shipping services, the provision of temporary accommodation and other housing benefits. Executives may receive support with the preparation of tax returns, but no current Executive Director is tax equalised.
Barry Stowe and Mike Wells changed Board roles during the year. As both these changes resulted in those Executive Directors relocating to enable them to assume their roles, relocation support in line with the approved Directors’ remuneration policy was provided. Details of this support are included in the notes to the 2015 Single Figure table.
During the year, a relocation payment was made to Nic Nicandrou in line with a commitment made to him when he joined the Company in 2009 (and disclosed in the 2009 annual report on remuneration). Details of this payment are included in the notes to the 2015 Single Figure table.
Penny James and Tony Wilkey were promoted to the Board during the year. Their outstanding share awards under deferred bonus plans and long-term incentives awarded before their appointment to the Board will continue to vest on the normal timescale and subject to the original conditions.
In addition, each of Barry Stowe, Mike Wells and Tony Wilkey received an additional LTIP award following the changes to their roles as detailed in the ‘Long-term incentives awarded in 2015’ table.
Payments to past directors and payments for loss of office
During the year, the Committee considered the application of the Company’s payments on loss-of-office policy. The objective was to ensure that the application of the policy was aligned to individual circumstances and ensure there was no reward for failure. The Committee’s approach when exercising its discretion under the policy is to be mindful of the particular circumstance of the departure and the contribution the individual had made to the Group.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 123
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
Annual report on remuneration continued
Pierre-Olivier Bouée
Pierre-Olivier Bouée stepped down from the Board on 31 May 2015. Pierre-Olivier did not receive a loss-of-office payment. His remuneration arrangements were in line with the approved Directors’ remuneration policy and disclosed in stock exchange announcements and the remuneration he received in respect of his services as an Executive Director is set out in the 2015 Single Figure table.
Following his retirement from the Board, Pierre-Olivier received £72,850 in respect of salary, benefits and pension for the period from the date he ceased to be a director to his termination date on 30 June 2015 in accordance with his contract of employment. His deferred bonus awards will be released in accordance with the plan rules and remain subject to malus provisions. Pierre-Olivier did not receive a 2015 bonus. In line with market practice, the Group paid the professional legal fees incurred by him in respect of finalising his termination arrangements, which amounted to £7,551. In addition, in consideration of agreeing to a confidentiality clause, Pierre-Olivier received £1,000. The Committee also exercised its discretion in accordance with the approved Directors’ remuneration policy and determined that Pierre-Olivier should be allowed to retain his unvested PLTIP awards granted in 2013 and 2014, but his PLTIP awards granted in 2015 should lapse. The 2013 and 2014 awards will vest in accordance with the original timetable, remain subject to malus provisions and were pro-rated for service.
Jackie Hunt
Jackie Hunt stepped down from the Board on 3 November 2015. Jackie did not receive a loss-of-office payment. Her remuneration arrangements were in line with the approved Directors’ remuneration policy and disclosed in stock exchange announcements and the remuneration she received in respect of her services as an Executive Director is set out in the 2015 Single Figure table.
Following her retirement from the Board, Jackie received £133,924 in respect of salary, benefits and pension for the period from the date she ceased to be a director to the end of the year in accordance with her contract of employment. Her deferred bonus awards will be released in accordance with the plan rules and remain subject to malus provisions. In line with market practice, the Group paid the professional legal fees incurred by her in respect of finalising her termination arrangements, which amounted to £17,400.
In addition, recognising her contribution to the Company’s success, the Committee determined that Jackie should be awarded a bonus in respect of the 2015 performance year which was calculated in the usual way. Sixty per cent of this bonus will be paid in 2016 and 40 per cent will be deferred in shares for three years, subject to malus and clawback provisions.
The Committee also exercised its discretion in accordance with the approved Directors’ remuneration policy and determined that Jackie should be allowed to retain her unvested GPSP and PLTIP awards granted in 2013 and 2014, but her PLTIP awards granted in 2015 should lapse. The 2013 and 2014 awards will vest in accordance with the original timetable, remain subject to malus and were pro-rated for service.
Tidjane Thiam
Tidjane Thiam stepped down from the Board on 31 May 2015. Tidjane did not receive a loss-of-office payment. His remuneration arrangements were in line with the approved Directors’ remuneration policy and disclosed in stock exchange announcements and the remuneration he received in respect of his services as an Executive Director is set out in the 2015 Single Figure table.
Tidjane’s deferred bonus awards will be released in accordance with the plan rules and remain subject to malus provisions. In line with market practice, the Group paid the professional legal fees incurred by him in respect of finalising his termination arrangements, which amounted to £14,121. In addition, in consideration of agreeing to a confidentiality clause, Tidjane received £1,000.
In addition, recognising his contribution to the Company’s success, the Committee determined that Tidjane should be awarded a bonus in respect of the 2015 performance year which was calculated in the usual way and pro-rated for service to 31 May 2015. Sixty per cent of this bonus will be paid in 2016 and 40 per cent will be deferred in shares for three years, subject to malus and clawback provisions. The Committee also exercised its discretion in accordance with the approved Directors’ remuneration policy and determined that Tidjane should be allowed to retain his unvested PLTIP awards granted in 2013 and 2014. The 2013 and 2014 awards will vest in accordance with the original timetable, remain subject to malus provisions and were pro-rated for service. Tidjane did not receive a 2015 long-term incentive award.
Rob Devey
Rob Devey’s employment with the Group ended on 31 October 2013. The 2013 Directors’ remuneration report provided details of the remuneration arrangements that would apply to Rob after his resignation. As set out in the section ‘Remuneration in respect of performance in 2015’ the performance conditions attached to Rob’s 2013 PLTIP awards were met in full and 100 per cent of these awards will be released in 2016. These awards were pro-rated for service (10 of 36 months) and the details of the release are set out below. This represents the last long-term incentive award which Rob had outstanding under the Company’s remuneration plans.
Number of shares vesting1 Value of share vesting2
34,914 £527,900
Notes
1 The number of shares vesting include accrued dividend shares.
2 The share price used to calculate the value was the average share price for the three months up to 31 December 2015, being £15.12.
124 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Statement of directors’ shareholdings
The interests of directors in ordinary shares of the Company are set out below. ‘Beneficial interest’ includes shares owned outright, shares acquired under the Share Incentive Plan and deferred annual incentive awards, detailed in the ‘Supplementary information’ section. It is only these shares that count towards the share ownership guidelines.
01/01/2015
(or on date of
appointment) During 2015 31/12/2015 (or on date of retirement) Share ownership guideline
Beneficial
Number interest as a
of shares percentage
Total Number Number Total subject to Total Share of basic
beneficial of shares of shares beneficial performance interest ownership salary/
interest acquired disposed interest* conditions† in shares guideline‡ basic fees§
(number(number(% of
of shares) of shares) salary/fee)
Chairman
Paul Manduca 42,500 – – 42,500 – 42,500 100% 93%
Executive Directors
Pierre-Olivier Bouée1 81,630 74,690 62,747 93,573 249,458 343,031 n/a n/a
Jackie Hunt2 86,788 123,458 99,082 111,164 328,881 440,045 n/a n/a
Penny James3 14,373 127 – 14,500 79,808 94,308 200% 37%
Michael McLintock 443,744 109,687 342,547 210,884 126,185 337,069 200% 819%
Nic Nicandrou 289,809 232,623 257,213 265,219 359,046 624,265 200% 578%
Barry Stowe4 284,288 231,744 269,376 246,656 410,698 657,354 200% 525%
Tidjane Thiam5 690,867 641,139 679,460 652,546 675,334 1,327,880 n/a n/a
Mike Wells6 445,580 554,975 535,270 465,285 751,778 1,217,063 350% 666%
Tony Wilkey7 152,471 37,121 – 189,592 358,024 547,616 200% 391%
Non-executive Directors
Howard Davies 8,521 209 – 8,730 – 8,730 100% 142%
Ann Godbehere 15,914 – – 15,914 – 15,914 100% 259%
Alistair Johnston 10,000 – – 10,000 – 10,000 100% 163%
David Law8 – 3,327 – 3,327 – 3,327 100% 54%
Kaikhushru Nargolwala 50,000 – – 50,000 – 50,000 100% 814%
Anthony Nightingale 30,000 – – 30,000 – 30,000 100% 489%
Philip Remnant 5,816 – – 5,816 – 5,816 100% 95%
Alice Schroeder9 2,500 6,000 – 8,500 – 8,500 100% 138%
Lord Turnbull10 16,624 – – 16,624 – 16,624 n/a n/a
Lord Turner11 – 2,000 – 2,000 – 2,000 100% 33%
* There were no changes of Executive Directors’ interests in ordinary shares between 31 December 2015 and 7 March 2016 with the exception of the UK-based Executive Directors due to their participation in the monthly Share Incentive Plan (SIP). Michael McLintock acquired a further 29 shares in the SIP, Nic Nicandrou acquired a further 29 shares in the SIP and Mike Wells acquired a further 30 shares in the SIP during this period.
† Further information on share awards subject to performance conditions are detailed in the ‘share-based long-term incentive awards’ section of the Supplementary information.
‡ Holding requirement of the Articles of Association (2,500 ordinary shares) must be obtained within one year of appointment to the Board. The increased guidelines for Executive Directors were introduced with effect from January 2013. Executive Directors have five years from this date (or date of joining or role change, if later) to reach the enhanced guideline. The guideline for Non-executive Directors was introduced on 1 July 2011. Non-executive Directors have three years from their date of joining to reach the guideline.
§ Based on the closing price on 31 December 2015 (Ł15.31). Where applicable, all directors are in compliance with the share ownership guideline.
The Company and its directors, chief executives and shareholders have been granted a partial exemption from the disclosure requirements under part XV of the SFO. As a result of this exemption, directors, chief executives and shareholders do not have an obligation under the SFO to notify the Company of shareholding interests, and the Company is not required to maintain a register of directors’ and chief executives’ interests under section 352 of the SFO, nor a register of interests of substantial shareholders under section 336 of the SFO. The Company is, however, required to file with the Hong Kong Stock Exchange any disclosure of interests notified to it in the United Kingdom.
Notes
1 Pierre-Olivier Bouée stepped down from the Board on 31 May 2015. Total interests in shares are shown as at this date.
2 Jackie Hunt stepped down from the Board on 3 November 2015. Total interests in shares are shown as at this date.
3 Penny James was appointed to the Board on 1 September 2015. Total interests in shares are shown from this date.
4 For the 1 January 2015 figure Barry Stowe’s beneficial interest in shares is made up of 142,144 ADRs (representing 284,288 ordinary shares), (8,513.73 of these ADRs are held within an investment account which secures premium financing for a life assurance policy). For the 31 December 2015 figure the beneficial interest in shares is made up of 123,328 ADRs (representing 246,656 ordinary shares).
5 Tidjane Thiam stepped down from the Board on 31 May 2015. Total interests in shares are shown as at this date.
6 For the 1 January 2015 figure Mike Wells’ beneficial interest in shares is made up of 222,790 ADRs (representing 445,580 ordinary shares). For the 31 December 2015 figure his beneficial interest in shares is made up of 232,594 ADRs (representing 465,188 ordinary shares) and 97 ordinary shares.
7 Tony Wilkey was appointed to the Board on 1 June 2015. Total interests in shares are shown from this date.
8 David Law was appointed to the Board on 15 September 2015. Total interests in shares are shown from this date.
9 For the 1 January 2015 figure Alice Schroeder’s beneficial interest in shares is made up of 1,250 ADRs (representing 2,500 ordinary shares). For the 31 December 2015 figure her beneficial interest in shares is made up of 4,250 ADRs (representing 8,500 ordinary shares).
10 Lord Turnbull stepped down from the Board on 14 May 2015. Total interests in shares are shown as at this date.
11 Lord Turner was appointed to the Board on 15 September 2015.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 121
01 Group overview
02 Strategic report 03 Governance
Directors’05 European Embedded Value
04 remuneration report Financial statements 06 (EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
Annual report on remuneration continued
Outstanding share options
The following table sets out the share options held by the directors in the UK Savings-Related Share Option Scheme (SAYE) as at the end of the period. No other directors held shares in any other option scheme.
Market Exercise period Number of options
price at
Date Exercise 31 Dec Beginning End of
of grant price 2015 Beginning End of period Granted Exercised Cancelled Forfeited Lapsed period
(pence)(pence)
Pierre-Olivier Bouée 23 Sep 14 1,155 1,531 01 Dec 17 31 May 18 1,558 – – – – 1,558 –
Jackie Hunt 23 Sep 14 1,155 1,531 01 Dec 17 31 May 18 1,558 – – – – – 1,558
Penny James 21 Sep 12 629 1,531 01 Dec 15 31 May 16 858 – – – – – 858
Penny James 22 Sep 15 1,111 1,531 01 Dec 18 31 May 19 – 1,620 – – – – 1,620
Michael McLintock 23 Sep 14 1,155 1,531 01 Dec 19 31 May 20 2,622 – – – – – 2,622
Nic Nicandrou 16 Sep 11 466 1,531 01 Dec 16 31 May 17 3,268 – – – – – 3,268
Nic Nicandrou 23 Sep 14 1,155 1,531 01 Dec 19 31 May 20 1,311 – – – – – 1,311
Tidjane Thiam 16 Sep 11 466 1,531 01 Dec 14 29 May 15 965 – 965 – – – –
Tidjane Thiam 20 Sep 13 901 1,531 01 Dec 16 31 May 17 499 – – – – 499 –
Tidjane Thiam 23 Sep 14 1,155 1,531 01 Dec 17 31 May 18 1,168 – – – – 1,168 –
Mike Wells 22 Sep 15 1,111 1,531 01 Dec 18 31 May 19 – 1,620 – – – – 1,620
Notes
1 A gain of £11,880.43 was made by directors in 2015 on the exercise of SAYE options.
2 No price was paid for the award of any option.
3 The highest and lowest closing share prices during 2015 were 1,752 pence and 1,330.5 pence respectively.
4 All exercise prices are shown to the nearest pence.
5 Pierre-Olivier Bouée and Tidjane Thiam participated in the plan during their time as Executive Directors and their options lapsed following the cessation of their employment.
6 Jackie Hunt participated in the plan during her time as an Executive Director.
Directors’ terms of employment and external appointments
The Directors’ remuneration policy contains further details of the terms included in Executive Director service contracts. Details of the service contracts of each Executive Director are outlined in the table below.
Subject to the Group Chief Executive’s or the Chairman’s approval, Executive Directors are able to accept external appointments as non-executive directors of other organisations. Fees payable are retained by the Executive Directors.
Service contracts External appointment
Fee received in the
External period the Executive
Notice period Notice period appointment Director was a
Date of contract to the Company from the Company during 2015 Group director
Executive Directors
Pierre-Olivier Bouée1 6 August 2013 12 months 12 months – –
Jackie Hunt2 25 April 2013 12 months 12 months Yes £25,833
Penny James3 13 August 2015 12 months 12 months Yes £22,333
Michael McLintock 21 November 2001 6 months 12 months Yes £70,000
Nic Nicandrou 26 April 2009 12 months 12 months – –
Barry Stowe 18 October 2006 12 months 12 months – –
Tidjane Thiam4 20 September 2007 12 months 12 months Yes £71,700
Mike Wells 21 May 2015 12 months 12 months – –
Tony Wilkey3 1 June 2015 12 months 12 months – –
Other directors served on the boards of educational, charitable and cultural organisations without receiving a fee for these services.
Notes
1 Pierre-Olivier Bouée stepped down from the Board on 31 May 2015.
2 Jackie Hunt stepped down from the Board on 3 November 2015.
3 Penny James and Tony Wilkey were appointed to the Board on 1 September 2015 and 1 June 2015 respectively.
4 Tidjane Thiam stepped down from the Board on 31 May 2015.
122 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Letters of appointment of the Chairman and Non-executive Directors
The Directors’ remuneration policy contains further details on Non-executive Directors’ letters of appointment. Details of their individual appointments are outlined below:
Initial election Expiration of the
Appointment by shareholders current term of
Chairman/Non-executive Director by the Board at the AGM Notice period appointment
Chairman
Paul Manduca1 15 October 2010 AGM 2011 12 months AGM 2018
Non-executive Directors
Philip Remnant 1 January 2013 AGM 2013 6 months AGM 2016
Howard Davies 15 October 2010 AGM 2011 6 months AGM 2017
Ann Godbehere2 2 August 2007 AGM 2008 6 months AGM 2016
Alistair Johnston3 1 January 2012 AGM 2012 6 months AGM 2018
David Law 15 September 2015 AGM 2016 6 months AGM 2019
Kai Nargolwala 1 January 2012 AGM 2012 6 months AGM 2018
Anthony Nightingale 1 June 2013 AGM 2014 6 months AGM 2017
Alice Schroeder 10 June 2013 AGM 2014 6 months AGM 2017
Lord Turner 15 September 2015 AGM 2016 6 months AGM 2019
Notes
1 Paul Manduca was appointed as Chairman on 2 July 2012.
2 Ann Godbehere was reappointed in 2015 for one year.
3 Alistair Johnston will retire from the Board at the Annual General Meeting on 19 May 2016.
Recruitment arrangements
In making decisions about the remuneration arrangements for those joining the Board, the Committee worked within the Directors’ remuneration policy approved by shareholders and was mindful of:
— The skills, knowledge and experience that each new Executive Director brought to the Board;
— The need to support the relocation of executives to enable them to assume their roles; and
— Its commitment to honour legacy arrangements.
Appointing high-calibre executives to the Board and to different roles on the Board is necessary to ensure the Company is well positioned to develop and implement its strategy and deliver long-term value. As the Company operates in an international marketplace for talent, the best internal and external candidates are sometimes asked to move location to assume their new roles. Where this happens, the Company will offer relocation support. The support offered will depend on the circumstances of each move but may include shipping services, the provision of temporary accommodation and other housing benefits. Executives may receive support with the preparation of tax returns, but no current Executive Director is tax equalised.
Barry Stowe and Mike Wells changed Board roles during the year. As both these changes resulted in those Executive Directors relocating to enable them to assume their roles, relocation support in line with the approved Directors’ remuneration policy was provided. Details of this support are included in the notes to the 2015 Single Figure table.
During the year, a relocation payment was made to Nic Nicandrou in line with a commitment made to him when he joined the Company in 2009 (and disclosed in the 2009 annual report on remuneration). Details of this payment are included in the notes to the 2015 Single Figure table.
Penny James and Tony Wilkey were promoted to the Board during the year. Their outstanding share awards under deferred bonus plans and long-term incentives awarded before their appointment to the Board will continue to vest on the normal timescale and subject to the original conditions.
In addition, each of Barry Stowe, Mike Wells and Tony Wilkey received an additional LTIP award following the changes to their roles as detailed in the ‘Long-term incentives awarded in 2015’ table.
Payments to past directors and payments for loss of office
During the year, the Committee considered the application of the Company’s payments on loss-of-of?ce policy. The objective was to ensure that the application of the policy was aligned to individual circumstances and ensure there was no reward for failure. The Committee’s approach when exercising its discretion under the policy is to be mindful of the particular circumstance of the departure and the contribution the individual had made to the Group.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 123
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 (EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
Annual report on remuneration continued
Pierre-Olivier Bouée
Pierre-Olivier Bouée stepped down from the Board on 31 May 2015. Pierre-Olivier did not receive a loss-of-office payment. His remuneration arrangements were in line with the approved Directors’ remuneration policy and disclosed in stock exchange announcements and the remuneration he received in respect of his services as an Executive Director is set out in the 2015 Single Figure table.
Following his retirement from the Board, Pierre-Olivier received £72,850 in respect of salary, benefits and pension for the period from the date he ceased to be a director to his termination date on 30 June 2015 in accordance with his contract of employment. His deferred bonus awards will be released in accordance with the plan rules and remain subject to malus provisions. Pierre-Olivier did not receive a 2015 bonus. In line with market practice, the Group paid the professional legal fees incurred by him in respect of finalising his termination arrangements, which amounted to £7,551. In addition, in consideration of agreeing to a confidentiality clause, Pierre-Olivier received £1,000. The Committee also exercised its discretion in accordance with the approved Directors’ remuneration policy and determined that Pierre-Olivier should be allowed to retain his unvested PLTIP awards granted in 2013 and 2014, but his PLTIP awards granted in 2015 should lapse. The 2013 and 2014 awards will vest in accordance with the original timetable, remain subject to malus provisions and were pro-rated for service.
Jackie Hunt
Jackie Hunt stepped down from the Board on 3 November 2015. Jackie did not receive a loss-of-office payment. Her remuneration arrangements were in line with the approved Directors’ remuneration policy and disclosed in stock exchange announcements and the remuneration she received in respect of her services as an Executive Director is set out in the 2015 Single Figure table.
Following her retirement from the Board, Jackie received £133,924 in respect of salary, benfits and pension for the period from the date she ceased to be a director to the end of the year in accordance with her contract of employment. Her deferred bonus awards will be released in accordance with the plan rules and remain subject to malus provisions. In line with market practice, the Group paid the professional legal fees incurred by her in respect of finalising her termination arrangements, which amounted to £17,400.
In addition, recognising her contribution to the Company’s success, the Committee determined that Jackie should be awarded a bonus in respect of the 2015 performance year which was calculated in the usual way. Sixty per cent of this bonus will be paid in 2016 and 40 per cent will be deferred in shares for three years, subject to malus and clawback provisions.
The Committee also exercised its discretion in accordance with the approved Directors’ remuneration policy and determined that Jackie should be allowed to retain her unvested GPSP and PLTIP awards granted in 2013 and 2014, but her PLTIP awards granted in 2015 should lapse. The 2013 and 2014 awards will vest in accordance with the original timetable, remain subject to malus and were pro-rated for service.
Tidjane Thiam
Tidjane Thiam stepped down from the Board on 31 May 2015. Tidjane did not receive a loss-of-office payment. His remuneration arrangements were in line with the approved Directors’ remuneration policy and disclosed in stock exchange announcements and the remuneration he received in respect of his services as an Executive Director is set out in the 2015 Single Figure table.
Tidjane’s deferred bonus awards will be released in accordance with the plan rules and remain subject to malus provisions. In line with market practice, the Group paid the professional legal fees incurred by him in respect of finalising his termination arrangements, which amounted to £14,121. In addition, in consideration of agreeing to a confidentiality clause, Tidjane received £1,000.
In addition, recognising his contribution to the Company’s success, the Committee determined that Tidjane should be awarded a bonus in respect of the 2015 performance year which was calculated in the usual way and pro-rated for service to 31 May 2015. Sixty per cent of this bonus will be paid in 2016 and 40 per cent will be deferred in shares for three years, subject to malus and clawback provisions. The Committee also exercised its discretion in accordance with the approved Directors’ remuneration policy and determined that Tidjane should be allowed to retain his unvested PLTIP awards granted in 2013 and 2014. The 2013 and 2014 awards will vest in accordance with the original timetable, remain subject to malus provisions and were pro-rated for service. Tidjane did not receive a 2015 long-term incentive award.
Rob Devey
Rob Devey’s employment with the Group ended on 31 October 2013. The 2013 Directors’ remuneration report provided details of the remuneration arrangements that would apply to Rob after his resignation. As set out in the section ‘Remuneration in respect of performance in 2015’ the performance conditions attached to Rob’s 2013 PLTIP awards were met in full and 100 per cent of these awards will be released in 2016. These awards were pro-rated for service (10 of 36 months) and the details of the release are set out below. This represents the last long-term incentive award which Rob had outstanding under the Company’s remuneration plans.
Number of shares vesting1 Value of share vesting2
34,914 £527,900
Notes
1 The number of shares vesting include accrued dividend shares.
2 The share price used to calculate the value was the average share price for the three months up to 31 December 2015, being £15.12.
124 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Other directors
A number of former directors receive retiree medical benefits for themselves and their partner (where applicable). This is consistent
with other senior members of staff employed at the same time. A de minimis threshold of £10,000 has been set by the Committee;
any payments or benefits provided to a past director under this amount will not be reported.
Statement of voting at general meeting
At the 2015 Annual General Meeting, shareholders were asked to vote on the 2014 Directors’ remuneration report.
This resolution received a significant vote in favour by shareholders and the Committee is grateful for this support and endorsement
by our shareholders. The votes received were:
Votes
% of votes
Votes
% of votes
Total votes
Votes
Resolution
for
cast
against
cast
cast
withheld
To approve the Directors’ remuneration report
1,711,107,495
93.81
112,901,645
6.19
1,824,009,140
124,526,722
Statement of implementation in 2016 Executive Directors
Executive Directors’ remuneration packages were reviewed in 2015, with changes effective from 1 January 2016. When the Committee took these decisions, it considered the salary increases awarded to other employees in 2015 and the expected increases in 2016. The external market reference points used to provide context to the Committee were identical to those used for 2015 salaries.
All Executive Directors received a salary increase of 1 per cent. The 2016 salary increase budgets for other employees across our business units were between 3 per cent and 6.5 per cent. No changes have been made to executives’ maximum opportunities under either the annual incentive or the long-term incentive plans.
As part of the implementation of Solvency II, part of Executive Directors’ 2016 bonuses will be determined by the achievement of Solvency II surplus targets. This metric will replace the IGD capital surplus measure (part of the Solvency I framework). The Solvency II measure will operate alongside the economic capital targets introduced in 2015. Otherwise no changes are proposed to the performance measures for the 2016 annual incentive plan nor for the 2016 long-term incentive awards.
Also, as part of the implementation of Solvency II, the weightings of Penny James’s AIP performance targets (with effect from 2016) have been changed so that 50 per cent relate to financial targets, 30 per cent relate to functional targets and 20 per cent relate to personal targets.
John Foley was appointed Chief Executive of Prudential UK & Europe and Executive Director of Prudential plc with effect from
19 January 2016. His basic salary for 2016 will be £750,000. He will have a maximum AIP opportunity of 180 per cent of base salary, with 40 per cent of any bonus deferred into the Company’s shares. Long-term incentive awards will be 250 per cent of base salary. John’s service contract contains a notice provision under which either party may terminate upon 12 months’ notice.
Michael McLintock will retire as Chief Executive of M&G Investments and as an Executive Director of Prudential plc later this year. He will be succeeded by Anne Richards. Anne’s basic salary will be £400,000. She will have a maximum AIP opportunity of the lower of 0.75 per cent of M&G’s IFRS profit or 600 per cent of base salary. Forty per cent of any bonus will be deferred into the Company’s shares. Long-term incentive awards will be 150 per cent of base salary under the PLTIP and 300 per cent of salary under the M&G Executive Long Term Incentive Plan. Any unvested share awards that Anne forfeits as a consequence of joining the Group will be replaced on a like-for-like basis, with replacement awards released in accordance with the original vesting timeframe attached to the forfeited awards. Anne’s service contract contains a notice provision under which either party may terminate upon 12 months’ notice.
Non-executive Directors
Non-executive Directors’ fees were reviewed in 2015 with changes effective from 1 July 2015 as set out in the ‘Non-executive fee’ section. The next review will be effective 1 July 2016.
As set out in the report of the Nomination Committee, the appointment of chairmen of the boards of M&G Limited and Prudential Corporation Asia Limited has been proposed. The Remuneration Committee has approved a fee of £250,000 per annum for each of these roles, fixed for a period of two years from the date of the appointment. The fee for the chair of Prudential Corporation Asia Limited will be payable in Hong Kong dollars using an exchange rate fixed on the date of appointment.
Signed on behalf of the Board of Directors
Anthony Nightingale, CMG SBS JP Paul Manduca
Chairman of the Remuneration Committee Chairman
8 March 2016 8 March 2016
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 125
Supplementary information
Supplementary information
Directors’ outstanding long-term incentive awards
Share-based long-term incentive awards
Conditional Market Conditional Date of
share awards Conditional price at Dividend Rights Rights share awards end of
Plan Year of outstanding awards date of equivalents on exercised lapsed outstanding at performance
name award at 1 Jan 2015 in 2015 award vested shares in 2015 in 2015 31 Dec 2015 period
(note 2)
(Number
(Number(Number of shares(Number
of shares) of shares)(pence) released) of shares)
Penny James GPSP 2012 37,925 678 3,351 37,925 – 31 Dec 14
PLTIP 2013 25,181 1,203 25,181 31 Dec 15
PLTIP 2014 30,279 1,317 30,279 31 Dec 16
PLTIP 2015 24,348 1,672 24,348 31 Dec 17
93,385 24,348 3,351 37,925 79,808
Michael McLintock GPSP 2012 47,079 678 4,163 47,079 – 31 Dec 14
PLTIP 2013 46,687 1,203 46,687 31 Dec 15
PLTIP 2014 44,487 1,317 44,487 31 Dec 16
PLTIP 2015 35,011 1,672 35,011 31 Dec 17
138,253 35,011 4,163 47,079 126,185
Nic Nicandrou GPSP 2012 185,374 678 16,399 185,374 – 31 Dec 14
PLTIP 2013 122,554 1,203 122,554 31 Dec 15
PLTIP 2014 132,375 1,317 132,375 31 Dec 16
PLTIP 2015 104,117 1,672 104,117 31 Dec 17
440,303 104,117 16,399 185,374 359,046
Barry Stowe1 GPSP 2012 95,642 678 8,516 95,642 – 31 Dec 14
BUPP 2012 95,642 678 8,000 89,864 5,778 – 31 Dec 14
PLTIP 2013 131,266 1,203 131,266 31 Dec 15
PLTIP 2014 114,824 1,317 114,824 31 Dec 16
PLTIP 2015 113,940 1,672 113,940 31 Dec 17
PLTIP 2015 50,668 1,611.5 50,668 31 Dec 17
437,374 164,608 16,516 185,506 5,778 410,698
Mike Wells1 GPSP 2012 199,256 678 17,742 199,256 – 31 Dec 14
BUPP 2012 199,256 678 17,742 199,256 – 31 Dec 14
PLTIP 2013 273,470 1,203 273,470 31 Dec 15
PLTIP 2014 238,954 1,317 238,954 31 Dec 16
PLTIP 2015 209,222 1,672 209,222 31 Dec 17
PLTIP 2015 30,132 1,611.5 30,132 31 Dec 17
910,936 239,354 35,484 398,512 751,778
Tony Wilkey3 GPSP 2012 33,272 663.5 2,940 33,272 – 31 Dec 14
PCA LTIP 2012 66,008 663.5 66,008 – 31 Dec 14
PCA LTIP 2012 35,926 854 35,926 – 31 Dec 14
PLTIP 2013 25,244 1,203 25,244 31 Dec 15
PCA LTIP 2013 55,705 1,203 55,705 31 Dec 15
PCA LTIP 2013 47,182 1,178 47,182 31 Dec 15
PLTIP 2014 22,935 1,317 22,935 31 Dec 16
PCA LTIP 2014 45,870 1,317 45,870 31 Dec 16
PCA LTIP 2014 68,806 1,317 68,806 31 Dec 17
PLTIP 2015 21,091 1,672 21,091 31 Dec 17
PCA LTIP 2015 42,183 1,672 42,183 31 Dec 17
PLTIP 2015 29,008 1,611.5 29,008 31 Dec 17
400,948 92,282 2,940 135,206 358,024
Notes
1 The awards for Barry Stowe and Mike Wells were made in ADRs (1 ADR = 2 ordinary shares). The figures in the table are represented in terms of ordinary shares.
2 A DRIP dividend equivalent was accumulated on these awards.
3 The PCA LTIP is an arrangement for executives and senior management of PCA. Tony Wilkey was a participant of this plan until his appointment to the Board
on 1 June 2015 and will no longer be eligible to new awards from this date.
126 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Business-specific cash-based long-term incentive plans
Face value
Face value of conditional
of conditional share awards
share awards Conditionally Payments outstanding at Date of end of
Year of outstanding at awarded made 31 December performance
initial award 1 January 2015 in 2015 in 2015 2015 period
Ł000 Ł000 Ł000 Ł000
Michael McLintock
M&G Executive LTIP 2012 953 1,973 – 31 Dec 14
M&G Executive LTIP 2013 1,112 1,112 31 Dec 15
M&G Executive LTIP 2014 1,146 1,146 31 Dec 16
M&G Executive LTIP 2015 1,182 1,182 31 Dec 17
Total payments made in 2015 1,973
Note
Under the M&G Executive LTIP, the value of each unit at award is Ł1. The value of units changes based on M&G’s profit growth and investment performance over the performance period. For the 2012 award of 952,960 units, the unit price at the end of the performance period was Ł2.07, which resulted in a payment of Ł1,972,627 to Michael McLintock in 2015. For the 2013 award of 1,112,400 units, the unit price at the end of the performance period was Ł1.79, which will result in a payment of Ł1,991,196 to Michael McLintock in 2016.
Other share awards
The table below sets out Executive Directors’ deferred bonus share
Conditional Market
Conditional share awards Market price at
share awards Conditionally Dividends Shares outstanding at Date of end price at date of
Year of outstanding awarded accumulated released 31 December of restricted Date of date of vesting or
grant at 1 Jan 2015 in 2015 in 2015 in 2015 2015 period release award release
(note 2 and 3)
(Number(Number(Number(Number(Number
of shares) of shares) of shares) of shares) of shares)(pence)(pence)
Penny James
Deferred 2011 Group
deferred bonus
plan award 2012 7,069 7,069 – 31 Dec 14 30 Mar 15 783 1,697
Deferred 2012 Group
deferred bonus
plan award 2013 5,542 135 5,677 31 Dec 15 1,083
Deferred 2013 Group
deferred bonus
plan award 2014 4,764 116 4,880 31 Dec 16 1,317
Deferred 2014 Group
deferred bonus
plan award 2015 3,850 93 3,943 31 Dec 17 1,672
17,375 3,850 344 7,069 14,500
Michael McLintock
Deferred 2011 annual
incentive award 2012 39,191 39,191 – 31 Dec 14 30 Mar 15 750 1,697
Deferred 2012 annual
incentive award 2013 37,741 923 38,664 31 Dec 15 1,055
Deferred 2013 annual
incentive award 2014 70,801 1,732 72,533 31 Dec 16 1,317
Deferred 2014 annual
incentive award 2015 54,312 1,329 55,641 31 Dec 17 1,672
147,733 54,312 3,984 39,191 166,838
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 127
Supplementary information continued
Conditional Market
Conditional share awards Market price at
share awards Conditionally Dividends Shares outstanding at Date of end price at date of
Year of outstanding awarded accumulated released 31 December of restricted Date of date of vesting or
grant at 1 Jan 2015 in 2015 in 2015 in 2015 2015 period release award release
(note 2 and 3)
(Number(Number(Number(Number(Number
of shares) of shares) of shares) of shares) of shares)(pence)(pence)
Nic Nicandrou
Deferred 2011 annual
incentive award 2012 47,365 47,365 – 31 Dec 14 750 1,697
Deferred 2012 annual
incentive award 2013 40,823 998 41,821 31 Dec 15 1,055
Deferred 2013 annual
incentive award 2014 35,765 874 36,639 31 Dec 16 1,317
Deferred 2014 annual
incentive award 2015 28,112 687 28,799 31 Dec 17 1,672
123,953 28,112 2,559 47,365 107,259
Barry Stowe (note 1)
Deferred 2011 annual
incentive award 2012 55,154 55,154 – 31 Dec 14 30 Mar 15 750 1,697
Deferred 2012 annual
incentive award 2013 39,674 972 40,646 31 Dec 15 1,055
Deferred 2013 annual
incentive award 2014 30,996 758 31,754 31 Dec 16 1,317
Deferred 2014 annual
incentive award 2015 27,324 668 27,992 31 Dec 17 1,672
125,824 27,324 2,398 55,154 100,392
Mike Wells (note 1)
Deferred 2011 annual
incentive award 2012 101,314 101,314 – 31 Dec 14 30 Mar 15 750 1,697
Deferred 2012 annual
incentive award 2013 84,514 2,072 86,586 31 Dec 15 1,055
Deferred 2013 annual
incentive award 2014 102,130 2,506 104,636 31 Dec 16 1,317
Deferred 2014 annual
incentive award 2015 113,518 2,786 116,304 31 Dec 17 1,672
287,958 113,518 7,364 101,314 307,526
Tony Wilkey
Deferred 2012 PCA
deferred bonus
plan award 2013 80,570 80,570 – 31 Dec 15 30 Mar 15 1,083 1,697
Deferred 2013 PCA
deferred bonus
plan award 2014 69,571 1,260 70,831 31 Dec 16 1,317
Deferred 2014 PCA
deferred bonus
plan award 2015 80,833 1,457 82,290 31 Dec 17 1,672
150,141 80,833 2,717 80,570 153,121
Notes
1 The deferred share awards for Barry Stowe and Mike Wells were made in ADRs (1 ADR = 2 ordinary shares). The figures in the table are represented in terms
of ordinary shares.
2 The number of shares initially awarded is calculated using the average share price over the three business days prior to the date of grant. For the awards from
the 2014 annual incentives, made in 2015, the average share price was 1,688 pence.
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A DRIP dividend equivalent was accumulated on these awards. |
128 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
All-employee share plans
It is important that all employees are offered the opportunity to own shares in Prudential, connecting them both to the success of the Company and to the interests of other shareholders. Executive Directors are invited to participate in these plans on the same basis as other staff in their location.
Save As You Earn (SAYE) schemes
UK-based Executive Directors are eligible to participate in the HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) approved Prudential Savings-Related Share Option Scheme. This scheme allows all eligible employees to save towards the exercise of options over Prudential plc shares with the option price set at the beginning of the savings period at a discount of up to 20 per cent of the market price.
In 2014, participants could elect to enter into savings contracts of up to Ł500 per month for a period of three or five years. At the end of this term, participants may exercise their options within six months and purchase shares. If an option is not exercised within six months, participants are entitled to a refund of their cash savings plus interest if applicable under the rules. Shares are issued to satisfy those options which are exercised. No options may be granted under the schemes if the grant would cause the number of shares which have been issued, or which remain issuable pursuant to options granted in the preceding 10 years under the scheme and any other option schemes operated by the Company, or which have been issued under any other share incentive scheme of the Company, to exceed 10 per cent of the Company’s ordinary share capital at the proposed date of grant.
Details of Executive Directors’ rights under the SAYE scheme are set out in the ‘Statement of directors’ shareholdings’.
Share Incentive Plan (SIP)
UK-based Executive Directors are also eligible to participate in the Company’s Share Incentive Plan (SIP). From April 2014, all UK-based employees were able to purchase Prudential plc shares up to a value of Ł150 per month from their gross salary (partnership shares) through the SIP. For every four partnership shares bought, an additional matching share is awarded which is purchased by Prudential on the open market. Dividend shares accumulate while the employee participates in the plan. If the employee withdraws from the plan, or leaves the Group, matching shares may be forfeited.
The table below provides information about shares purchased under the SIP together with Matching Shares (awarded on a 1:4 basis) and dividend shares.
Share Incentive Partnership Matching Dividend Share Incentive
Plan awards shares shares shares Plan awards
Year of held in trust accumulated accumulated accumulated held in trust
initial grant at 1 Jan 2015 in 2015 in 2015 in 2015 at 31 Dec 2015
(Number(Number(Number(Number(Number
of shares) of shares) of shares) of shares) of shares)
Michael McLintock 2014 106 116 29 4 255
Nic Nicandrou 2010 1,246 117 29 33 1,425
Mike Wells 2015 – 78 19 – 97
Prudential Corporation Asia All Employee Share Purchase Plan (PruSharePlus)
From August 2014, all Asia-based employees were able to purchase Prudential plc shares up to a value of Ł5,000 per year from their gross salary through the PruSharePlus. For every two shares bought by the employee, one additional matching share is awarded which is purchased by Prudential on the open market. Dividend shares accumulate while the employee participates in the plan. If the employee withdraws from the plan, or leaves the Group, matching shares may be forfeited.
The table below provides information about shares purchased under the PruSharePlus together with Matching Shares (awarded on a 1:2 basis) and dividend shares.
PruSharePlus
PruSharePlus Purchased Matching Dividend awards held
awards held shares shares shares in trust at
Year of in trust at accumulated accumulated accumulated 31 December
initial grant 1 Jan 2015 in 2015 in 2015 in 2015 2015
(Number(Number(Number(Number(Number
of shares) of shares) of shares) of shares) of shares)
Tony Wilkey* 2014 140 266 133 6 545
* Following his appointment to the Board, Tony Wilkey is no longer eligible to participate in the PSP with effect from the anniversary of his joining the plan.
Dilution
Releases from the Prudential Long Term Incentive Plan and GPSP are satisfied using new issue shares rather than by purchasing shares in the open market. Shares relating to options granted under all-employee share plans are also satisfied by new issue shares. The combined dilution from all outstanding shares and options at 31 December 2015 was 0.1 per cent of the total share capital at the time. Deferred shares will continue to be satisfied by the purchase of shares in the open market.
Five highest paid individuals
Of the five individuals with the highest emoluments in 2015, two were directors whose emoluments are disclosed in this report. The aggregate of the emoluments of the other three individuals for 2015 were as follows:
2015 Their emoluments were within the following bands:
Ł000
Number of five highest
Base salaries, allowances and benefits in kind 1,378 paid employees 2015
Pension contributions 270 Ł5,600,001-Ł 5,700,000 1
Performance-related pay 20,793 Ł8,000,001-Ł8,100,000 1
Total 22,441 Ł8,700,001-Ł 8,800,000 1
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 129
130 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Financial statements
132 Index to Group IFRS financial statements 282 Parent company financial statements
284 Notes on the parent company financial statements 292 Statement of directors’ responsibilities in respect of the Annual Report and of the financial statements 293 Independent auditor’s report to the members of Prudential plc only
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Cha-Ching Our communities
Prudential’s multi-media programme Cha-Ching helps instil ‘money-smart skills’ in children aged seven to 12. Find out more on page 61.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 131
Index to Group IFRS financial statements
Primary statements
133 Consolidated income statement
134 Consolidated statement of comprehensive income
135 Consolidated statement of changes in equity: 2015
2014
137 Consolidated statement of financial position
139 Consolidated statement of cash flows
Notes to Primary statements
Section A: Background and accounting policies C4 Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus
140 A1 Basis of preparation and exchange rates of with-profits funds
140 A2 Adoption of new accounting pronouncements in 2015 219 C4.1 Movement and duration of liabilities
A3 Accounting policies 219 C4.1(a) Group overview
141 A3.1 Accounting policies and use of estimates and judgements 222 C4.1(b) Asia insurance operations
153 A3.2 New accounting pronouncements not yet effective 224 C4.1(c) US insurance operations
225 C4.1(d) UK insurance operations
Section B: Earnings performance 227 C4.2 Products and determining contract liabilities
B1 Analysis of performance by segment 227 C4.2(a) Asia
155 B1.1 Segment results – profit before tax 228 C4.2(b) US
156 B1.2 Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on 232 C4.2(c) UK
shareholder-backed business C5 Intangible assets
158 B1.3 Determining operating segments and performance 236 C5.1 Intangible assets attributable to shareholders
measure of operating segments 236 C5.1(a) Goodwill attributable to shareholders
162 B1.4 Segmental income statement 237 C5.1(b) Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets
165 B1.5 Revenue attributable to shareholders
167 B2 Profit before tax – asset management operations 240 C5.2 Intangible assets attributable to with-profits funds
B3 Acquisition costs and other expenditure C6 Borrowings
168 B3.1 Staff and employment costs 241 C6.1 Core structural borrowings of shareholder–financed
169 B3.2 Share-based payment operations
171 B3.3 Key management remuneration 241 C6.2 Other borrowings
171 B3.4 Fees payable to the auditor 242 C6.3 Maturity analysis
172 B4 Effect of changes and other accounting features on insurance C7 Risk and sensitivity analysis
assets and liabilities 242 C7.1 Group overview
173 B5 Tax charge 244 C7.2 Asia insurance operations
177 B6 Earnings per share 246 C7.3 US insurance operations
178 B7 Dividends 251 C7.4 UK insurance operations
253 C7.5 Asset management and other operations
Section C: Balance sheet notes C8 Tax assets and liabilities
C1 Analysis of Group position by segment and business type 254 C8.1 Deferred tax
179 C1.1 Group statement of financial position – analysis by 255 C8.2 Current tax
segment 255 C9 Defined benefit pension schemes
184 C1.2 Group statement of financial position – analysis by 261 C10 Share capital, share premium and own shares
business type C11 Capital position statement
C2 Analysis of segment position by business type 262 C11.1 Life assurance business
186 C2.1 Asia insurance operations 267 C11.2 Asset management operations – regulatory and
187 C2.2 US insurance operations other surplus
189 C2.3 UK insurance operations 267 C12 Provisions
191 C2.4 Asset management operations 268 C13 Property, plant and equipment
C3 Assets and liabilities – classification and measurement 269 C14 Investment properties
192 C3.1 Group assets and liabilities – classification
196 C3.2 Group assets and liabilities – measurement Section D: Other notes
204 C3.3 Debt securities 270 D1 Sale of Japan life business
211 C3.4 Loans portfolio 270 D2 Contingencies and related obligations
213 C3.5 Financial instruments – additional information 272 D3 Post balance sheet events
213 C3.5(a) Market risk 272 D4 Related party transactions
215 C3.5(b) Derivatives and hedging 272 D5 Commitments
216 C3.5(c) Derecognition, collateral and offsetting 272 D6 Investments in subsidiary undertakings, joint ventures
217 C3.5(d) Impairment of financial assets and associates
132 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Consolidated income statement
Year ended 31 December Note 2015 £m 2014 £m
Gross premiums earned 36,663 32,832
Outward reinsurance premiums(1,157)(799)
Earned premiums, net of reinsurance B1.5 35,506 32,033
Investment return B1.5 3,304 25,787
Other income B1.5 2,495 2,306
Total revenue, net of reinsurance B1.4 41,305 60,126
Benefits and claims(30,547)(50,736)
Outward reinsurers’ share of benefits and claims 1,389 631
Movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds(498)(64)
Benefits and claims and movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds,
net of reinsurance(29,656)(50,169)
Acquisition costs and other expenditure B3(8,208)(6,752)
Finance costs: interest on core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations(312)(341)
Disposal of Japan life business:
Cumulative exchange loss recycled from other comprehensive income D1(46) –
Remeasurement adjustments D1 –(13)
Total charges, net of reinsurance B1.4(38,222)(57,275)
Share of profits from joint ventures and associates, net of related tax D6 238 303
Profit before tax (being tax attributable to shareholders’ and policyholders’ returns)* 3,321 3,154
Less tax charge attributable to policyholders’ returns(173)(540)
Profit before tax attributable to shareholders B1.1 3,148 2,614
Total tax charge attributable to policyholders and shareholders B5(742)(938)
Adjustment to remove tax charge attributable to policyholders’ returns 173 540
Tax charge attributable to shareholders’ returns B5(569)(398)
Profit for the year attributable to equity holders of the Company 2,579 2,216
Earnings per share (in pence) 2015 2014
Based on profit attributable to the equity holders of the Company: B6
Basic 101.0p 86.9p
Diluted 100.9p 86.8p
* This measure is the formal profit before tax measure under IFRS but it is not the result attributable to shareholders. This is principally because the corporate taxes
of the Group include those on the income of consolidated with-profits and unit-linked funds that, through adjustments to benefits, are borne by policyholders.
These amounts are required to be included in the tax charge of the Company under IAS 12. Consequently, the profit before all taxes measure (which is determined
after deducting the cost of policyholder benefits and movements in the liability for unallocated surplus of the PAC with-profits fund after adjusting for taxes borne
by policyholders) is not representative of pre-tax profits attributable to shareholders.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 133
Consolidated statement of comprehensive income
Year ended 31 December Note 2015 £m 2014 £m
Profit for the year 2,579 2,216
Other comprehensive income:
Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss
Exchange movements on foreign operations and net investment hedges:
Exchange movements arising during the year A1 68 215
Cumulative exchange loss of Japan life business recycled through profit or loss 46 –
Related tax 4 5
118 220
Net unrealised valuation movements on securities of US insurance operations classified
as available-for-sale:
Net unrealised holding (losses) gains arising during the year(1,256) 1,039
Less: net gains included in the income statement on disposal and impairment(49)(83)
Total C3.3(b)(1,305) 956
Related change in amortisation of deferred acquisition costs C5.1(b) 337(87)
Related tax 339(304)
(629) 565
Total(511) 785
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss
Shareholders’ share of actuarial gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes:
Gross 27(12)
Related tax(5) 2
22(10)
Other comprehensive (loss) income for the year, net of related tax(489) 775
Total comprehensive income for the year attributable to the equity holders of the Company 2,090 2,991
134 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Consolidated statement of changes in equity
Year ended 31 December 2015 £m
Available-
for-sale Share- Non-
Share Share Retained Translation securities holders’ controlling Total
capital premium earnings reserve reserves equity interests equity
Note note C10 note C10
Reserves
Profit for the year – – 2,579 – – 2,579 – 2,579
Other comprehensive income:
Exchange movements on foreign
operations and net investment
hedges, net of related tax – – – 118 – 118 – 118
Net unrealised valuation
movements, net of related
change in amortisation of
deferred acquisition costs and
related tax – – – –(629)(629) –(629)
Shareholders’ share of actuarial
gains and losses on defined
benefit pension schemes,
net of tax – – 22 – – 22 – 22
Total other comprehensive income (loss) – – 22 118(629)(489) –(489)
Total comprehensive income for the year – – 2,601 118(629) 2,090 – 2,090
Dividends B7 – –(974) – –(974) –(974)
Reserve movements in respect
of share-based payments – – 39 – – 39 – 39
Share capital and share premium
New share capital subscribed C10 – 7 – – – 7 – 7
Treasury shares
Movement in own shares in respect
of share-based payment plans – –(38) – –(38) –(38)
Movement in Prudential plc shares
purchased by unit trusts
consolidated under IFRS – – 20 – – 20 – 20
Net increase in equity – 7 1,648 118(629) 1,144 – 1,144
At beginning of year 128 1,908 8,788 31 956 11,811 1 11,812
At end of year 128 1,915 10,436 149 327 12,955 1 12,956
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 135
Consolidated statement of changes in equity continued
Year ended 31 December 2014 £m
Available-
for-sale Share- Non-
Share Share Retained Translation securities holders’ controlling Total
capital premium earnings reserve reserves equity interests equity
Note note C10 note C10
Reserves
Profit for the year – – 2,216 – – 2,216 – 2,216
Other comprehensive income:
Exchange movements on foreign
operations and net investment
hedges, net of related tax – – – 220 – 220 – 220
Net unrealised valuation
movements, net of related
change in amortisation of
deferred acquisition costs and
related tax – – – – 565 565 – 565
Shareholders’ share of actuarial
gains and losses on defined
benefit pension schemes,
net of tax – –(10) – –(10) –(10)
Total other comprehensive (loss) income – –(10) 220 565 775 – 775
Total comprehensive income
for the year – – 2,206 220 565 2,991 – 2,991
Dividends B7 – –(895) – –(895) –(895)
Reserve movements in respect
of share-based payments – – 106 – – 106 – 106
Share capital and share premium
New share capital subscribed C10 – 13 – – – 13 – 13
Treasury shares
Movement in own shares in respect
of share-based payment plans – –(48) – –(48) –(48)
Movement in Prudential plc shares
purchased by unit trusts
consolidated under IFRS – –(6) – –(6) –(6)
Net increase in equity – 13 1,363 220 565 2,161 – 2,161
At beginning of year 128 1,895 7,425(189) 391 9,650 1 9,651
At end of year 128 1,908 8,788 31 956 11,811 1 11,812
136 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Consolidated statement of financial position
Assets
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December Note 2015 £m 2014 £m |
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
Goodwill C5.1(a) 1,463 1,463
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets C5.1(b) 8,422 7,261
Total 9,885 8,724
Intangible assets attributable to with-profits funds:
Goodwill in respect of acquired subsidiaries for venture fund and other
investment purposes C5.2(a) 185 186
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets C5.2(b) 50 61
Total 235 247
Total intangible assets 10,120 8,971
Other non-investment and non-cash assets:
Property, plant and equipment C13 1,197 978
Reinsurers’ share of insurance contract liabilities C4.1(a)(iv) 7,903 7,167
Deferred tax assets C8.1 2,819 2,765
Current tax recoverable C8.2 477 117
Accrued investment income C1.1 2,751 2,667
Other debtors C1.1 1,955 1,852
Total 17,102 15,546
Investments of long-term business and other operations:
Investment properties C14 13,422 12,764
Investment in joint ventures and associates accounted for using the equity method D6 1,034 1,017
Financial investments:*
Loans C3.4 12,958 12,841
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts 157,453 144,862
Debt securities C3.3 147,671 145,251
Other investments 7,353 7,623
Deposits 12,088 13,096
Total 351,979 337,454
Assets held for sale D1 2 824
Cash and cash equivalents 7,782 6,409
Total assets C1,C3.1 386,985 369,204
| * |
|
Included within financial investments are £5,995 million (2014: £4,578 million) of lent securities. |
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 137
Consolidated statement of financial position continued
Equity and liabilities
| 31 |
|
December Note 2015 £m 2014 £m |
Equity
Shareholders’ equity 12,955 11,811
Non-controlling interests 1 1
Total equity 12,956 11,812
Liabilities
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds:
Insurance contract liabilities 260,753 250,038
Investment contract liabilities with discretionary participation features 42,959 39,277
Investment contract liabilities without discretionary participation features 18,806 20,224
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds 13,096 12,450
Total C4.1(a) 335,614 321,989
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations:
Subordinated debt 4,018 3,320
Other 993 984
Total C6.1 5,011 4,304
Other borrowings:
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operations C6.2(a) 1,960 2,263
Borrowings attributable to with-profits operations C6.2(b) 1,332 1,093
Other non-insurance liabilities:
Obligations under funding, securities lending and sale and repurchase agreements 3,765 2,347
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds 7,873 7,357
Deferred tax liabilities C8.1 4,010 4,291
Current tax liabilities 325 617
Accruals and deferred income 952 947
Other creditors 4,876 4,262
Provisions C12 604 724
Derivative liabilities C3.5(b) 3,119 2,323
Other liabilities 4,588 4,105
Total 30,112 26,973
Liabilities held for sale D1 – 770
Total liabilities C1,C3.1 374,029 357,392
Total equity and liabilities 386,985 369,204
The consolidated financial statements on pages 133 to 281 were approved by the Board of Directors on 8 March 2016.
They were signed on its behalf:
Paul Manduca Mike Wells Nic Nicandrou
Chairman Group Chief Executive Chief Financial Officer
138 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Consolidated statement of cash flows
Year ended 31 December Note 2015 £m 2014 £m
Cash flows from operating activities
Profit before tax (being tax attributable to shareholders’ and policyholders’ returns)note(i) 3,321 3,154
Non-cash movements in operating assets and liabilities reflected in profit before tax:
Investments(6,814)(30,746)
Other non-investment and non-cash assets(1,063)(1,521)
Policyholder liabilities (including unallocated surplus) 6,067 27,292
Other liabilities (including operational borrowings) 1,761 3,797
Interest income and expense and dividend income included in result before tax(8,726)(8,315)
Other non-cash itemsnote(ii) 234 174
Operating cash items:
Interest receipts 7,316 7,155
Dividend receipts 1,777 1,559
Tax paid(1,340)(721)
Net cash flows from operating activities 2,533 1,828
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property, plant and equipment C13(256)(172)
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment 30 10
Acquisition of subsidiaries and intangibles(286)(535)
Sale of businesses 43 152
Net cash flows from investing activities(469)(545)
Cash flows from financing activities
Structural borrowings of the Group:
Shareholder-financed operations:note(iii) C6.1
Issue of subordinated debt, net of costs 590 –
Redemption of subordinated debt –(445)
Interest paid(288)(330)
With-profits operations:note(iv) C6.2
Interest paid(9)(9)
Equity capital:
Issues of ordinary share capital 7 13
Dividends paid(974)(895)
Net cash flows from financing activities(674)(1,666)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 1,390(383)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 6,409 6,785
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents(17) 7
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year 7,782 6,409
Notes
(i) This measure is the formal profit before tax measure under IFRS but it is not the result attributable to shareholders.
(ii) Other non-cash items consist of the adjustment of non-cash items to profit before tax.
(iii) Structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations exclude borrowings to support short-term fixed income securities programmes, non-recourse
borrowings of investment subsidiaries of shareholder-financed operations and other borrowings of shareholder-financed operations. Cash flows in respect
of these borrowings are included within cash flows from operating activities.
(iv) Interest paid on structural borrowings of with-profits operations relate solely to the £100 million 8.5 per cent undated subordinated guaranteed bonds, which
contribute to the solvency base of the Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund (SAIF), a ring-fenced sub-fund of the PAC with-profits fund. Cash flows in respect
of other borrowings of with-profits funds, which principally relate to consolidated investment funds, are included within cash flows from operating activities.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 139
A: Background and accounting policies
A1: Basis of preparation and exchange rates
Prudential plc (the Company) together with its subsidiaries (collectively, the Group or Prudential) is an international financial services group with its principal operations in Asia, the US and the UK. Prudential offers a wide range of retail financial products and services and asset management services throughout these territories. The retail financial products and services principally include life insurance, pensions and annuities as well as collective investment schemes.
Basis of preparation
These statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and as endorsed by the European Union (EU) as required by EU law (IAS Regulation EC1606/2032). EU-endorsed IFRS may differ from IFRS issued by the IASB if, at any point in time, new or amended IFRS have not been endorsed by the EU. At 31 December 2015, there were no unendorsed standards effective for the two years ended 31 December 2015 affecting the consolidated financial information of the Group and there were no differences between IFRS endorsed by the EU and IFRS issued by the IASB in terms of their application to the Group. The parent company statement of financial position prepared in accordance with the UK Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (including Financial Reporting Standard 101 Reduced Disclosure Framework) is presented on page 282.
Except for the adoption of the new and amended accounting standards for Group IFRS reporting as described in note A2, the accounting policies applied by the Group in determining the IFRS basis results in this report are the same as those previously applied in the Group’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2014.
Exchange rates
The exchange rates applied for balances and transactions in currency other than the presentational currency of the Group, pounds sterling (GBP) were:
Closing Average rate Closing Average rate
rate at for rate at for
| 31 |
|
Dec 2015 2015 31 Dec 2014 2014 |
Local currency: £
Hong Kong 11.42 11.85 12.09 12.78
Indonesia 20,317.71 20,476.93 19,311.31 19,538.56
Malaysia 6.33 5.97 5.45 5.39
Singapore 2.09 2.10 2.07 2.09
China 9.57 9.61 9.67 10.15
India 97.51 98.08 98.42 100.53
Vietnam 33,140.64 33,509.21 33,348.46 34,924.62
Thailand 53.04 52.38 51.30 53.51
US 1.47 1.53 1.56 1.65
Certain notes to the financial statements present 2014 comparative information at Constant Exchange Rates (CER), in addition to the reporting at Actual Exchange Rates (AER) used throughout the consolidated financial statements. AER are actual historical exchange rates for the specific accounting period, being the average rates over the period for the income statement and the closing rates for the balance sheet at the balance sheet date. CER results are calculated by translating prior period results using the current period foreign exchange rate ie current period average rates for the income statement and current period closing rates for the balance sheet.
The exchange movement arising during 2015 recognised in other comprehensive income is:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Asia operations* (5) 109 US operations 238 243 Unallocated to a segment (central funds)† (119) (137)
114 215
| * |
|
Includes cumulative exchange loss of Japan life business of £46 million. |
† The exchange rate movement unallocated to a segment mainly reflects the translation of currency borrowings which have been designated as a net investment hedge against the currency risk of the investment in Jackson.
A2: Adoption of new accounting pronouncements in 2015
The Group has adopted the annual improvements to the IFRS’s 2011-2013 cycle which were effective in 2015.
Except for a change to the presentation of the Prudential Capital business as a separate reporting segment, as described in note B1.3, consideration of these improvements has had no impact on the financial statements of the Group.
140 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
A3: Accounting policies
A3.1 Accounting policies and use of estimates and judgements
This note provides detailed accounting policies adopted by the Group to prepare the consolidated financial statements. These accounting policies are applied consistently for all years presented and normally are not subject to changes unless new accounting standards, interpretations or amendments are introduced by the IASB.
a Critical accounting policies, accounting estimates and judgements
Prudential believes that its critical accounting policies are limited to those referenced in the table below:
Accounting
Critical accounting policies policy reference
Classification of insurance and investment contracts A3.1(c)
Measurement of policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits fund A3.1(d)
Measurement and presentation of derivatives and debt securities of US insurance operations A3.1(j)(v)
Presentation of results before tax A3.1(k)
Segmental analysis of results and earnings distributable to shareholders A3.1(m)
The preparation of these financial statements requires Prudential to make estimates and judgements that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Prudential evaluates its estimates, including those related to long-term business provisioning and the fair value of assets. The table below sets out items that require the Group to make critical estimates and judgements in applying the relevant accounting policy:
Accounting
Critical accounting estimates and assumptions policy reference
Classification of insurance and investment contracts A3.1(c)
Measurement of policyholder liabilities A3.1(d)
Measurement of deferred acquisition costs A3.1(f)
Determination of fair value of financial investments A3.1(j)(ii)
Determining impairment relating to financial assets A3.1(j)(iii)
b Basis of consolidation
The Group consolidates those investees it is deemed to control. The Group has control over an investee if all three of the following are met: (1) it has power over an investee; (2) it is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the investee; and (3) it has ability to use its power over the investee to affect its own returns.
i Subsidiaries
Subsidiaries are those investees which the Group controls. The vast majority of the Group’s subsidiaries are corporate entities where the Group holds the majority of voting rights and are consolidated. The consolidation of other vehicles held by the Group is discussed below: The Group’s insurance operations invest in a number of limited partnerships, either directly or through unit trusts, through a mix of capital and loans. These limited partnerships are managed by general partners, in which the Group holds equity. Such interest in general partners and limited partnerships provide the Group with voting and similar rights to participate in the governance framework of the relevant activities in which limited partnerships are engaged in. Accounting for the limited partnerships as subsidiaries, joint ventures, associates or other financial investments depends on the terms of each partnership agreement and the shareholdings in the general partners. In the context of direct investment in limited partnerships, the following circumstances may indicate a relationship in which, in substance, the Group controls and consequently consolidates a limited partnership:
— The Group has existing rights that give it the current ability to direct the relevant activities of the limited partnership, ie activities that significantly affect the generation of economic returns from the limited partnership’s operation;
— The Group has the power to obtain the significant benefits of the activities of the limited partnerships. Generally, it is presumed that the Group has significant benefits if its participation in the limited partnership is greater than 20 per cent; and
— The Group has the current ability to join together with other partners to direct the activities of the partnership.
The Group performs a reassessment of consolidation whenever there is a change in the substance of the relationship between the Group and a limited partnership. Where the Group is deemed to control a limited partnership, it is treated as a subsidiary and its results, assets and liabilities are consolidated. Where the Group holds a minority share in a limited partnership, with no control over their associated general partners, the investments are carried at fair value through profit or loss within financial investments in the consolidated statement of financial position.
The limited partnerships consolidated by the Group include Qualifying Partnerships as defined under the UK Partnerships (Accounts) Regulations 2008 (the ‘Partnerships Act’). Certain of these limited partnerships have taken advantage of the exemption under regulation 7 of the Partnerships Act from the financial statements requirements under regulations 4 to 6, on the basis that these limited partnerships are dealt with on a consolidated basis in these financial statements.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 141
A: Background and accounting policies continued
A3: Accounting policies continued
A3.1 Accounting policies and use of estimates and judgements continued ii Joint ventures and associates
Joint ventures are joint arrangements arising from a contractual agreement whereby the Group and other investors have joint control of the net assets of the arrangement. In a number of these arrangements, the Group’s share of the underlying net assets may be less than 50 per cent but the terms of the relevant agreement make it clear that control is jointly exercised between the Group and the third party. Associates are entities over which the Group has significant influence, but it does not control. Generally it is presumed that the Group has significant influence if it holds between 20 per cent and 50 per cent voting rights of the entity.
With the exception of those referred to below, the Group accounts for its investments in joint ventures and associates by using the equity method of accounting. The Group’s share of profit or loss of its joint ventures and associates is recognised in the income statement and its share of movements in other comprehensive income is recognised in other comprehensive income. The equity method of accounting does not apply to investments in associates and joint ventures held by the Group’s insurance or investment funds including venture capital business or mutual funds or unit trusts, which as allowed by IAS 28, ‘Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures’, are carried at fair value through profit or loss.
iii Structured entities
Structured entities are those which have been designed so that voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity such as when any voting rights relate to administrative tasks only and the relevant activities are directed by means of contractual arrangements. In addition to the entities discussed above in A3.1b(i), the Group as part of its business strategy invests in structured entities such as Open-Ended Investment Companies (OEICs), Unit Trusts (UTs), variable interest entities, investment vehicles within separate accounts offered through variable annuities, collateralised debt obligations, mortgage-backed securities, and similar asset-backed securities.
Open-ended investment companies and unit trusts
The Group invests in OEICs and UTs, which invest mainly in equities, bonds, cash and cash equivalents, and properties. The Group’s percentage ownership in these entities can fluctuate on a daily basis according to the participation of the Group and other investors in them. For these entities, the following circumstances may indicate, in substance, the Group has power over an entity:
— The entity is managed by the Group’s asset manager and the Group holds a significant investment in the entity; and
— Where the entity is managed by an asset manager outside the Group, Prudential has existing rights that gives it the ability to direct the current activities of the entity. In assessing the Group’s ability to direct an entity, the Group considers its ability relative to other investors. The Group has a limited number of OEICs and UTs where it considers it has such ability.
For an entity managed by asset managers outside the Group with no current ability to direct its activities, the Group is deemed to have no power over such an entity.
For those entities managed by the Group’s asset managers, it is generally presumed that the Group is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from an entity and has ability to use its power to affect its own returns where the Group’s holding is greater than 50 per cent and is deemed to have no significant influence over an entity for holdings less than 20 per cent. For holdings between 20 per cent and 50 per cent, the Group performs an assessment of power and associated control over an entity on a case-by-case basis. For these entities, the following circumstances may indicate that the Group controls an entity:
— The Group has power over the relevant activities of the entity; and
— The exposure, or rights, to variable returns (including administrative and performance fees earned by the Group’s asset manager) from the entity is higher than the Group’s interest.
Where the Group is deemed to control these entities they are treated as a subsidiary and are consolidated, with the interests of investors other than the Group being classified as liabilities and appear as net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds.
Where the Group does not control these entities (as it is deemed to be acting as an agent) and they do not meet the definition of associates, they are carried at fair value through profit or loss within financial investments in the consolidated statement of financial position.
Where the Group’s asset manager sets up the OEICs and UTs as part of asset management operations, the Group’s interest is limited to the administration fees charged to manage the assets of such entities. With no participation in these entities, the Group does not retain risks associated with OEICs and UTs. For these open-ended investment companies and unit trusts, the Group is not deemed to control the entities but to be acting as an agent.
The Group generates returns and retains the ownership risks in investment vehicles commensurate to its participation and does not have any further exposure to the residual risks of these investment vehicles.
142 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Jackson’s separate account assets
Jackson offers variable contracts that invest contract holders’ premiums, at the contract holders’ direction, in investment vehicles (‘Separate Accounts’) that invest in equity, fixed income, bonds and money market mutual funds. The contract holder retains the underlying returns and the ownership risks related to the separate accounts and its underlying investments. The shareholders’ economic interest in separate accounts is limited to the administrative fees charged. The separate accounts are set up as separate regulated entities governed by a Board of Governors or trustees for which the majority of the members are independent of Jackson or any affiliated entity. The independent members represent contract holders’ interest and are responsible for any decision making that impacts contract holders’ interest and governs the operational activities of the entities’ advisers, including asset managers managing the investment vehicles. Accordingly, the Group does not control these vehicles. These investments are carried at fair value through profit or loss within financial investments in the consolidated statement of financial position.
Other structured entities
The Group holds investments in mortgage-backed securities, collateralised debt obligations and similar asset-backed securities that are actively traded in a liquid market. The Group is not the sponsor of the vehicles in which it holds investments and has no administrative rights over the vehicles’ activities. The Group generates returns and retains the ownership risks commensurate to its holding and its exposure to the investments. Accordingly the Group does not have power over the relevant activities of such vehicles and all are carried at fair value through profit or loss within financial investments in the consolidated statement of financial position.
The table below provides aggregate carrying amounts of the investments in unconsolidated structured entities reported in the Group’s statement of financial position:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Separate Other Separate Other
account structured account structured
OEICs/UTs assets entities OEICs/UTs assets entities
Statement of financial position line items
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in
unit trusts 12,945 91,022 – 12,690 81,741 –
Debt securities – – 11,735 – – 12,715
Total 12,945 91,022 11,735 12,690 81,741 12,715
The Group generates returns and retains the ownership risks in these investments commensurate to its participation and does not have any further exposure to the residual risks or losses of the investments or the vehicles in which it holds investments.
As at 31 December 2015, the Group does not have an agreement, contractual or otherwise, or intention to provide financial support to structured entities that could expose the Group to a loss.
c Classification of insurance and investment contracts
IFRS 4 requires contracts written by insurers to be classified as either ‘insurance contracts’ or ‘investment contracts’ depending on the level of insurance risk transferred. Insurance risk is a pre-existing risk, other than financial risk, transferred from the contract holder to the contract issuer. If significant insurance risk is transferred to the Group then it is classified as an insurance contract. Contracts that transfer financial risk to the Group but not significant insurance risk are termed investment contracts. Furthermore, some contracts, both insurance and investment, contain discretionary participating features representing the contractual right to receive additional benefits as a supplement to guaranteed benefits: a That are likely to be a significant portion of the total contract benefits; b Whose amount or timing is contractually at the discretion of the insurer; and c That are contractually based on asset or fund performance, as discussed in IFRS 4.
Insurance contracts and investment contracts Investment contracts without discretionary
Business units with discretionary participation features participation features
Asia — With-profits contracts — Minor amounts for a number of small
— Non-participating term contracts categories of business
— Whole life contracts
— Unit-linked policies
— Accident and health policies
US — Variable annuity contracts — Guaranteed investment contracts (GICs)
— Fixed annuity contracts — Minor amounts of ‘annuity certain’ contracts
— Life insurance contracts
UK — With-profits contracts — Certain unit-linked savings and similar
— Bulk and individual annuity business contracts
— Non-participating term contracts
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 143
A: Background and accounting policies continued
A3: Accounting policies continued
A3.1 Accounting policies and use of estimates and judgements continued d Measurement of policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
The measurement basis of policyholder liabilities is dependent upon the classification of the contracts under IFRS 4 described in note A3.1(c) above.
IFRS 4 permits the continued usage of previously applied Generally Accepted Accounting Practices (GAAP) for insurance contracts and investment contracts with discretionary participating features. Accordingly, except for UK regulated with-profits funds which were measured under FRS 27 as discussed below, the modified statutory basis of reporting as set in the Statement of Recommended Practice issued by Association of British Insurers (ABI SORP) was adopted by the Group on first time adoption of IFRS in 2005. FRS 27 and the ABI SORP were withdrawn in the UK for the accounting periods beginning in or after 2015. As used in these consolidated financial statements, the terms ‘FRS 27’ and the ‘ABI SORP’ refer to the requirements of these pronouncements prior to their withdrawal. For investment contracts that do not contain discretionary participating features, IAS 39 is applied and, where the contract includes an investment management element, IAS 18, ‘Revenue’, applies.
For with-profits funds, as the shareholders’ participation in the cost of bonuses arises only on distribution, the Group has elected to account for the unallocated surplus of UK regulated with-profits funds as a liability with no allocation to equity.
The policy of measuring contract liabilities at business unit level is noted below. Additional details are discussed in note C4.2.
i Insurance contracts
Asia insurance operations
The policyholder liabilities for businesses in Asia are determined in accordance with methods prescribed by local GAAP adjusted to comply, where necessary, with the modified statutory basis. Refinements to the local reserving methodology are generally treated as changes in estimates, dependent on their nature.
For the operations in India, Taiwan and, up until 2015, Japan, the local GAAP is not appropriate as a starting point in the context of the modified statutory basis, and, instead, the accounting for insurance contracts is based on US GAAP. For these operations the business written is primarily non-participating linked and participating business. The future policyholder benefit provisions for non-participating linked business are determined using the net level premium method, with an allowance for surrenders, maintenance and claim expenses. Rates of interest used in establishing the policyholder benefit provisions vary by operation depending on the circumstances attaching to each block of business. Where appropriate, liabilities for participating business for these operations include provisions for the policyholders’ interest in investment gains and other surpluses that have yet to be declared as bonuses.
While the basis of valuation of liabilities in this business is in accordance with the requirements of the ABI SORP, it may differ from that determined on the modified statutory basis for UK operations with the same features.
US insurance operations
In accordance with the modified statutory basis, the policyholder liabilities for Jackson’s conventional protection-type policies are determined under US GAAP principles with locked-in assumptions for mortality, interest, policy lapses and expenses along with provisions for adverse deviations. For other policies, the policyholder liabilities includes the policyholder account balance. Acquisition costs are accounted for as explained in note A3.1(f) below.
UK insurance operations
The UK regulated with-profits funds are accounted for by the voluntary application of the UK accounting standard FRS 27 ‘Life Assurance’ that requires liabilities to be calculated as the realistic basis liabilities. The realistic basis liabilities are measured by reference to the PRA’s Peak 2 basis of reporting. This Peak 2 basis requires the value of liabilities to be calculated as:
— A with-profits benefits reserve; plus
— Future policy related liabilities; plus
— The realistic current liabilities of the fund.
The with-profits benefits reserve is primarily based on the retrospective calculation of accumulated asset shares but is adjusted to refiect future policyholder benefits and other outgoings. Asset shares broadly refiect the policyholders’ share of the with-profits fund assets attributable to their policies.
The future policy-related liabilities must include a market consistent valuation of costs of guarantees, options and smoothing, less any related charges, and this amount is determined using either a stochastic approach, hedging costs or a series of deterministic projections with attributed probabilities.
The Peak 2 basis realistic liabilities for with-profits business currently include the element for the shareholders’ share of the future cost of bonuses consistent with the contract asset shares. For accounting purposes under FRS 27, this latter item is not shown as part of contract liabilities. This is because, consistent with the current basis of financial reporting, shareholder transfers are recognised only on declaration. Instead, the shareholders’ share of future costs of bonuses is included within the liabilities for unallocated surplus.
Other UK insurance contracts that contain significant insurance risk include unit-linked, annuity and other non-profit business. For the purposes of local regulations, segregated accounts are established for linked business for which policyholder benefits are wholly or partly determined by reference to specific investments or to an investment-related index. The interest rates used in establishing policyholder benefit provisions for pension annuities in the course of payment are adjusted each year. Mortality rates used in establishing policyholder benefits are based on published mortality tables adjusted to refiect actual experience.
144 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
ii Investment contracts with discretionary participation features
For investment contracts with discretionary participation features, the accounting basis is consistent with the accounting for similar with-profits insurance contracts.
iii Investment contracts without discretionary participation features
The measurement of investment contracts without discretionary participation features is carried out in accordance with IAS 39 to reflect the deposit nature of the arrangement, with premiums and claims reflected as deposits and withdrawals and taken directly to the statement of financial position as movements in the financial liability balance.
Under IFRS, investment contracts (excluding those with discretionary participation features) accounted for as financial liabilities in accordance with IAS 39 which also offer investment management services, require the application of IAS 18 for the revenue attached to these services. Incremental, directly attributable acquisition costs relating to the investment management element of these contracts are capitalised and amortised in line with the related revenue. If the contracts involve up-front charges, this income is also deferred and amortised through the income statement in line with contractual service provision.
For those investment contracts in the US with fixed and guaranteed terms, the Group uses the amortised cost model to measure the liability.
Those investment contracts without fixed and guaranteed terms are designated as fair value through profit or loss because the resulting liabilities are managed and their performance is evaluated on a fair value basis. Where the contract includes a surrender option its carrying value is subject to a minimum carrying value equal to its surrender value.
iv Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
Unallocated surplus represents the excess of assets over policyholder liabilities for the Group’s with-profits funds that have yet to be appropriated between policyholders and shareholders. As allowed under IFRS 4, the Group has opted to continue to record unallocated surplus of with-profits funds wholly as a liability with no allocation to equity. The annual excess (shortfall) of income over expenditure of the with-profits funds, after declaration and attribution of the cost of bonuses to policyholders and shareholders, is transferred to (from) the unallocated surplus each year through a charge (credit) to the income statement. The balance retained in the unallocated surplus represents cumulative income arising on the with-profits business that has not been allocated to policyholders or shareholders. The balance of the unallocated surplus is determined after full provision for deferred tax on unrealised appreciation on investments.
e Reinsurance
The measurement of reinsurance assets is consistent with the measurement of the underlying direct insurance contracts.
The treatment of any gains or losses arising on the purchase of reinsurance contracts is dependent on the underlying accounting basis of the entity concerned.
f Deferred acquisition costs for insurance contracts
Except for acquisition costs of with-profits contracts of the UK regulated with-profits funds, which are accounted for under the realistic PRA regime, costs of acquiring new insurance business are accounted for in a way that is consistent with the principles of the ABI SORP with deferral and amortisation against margins in future revenues on the related insurance policies. Costs of acquiring new insurance business, principally commissions, marketing and advertising and certain other costs associated with policy insurance and underwriting that are not reimbursed by policy charges, are specifically identified and capitalised as part of deferred acquisition costs. In general, this deferral is presentationally shown by an explicit carrying value in the balance sheet. However, in some Asia operations the deferral is implicit through the reserving methodology. The recoverability of the explicitly and implicitly deferred acquisition costs is measured and are deemed impaired if the projected margins are less than the carrying value. To the extent that the future margins differ from those anticipated, then an adjustment to the carrying value will be necessary.
The deferral and amortisation of acquisition costs is of most relevance to the Group’s results for Asia and US insurance operations. The deferred acquisition costs for US and some Asia operations are determined with reference to US GAAP principles.
Asia insurance operations
For those territories applying US GAAP to insurance assets and liabilities, as permitted by the ABI SORP, principles similar to those set out in the US insurance operations paragraph below are applied to the deferral and amortisation of acquisition costs. For other territories in Asia, the general principles of the ABI SORP are applied with, as described above, deferral of acquisition costs being either explicit or implicit through the reserving basis.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 145
A: Background and accounting policies continued
A3: Accounting policies continued
A3.1 Accounting policies and use of estimates and judgements continued
US insurance operations
Under IFRS 4, the Group applies ‘grandfathered’ US GAAP for measuring the insurance assets and liabilities of US insurance operations. The Group applies FAS ASU 2010-26 on ‘Accounting for Costs Associated with Acquiring or Renewing Insurance Contracts’ and capitalises only those incremental costs directly relating to successfully acquiring a contract.
For term business, acquisition costs are deferred and amortised in line with expected premiums. For annuity and interest-sensitive life business, acquisition costs are deferred and amortised in line with expected gross profits on the relevant contracts. For fixed and fixed index annuity and interest-sensitive life business, the key assumption is the long-term spread between the earned rate on investments and the rate credited to policyholders, which is based on an annual spread analysis. In addition, expected gross profits depend on mortality assumptions, assumed unit costs and terminations other than deaths (including the related charges), all of which are based on a combination of Jackson’s actual industry experience and future expectations. A detailed analysis of actual mortality, lapse and expenses experience is performed using internally developed experience studies.
For US variable annuity business, a key assumption is the long-term investment return from the separate accounts, which is determined using a mean reversion methodology. Under the mean reversion methodology, projected returns over the next five years are flexed (subject to capping) so that, combined with the actual rates of return for the current and the previous two years the assumed long-term level of returns from the separate accounts is maintained. The projected rates of return are capped at no more than 15 per cent for each of the next five years. These returns affect the level of future expected profits through their effects on the fee income with consequential impact on the amortisation of deferred acquisition costs. The level of acquisition costs carried in the statement of financial position is also sensitive to unrealised valuation movements on debt securities held to back the liabilities and solvency capital.
Further details are discussed in note C5.1(b).
As permitted by IFRS 4, Jackson uses shadow accounting to make adjustments to the deferred acquisition costs which are recognised directly in other comprehensive income. Jackson accounts for the majority of its investment portfolio on an available-for-sale basis whereby unrealised gains and losses are recognised in other comprehensive income. To the extent that recognition of unrealised gains or losses on available-for-sale securities causes adjustments to the carrying value and amortisation patterns of deferred acquisition costs and deferred income, these adjustments are recognised in other comprehensive income to be consistent with the treatment of the gains or losses on the securities. More precisely, shadow deferred acquisition costs adjustments reflect the change in deferred acquisition costs that would have arisen if the assets held in the statement of financial position had been sold, crystallising unrealised gains or losses, and the proceeds reinvested at the yields currently available in the market.
UK insurance operations
For UK regulated with-profits funds where the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) realistic regime is applied, the basis of setting liabilities is such that it would be inappropriate for acquisition costs to be deferred, therefore these costs are expensed as incurred. The majority of the UK shareholder-backed business is individual and Group annuity business where the deferral of acquisition costs is negligible.
g Liability adequacy test
The Group performs adequacy testing on its insurance liabilities to ensure that the carrying amounts (net of related deferred acquisition costs) and, where relevant, present value of acquired in-force business is sufficient to cover current estimates of future cash flows. Any deficiency is immediately charged to the income statement.
h Earned premiums, policy fees and claims paid
Premium and annuity considerations for conventional with-profits policies and other protection type insurance policies are recognised as revenue when due. Premiums and annuity considerations for linked policies, unitised with-profits and other investment type policies are recognised as revenue when received or, in the case of unitised or unit-linked policies, when units are issued. These amounts exclude premium taxes and similar duties where Prudential collects and settles taxes borne by the customer.
Policy fees charged on linked and unitised with-profits policies for mortality, asset management and policy administration are recognised as revenue when related services are provided.
Claims paid include maturities, annuities, surrenders and deaths. Maturity claims are recorded as charges on the policy maturity date. Annuity claims are recorded when each annuity instalment becomes due for payment. Surrenders are charged to the income statement when paid and death claims are recorded when notified.
i Investment return
Investment return included in the income statement principally comprises interest income, dividends, investment appreciation/ depreciation (realised and unrealised gains and losses) on investments designated as fair value through profit or loss, and realised gains and losses (including impairment losses) on items held at amortised cost and Jackson’s debt securities designated as available-for-sale. Movements in unrealised appreciation/depreciation of Jackson’s debt securities designated as available-for-sale are recorded in other comprehensive income. Interest income is recognised as it accrues, taking into account the effective yield on investments.
Dividends on equity securities are recognised on the ex-dividend date and rental income is recognised on an accrual basis.
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j Financial investments other than instruments classified as long-term business contracts i Investment classification
The Group holds financial investments in accordance with IAS 39, whereby subject to specific criteria, financial instruments are required to be accounted for under one of the following categories:
— Financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss – this comprises assets and liabilities designated by management as fair value through profit or loss on inception and derivatives that are held for trading. These investments are measured at fair value with all changes thereon being recognised in investment return in the income statement;
— Financial investments on an available-for-sale basis – this comprises assets that are designated by management as available-for-sale and/or do not fall into any of the other categories. These assets are initially recognised at fair value plus attributable transaction costs. For available-for-sale debt securities, the difference between their cost and par value is amortised to the income statement using the effective interest rate. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or, when appropriate, a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial asset;
— Available-for-sale assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Interest income is recognised on an effective interest basis in the income statement. Except for foreign exchange gains and losses on debt securities, not in functional currency, which are included in the income statement, unrealised gains and losses are recognised in other comprehensive income. Upon disposal or impairment, accumulated unrealised gains and losses are transferred from other comprehensive income to the income statement as realised gains or losses; and
— Loans and receivables – except for those designated as at fair value through profit or loss or available-for-sale, these instruments comprise non-quoted investments that have fixed or determinable payments. These instruments include loans collateralised by mortgages, deposits, loans to policyholders and other unsecured loans and receivables. These investments are initially recognised at fair value plus transaction costs. Subsequently, these instruments are carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
The Group uses the trade date method to account for regular purchases and sales of financial assets.
ii Use of fair value
The Group uses current bid prices to value its investments with quoted prices. Actively traded investments without quoted prices are valued using prices provided by third parties as described further in note C3.2. If there is no active established market for an investment, the Group applies an appropriate valuation technique such as a discounted cash flow technique.
Determining the fair value of financial investments when the markets are not active
The Group holds certain financial investments for which the markets are not active. These can include financial investments which are not quoted on active markets and financial investments for which markets are no longer active as a result of market conditions eg market illiquidity. When the markets are not active, there is generally no or limited observable market data to account for financial investments at fair value. The determination of whether an active market exists for a financial investment requires management’s judgement. If the market for a financial investment of the Group is not active, the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques.
The Group establishes fair value for these financial investments by using quotations from independent third parties, such as brokers or pricing services, or by using internally developed pricing models. Priority is given to publicly available prices from independent sources when available, but overall the source of pricing and/or the valuation technique is chosen with the objective of arriving at a fair value measurement which reflects the price at which an orderly transaction would take place between market participants on the measurement date. The valuation techniques include the use of recent arm’s-length transactions, reference to other instruments that are substantially the same, discounted cash flow analysis, option-adjusted spread models and, if applicable, enterprise valuation and may include a number of assumptions relating to variables such as credit risk and interest rates. Changes in assumptions relating to these variables could positively or negatively impact the reported fair value of these financial investments.
Financial investments measured at fair value are classified into a three level hierarchy as described in note C3.2(b).
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 147
A: Background and accounting policies continued
A3: Accounting policies continued
A3.1 Accounting policies and use of estimates and judgements continued iii Determining impairment in relation to financial assets
Available-for-sale securities
The majority of Jackson’s debt securities portfolio are accounted for on an available-for-sale basis. The consideration of evidence of impairment requires management’s judgement. In making this determination the factors considered include, for example:
Determining factors Consideration of evidence of impairment
Whether the decline of the A substantial decline in fair value might be indicative of a credit loss event that would lead to
financial investment’s fair value a measurable decrease in the estimated future cash flows.
is substantial
The impact of the duration of the The duration of a security to maturity helps to inform whether assessments of estimated future
security on the calculation of the cash flows that are higher than market value are reasonable.
revised estimated cash flows
The duration and extent to which This factor provides an indication of how the contractual cash flows and effective interest rate of a
the amortised cost exceeds fair financial asset compares with the implicit market estimate of cash flows and the risk attaching to a ‘fair
value value’ measurement. The length of time for which that level of difference has been in place may also
provide further evidence as to whether the market assessment implies an impairment loss has arisen.
The financial condition and These factors and other observable conditions may indicate that an investment is impaired.
prospects of the issuer
If a loss event that will have a detrimental effect on cash flows is identified, an impairment loss is recognised in the income statement. The loss recognised is determined as the difference between the book cost and the fair value of the relevant impaired securities. This loss comprises the effect of the expected loss of contractual cash flows and any additional market-price-driven temporary reductions in values.
For Jackson’s residential mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities, all of which are classified as available-for-sale, the model used to analyse cash flows begins with the current delinquency experience of the underlying collateral pool for the structure, by applying assumptions about how much of the currently delinquent loans will eventually default, and multiplying this by an assumed loss severity. Additional factors are applied to anticipate ageing effects. After applying a cash flow simulation an indication is obtained as to whether or not the security has suffered, or is anticipated to suffer, contractual principal or interest payment shortfalls. If a shortfall applies an impairment charge is recorded. The difference between the fair value and book cost for unimpaired securities designated as available-for-sale is accounted for as unrealised gains or losses, with the movements unless impaired in the accounting period being included in other comprehensive income.
The Group’s review of fair value involves several criteria, including economic conditions, credit loss experience, other issuer-specific developments and future cash flows. These assessments are based on the best available information at the time. Factors such as market liquidity, the widening of bid/ask spreads and a change in cash flow assumptions can contribute to future price volatility. If actual experience differs negatively from the assumptions and other considerations used in the consolidated financial statements, unrealised losses currently in equity may be recognised in the income statement in future periods. Additional details on the impairments of the available-for-sale securities of Jackson are described in note C3.5(d).
Assets held at amortised cost
Financial assets classified as loans and receivables under IAS 39 are carried at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method. The loans and receivables include loans collateralised by mortgages, deposits and loans to policyholders. In estimating future cash flows, the Group looks at the expected cash flows of the assets and applies historical loss experience of assets with similar credit risks that has been adjusted for conditions in the historical loss experience which no longer exist, or for conditions that are expected to arise. The estimated future cash flows are discounted using the financial asset’s original or variable effective interest rate and exclude credit losses that have not yet been incurred.
The risks inherent in reviewing the impairment of any investment include: the risk that market results may differ from expectations; facts and circumstances may change in the future and differ from estimates and assumptions; or the Group may later decide to sell the asset as a result of changed circumstances.
Certain mortgage loans of the UK insurance operations and, consequent upon the purchase of REALIC in 2012 by Jackson, policy loans held to back funds withheld under reinsurance arrangements have been designated at fair value through profit or loss, as these loan portfolios are managed and evaluated on a fair value basis.
Assets carried at cost or amortised cost are subject to impairment testing where appropriate under IFRS requirements.
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Reversal of impairment loss
If, in subsequent periods, an impaired debt security held on an available-for-sale basis or an impaired loan or receivable recovers in value (in part or in full), and this recovery can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment, then the previously recognised impairment loss is reversed through the income statement (in part or in full).
iv Derivatives and hedge accounting
Derivative financial instruments are used to reduce or manage investment, interest rate and currency exposures, to facilitate efficient portfolio management and for investment purposes.
The Group may designate certain derivatives as hedges.
For hedges of net investments in foreign operations, the effective portion of any change in fair value of derivatives or other financial instruments designated as net investment hedges is recognised in other comprehensive income. The ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument is recorded in the income statement. The gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognised directly within the other comprehensive income of the foreign operation.
The Group does not regularly seek to apply fair value or cash flow hedging treatment under IAS 39. The Group has no fair value and cash flows hedges under IAS 39 at 31 December 2015 and 2014.
All derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments are carried at fair value with movements in fair value being recorded in the income statement.
The primary areas of the Group’s continuing operations where derivative instruments are held are the UK with-profits funds and annuity business, and Jackson.
For UK with-profits funds the derivative programme is used for the purposes of efficient portfolio management or reduction in investment risk.
For shareholder-backed UK annuity business the derivatives are held to contribute to the matching as far as practical, of asset returns and duration with those of liabilities to policyholders. The carrying value of these liabilities is sensitive to the return on the matching financial assets including derivatives held.
For Jackson, an extensive derivative programme is maintained. Value movements on the derivatives held can be very significant in their effect on shareholder results. Further details on this aspect of the Group’s financial reporting are described in note B1.2.
v Measurement and presentation of derivatives and debt securities of US insurance operations
The policies for these items are significant factors in contributing to the volatility of the income statement result and shareholders’ equity. Under IAS 39, derivatives are required to be carried at fair value. Unless net investment hedge accounting is applied, value movements on derivatives are recognised in the income statement.
For derivative instruments of Jackson that are entered into to mitigate economic exposures, the Group has considered whether it is appropriate to undertake the necessary operational changes to qualify for hedge accounting so as to achieve matching of value movements in hedging instruments and hedged items in the performance statements. In reaching the decision a number of factors were particularly relevant. These were:
— IAS 39 hedging criteria have been designed primarily in the context of hedging and hedging instruments that are assessable as financial instruments that are either stand-alone or separable from host contracts, rather than, for example, duration characteristics of insurance contracts;
— The high hurdle levels under IAS 39 of ensuring hedge effectiveness at the level of individual hedge transactions;
— The difficulties in applying the macro hedge provisions under IAS 39 (which are more suited to banking arrangements) to Jackson’s derivative book;
— The complexity of asset and liability matching of US life insurers such as those with Jackson’s product range; and finally
— Whether it is possible or desirable, without an unacceptable level of costs and constraint on commercial activity, to achieve the accounting hedge effectiveness required under IAS 39.
Taking account of these considerations, the Group has decided that, except for occasional circumstances, it is not appropriate to seek to achieve hedge accounting under IAS 39. As a result of this decision, the total income statement results are more volatile as the movements in the value of Jackson’s derivatives are reflected within it. This volatility is reflected in the level of short-term fluctuations in investment returns, as shown in notes B1.1 and B1.2.
Under IAS 39, unless carried at amortised cost (subject to impairment provisions where appropriate) under the held-to-maturity category, debt securities are also carried at fair value. The Group has chosen not to classify any financial assets as held-to-maturity. Debt securities of Jackson are designated as available-for-sale with value movements, unless impaired, being recorded as movements within other comprehensive income. Impairments are recorded in the income statement.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 149
A: Background and accounting policies continued
A3: Accounting policies continued
A3.1 Accounting policies and use of estimates and judgements continued vi Embedded derivatives
Embedded derivatives are present in host contracts issued by various Group companies, in particular Jackson. They are embedded within other non-derivative host financial instruments and insurance contracts to create hybrid instruments. Embedded derivatives meeting the definition of an insurance contract are accounted for under IFRS 4. Where economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivatives are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host instrument, and where the hybrid instrument is not measured at fair value with the changes in fair value recognised in the income statement, the embedded derivative is bifurcated and carried at fair value as a derivative in accordance with IAS 39. For Jackson’s ‘not for life’ Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit and Fixed Index Annuity reserves the determination of fair value requires assumptions regarding future mix of Separate Account assets, equity volatility levels, and policyholder behaviour.
In addition, the Group applies the option under IFRS 4 to not separate and fair value surrender options embedded in host contracts and with-profits investment contracts whose strike price is either a fixed amount or a fixed amount plus interest. Further details on the valuation basis for embedded derivatives attaching to Jackson’s life assurance contracts are provided in note C4.2.
vii Securities lending and reverse repurchase agreements
The Group is party to various securities lending agreements (including repurchase agreements) under which securities are loaned to third parties on a short-term basis. The loaned securities are not derecognised; rather, they continue to be recognised within the appropriate investment classification. The Group’s policy is that collateral in excess of 100 per cent of the fair value of securities loaned is required from all securities’ borrowers and typically consists of cash, debt securities, equity securities or letters of credit.
In cases where the Group takes possession of the collateral under its securities lending programme, the collateral, and corresponding obligation to return such collateral, are recognised in the consolidated statement of financial position.
The Group is also party to various reverse repurchase agreements under which securities are purchased from third parties with an obligation to resell the securities. The securities are not recognised as investments in the statement of financial position.
viii Derecognition of financial assets and liabilities
The Group’s policy is to derecognise financial assets when it is deemed that substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred.
The Group derecognises financial liabilities only when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or has expired.
ix Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
Consistent with the Group’s risk management and investment strategy and the nature of the products concerned, the Group has designated under IAS 39 classification certain financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss as these instruments are managed and their performance evaluated on a fair value basis. These instruments include liabilities related to consolidated collateralised debt obligations and net assets attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds.
k Presentation of results before tax
The total tax charge for the Group reflects tax that, in addition to relating to shareholders’ profits, is also attributable to policyholders and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds and unit-linked policies. This is explained in more detail in note B5. Reported profit before the total tax charge is not representative of pre-tax profits attributable to shareholders. Accordingly, in order to provide a measure of pre-tax profits attributable to shareholders the Group has chosen to adopt an income statement presentation of the tax charge and pre-tax results that distinguishes between policyholder and shareholder components.
l Segments
Under IFRS 8 ‘Operating Segments’, the Group determines and presents operating segments based on the information that is internally provided to the Group Executive Committee which is the Group’s chief operating decision maker.
The operating segments identified by the Group reflect the Group’s organisational structure, which is by both geography (Asia, US and UK) and by product line (insurance operations and asset management).
The products of the insurance operations contain both significant and insignificant levels of insurance risk. The products are managed together and there is no distinction between these two categories other than for accounting purposes. This segment also includes the commission earned on general insurance business and investment subsidiaries held to support the Group’s insurance operations. Asset management comprises both internal and third-party asset management services, inclusive of portfolio and mutual fund management, where the Group acts as an adviser, and broker-dealer activities. The nature of the products and the managing of the business differ from the risks inherent in the insurance operations segments, and the regulatory environment of the asset management industry differs from that of the insurance operations segments.
Further information on the Group’s operating segments is provided in note B1.3.
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m Segmental analysis of results and earnings attributable to shareholders
The Group uses operating profit based on longer-term investment returns as the segmental measure of its results. The basis of calculation is disclosed in note B1.3.
For shareholder-backed business, with the exception of debt securities held by Jackson and assets classified as loans and receivables at amortised cost, all financial investments and investment property are designated as assets at fair value through profit or loss.
The short-term fluctuations affect the result for the year and the Group provides additional analysis of results before and after the effects of short-term fluctuations in investment returns, together with other items that are of a short-term, volatile or one-off nature. The effects of short-term fluctuations include asymmetric impacts where the measurement bases of the liabilities and associated derivatives used to manage the Jackson annuity business differ as described in note B1.2.
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on assets held by with-profits fund, do not affect directly reported shareholder results. This is because (i) the unallocated surplus of with-profits funds is accounted for as a liability and (ii) excess or deficits of income and expenditure of the funds over the required surplus for distribution are transferred to or from unallocated surplus.
n Borrowings
Although initially recognised at fair value, net of transaction costs, borrowings, excluding liabilities of consolidated collateralised debt obligations, are subsequently accounted for on an amortised cost basis using the effective interest method. Under the effective interest method, the difference between the redemption value of the borrowing and the initial proceeds (net of related issue costs) is amortised through the income statement to the date of maturity or for hybrid debt, over the expected life of the instrument.
o Investment properties
Investments in leasehold and freehold properties not for occupation by the Group, including properties under development for future use as investment properties, are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value included in the income statement. Properties are valued annually either by the Group’s qualified surveyors or by taking into consideration the advice of professional external valuers using the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors valuation standards. Each property is externally valued at least once every three years. Leases of investment property where the Group has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases (leasehold property). Finance leases are capitalised at the lease’s inception at the lower of the fair value of the leased property and the present value of the minimum lease payments.
p Pension schemes
For the Group’s defined benefit schemes, if the present value of the defined benefit obligation exceeds the fair value of the scheme assets, then a liability is recorded in the Group’s statement of financial position. By contrast, if the fair value of the assets exceeds the present value of the defined benefit obligation then the surplus will only be recognised if the nature of the arrangements under the trust deed, and funding arrangements between the Trustee and the Company, support the availability of refunds or recoverability through agreed reductions in future contributions. In addition, if there is a constructive obligation for the Company to pay deficit funding, this is also recognised such that the financial position recorded for the scheme reflects the higher of any underlying IAS 19 deficit and the obligation for deficit funding.
The Group utilises the projected unit credit method to calculate the defined benefit obligation. This method sees each period of service as giving rise to an additional unit of benefit entitlement and measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation. Estimated future cash flows are then discounted at a high-quality corporate bond rate, adjusted to allow for the difference in duration between the bond index and the pension liabilities where appropriate, to determine its present value. These calculations are performed by independent actuaries.
The plan assets of the Group’s pension schemes include several insurance contracts that have been issued by the Group. These assets are excluded from plan assets in determining the pension surplus or deficit recognised in the consolidated statement of financial position.
The aggregate of the actuarially determined service costs of the currently employed personnel and the net interest on the net defined benefit liability (asset) at the start of the period, is charged to the income statement. Actuarial and other gains and losses as a result of changes in assumptions or experience variances are recognised as other comprehensive income.
Contributions to the Group’s defined contribution schemes are expensed when due.
q Share-based payments and related movements in own shares
The Group offers share award and option plans for certain key employees and a Save As You Earn plan for all UK and certain overseas employees. Shares held in trust relating to these plans are conditionally gifted to employees.
The compensation expense charged to the income statement is primarily based upon the fair value of the options granted, the vesting period and the vesting conditions.
The Company has established trusts to facilitate the delivery of Prudential plc shares under employee incentive plans and savings-related share option schemes. The cost to the Company of acquiring these treasury shares held in trusts is shown as a deduction from shareholders’ equity.
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A: Background and accounting policies continued
A3: Accounting policies continued
A3.1 Accounting policies and use of estimates and judgements continued r Tax
Current tax expense is charged or credited based upon amounts estimated to be payable or recoverable as a result of taxable amounts for the current year and adjustments made in relation to prior years. Prudential is subject to tax in numerous jurisdictions and the calculation of the total tax charge inherently involves a degree of estimation and judgement. The positions taken in tax returns where applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation are recognised in full in the determination of the tax charge in the financial statements if the Group considers that it is probable that the taxation authority will accept those positions. Otherwise, provisions are established based on management’s estimate and judgement of the likely amount of the liability, or recovery.
The total tax charge includes tax expense attributable to both policyholders and shareholders. The tax expense attributable to policyholders comprises the tax on the income of the consolidated with-profits and unit-linked funds. In certain jurisdictions, such as the UK, life insurance companies are taxed on both their shareholders’ profits and on their policyholders’ insurance and investment returns on certain insurance and investment products. Although both types of tax are included in the total tax charge in the Group’s consolidated income statement, they are presented separately in the consolidated income statement to provide the most relevant information about tax that the Group pays on its profits.
Deferred taxes are provided under the liability method for all relevant temporary differences. IAS 12 ‘Income Taxes’ does not require all temporary differences to be provided for, in particular, the Group does not provide for deferred tax on undistributed earnings of subsidiaries where the Group is able to control the timing of the distribution and the temporary difference created is not expected to reverse in the foreseeable future. Deferred tax assets are only recognised when it is more likely than not that future taxable profits will be available against which these losses can be utilised.
Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realised or the liability settled, based on tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or are substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period.
s Business acquisitions and disposals
Business acquisitions are accounted for by applying the purchase method of accounting, which adjusts the net assets of the acquired company to fair value at the date of purchase. The excess of the acquisition consideration over the fair value of the assets and liabilities of the acquired entity is recorded as goodwill. Expenses related to acquiring new subsidiaries are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. Income and expenses of acquired entities are included in the income statement from the date of acquisition.
Income and expenses of entities sold during the period are included in the income statement up to the date of disposal. The gain or loss on disposal is calculated as the difference between sale proceeds net of selling costs, less the net assets of the entity at the date of disposal adjusted for foreign exchange movements attaching to the sold entity that are required to be recycled to the income statement under IAS 21.
t Goodwill
Goodwill arising on acquisitions of subsidiaries and businesses is capitalised and carried on the Group statement of financial position as an intangible asset at initial value less any accumulated impairment losses. Goodwill impairment testing is conducted annually and when there is an indication of impairment. For the purposes of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to cash-generating units.
u Intangible assets
Intangible assets acquired on the purchase of a subsidiary or portfolio of contracts are measured at fair value on acquisition. Deferred acquisition costs are accounted for as described in notes A3.1(d) and A3.1(f) above. Other intangible assets, such as distribution rights and software, are valued initially at the price paid to acquire them and are subsequently carried at cost less amortisation and any accumulated impairment losses. Distribution rights relate to fees paid under bancassurance partnership arrangements for bank distribution of products for the term of the contract. Amounts for distribution rights are amortised on a basis to reflect the pattern in which the future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by reference to new business production levels. The same principles apply to determining the amortisation method for other intangible assets unless the pattern cannot be determined reliably, in which case a straight-line method is applied. Amortisation of intangible assets is charged to the ‘acquisition costs and other expenditure’ line in the consolidated income statement.
v Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash at bank and in hand, deposits held at call with banks, treasury bills and other short-term highly liquid investments with less than 90 days maturity from the date of acquisition.
w Shareholders’ dividends
Interim dividends are recorded in the period in which they are paid. Final dividends are recorded in the period in which they are approved by shareholders.
x Share capital
Where there is no obligation to transfer assets, shares are classified as equity. The difference between the proceeds received on issue of the shares, net of share issue costs, and the nominal value of the shares issued, is credited to share premium. Where the Company purchases shares for the purposes of employee incentive plans, the consideration paid, net of issue costs, is deducted from retained earnings. Upon issue or sale any consideration received is credited to retained earnings net of related costs.
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y Foreign exchange
The Group’s consolidated financial statements are presented in pounds sterling, the Group’s presentation currency. Accordingly, the results and financial position of foreign subsidiaries must be translated into the presentation currency of the Group from their functional currencies, ie the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. All assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries are converted at year end exchange rates while all income and expenses are converted at average exchange rates where this is a reasonable approximation of the rates prevailing on transaction dates. The impact of these currency translations is recorded as a separate component in the statement of comprehensive income.
Foreign currency borrowings that are used to provide a hedge against Group equity investments in overseas subsidiaries are translated at year end exchange rates and movements recognised in other comprehensive income. Other foreign currency monetary items are translated at year end exchange rates with changes recognised in the income statement.
Foreign currency transactions are translated at the spot rate prevailing at the time.
z Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the earnings attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year, excluding those held in employee share trusts and consolidated unit trusts and OEICs, which are treated as cancelled.
For diluted earnings per share, the weighted average number of shares in issue is adjusted to assume conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares. The Group’s only class of potentially dilutive ordinary shares are those share options granted to employees where the exercise price is less than the average market price of the Company’s ordinary shares during the year. No adjustment is made if the impact is anti-dilutive overall.
A3.2 New accounting pronouncements not yet effective
The following standards, interpretations and amendments have been issued but are not yet effective in 2015, including those which have not yet been adopted in the EU. This is not intended to be a complete list as only those standards, interpretations and amendments that could have an impact upon the Group’s financial statements are discussed.
Accounting pronouncements endorsed by the EU but not yet effective
Clarification of Acceptable Methods of Depreciation and Amortisation (Amendments to IAS 16 and IAS 38)
The amendments published in May 2014 provide additional guidance on how the depreciation or amortisation of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets should be calculated. They are effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2016, with earlier application being permitted. The Group has assessed the impact of the amendments and determined that they are not likely to have a significant impact on the Group’s financial statements.
Annual improvements to IFRSs – 2012-2014 Cycle
The annual improvements 2012-2014 Cycle include minor changes to four IFRSs, and is effective for annual periods beginning on or after
1 January 2016. The Group is assessing the impact of these amendments but they are not expected to have a significant impact on the Group’s financial statements.
Accounting pronouncements not yet endorsed by the EU
Amendments to IAS 1 Disclosure Initiative
In December 2014, the IASB published ‘Disclosure Initiative (Amendments to IAS 1)’. The amendments aim at clarifying, rather than significantly changing, IAS 1 to address perceived impediments to preparers exercising their judgement in presenting their financial reports. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2016 and clarify materiality requirements, aggregation of specific line items in the financial statements and ordering of the notes. We have reviewed the amendments and do not envisage any significant change.
IFRS 15 ‘Revenue from Contracts with Customers’
This standard effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018, provides a single framework to recognise revenue from contracts with different characteristics and overrides the framework provided for such contracts in other standards. The contracts excluded from the scope of this standard include:
— Lease contracts within the scope of IAS 17 ’Leases’;
— Insurance contracts within the scope of IFRS 4 ‘Insurance Contracts’; and
— Financial instruments within the scope of IAS 39 ‘Financial Instruments’.
As a result of the scope exclusion above, this standard is of particular relevance only to the revenue recognition of the Group’s asset management contracts and the measurement of the Group’s investment contracts that do not contain discretionary participating features where the contracts include an investment management element. The Group is assessing the impact of this standard but it is not expected to have a significant impact on the Group’s financial statements.
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A: Background and accounting policies continued
A3: Accounting policies continued
A3.2 New accounting pronouncements not yet effective continued IFRS 16 ‘Leases’
In January 2016, the IASB published a new standard, IFRS 16 ‘Leases’. The new standard brings most leases on-balance sheet for lessees under a single model, eliminating the distinction between operating and finance leases. Lessor accounting however remains largely unchanged and the distinction between operating and finance leases is retained. IFRS 16 is effective for periods beginning on or after
1 January 2019, with earlier adoption permitted if IFRS 15 ‘Revenue from Contracts with Customers’ has also been applied. The Group is assessing the impact of this standard.
IFRS 9 ‘Financial instruments: Classification and Measurement’
In July 2014, the IASB published a complete version of IFRS 9 with the exception of macro hedge accounting. The standard becomes mandatorily effective for the annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018, with early application permitted and transitional rules apply. In December 2015, the IASB published for consultation an exposure draft of proposed amendments to IFRS 4 to address the temporary consequences of the different effective dates of IFRS 9 and the new insurance contracts standard. The proposals in the exposure draft includes an optional temporary exemption from applying IFRS 9 that would be available to companies whose predominant activity is to issue insurance contracts. Such a deferral would be available until the new Insurance Contracts Standard comes into effect (but it could not be used after 1 January 2021). The comment period closed on 8 February 2016.
This standard replaces the existing IAS 39 ‘Financial Instruments – Recognition and Measurement’, and will affect:
— The classification and the measurement of financial assets and liabilities.
Under IFRS 9, financial assets are classified under one of the following categories: amortised cost, fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) and fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) based on their contractual cash flow characteristics and/or the business model in which they are held. The existing amortised cost measurement for financial liabilities is largely maintained under IFRS 9 but for financial liabilities designated at FVTPL, changes in fair value due to changes in entity’s own credit risk are to be recognised in other comprehensive income;
— The calculation of the impairment charge relevant for financial assets held at amortised cost or FVOCI. A new impairment model based on an expected credit loss approach replaces the existing IAS 39 incurred loss impairment model; and
— The hedge accounting requirements which are more closely aligned with the risk management activities of the Company.
The Group is assessing the impact of this standard in conjunction with the requirements of the IASB’s proposals for insurance contracts accounting as they are developed to a final standard. The adoption of the requirements of IFRS 9 may result in reclassification of certain of the Group’s financial assets and hence lead to a change in the measurement of these instruments or the performance reporting of value movements. In addition, for any investments classified as FVOCI, as noted above, the impairment provisioning approach is altered from the current IAS 39 approach. The Group does not currently apply hedge accounting for most of its derivative programmes but will reconsider its approach in light of new requirements under the standard on adoption.
154 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
B: Earnings performance
B1: Analysis of performance by segment
B1.1 Segment results – profit before tax
2015 £m 2014 £m%
2015 vs 2015 vs
AER CER 2014 AER 2014 CER
Note note (vii) note (vii) note (vii) note (vii)
Asia operations
Asia insurance operations 1,209 1,050 1,040 15% 16%
Eastspring Investments 115 90 91 28% 26%
Total Asia operations 1,324 1,140 1,131 16% 17%
US operations
Jackson (US insurance operations) 1,691 1,431 1,543 18% 10%
Broker-dealer and asset management 11 12 13(8)%(15)%
Total US operations 1,702 1,443 1,556 18% 9%
UK operations
UK insurance operations: B4(b)
Long-term business* 1,167 729 729 60% 60%
General insurance commissionnote(i) 28 24 24 17% 17%
Total UK insurance operations 1,195 753 753 59% 59%
M&G 442 446 446(1)%(1)%
Prudential Capital 19 42 42(55)%(55)%
Total UK operations 1,656 1,241 1,241 33% 33%
Total segment profit 4,682 3,824 3,928 22% 19%
Other income and expenditure
Investment return and other income 14 15 15(7)%(7)%
Interest payable on core structural borrowings(312)(341)(341) 9% 9%
Corporate expenditurenote(ii)(319)(293)(293)(9)%(9)%
Total(617)(619)(619) 0% 0%
Solvency II implementation costs(43)(28)(28)(54)%(54)%
Restructuring costsnote(iii)(15)(14)(14)(7)%(7)%
Results of the sold PruHealth and PruProtect businesses* – 23 23 n/a n/a
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 4,007 3,186 3,290 26% 22%
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-
backed business B1.2(737)(574)(650)(28)%(13)%
Amortisation of acquisition accounting adjustmentsnote(iv)(76)(79)(85) 4% 11%
Gain on sale of PruHealth and PruProtect businessesnote(v) – 86 86 n/a n/a
Cumulative exchange loss on the sold Japan life business
recycled from other comprehensive income(46) – – n/a n/a
Costs of domestication of Hong Kong branchnote(vi) D2 –(5)(5) n/a n/a
Profit before tax attributable to shareholders 3,148 2,614 2,636 20% 19%
2015 2014%
2015 vs 2015 vs
AER CER 2014 AER 2014 CER
Basic earnings per share (in pence) B6 note (vii) note (vii) note (vii) note (vii)
Based on operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 125.8p 96.6p 99.5p 30% 26%
Based on profit for the year 101.0p 86.9p 87.9p 16% 15%
* In order to show the UK long-term business on a comparable basis, the 2014 comparative results exclude the contribution from the sold PruHealth and PruProtect businesses.
Notes
(i) The Group’s UK insurance operations transferred its general insurance business to Churchill in 2002. General insurance commission represents the
commission receivable net of expenses for Prudential-branded general insurance products as part of this arrangement, which terminates at the end of 2016.
(ii) Corporate expenditure as shown above is for Group Head Office and Asia Regional Head Office.
(iii) Restructuring costs are incurred in the UK and represent one-off business development expenses.
(iv) Amortisation of acquisition accounting adjustments principally relate to the acquired REALIC business of Jackson.
(v) In November 2014, PAC completed the sale of its 25 per cent equity stake in the PruHealth and PruProtect businesses to Discovery Group Europe Limited.
(vi) On 1 January 2014, the Hong Kong branch of the Prudential Assurance Company Limited was transferred to separate subsidiaries established in Hong Kong.
(vii) For definitions of AER and CER refer to note A1.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 155
B: Earnings performance continued
B1: Analysis of performance by segment continued
| B1.2 |
|
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business |
2015 £m 2014 £m
Insurance operations:
Asianote(i)(119) 178
USnote(ii)(424)(1,103)
UKnote(iii)(120) 464
Other operationsnote(iv)(74)(113)
Total(737)(574)
Notes
| (i) |
|
Asia insurance operations |
In Asia, the negative short-term fluctuations of £(119) million (2014: positive £178 million) primarily reflect net unrealised movements on bond holdings following
rises in bond yields across the region during the year.
(ii) US insurance operations
The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for US insurance operations are reported net of related credit for amortisation of deferred acquisition costs,
of £93 million as shown in note C5.1(b) (2014: £653 million) and comprise amounts in respect of the following items:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Net equity hedge resultnote(a)(504)(1,574)
Other than equity-related derivativesnote(b) 29 391
Debt securitiesnote(c) 1 47
Equity-type investments: actual less longer-term return 19 16
Other items 31 17
Total(424)(1,103)
Notes
| (a) |
|
Net equity hedge result |
The purpose of the inclusion of this item in short-term fluctuations in investment returns is to segregate the amount included in pre-tax profit that relates to
the accounting effect of market movements on both the measured value of guarantees in Jackson’s variable annuity and fixed index annuity products and
on the related derivatives used to manage the exposures inherent in these guarantees. As the Group applies US GAAP for the measured value of the product
guarantees this item also includes asymmetric impacts where the measurement bases of the liabilities and associated derivatives used to manage the
Jackson annuity business differ as described below.
The result comprises the net effect of:
– The accounting value movements on the variable and fixed index annuity guarantee liabilities;
– Adjustments in respect of fee assessments and claim payments;
– Fair value movements on free standing equity derivatives; and
– Related changes to DAC amortisation in accordance with the policy that DAC is amortised in line with emergence of margins.
Movements in the accounting values of the variable annuity guarantee liabilities include those for:
– The Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit (GMDB), and the ‘for life’ portion of Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit (GMWB) guarantees which are
valued under the US GAAP insurance measurement basis applied for IFRS in a way that is substantially less sensitive to the effect of equity market and
interest rate changes. These represent the majority of the guarantees offered by Jackson; and
– The ‘not for life’ portion of GMWB embedded derivative liabilities which are required to be fair valued. Fair value movements on these liabilities include
the effects of changes to levels of equity markets, implied volatility and interest rates.
The free-standing equity derivatives are held to manage equity exposures of the variable annuity guarantees and fixed index annuity embedded options.
The net equity hedge result therefore includes significant accounting mismatches and other factors that detract from the presentation of an economic
result. These other factors include:
– The variable annuity guarantees and fixed index annuity embedded options being only partially fair valued under ‘grandfathered’ GAAP;
– The interest rate exposure being managed through the other than equity-related derivative programme explained in note (b) below; and
– Jackson’s management of its economic exposures for a number of other factors that are treated differently in the accounting frameworks such as future
fees and assumed volatility levels.
| (b) |
|
Other than equity-related derivatives |
The fluctuations for this item comprise the net effect of:
– Fair value movements on free standing, other than equity-related derivatives;
– Accounting effects of the Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit (GMIB) reinsurance; and
– Related amortisation of DAC.
The free-standing, other than equity-related derivatives, are held to manage interest rate exposures and durations within the general account and the
variable annuity guarantees and fixed index annuity embedded options described in note (a) above.
The direct Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit (GMIB) liability is valued using the US GAAP measurement basis applied for IFRS reporting in a way
that substantially does not recognise the effects of market movements. Reinsurance arrangements are in place so as to essentially fully insulate Jackson
from the GMIB exposure. Notwithstanding that the liability is essentially fully reinsured, as the reinsurance asset is net settled, it is deemed a derivative
under IAS 39 which requires fair valuation.
The fluctuations for this item therefore include significant accounting mismatches caused by:
– The fair value movements booked in the income statement on the derivative programme being in respect of the management of interest rate exposures
of the variable and fixed index annuity business, as well as the fixed annuity business guarantees and durations within the general account;
– Fair value movements on Jackson’s debt securities of the general account which are recorded in other comprehensive income rather than the income
statement; and
– The mixed measurement model that applies for the GMIB and its reinsurance.
156 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
(c) Short-term fluctuations related to debt securities 2015 £m 2014 £m Short-term fluctuations relating to debt securities Credits (charges) in the year: Losses on sales of impaired and deteriorating bonds (54) (5) Bond write downs (37) (4) Recoveries/reversals 18 19 Total charges (credits) in the year (73) 10 Less: Risk margin allowance deducted from operating profit based on longer-term investment returns note 83 78 10 88 Interest-related realised gains: Arising in the year 102 63 Less: Amortisation of gains and losses arising in current and prior years to operating profit based on longer-term investment returns (108) (87) (6) (24) Related amortisation of deferred acquisition costs (3) (17) Total short-term fluctuations related to debt securities 1 47 Note The debt securities of Jackson are held in the general account of the business. Realised gains and losses are recorded in the income statement with normalised returns included in operating profit with variations from year to year included in the short-term fluctuations category. The risk margin reserve charge for longer-term credit-related losses included in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns of Jackson for 2015 is based on an average annual risk margin reserve of 23 basis points (2014: 24 basis points) on average book values of US$54.6 billion (2014: US$54.5 billion) as shown below: 2015 2014 Average Average book Annual book Annual value RMR expected loss value RMR expected loss Moody’s rating category (or equivalent under NAIC ratings of mortgage-backed securities) US$m % US$m £m US$m % US$m £m A3 or higher 28,185 0.13 (37) (24) 27,912 0.12 (34) (21) Baa1, 2 or 3 24,768 0.25 (62) (40) 24,714 0.25 (62) (38) Ba1, 2 or 3 1,257 1.17 (15) (10) 1,390 1.23 (17) (10) B1, 2 or 3 388 3.08 (12) (8) 385 3.04 (12) (7) Below B3 35 3.70 (1) (1) 92 3.70 (4) (2) Total 54,633 0.23 (127) (83) 54,493 0.24 (129) (78) Related amortisation of deferred acquisition costs (see below) 24 16 25 15 Risk margin reserve charge to operating profit for longer-term credit related losses (103) (67) (104) (63) Consistent with the basis of measurement of insurance assets and liabilities for Jackson’s IFRS results, the charges and credits to operating profits based on longer-term investment returns are partially offset by related amortisation of deferred acquisition costs. In addition to the accounting for realised gains and losses described above for Jackson general account debt securities, included within the statement of other comprehensive income is a pre-tax charge for unrealised losses on debt securities classified as available-for-sale net of related change in amortisation of deferred acquisition costs of £(968) million (2014: net unrealised gains of £869 million). Temporary market value movements do not reflect defaults or impairments. Additional details of the movement in the value of the Jackson portfolio are included in note C3.3(b). (iii) UK insurance operations The negative short-term fluctuations in investment returns for UK insurance operations of £(120) million (2014: positive £464 million) include net unrealised movements on fixed income assets supporting the capital of the shareholder-backed annuity business, reflecting the rise in bond yields since the end of 2014. (iv) Other The negative short-term fluctuations in investment returns for other operations of £(74) million (2014: negative £(113) million) include unrealised value movements on investments and foreign exchange items. (v) Default losses The Group did not experience any default losses on its shareholder-backed debt securities portfolio in 2015 or 2014.
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 157
B: Earnings performance continued B1: Analysis of performance by segment continued B1.3 Determining operating segments and performance measure of operating segments Operating segments The Group’s operating segments, determined in accordance with IFRS 8 ‘Operating Segments’, are as follows: Insurance operations: Asset management operations: — Asia — Eastspring Investments — US (Jackson) — US broker-dealer and asset management — UK — M&G — Prudential Capital The Group’s operating segments are also its reportable segments for the purposes of internal management reporting. Prior to 2015, the Group incorporated Prudential Capital into the M&G operating segment for the purposes of segment reporting. To better reflect the economic characteristics of the two businesses, the Group has in 2015 made a change to present Prudential Capital as a separate reportable segment rather than aggregating this segment within M&G.
Performance measure
The performance measure of operating segments utilised by the Company is IFRS operating profit attributable to shareholders based on longer-term investment returns, as described below. This measurement basis distinguishes operating profit based on long-term investment returns from other constituents of the total profit as follows:
— Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business*;
— Gain on the sale of the Group’s stake in the PruHealth and PruProtect businesses in 2014;
— Amortisation of acquisition accounting adjustments arising on the purchase of business. This comprises principally the charge for the adjustments arising on the purchase of REALIC in 2012;
— The recycling of the cumulative exchange translation loss on the sold Japan life business from other comprehensive income to the income statement in 2015. See note D1 for further details; and
— The costs associated with the domestication of the Hong Kong branch which became effective on 1 January 2014.
Segment results that are reported to the Group Executive Committee include items directly attributable to a segment as well as those that can be allocated on a reasonable basis. Unallocated items are mainly in relation to the Group Head Office and the Asia Regional Head Office.
* Including the impact of short-term market effects on the carrying value of Jackson’s guarantee liabilities and related derivatives as explained below.
Determination of operating profit based on longer-term investment return for investment and liability movements: a General principles
| (i) |
|
UK style with-profits business |
The operating profit based on longer-term returns reflects the statutory transfer gross of attributable tax. Value movements in the underlying assets of the with-profits funds do not affect directly the determination of operating profit.
(ii) Unit-linked business
The policyholder unit liabilities are directly reflective of the underlying asset value movements. Accordingly, the operating results based on longer-term investment returns reflect the current period value movements in both the unit liabilities and the backing assets.
(iii) US variable annuity and fixed index annuity business
This business has guarantee liabilities which are measured on a combination of fair value and other US GAAP derived principles. These liabilities are subject to an extensive derivative programme to manage equity and, with those of the general account, interest rate exposures. The principles for determination of the operating profit and short-term fluctuations are necessarily bespoke, as discussed in section (c) below.
(iv) Business where policyholder liabilities are sensitive to market conditions
Under IFRS, the degree to which the carrying values of liabilities to policyholders are sensitive to current market conditions varies between territories depending upon the nature of the ‘grandfathered’ measurement basis. In general, in those instances where the liabilities are particularly sensitive to routine changes in market conditions, the accounting basis is such that the impact of market movements on the assets and liabilities is broadly equivalent in the income statement, and operating profit based on longer-term investments returns is not distorted. In these circumstances, there is no need for the movement in the liability to be bifurcated between the elements that relate to longer-term market conditions and short-term effects.
However, some types of business movements in liabilities do require bifurcation to ensure that at the net level (ie after allocated investment return and charge for policyholder benefits) the operating result reflects longer-term market returns.
Examples of where such bifurcation is necessary are in Hong Kong and for UK shareholder-backed annuity business, as explained in sections b(i) and d(i), respectively.
158 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
| (v) |
|
Other shareholder-financed business |
The measurement of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns reflects the particular features of long-term insurance business where assets and liabilities are held for the long-term and for which the accounting basis for insurance liabilities under current IFRS is not generally conducive to demonstrating trends in underlying performance of life businesses exclusive of the effects of short-term fluctuations in market conditions. In determining the profit on this basis, the following key elements are applied to the results of the Group’s shareholder-financed operations.
Except in the case of assets backing liabilities which are directly matched (such as linked business) or closely correlated with value movements (as discussed below) operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for shareholder-financed business is determined on the basis of expected longer-term investment returns.
Debt, equity-type securities and loans
Longer-term investment returns comprise actual income receivable for the period (interest/dividend income) and for both debt and equity-type securities longer-term capital returns.
In principle, for debt securities and loans, the longer-term capital returns comprise two elements:
— Risk margin reserve based charge for the expected level of defaults for the period, which is determined by reference to the credit quality of the portfolio. The difference between impairment losses in the reporting period and the risk margin reserve charge to the operating result is reflected in short-term fluctuations in investment returns; and
— The amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses to operating results based on longer-term investment returns to the date when sold bonds would have otherwise matured.
At 31 December 2015, the level of unamortised interest-related realised gains and losses related to previously sold bonds for the Group was a net gain of £567 million (2014: £467 million).
Equity type securities
For equity-type securities, the longer-term rates of return are estimates of the long-term trend investment returns for income and capital having regard to past performance, current trends and future expectations. Equity-type securities held for shareholder-financed operations other than the UK annuity business, unit-linked and US variable annuity are of significance for the US and Asia insurance operations. Different rates apply to different categories of equity-type securities.
Derivative value movements
Generally, derivative value movements are excluded from operating results based on longer-term investment returns (unless those derivative value movements broadly offset changes in the accounting value of other assets and liabilities included in operating profit). The principal example of non-equity based derivatives (for example interest rate swaps and swaptions) whose value movements are excluded from operating profit arises in Jackson, as discussed below in section (c).
b Asia insurance operations
| (i) |
|
Business where policyholder liabilities are sensitive to market conditions |
For certain Asia non-participating business, for example in Hong Kong, the economic features are more akin to asset management products with policyholder liabilities reflecting asset shares over the contract term. For these products, the charge for policyholder benefits in the operating results should reflect the asset share feature rather than volatile movements that would otherwise be reflected if the local regulatory basis (also applied for IFRS basis) was used.
For certain other types of non-participating business, longer-term interest rates are used to determine the movement in policyholder liabilities for determining operating results.
(ii) Other Asia shareholder-financed business
Debt securities
For this business the realised gains and losses are principally interest related. Accordingly, all realised gains and losses to date for these operations are being amortised over the period to the date those securities would otherwise have matured, with no explicit risk margin reserve charge.
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 (EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 159
B: Earnings performance continued B1: Analysis of performance by segment continued B1.3 Determining operating segments and performance measure of operating segments continued Equity-type securities For Asia insurance operations, investments in equity securities held for non-linked shareholder-financed operations amounted to £840 million as at 31 December 2015 (2014: £932 million). The rates of return applied in the years 2015 and 2014 ranged from 2.73 per cent to 13.75 per cent with the rates applied varying by territory. These rates are determined after consideration by the Group’s in-house economists of long-term expected real government bond returns, equity risk premium and long-term inflation. These rates are broadly stable from period to period but may be different between countries reflecting, for example, differing expectations of inflation in each territory. The assumptions are for returns expected to apply in equilibrium conditions. The assumed rates of return do not reflect any cyclical variability in economic performance and are not set by reference to prevailing asset valuations. The longer-term investment returns for the Asia insurance joint ventures accounted for using the equity method are determined on a similar basis as the other Asia insurance operations described above. c US Insurance operations (i) Separate account business For such business the policyholder unit liabilities are directly reflective of the asset value movements. Accordingly, the operating results based on longer-term investment returns reflect the current period value movements in unit liabilities and the backing assets. (ii) US variable and fixed index annuity business The following value movements for Jackson’s variable and fixed index annuity business are excluded from operating profit based on longer-term investment returns. See note B1.2 note (ii): — Fair value movements for equity-based derivatives; — Fair value movements for embedded derivatives for the ‘not for life’ portion of Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit and fixed index annuity business, and Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit reinsurance (see below); — Movements in the accounts carrying value of Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit and the ‘for life’ portion of Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefits and Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit liabilities, for which, under the ‘grandfathered’ US GAAP applied under IFRS for Jackson’s insurance assets and liabilities, the measurement basis gives rise to a muted impact of current period market movements; — A portion of the fee assessments as well as claim payments, in respect of guarantee liabilities; and — Related amortisation of deferred acquisition costs for each of the above items. Embedded derivatives for variable annuity guarantee minimum income benefit The Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit liability, which is essentially fully reinsured, subject to a deductible and annual claim limits, is accounted for in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Subtopic 944-80 Financial Services – Insurance – Separate Accounts (formerly SOP 03-1) under IFRS using ‘grandfathered’ US GAAP. As the corresponding reinsurance asset is net settled, it is considered to be a derivative under IAS 39, ‘Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement’, and the asset is therefore recognised at fair value. As the Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit is economically reinsured, the mark to market element of the reinsurance asset is included as a component of short-term fluctuations in investment returns. (iii) Other derivative value movements The principal example of non-equity based derivatives (for example, interest rate swaps and swaptions) whose value movements are excluded from operating profit, arises in Jackson. Non-equity based derivatives are primarily held by Jackson as part of a broadly-based hedging programme for features of Jackson’s bond portfolio (for which value movements are booked in the statement of comprehensive income rather than the income statement), product liabilities (for which US GAAP accounting as ‘grandfathered’ under IFRS 4 does not fully reflect the economic features being hedged), and the interest rate exposure attaching to equity-based embedded derivatives. (iv) Other US shareholder-financed business Debt securities Jackson is the shareholder-backed operation for which the distinction between impairment losses and interest-related realised gains and losses is in practice relevant to a significant extent. Jackson has used the ratings by Nationally Recognised Statistical Ratings Organisations (NRSRO) or ratings resulting from the regulatory ratings detail issued by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) developed by external third parties such as BlackRock Solutions to determine the average annual risk margin reserve to apply to debt securities held to back general account business. Debt securities held to back separate account and reinsurance funds withheld are not subject to risk margin reserve charge. Further details of the risk margin reserve charge, as well as the amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses, for Jackson are shown in note B1.2. 160 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Equity-type securities As at 31 December 2015, the equity-type securities for US insurance non-separate account operations amounted to £1,004 million (2014: £1,094 million). For these operations, the longer-term rates of return for income and capital applied in 2015 and 2014, which reflect the combination of the average risk-free rates over the period and appropriate risk premiums are as follows: 2015 2014 Equity-type securities such as common and preferred stock and portfolio holdings in mutual funds 5.7% to 6.4% 6.2% to 6.7% Other equity-type securities such as investments in limited partnerships and private equity funds 7.7% to 8.4% 8.2% to 8.7% d UK Insurance operations (i) Shareholder-backed annuity business For this business, policyholder liabilities are determined by reference to current interest rates. The value movements of the assets covering liabilities are closely correlated with the related change in liabilities. Accordingly, asset value movements are recorded within the ‘operating results based on longer-term investment returns’. Policyholder liabilities include a margin for credit risk. Variations between actual and best estimate expected impairments are recorded as a component of short-term fluctuations in investment returns. The operating result based on longer-term investment returns reflects the impact of value movements on policyholder liabilities for annuity business in PRIL and the PAC non-profit sub-fund after adjustments to allocate the following elements of the movement to the category of ‘short-term fluctuations in investment returns’: — The impact on credit risk provisioning of actual upgrades and downgrades during the period; — Credit experience compared to assumptions; and — Short-term value movements on assets backing the capital of the business. Credit experience reflects the impact of defaults and other similar experience, such as asset exchanges arising from debt restructuring by issuers that include effectively an element of permanent impairment of the security held. Positive or negative experience compared to assumptions is included within short-term fluctuations in investment returns without further adjustment. The effects of other changes to credit risk provisioning are included in the operating result, as is the net effect of changes to the valuation rate of interest due to portfolio rebalancing to align more closely with management benchmark. (ii) Non-linked shareholder-financed business For debt securities backing non-linked shareholder-financed business of the UK insurance operations (other than the annuity business) the realised gains and losses are principally interest-related. Accordingly, all realised gains and losses to date for these operations are being amortised over the period to the date those securities would otherwise have matured, with no explicit risk margin reserve charge. e Fund management and other non-insurance businesses For these businesses, the particular features applicable for life assurance noted above do not apply. For these businesses it is inappropriate to include returns in the operating result on the basis described above. Instead, it is appropriate to generally include realised gains and losses in the operating result with temporary unrealised gains and losses being included in short-term fluctuations. In some instances it may also be appropriate to amortise realised gains and losses on derivatives and other financial instruments to operating results over a time period that reflects the underlying economic substance of the arrangements.
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 161
B: Earnings performance continued B1: Analysis of performance by segment continued B1.4 Segmental income statement 2015 £m Insurance operations Asset management Unallocated to a Eastspring segment Prudential Invest- Total (central Group Asia US UK M&G Capital US ments segment operations) total note (iii) Gross premiums earned 10,814 16,887 8,962 – – – – 36,663 – 36,663 Outward reinsurance premiums (364) (320) (473) – – – – (1,157) – (1,157) Earned premiums, net of reinsurance 10,450 16,567 8,489 – – – – 35,506 – 35,506 Investment return note (ii) (299) (782) 4,372 10 35 (7) 3 3,332 (28) 3,304 Other income 64 – 374 1,227 19 850 349 2,883 (388) 2,495 Total revenue, net of reinsurance 10,215 15,785 13,235 1,237 54 843 352 41,721 (416) 41,305 Benefits and claims (6,580) (13,345) (10,610) – – – – (30,535) (12) (30,547) Outward reinsurers’ share of benefits and claims 367 316 694 – – – – 1,377 12 1,389 Movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds (330) – (168) – – – – (498) – (498) Benefits and claims and movements in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, net of reinsurance (6,543) (13,029) (10,084) – – – – (29,656) – (29,656) Acquisition costs and other operating expenditure B3 (2,651) (1,544) (2,025) (810) (82) (832) (278) (8,222) 14 (8,208) Finance costs: interest on core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations – (13) – – (17) – – (30) (282) (312) Disposal of Japan life business: Cumulative loss exchange loss recycled from other comprehensive income (46) – – – – – – (46) – (46) Total charges, net of reinsurance (9,240) (14,586) (12,109) (810) (99) (832) (278) (37,954) (268) (38,222) Share of profit from joint ventures and associates, net of related tax 130 – 53 14 – – 41 238 – 238 Profit (loss) before tax (being tax attributable to shareholders’ and policyholders’ returns) note (i) 1,105 1,199 1,179 441 (45) 11 115 4,005 (684) 3,321 Tax charge attributable to policyholders’ returns (69) – (104) – – – – (173) – (173) Profit (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders 1,036 1,199 1,075 441 (45) 11 115 3,832 (684) 3,148 162 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
The segmental analysis of profit (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders as represented in note B1.1 is analysed below: 2015 £m Insurance operations Asset management Unallocated to a Eastspring segment Prudential Invest- Total (central Group Asia US UK M&G Capital US ments segment operations) total Operating profit (loss) based on longer-term investment returns 1,209 1,691 1,195 442 19 11 115 4,682 (675) 4,007 Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business (119) (424) (120) (1) (64) – – (728) (9) (737) Amortisation of acquisition accounting adjustments (8) (68) – – – – – (76) – (76) Cumulative exchange loss on the sold Japan life business (46) – – – – – – (46) – (46) Profit (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders 1,036 1,199 1,075 441 (45) 11 115 3,832 (684) 3,148
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 163
B: Earnings performance continued B1: Analysis of performance by segment continued B1.4 Segmental income statement continued 2014 £m Insurance operations Asset management Unallocated to a Eastspring segment * Prudential Invest- Total (central Group Asia US UK M&G Capital US ments segment operations) total note (iii) Gross premiums earned 11,193 15,654 7,358 – – – – 34,205 (1,373) 32,832 Outward reinsurance premiums (311) (265) (1,596) – – – – (2,172) 1,373 (799) Earned premiums, net of reinsurance 10,882 15,389 5,762 – – – – 32,033 – 32,033 Investment return note (ii) 3,888 5,438 16,447 5 99 (2) 3 25,878 (91) 25,787 Other income 49 (2) 240 1,279 12 808 307 2,693 (387) 2,306 Total revenue, net of reinsurance 14,819 20,825 22,449 1,284 111 806 310 60,604 (478) 60,126 Benefits and claims (11,521) (19,788) (20,880) – – – – (52,189) 1,453 (50,736) Outward reinsurers’ share of benefits and claims 254 27 1,803 – – – – 2,084 (1,453) 631 Movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds 20 – (84) – – – – (64) – (64) Benefits and claims and movements in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, net of reinsurance (11,247) (19,761) (19,161) – – – – (50,169) – (50,169) Acquisition costs and other operating expenditure B3 (2,367) (795) (1,660) (843) (77) (794) (249) (6,785) 33 (6,752) Finance costs: interest on core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations – (12) – – (17) – – (29) (312) (341) Remeasurement of carrying value of Japan life business classified as held for sale (13) – – – – – – (13) – (13) Total charges, net of reinsurance (13,627) (20,568) (20,821) (843) (94) (794) (249) (56,996) (279) (57,275) Share of profit from joint ventures and associates, net of related tax 133 – 128 13 – – 29 303 – 303 Profit (loss) before tax (being tax attributable to shareholders’ and policyholders’ returns) note (i) 1,325 257 1,756 454 17 12 90 3,911 (757) 3,154 Tax charge attributable to policyholders’ returns (105) – (435) – – – – (540) – (540) Profit (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders 1,220 257 1,321 454 17 12 90 3,371 (757) 2,614 164 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
The segmental analysis of profit (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders as represented in note B1.1 is analysed below: 2014 £m Insurance operations Asset management Unallocated to a Eastspring segment * Prudential Invest- Total (central Group Asia US UK M&G Capital US ments segment operations) total Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 1,050 1,431 776 446 42 12 90 3,847 (661) 3,186 Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business 178 (1,103) 464 8 (25) – – (478) (96) (574) Amortisation of acquisition accounting adjustments (8) (71) – – – – – (79) – (79) Gain on sale of PruHealth and PruProtect – – 86 – – – – 86 – 86 Costs of domestication of Hong Kong branch – – (5) – – – – (5) – (5) Profit (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders 1,220 257 1,321 454 17 12 90 3,371 (757) 2,614 * Includes the results of the sold PruHealth and PruProtect businesses. Notes (i) This measure is the formal profit (loss) before tax measure under IFRS but is not the result attributable to shareholders. (ii) Investment return principally comprises: – Interest and dividends; – Realised and unrealised gains and losses on securities and derivatives classified as fair value through profit or loss under IAS 39; and – Realised gains and losses, including impairment losses, on securities classified as available-for-sale under IAS 39. (iii) In addition to the results of the central operations, unallocated to a segment includes intra-group eliminations. This column includes the elimination of the intra-group reinsurance contract between the UK with-profits and Asia with-profits operations. B1.5 Revenue 2015 £m 2014 £m Long-term business premiums Insurance contract premiums 33,618 29,973 Investment contracts with discretionary participation feature premiums 2,839 2,637 Inwards reinsurance premiums 206 222 Less: reinsurance premiums ceded (1,157) (799) Earned premiums, net of reinsurance note (iv) 35,506 32,033 Investment return Realised and unrealised (losses) and gains on securities at fair value through profit or loss (4,572) 16,532 Realised and unrealised (losses) and gains on derivatives at fair value through profit or loss (1,701) 142 Realised gains on available-for-sale securities, previously recognised in other comprehensive income* 49 84 Realised losses on loans (50) (61) Interest notes (i),(ii) 7,018 6,802 Dividends 1,791 1,559 Other investment return 769 729 Investment return 3,304 25,787 Fee income from investment contract business and asset management notes (iii),(iv) 2,495 2,306 Total revenue 41,305 60,126 * Including impairment.
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01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 165
B: Earnings performance continued B1: Analysis of performance by segment continued B1.5 Revenue continued Notes (i) The segmental analysis of interest income is as follows: £m Insurance operations Asset management operations Unallocated to a Eastspring segment Prudential Invest- (central Asia US UK M&G Capital US ments operations) Total 2015 743 1,921 4,240 18 107 – 2 (13) 7,018 2014 777 1,857 4,053 – 101 – 2 12 6,802 (ii) Interest income includes £3 million (2014: £3 million) accrued in respect of impaired securities. (iii) Fee income includes £19 million (2014: £23 million) relating to financial instruments that are not held at fair value through profit or loss. These fees primarily related to prepayment fees, late fees and syndication fees. (iv) The following table provides additional segmental analysis of revenue from external customers: 2015 £m 2014 £m Intra- Intra- Asia US UK group Total Asia US UK group Total Revenue from external customers: Insurance operations 10,514 16,567 8,863 – 35,944 9,558 15,387 7,375 – 32,320 Asset management 349 850 1,246 (487) 1,958 307 808 1,291 (449) 1,957 Unallocated corporate – – 99 – 99 – – 62 – 62 Intra-group revenue* (178) (90) (219) 487 – (146) (84) (219) 449 –Total revenue from external customers 10,685 17,327 9,989 – 38,001 9,719 16,111 8,509 – 34,339 * Eliminated on consolidation. Revenue from external customers comprises: 2015 £m 2014 £m Earned premiums, net of reinsurance 35,506 32,033 Fee income from investment contract business and asset management (presented as ‘Other income’) 2,495 2,306 Total revenue from external customers 38,001 34,339 The asset management operations, M&G, Prudential Capital, Eastspring Investments and US asset management provide services to the Group insurance operations. Intra-group fees included within asset management revenue were earned by the following asset management segments: 2015 £m 2014 £m Intra-group revenue generated by: M&G 194 208 PruCap 25 11 US broker-dealer and asset management 90 84 Eastspring Investments 178 146 Total intra-group fees included within asset management segment 487 449 Revenue from external customers of Asia, US and UK insurance operations shown above are net of outwards reinsurance premiums of £364 million, £320 million, and £473 million respectively (2014: £311 million, £265 million and £223 million respectively). In Asia, revenue from external customers from no individual country exceeds 10 per cent of the Group total. The largest country is Hong Kong with a total revenue from external customers of £3,836 million (2014: Hong Kong £2,554 million). Due to the nature of the business of the Group, there is no reliance on any major customers. 166 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
B2: Profit before tax – asset management operations The profit included in the income statement in respect of asset management operations for the year is as follows: 2015 £m 2014 £m Prudential Eastspring M&G Capital US Investments Total Total Revenue (excluding NPH broker-dealer fees) 1,237 54 321 352 1,964 2,008 NPH broker-dealer fees note (i) – – 522 – 522 503 Gross revenue 1,237 54 843 352 2,486 2,511 Charges (excluding NPH broker-dealer fees) (810) (99) (310) (278) (1,497) (1,477) NPH broker-dealer fees note (i) – – (522) – (522) (503) Gross charges (810) (99) (832) (278) (2,019) (1,980) Share of profit from joint ventures and associates, net of related tax 14 – – 41 55 42 Profit before tax 441 (45) 11 115 522 573 Comprising: Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns note (ii) 442 19 11 115 587 590 Short-term fluctuations in investment returns (1) (64) – – (65) (17) Profit before tax 441 (45) 11 115 522 573 Notes (i) The segment revenue of the Group’s asset management operations includes: NPH broker-dealer fees which represent commissions received that are then paid on to the writing brokers on sales of investment products. To reflect their commercial nature the amounts are also wholly reflected as charges within the income statement. After allowing for these charges, there is no effect on profit from this item. The presentation in the table above shows separately the amounts attributable to this item so that the underlying revenue and charges can be seen. (ii) M&G operating profit based on longer-term investment returns: 2015 £m 2014 £m Asset management fee income 934 953 Other income 5 1 Staff costs (293) (351) Other costs (240) (203) Underlying profit before performance-related fees 406 400 Share of associate results 14 13 Performance-related fees 22 33 Total M&G operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 442 446 The revenue for M&G of £961 million (2014: £987 million), comprising the amounts for asset management fee income, other income and performance-related fees shown above, is different to the amount of £1,237 million shown in the main table of this note. This is because the £961 million (2014: £987 million) is after deducting commissions which would have been included as charges in the main table. The difference in the presentation of commission is aligned with how management reviews the business. Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 167
B: Earnings performance continued B3: Acquisition costs and other expenditure 2015 £m 2014 £m Acquisition costs incurred for insurance policies (3,275) (2,668) Acquisition costs deferred less amortisation of acquisition costs 431 916 Administration costs and other expenditure (4,746) (4,486) Movements in amounts attributable to external unit holders of consolidated investment funds (618) (514) Total acquisition costs and other expenditure (8,208) (6,752) Total acquisition costs and other expenditure includes: (a) Total depreciation and amortisation expense of £(755) million (2014: £(159) million) relates primarily to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs of insurance contracts and asset management contracts. The segmental analysis of total depreciation and amortisation expense is analysed below. (b) The charge for non-deferred acquisition costs and the amortisation of those costs that are deferred, was £(2,845) million (2014: £(1,752) million). These amounts comprise £(2,818) million and £(27) million for insurance and investment contracts respectively (2014: £(1,714) million and £(38) million respectively). (c) Interest expense, excluding interest on core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations, amounted to £(147) million (2014: £(128) million) and is included as part of administrative costs and other expenditure. The segmental interest expense is analysed below. (d) Finance costs which are represented by interest on core structural borrowings of £(312) million (2014: £(341) million) comprises £(282) million (2014: £(312) million) interest on core debt of the parent company, £(13) million (2014: £(12) million) of interest on the surplus notes of US insurance operations, and £(17) million (2014: £(17) million) on Prudential Capital’s bank loan. (e) Movements in amounts attributable to external unit holders are in respect of those OEICs and unit trusts which are required to be consolidated and comprises a charge of £(599) million (2014: £(258) million) for UK insurance operations and a charge of £(19) million (2014: £(256) million) for Asia insurance operations. (f) Analysis of depreciation and amortisation expense, and interest expense: £m Insurance operations Asset management operations Unallocated to a segment Prudential Eastspring Total (central Asia US UK M&G Capital US Investments segment operations) Total Depreciation and amortisation expense 2015 (175) (453) (93) (8) – (3) (2) (734) (21) (755) 2014 (206) 140 (64) (10) – (2) (2) (144) (15) (159) Interest expense 2015 – (19) (93) – (22) – – (134) (13) (147) 2014 – (13) (81) – (26) – – (120) (8) (128) (g) There were no fee expenses relating to financial liabilities held at amortised cost included in acquisition costs in 2015 and 2014. B3.1 Staff and employment costs The average number of staff employed by the Group during the year was: 2015 2014 Business operations: Asia operations 15,030 13,957 US operations 4,562 4,494 UK operations 5,920 5,464 Total 25,512 23,915 168 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
The costs of employment were: 2015 £m 2014 £m Business operations: Wages and salaries 1,370 1,323 Social security costs 101 100 Pension costs: Defined benefit schemes* (63) 66 Defined contribution schemes 67 54 Total 1,475 1,543 * The (credit) charge incorporates the effect of actuarial gains and losses. B3.2 Share-based payment a Description of the plans The Group operates a number of share award and share option plans that provides Prudential plc shares to participants upon vesting. The plans which are in operation include Prudential Long-Term Incentive Plan (PLTIP), Annual Incentive Plan (AIP), Group Performance Share Plan (GPSP), Jackson Long-Term Incentive Plan (Jackson LTIP), savings-related share option schemes, share purchase plans and deferred bonus plans. Some of these plans are participated in by executive directors, the details of which are described in the directors’ remuneration report. In addition, the following information is provided. Share scheme Description Prudential Corporation Asia The PCA LTIP provides eligible employees with conditional awards. Awards are discretionary and Long-Term Incentive Plan on a year-by-year basis determined by Prudential’s full year financial results and the employee’s (PCA LTIP) contribution to the business. Awards vests after three years subject to the employee being in employment. Vesting of awards may also be subject to performance conditions. All awards are made in Prudential shares, or ADRs, except for countries where share awards are not feasible due to securities and/or tax reasons, where awards will be replaced by the cash value of the shares that would otherwise have been transferred. Savings-related share option Employees and eligible agents in a number of geographies are eligible for plans similar to the HMRC-schemes approved Save As You Earn (SAYE) share option scheme in the UK. Eligible employees participate in the international savings-related share option scheme while eligible agents based in certain regions of Asia can participate in the non-employee savings-related share option scheme. Share purchase plans Eligible employees outside the UK are invited to participate in arrangements similar to the Company’s HMRC-approved UK SIP, which allows the purchase of Prudential plc shares. Staff based in Ireland and Asia are eligible for the Share Participation Plan. Deferred bonus plans The Company operates a number of deferred bonus schemes including the Group Deferred Bonus Plan, the Prudential Corporation Asia Deferred Bonus Plan (PCA DBP), the Prudential Capital Deferred Bonus Plan (PruCap DBP) and other arrangements. There are no performance conditions attached to deferred share awards made under these arrangements. Jackson Long-Term Eligible Jackson employees were previously granted share awards under a long-term incentive plan Incentive Plan which rewarded the achievement of shareholder value targets. These awards were in the form of a contingent right to receive shares or a conditional allocation of shares. These share awards have vesting periods of four years and are at nil cost to the employee. Award holders do not have any right to dividends or voting rights attaching to the shares. The shares are held in the employee share trust in the form of American Depositary Receipts which are tradable on the New York Stock Exchange. The final awards under this arrangement were made in 2012.
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01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 169
B: Earnings performance continued B3: Acquisition costs and other expenditure continued B3.2 Share-based payment continued b Outstanding options and awards The following table shows movement in outstanding options and awards under the Group’s share-based compensation plans at 31 December 2015 and 2014: Awards outstanding under Options outstanding incentive plans including under SAYE schemes conditional options 2015 2014 2015 2014 Weighted Weighted average average Number exercise Number exercise Number Number of options price of options price of awards of awards millions £ millions £ millions millions Beginning of year: 8.6 8.29 10.2 5.60 28.8 27.1 Granted 2.2 11.11 2.6 11.55 9.9 10.9 Exercised (1.6) 5.72 (3.8) 3.55 (7.9) (8.5) Forfeited (0.2) 8.14 (0.2) 6.77 (2.3) (0.7) Cancelled (0.2) 10.15 (0.1) 7.66 – –Lapsed/Expired – 7.47 (0.1) 5.60 (0.1) –End of year 8.8 9.44 8.6 8.29 28.4 28.8 Options immediately exercisable, end of year 1.1 5.71 0.5 4.65 The weighted average share price of Prudential plc for the year ended 31 December 2015 was £15.49 compared to £13.75 for the year ended 31 December 2014. The following table provides a summary of the range of exercise prices for Prudential plc options outstanding at 31 December. Outstanding Exercisable Weighted Weighted average Weighted average Number average remaining exercise Number exercise outstanding contractual life prices exercisable prices millions years £ millions £ 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 Between £2 and £3 0.2 0.2 0.9 1.9 2.88 2.88 – – – – Between £4 and £5 0.8 1.4 0.9 1.4 4.64 4.64 0.4 0.5 4.61 4.65 Between £5 and £6 – – – 0.8 – 5.51 – – – 5.52 Between £6 and £7 1.0 2.1 0.9 1.6 6.29 6.29 0.7 – 6.29 – Between £9 and £10 2.2 2.3 1.9 2.9 9.01 9.01 – – – – Between £11 and £12 4.6 2.6 3.6 4.2 11.34 11.55 – – – – 8.8 8.6 2.6 2.7 9.44 8.29 1.1 0.5 5.71 4.65 The years shown above for weighted average remaining contractual life include the time period from end of vesting period to expiration of contract. c Fair value of options and awards The fair value amounts estimated on the date of grant relating to all options (including conditional nil cost options) and awards, were determined using the Black-Scholes and the Monte Carlo option-pricing models adopting the following assumptions: 2015 2014 Prudential SAYE Other Prudential SAYE Other LTIP (TSR) options awards LTIP (TSR) options awards Dividend yield (%) – 2.35 – – 2.40 – Expected volatility (%) 21.48 22.73 – 21.91 20.77 – Risk-free interest rate (%) 0.88 1.02 – 1.25 1.51 – Expected option life (years) – 3.79 – – 3.77 – Weighted average exercise price (£) – 11.11 – – 11.55 – Weighted average share price (£) 16.67 13.52 – 13.18 14.02 – Weighted average fair value (£) 7.97 2.95 16.28 6.07 3.00 12.84 170 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Compensation costs for all share-based compensation plans are determined using the Black-Scholes model or Monte Carlo option-pricing model. The compensation costs for all awards and options are recognised in net income over the plans’ respective vesting periods. The Group uses the Black-Scholes model to value all options and awards other than the Prudential LTIP (TSR) for which the Group uses a Monte Carlo model in order to allow for the impact of the LTIP (TSR) performance conditions. These models are used to calculate fair values for share options and awards at the grant date based on the quoted market price of the stock at the measurement date, the amount, if any, that the employees are required to pay, the dividend yield, expected volatility, risk-free interest rates and exercise prices. For all options and awards, the expected volatility is based on the market implied volatilities as quoted on Bloomberg. The Prudential specific at-the-money implied volatilities are adjusted to allow for the different terms and discounted exercise price on SAYE options by using information on the volatility surface of the FTSE 100. Risk-free interest rates are taken from government bond spot rates with projections for two-year, three-year and five-year terms to match corresponding vesting periods. Dividend yield is determined as the average yield over a period of 12 months up to and including the date of grant. For the Prudential LTIP (TSR), volatility and correlation between Prudential and a basket of 18 competitor companies is required. For grants in 2015, the average volatility for the basket of competitors was 20.66 per cent. Correlations for the basket are calculated for each pairing from the log of daily TSR returns for the three years prior to the valuation date. Market implied volatilities are used for both Prudential and the components of the index. Changes to the subjective input assumptions could materially affect the fair value estimate. d Share-based payment expense charged to the income statement Total expense recognised in the year in the consolidated financial statements relating to share-based compensation is as follows: 2015 £m 2014 £m Share-based compensation expense 111 99 Amount accounted for as equity-settled 110 93 Carrying value at 31 December of liabilities arising from share-based payment transactions 6 16 Intrinsic value of above liabilities for which rights had vested at 31 December 6 9 B3.3 Key management remuneration Key management constitutes the directors of Prudential plc as they have authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of the Group. Total key management remuneration is analysed in the following table: 2015 £m 2014 £m Salaries and short-term benefits 17.1 15.9 Post-employment benefits 1.1 1.0 Share-based payments 15.5 16.2 33.7 33.1 The share-based payments charge comprises £10.4 million (2014: £11.0 million), which is determined in accordance with IFRS 2, ‘Share-based Payment’ (see note B3.2) and £5.1 million (2014: £5.2 million) of deferred share awards. Total key management remuneration includes total directors’ remuneration of £42.7 million (2014: £50.5 million) less LTIP releases of £19.4 million (2014: £28.4 million) as shown in the directors’ remuneration table and related footnotes in the directors’ remuneration report. Further information on directors’ remuneration is given in the directors’ remuneration report. B3.4 Fees payable to the auditor 2015 £m 2014 £m Fees payable to the Company’s auditor for the audit of the Company’s annual accounts 2.0 2.0 Fees payable to the Company’s auditor and its associates for other services: Audit of subsidiaries pursuant to legislation 7.2 6.6 Audit-related assurance services 3.1 2.9 Tax compliance services 0.7 0.7 Other assurance services 2.2 1.9 Services relating to corporate finance transactions 0.2 0.1 All other services 1.2 2.4 Total fees paid to the auditor 16.6 16.6 In addition, there were fees incurred of £0.1 million (2014: £0.1 million) for the audit of pension schemes.
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 171
B: Earnings performance continued B4: Effect of changes and other accounting features on insurance assets and liabilities The following features are of relevance to the determination of the 2015 results: a Asia insurance operations In 2015, the IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for Asia insurance operations included a profit of £62 million (2014: £49 million) representing a number of non-recurring items, none of which are individually significant. b UK insurance operations Annuity business Allowance for credit risk For IFRS reporting, the results for UK shareholder-backed annuity business are particularly sensitive to the allowances made for credit risk. The allowance is reflected in the deduction from the valuation rate of interest for discounting projected future annuity payments to policyholders that would have otherwise applied. Credit risk allowance comprises (i) an amount for long-term best estimate defaults, and (ii) additional provisions for credit risk premium, downgrade resilience and short-term defaults. The weighted components of the bond spread over swap rates for shareholder-backed fixed and linked annuity business for PRIL, the principal company which writes the UK’s shareholder-backed business, based on the asset mix at these dates are shown below. 31 Dec 2015 bps 31 Dec 2014 bps Pillar 1 Pillar 1 regulatory regulatory basis Adjustment IFRS basis Adjustment IFRS Bond spread over swap rates note (i) 171 – 171 143 – 143 Credit risk allowance: Long-term expected defaults note (ii) 13 – 13 14 – 14 Additional provisions note (iii) 42 (12) 30 44 (12) 32 Total credit risk allowance 55 (12) 43 58 (12) 46 Liquidity premium 116 12 128 85 12 97 Notes (i) Bond spread over swap rates reflect market observed data. (ii) Long-term expected defaults are derived by applying Moody’s data from 1970 to 2009 and the definition of the credit rating used is the second highest credit rating published by Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s and Fitch. (iii) Additional provisions comprise credit risk premium, which is derived from Moody’s data from 1970 to 2009, an allowance for a one-notch downgrade of the portfolio subject to credit risk and an additional allowance for short-term defaults. The prudent Pillar 1 regulatory basis reflects the overriding objective of maintaining sufficient provisions and capital to ensure payments to policyholders can be made. The approach for IFRS aims to establish liabilities that are closer to ‘best estimate’. Movement in the credit risk allowance for PRIL The movement during 2015 of the average basis points allowance for PRIL on Pillar 1 regulatory and IFRS bases are as follows: Pillar 1 regulatory basis IFRS Total Total bps bps Total allowance for credit risk at 31 December 2014 58 46 Credit rating changes 2 1 Asset trading (2) (2) Other effects (including for new business) (3) (2) Total allowance for credit risk at 31 December 2015 55 43 Overall, the movement has led to the credit allowance for Pillar 1 purposes to be 32 per cent (2014: 41 per cent) of the bond spread over swap rates. For IFRS purposes it represents 25 per cent (2014: 32 per cent) of the bond spread over swap rates. 172 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
The reserves for credit risk allowance at 31 December 2015 for the UK shareholder annuity fund were as follows: Pillar 1 regulatory basis IFRS Total Total £bn £bn PRIL 1.9 1.5 PAC non-profit sub-fund 0.2 0.1 Total 31 December 2015 2.1 1.6 Total 31 December 2014 2.2 1.7 Other assumption changes For the shareholder-backed business, in addition to the movement in the credit risk allowance discussed above, the net effect of routine changes to assumptions in 2015, was a credit of £31 million (2014: £28 million). Other one-off transactions During 2015 the UK insurance operations entered into additional longevity reinsurance transactions to extend total coverage from £2.3 billion of annuity liabilities at the start of the year to £8.7 billion at the end of 2015 (on a Pillar 1 basis). Overall these transactions generated profit of £231 million (2014: £30 million). Of the £231 million, £170 million relates to transactions undertaken in the second half of 2015 covering £4.8 billion of annuity liabilities (on a Pillar 1 basis). These transactions, together with other specific management actions undertaken to position the balance sheet more efficiently under the new Solvency II regime, gave rise to IFRS operating profit in the second half of 2015 of £339 million in total, which is not expected to recur in future periods. B5: Tax charge a Total tax charge by nature of expense The total tax charge in the income statement is as follows: 2015 £m 2014 £m Current Deferred Tax charge tax tax Total Total UK tax (218) 69 (149) (578) Overseas tax (516) (77) (593) (360) Total tax (charge) credit (734) (8) (742) (938) The total tax charge comprises: 2015 £m 2014 £m Current tax expense: Corporation tax (782) (1,102) Adjustments in respect of prior years 48 (6) Total current tax (734) (1,108) Deferred tax arising from: Origination and reversal of temporary differences 4 163 Impact of changes in local statutory tax rates (22) 1 Expense in respect of a previously unrecognised tax loss, tax credit or temporary difference from a prior period 10 6 Total deferred tax (charge) credit (8) 170 Total tax charge (742) (938)
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 173
B: Earnings performance continued B5: Tax charge continued a Total tax charge by nature of expense continued The current tax charge of £734 million includes £35 million (2014: £37 million) in respect of the tax charge for the Hong Kong operation. The Hong Kong current tax charge is calculated as 16.5 per cent for all periods on either (i) 5 per cent of the net insurance premium or (ii) the estimated assessable profits, depending on the nature of the business written. The total tax charge comprises tax attributable to policyholders and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, unit-linked policies and shareholders as shown below: 2015 £m 2014 £m Current Deferred Tax charge tax tax Total Total Tax (charge) credit to policyholders’ returns (188) 15 (173) (540) Tax charge attributable to shareholders (546) (23) (569) (398) Total tax charge (734) (8) (742) (938) The principal reason for the decrease in the tax charge attributable to policyholders’ returns is a reduction in the current tax owing to a significant decrease on investment returns in the second half of the year in the with-profits life fund in the UK insurance operations. The main elements of the deferred tax charge shown in the table below are a credit of £272 million relating to unrealised gains and losses on investments reflecting a decrease in unrealised gains on investments in the Group’s insurance operations and a charge of £200 million relating to short-term temporary differences reflecting future tax relief arising on decreases in policy reserves in the US insurance operations balances. The total deferred tax (charge) credit arises as follows: 2015 £m 2014 £m Unrealised gains and losses on investments 272 (127) Balances relating to investment and insurance contracts (55) (43) Short-term temporary differences (200) 309 Capital allowances 1 (4) Unused tax losses (26) 35 Deferred tax (charge) credit (8) 170 In 2015, a deferred tax credit of £333 million (2014: charge of £(295) million) has been taken through other comprehensive income. b Reconciliation of effective tax rate For the purposes of explaining the relationship between tax expense and accounting profit, it is appropriate to consider the sources of profit and tax by reference to those that are attributable to shareholders and policyholders. A reconciliation of the tax charge on profit attributable to shareholders is provided below. Overview of reconciliation of effective tax rate 2015 £m 2014 £m Attributable to Attributable to* Attributable to Attributable to* shareholders policyholders Total shareholders policyholders Total Profit before tax 3,148 173 3,321 2,614 540 3,154 Taxation charge: Expected tax rate 27% 100% 31% 23% 100% 36% Expected tax charge (852) (173) (1,025) (594) (540) (1,134) Variance from expected tax charge 283 – 283 196 – 196 Actual tax charge (569) (173) (742) (398) (540) (938) Average effective tax rate 18% 100% 22% 15% 100% 30% * For the column entitled ‘Attributable to policyholders’, the profit before tax represents income, before tax attributable to policyholders and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds and unit-linked policies. This income is after deduction of charges for policyholder benefits and movements on unallocated surplus which are determined net of tax. Accordingly, the apparent 100 per cent effective tax rate shown above reflects the basis of accounting for unallocated surplus coupled with the IFRS requirements in respect of presentation of all pre-tax profits and all tax charges irrespective of policyholder and shareholder economic interest. 174 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Reconciliation of tax charge on profit attributable to shareholders 2015 £m Asia US UK insurance insurance insurance Other operations operations operations operations Total Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 1,209 1,691 1,195 (88) 4,007 Non-operating loss (173) (492) (120) (74) (859) Profit (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders 1,036 1,199 1,075 (162) 3,148 Expected tax rate* 24% 35% 20% 20% 27% Tax at the expected rate 249 420 215 (32) 852 Effects of recurring tax reconciliation items: Income not taxable or taxable at concessionary rates (42) (10) (2) (9) (63) Deductions not allowable for tax purposes 15 5 7 6 33 Items related to taxation of life insurance businesses (20) (113) – – (133) Deferred tax adjustments 10 – – (11) (1) Effect of results of joint ventures and associates (37) – – (13) (50) Irrecoverable withholding taxes – – – 28 28 Other (4) (1) 6 2 3 Total (78) (119) 11 3 (183) Effects of non-recurring tax reconciliation items: Adjustments to tax charge in relation to prior years 5 (65) (7) – (67) Movements in provisions for open tax matters (6) – – (5) (11) Impact of changes in local statutory tax rates (5) – (16) (1) (22) Total (6) (65) (23) (6) (100) Total actual tax charge/(credit) 165 236 203 (35) 569 Analysed into: Tax on operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 180 408 227 (19) 796 Tax on non-operating profit (15) (172) (24) (16) (227) Actual tax rate: Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns Including non-recurring tax reconciling items 15% 24% 19% 22% 20% Excluding non-recurring tax reconciling items 15% 28% 21% 15% 22% Total profit 16% 20% 19% 22% 18% * The expected tax rates (rounded to the nearest whole percentage) reflect the corporation tax rates generally applied to taxable profit of the relevant country jurisdictions. For Asia operations the expected tax rates reflect the corporation tax rates weighted by reference to the source of profit of operations contributing to the aggregate business result. The expected tax rate for Other operations reflects the mix of business between UK and overseas non-insurance operations, which are taxed at a variety of rates. The rates will fluctuate from year to year dependent on the mix of profit.
Directors’ European Embedded Value
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 basis(EEV) results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 175
B: Earnings performance continued B5: Tax charge continued b Reconciliation of effective tax rate continued 2014 £m Asia US UK insurance insurance insurance† Other† operations operations operations operations Total Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 1,050 1,431 753 (48) 3,186 Non-operating profit/(loss) 170 (1,174) 545 (113) (572) Profit (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders 1,220 257 1,298 (161) 2,614 Expected tax rate* 22% 35% 21% 22% 23% Tax at the expected rate 268 90 273 (35) 596 Effects of recurring tax reconciliation items: Income not taxable or taxable at concessionary rates (17) (6) – (2) (25) Deductions not allowable for tax purposes 13 – 7 9 29 Items related to taxation of life insurance businesses (44) (76) – – (120) Deferred tax adjustments (8) – (7) (11) (26) Effect of results of joint ventures and associates (40) – (8) (10) (58) Irrecoverable withholding taxes – – – 27 27 Other (4) 1 (4) 7 –Total (100) (81) (12) 20 (173) Effects of non-recurring tax reconciliation items: Adjustments to tax charge in relation to prior years (2) (1) 3 (7) (7) Movements in provisions for open tax matters 7 – – (26) (19) Impact of changes in local statutory tax rates (1) – 2 – 1 Total 4 (1) 5 (33) (25) Total actual tax charge/(credit) 172 8 266 (48) 398 Analysed into: Tax on operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 171 419 163 (29) 724 Tax on non-operating profit 1 (411) 103 (19) (326) Actual tax rate: Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns Including non-recurring tax reconciling items 16% 29% 22% 60% 23% Excluding non-recurring tax reconciling items 16% 29% 21% (8)% 24% Total profit 14% 3% 21% 30% 15% * The expected tax rates (rounded to the nearest whole percentage) reflect the corporation tax rates generally applied to taxable profit of the relevant country jurisdictions. For Asia operations the expected tax rates reflect the corporation tax rates weighted by reference to the source of profit of operations contributing to the aggregate business result. The expected tax rate for Other operations reflects the mix of business between UK and overseas non-insurance operations, which are taxed at a variety of rates. The rates will fluctuate from year to year dependent on the mix of profit. † In order to show the UK insurance business on a comparable basis, the full year 2014 comparatives exclude the contribution from the sold PruHealth and PruProtect businesses from the UK insurance operations and show it in the column for Other operations. 176 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
B6: Earnings per share
2015
Basic Diluted
Before earnings earnings
tax Tax Net of tax per share per share
note B1.1 note B5
Note £m £m £m Pence Pence
Based on operating profit based on longer-term
investment returns 4,007(796) 3,211 125.8p 125.6p
Short-term fiuctuations in investment returns
on shareholder-backed business B1.2(737) 202(535)(21.0)p(20.9)p
Cumulative exchange loss on the sold Japan
life business recycled from other
comprehensive income D1(46) –(46)(1.8)p(1.8)p
Amortisation of acquisition accounting
adjustments(76) 25(51)(2.0)p(2.0)p
Based on profit for the year 3,148(569) 2,579 101.0p 100.9p
2014
Basic Diluted
Before earnings earnings
tax Tax Net of tax per share per share
note B1.1 note B5
Note £m £m £m Pence Pence
Based on operating profit based on longer-term
investment returns 3,186(724) 2,462 96.6p 96.5p
Short-term fiuctuations in investment returns
on shareholder-backed business B1.2(574) 299(275)(10.8)p(10.8)p
Gain on sale of PruHealth and PruProtect 86 – 86 3.4p 3.4p
Amortisation of acquisition accounting
adjustments(79) 26(53)(2.1)p(2.1)p
Costs of domestication of Hong Kong branch(5) 1(4)(0.2)p(0.2)p
Based on profit for the year 2,614(398) 2,216 86.9p 86.8p
Earnings per share are calculated based on earnings attributable to ordinary shareholders, after related tax and non-controlling interests.
The weighted average number of shares for calculating earnings per share, which excludes those held in employee share trusts and
consolidated unit trusts and OEICs, is set out as below:
2015 2014
millions millions
Weighted average number of shares for calculation of:
Basic earnings per share 2,553 2,549
Shares under option at end of year 9 9
Number of shares that would have been issued at fair value on assumed option price(6)(6)
Diluted earnings per share 2,556 2,552
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 177
B: Earnings performance continued
B7: Dividends
2015 2014
Pence Pence
per share £m per share £m
Dividends relating to reporting year:
Interim dividend 12.31p 315 11.19p 287
Second interim dividend/Final dividend 26.47p 681 25.74p 658
Special dividend 10.00p 257
Total 48.78p 1,253 36.93p 945
Dividends declared and paid in reporting year:
Current year interim dividend 12.31p 315 11.19p 285
Final dividend for prior year 25.74p 659 23.84p 610
Total 38.05p 974 35.03p 895
Dividend per share
Interim and special dividends are recorded in the period in which they are paid. Final dividends are recorded in the period in which they
are approved by shareholders. The final dividend for the year ended 31 December 2014 of 25.74 pence per ordinary share was paid to
eligible shareholders on 21 May 2015 and the 2015 interim dividend of 12.31 pence per ordinary share was paid to eligible shareholders
on 25 September 2015. From 2016, Prudential will make twice-yearly interim dividend payments to replace final/interim dividend.
The second interim ordinary and special dividend for the year ended 31 December 2015 of 26.47 pence and 10.00 pence per ordinary
share respectively, will be paid on 20 May 2016 in sterling to shareholders on the principal register and the Irish branch register at 6.00pm
BST on 29 March 2016 (Record Date), and in Hong Kong dollars to shareholders on the Hong Kong branch register at 4.30pm Hong Kong
time on the Record Date (HK Shareholders). Holders of US American Depositary Receipts (US Shareholders) will be paid their dividends
in US dollars on or about 27 May 2016. The second interim ordinary and special dividend will be paid on or about 27 May 2016 in
Singapore dollars to shareholders with shares standing to the credit of their securities accounts with The Central Depository (Pte.)
Limited (CDP) at 5.00pm Singapore time on the Record Date (SG Shareholders). The dividend payable to the HK Shareholders will be
translated using the exchange rate quoted by the WM Company at the close of business on 8 March 2016. The exchange rate at which
the dividend payable to the SG Shareholders will be translated into Singapore dollars, will be determined by CDP.
Shareholders on the principal register and Irish branch register will be able to participate in a Dividend Reinvestment Plan.
178 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
C: Balance sheet notes
C1: Analysis of Group position by segment and business type
To explain the assets, liabilities and capital of the Group’s businesses more comprehensively, it is appropriate to provide analyses
of the Group’s statement of financial position by operating segment and type of business.
| C1.1 |
|
Group statement of financial position – analysis by segment |
a Position as at 31 December 2015
2015 £m
Unallo- Elimin-
cated ation
to a of intra-
Asset segment group
Insurance operations Total manage-(central debtors
insurance ment opera- and Group
Asia US UK operations operations tions) creditors Total
By operating segment Note C2.1 C2.2 C2.3 C2.4
Assets
Intangible assets attributable
to shareholders:
Goodwill C5.1(a) 233 – – 233 1,230 – – 1,463
Deferred acquisition costs and other
intangible assets C5.1(b) 2,103 6,168 83 8,354 21 47 – 8,422
Total 2,336 6,168 83 8,587 1,251 47 – 9,885
Intangible assets attributable to
with-profits funds:
Goodwill in respect of acquired
subsidiaries for venture fund and
other investment purposes C5.2(a) – – 185 185 – – – 185
Deferred acquisition costs and other
intangible assets C5.2(b) 42 – 8 50 – – – 50
Total 42 – 193 235 – – – 235
Total 2,378 6,168 276 8,822 1,251 47 – 10,120
Deferred tax assets C8.1 66 2,448 132 2,646 140 33 – 2,819
Other non-investment and non-cash
assetsnote(i) 3,621 7,205 7,209 18,035 1,504 4,886(10,142) 14,283
Investments of long-term business and
other operations:
Investment properties 5 5 13,412 13,422 – – – 13,422
Investments in joint ventures and
associates accounted for using the
equity method D6 475 – 434 909 125 – – 1,034
Loans C3.4 1,084 7,418 3,571 12,073 885 – – 12,958
Equity securities and portfolio
holdings in unit trusts 18,532 91,216 47,593 157,341 85 27 – 157,453
Debt securities C3.3 28,292 34,071 83,101 145,464 2,204 3 – 147,671
Other investments 57 1,715 5,486 7,258 94 1 – 7,353
Deposits 773 – 11,226 11,999 89 – – 12,088
Total investments 49,218 134,425 164,823 348,466 3,482 31 – 351,979
Assets held for sale – – 2 2 – – – 2
Cash and cash equivalentsnote(ii) 2,064 1,405 2,880 6,349 1,054 379 – 7,782
Total assets C3.1 57,347 151,651 175,322 384,320 7,431 5,376(10,142) 386,985
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 179
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C1: Analysis of Group position by segment and business type continued
C1.1 Group statement of financial position – analysis by segment continued
2015 £m
Unallo- Elimin-
cated ation
to a of intra-
Asset segment group
Insurance operations Total manage-(central debtors
insurance ment opera- and Group
Asia US UK operations operations tions) creditors Total
By operating segment Note C2.1 C2.2 C2.3 C2.4
Equity and liabilities
Equity
Shareholders’ equity 3,956 4,154 5,140 13,250 2,332(2,627) – 12,955
Non-controlling interests 1 – – 1 – – – 1
Total equity 3,957 4,154 5,140 13,251 2,332(2,627) – 12,956
Liabilities
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated
surplus of with-profits funds:
Insurance contract liabilities 42,084 136,129 83,801 262,014 – –(1,261) 260,753
Investment contract liabilities with
discretionary participation features 251 – 42,708 42,959 – – – 42,959
Investment contract liabilities without
discretionary participation features 181 2,784 15,841 18,806 – – – 18,806
Unallocated surplus of with-profits
funds 2,553 – 10,543 13,096 – – – 13,096
Total policyholder liabilities and
unallocated surplus of with-profits
funds C4.1(a) 45,069 138,913 152,893 336,875 – –(1,261) 335,614
Core structural borrowings of
shareholder-financed operations:
Subordinated debt – – – – – 4,018 – 4,018
Other – 169 – 169 275 549 – 993
Total C6.1 – 169 – 169 275 4,567 – 5,011
Operational borrowings attributable to
shareholder-financed operations C6.2 – 66 179 245 10 1,705 – 1,960
Borrowings attributable to with-profits
operations C6.2 – – 1,332 1,332 – – – 1,332
Other non-insurance liabilities:
Obligations under funding, securities
lending and sale and repurchase
agreements – 1,914 1,651 3,565 200 – – 3,765
Net asset value attributable to unit
holders of consolidated unit trusts
and similar funds 2,802 22 5,049 7,873 – – – 7,873
Deferred tax liabilities C8.1 734 2,086 1,162 3,982 17 11 – 4,010
Current tax liabilities C8.2 50 3 203 256 50 19 – 325
Accruals and deferred income 136 – 447 583 300 69 – 952
Other creditors 3,266 1,022 4,591 8,879 3,695 1,183(8,881) 4,876
Provisions C12 119 6 158 283 244 77 – 604
Derivative liabilities C3.5(b) 140 249 2,125 2,514 283 322 – 3,119
Other liabilitiesnote(iii) 1,074 3,047 392 4,513 25 50 – 4,588
Total 8,321 8,349 15,778 32,448 4,814 1,731(8,881) 30,112
Liabilities held for sale – – – – – – – –
Total liabilities C3.1 53,390 147,497 170,182 371,069 5,099 8,003(10,142) 374,029
Total equity and liabilities 57,347 151,651 175,322 384,320 7,431 5,376(10,142) 386,985
180 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
b Position as at 31 December 2014
2014 £m
Unallo- Elimin-
cated ation
to a of intra-
Asset segment group
Insurance operations Total manage-(central debtors
insurance ment opera- and Group
Asia US UK operations operations tions) creditors Total
By operating segment Note C2.1 C2.2 C2.3 C2.4
Assets
Intangible assets attributable
to shareholders:
Goodwill C5.1(a) 233 – – 233 1,230 – – 1,463
Deferred acquisition costs and other
intangible assets C5.1(b) 1,911 5,197 86 7,194 21 46 – 7,261
Total 2,144 5,197 86 7,427 1,251 46 – 8,724
Intangible assets attributable to
with-profits funds:
Goodwill in respect of acquired
subsidiaries for venture fund and
other investment purposes C5.2(a) – – 186 186 – – – 186
Deferred acquisition costs and other
intangible assets C5.2(b) 54 – 7 61 – – – 61
Total 54 – 193 247 – – – 247
Total 2,198 5,197 279 7,674 1,251 46 – 8,971
Deferred tax assets C8.1 84 2,343 132 2,559 141 65 – 2,765
Other non-investment and non-cash
assetsnote(i) 3,111 6,617 6,826 16,554 1,464 5,058(10,295) 12,781
Investments of long-term business and
other operations:
Investment properties – 28 12,736 12,764 – – – 12,764
Investments in joint ventures and
associates accounted for using the
equity method 374 – 536 910 107 – – 1,017
Financial investments:
Loans C3.4 1,014 6,719 4,254 11,987 854 – – 12,841
Equity securities and portfolio
holdings in unit trusts 19,200 82,081 43,468 144,749 79 34 – 144,862
Debt securities C3.3 23,629 32,980 86,349 142,958 2,293 – – 145,251
Other investments 48 1,670 5,782 7,500 121 2 – 7,623
Deposits 769 – 12,253 13,022 74 – – 13,096
Total investments 45,034 123,478 165,378 333,890 3,528 36 – 337,454
Assets held for sale D1 819 – 5 824 – – – 824
Cash and cash equivalentsnote(ii) 1,684 904 2,457 5,045 1,044 320 – 6,409
Total assets C3.1 52,930 138,539 175,077 366,546 7,428 5,525(10,295) 369,204
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 181
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C1: Analysis of Group position by segment and business type continued
C1.1 Group statement of financial position – analysis by segment continued
2014 £m
Unallo- Elimin-
cated ation
to a of intra-
Asset segment group
Insurance operations Total manage-(central debtors
insurance ment opera- and Group
By operating segment Note Asia US UK operations operations tions) creditors Total
Equity and liabilities
Equity
Shareholders’ equity 3,548 4,067 3,804 11,419 2,077(1,685) – 11,811
Non-controlling interests 1 – – 1 – – – 1
Total equity 3,549 4,067 3,804 11,420 2,077(1,685) – 11,812
Liabilities
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated
surplus of with-profits funds:
Insurance contract liabilities 39,670 124,076 87,655 251,401 – –(1,363) 250,038
Investment contract liabilities with
discretionary participation features 218 – 39,059 39,277 – – – 39,277
Investment contract liabilities without
discretionary participation features 180 2,670 17,374 20,224 – – – 20,224
Unallocated surplus of with-profits
funds 2,102 – 10,348 12,450 – – – 12,450
Total policyholder liabilities and
unallocated surplus of with-profits
funds C4.1(a) 42,170 126,746 154,436 323,352 – –(1,363) 321,989
Core structural borrowings of
shareholder-financed operations:
Subordinated debt – – – – – 3,320 – 3,320
Other – 160 – 160 275 549 – 984
Total C6.1 – 160 – 160 275 3,869 – 4,304
Operational borrowings attributable to
shareholder-financed operations C6.2(a) – 179 74 253 6 2,004 – 2,263
Borrowings attributable to with-profits
operations C6.2(b) – – 1,093 1,093 – – – 1,093
Other non-insurance liabilities:
Obligations under funding, securities
lending and sale and repurchase
agreements – 1,156 1,191 2,347 – – – 2,347
Net asset value attributable to unit
holders of consolidated unit trusts
and similar funds 2,161 22 5,174 7,357 – – – 7,357
Deferred tax liabilities C8.1 719 2,308 1,228 4,255 22 14 – 4,291
Current tax liabilities C8.2 65 1 414 480 66 71 – 617
Accruals and deferred income 123 – 441 564 328 55 – 947
Other creditors 2,434 776 5,159 8,369 4,054 771(8,932) 4,262
Provisions C12 110 5 202 317 335 72 – 724
Derivative liabilities C3.5(b) 143 251 1,381 1,775 233 315 – 2,323
Other liabilitiesnote(iii) 686 2,868 480 4,034 32 39 – 4,105
Total 6,441 7,387 15,670 29,498 5,070 1,337(8,932) 26,973
Liabilities held for sale D1 770 – – 770 – – – 770
Total liabilities C3.1 49,381 134,472 171,273 355,126 5,351 7,210(10,295) 357,392
Total equity and liabilities 52,930 138,539 175,077 366,546 7,428 5,525(10,295) 369,204
182 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Notes
(i) Included within other non-investment and non-cash assets are accrued investment income of £2,751 million (2014: £2,667 million) and other debtors
of £1,955 million (2014: £1,852 million).
Accrued investment income and other debtors 2015 £m 2014 £m
Interest receivable 1,895 1,932
Other 856 735
Total accrued investment income 2,751 2,667
Other debtors comprises:
Amounts due from
Policyholders 332 335
Intermediaries 14 20
Reinsurers 82 61
Other 1,527 1,436
Total other debtors 1,955 1,852
Total accrued investment income and other debtors 4,706 4,519
Of the £4,706 million (2014: £4,519 million) of accrued investment income and other debtors, £433 million (2014: £381 million) is expected to be settled after
one year or more.
(ii) Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash at bank and in hand, deposits held at call with banks, treasury bills and other short-term highly liquid investments
with less than 90 days’ maturity from the date of acquisition. The component breakdown is as follows:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Cash 5,030 5,166
Cash equivalents 2,752 1,243
Total cash and cash equivalents 7,782 6,409
Of the total cash and cash equivalents, £365 million (2014: £304 million) is held centrally and considered to be available for general use by the Group.
The remaining funds are considered not to be available for general use by the Group, and include funds held for the benefit of policyholders.
(iii) Other liabilities comprise:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Creditors arising from direct insurance and reinsurance operations 1,828 1,431
Interest payable 70 59
Other items* 2,690 2,615
Total 4,588 4,105
* Of the £2,690 million (2014: £2,615 million) other items as at 31 December 2015, £2,347 million (2014: £2,201 million) related to liabilities for funds withheld under
reinsurance arrangement of the REALIC business.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 183
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C1: Analysis of Group position by segment and business type continued
C1.2 Group statement of financial position – analysis by business type
2015 £m 2014 £m
Policyholder Shareholder-backed business
Elimin-
Unallo- ations
Unit- cated of Intra-
linked Asset to a group
and Non- manage- segment debtors
Participating variable linked ment(central and Group Group
Note funds annuity business operations operations) creditors Total Total
Assets
Intangible assets attributable
to shareholders:
Goodwill C5.1(a) – – 233 1,230 – – 1,463 1,463
Deferred acquisition costs and
other intangible assets C5.1(b) – – 8,354 21 47 – 8,422 7,261
Total – – 8,587 1,251 47 – 9,885 8,724
Intangible assets attributable to
with-profits funds:
In respect of acquired subsidiaries
for venture fund and other
investment purposes 185 – – – – – 185 186
Deferred acquisition costs and
other intangible assets 50 – – – – – 50 61
Total 235 – – – – – 235 247
Total 235 – 8,587 1,251 47 – 10,120 8,971
Deferred tax assets C8.1 83 1 2,562 140 33 – 2,819 2,765
Other non-investment and non-cash
assets 3,649 578 11,174 1,504 4,886(7,508) 14,283 12,781
Investments of long-term business
and other operations:
Investment properties 11,115 705 1,602 – – – 13,422 12,764
Investments in joint ventures
and associates accounted
for using the equity method 434 – 475 125 – – 1,034 1,017
Financial investments:
Loans C3.4 2,599 – 9,474 885 – – 12,958 12,841
Equity securities and portfolio
holdings in unit trusts 39,195 117,067 1,079 85 27 – 157,453 144,862
Debt securities C3.3 60,870 9,290 75,304 2,204 3 – 147,671 145,251
Other investments 5,045 29 2,184 94 1 – 7,353 7,623
Deposits 8,970 1,049 1,980 89 – – 12,088 13,096
Total investments 128,228 128,140 92,098 3,482 31 – 351,979 337,454
Assets held for sale 2 – – – – – 2 824
Cash and cash equivalents 2,623 829 2,897 1,054 379 – 7,782 6,409
Total assets 134,820 129,548 117,318 7,431 5,376(7,508) 386,985 369,204
184 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
2015 £m 2014 £m
Policyholder Shareholder-backed business
Elimin-
Unallo- ations
Unit- cated of Intra-
linked Asset to a group
and Non- manage- segment debtors
Participating variable linked ment(central and Group Group
Note funds annuity business operations operations) creditors Total Total
Equity and liabilities
Equity
Shareholders’ equity – – 13,250 2,332(2,627) – 12,955 11,811
Non-controlling interests – – 1 – – – 1 1
Total equity – – 13,251 2,332(2,627) – 12,956 11,812
Liabilities
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated
surplus of with-profits funds:
Contract liabilities (including
amounts in respect of contracts
classified as investment
contracts under IFRS 4) 107,907 125,819 88,792 – – – 322,518 309,539
Unallocated surplus of with-profits
funds 13,096 – – – – – 13,096 12,450
Total policyholder liabilities and
unallocated surplus of
with-profits funds C4.1(a) 121,003 125,819 88,792 – – – 335,614 321,989
Core structural borrowings of
shareholder-financed operations:
Subordinated debt – – – – 4,018 – 4,018 3,320
Other – – 169 275 549 – 993 984
Total C6.1 – – 169 275 4,567 – 5,011 4,304
Operational borrowings attributable
to shareholder-financed
operations C6.2(a) – 4 241 10 1,705 – 1,960 2,263
Borrowings attributable to
with-profits operations C6.2(b) 1,332 – – – – – 1,332 1,093
Deferred tax liabilities C8.1 1,326 27 2,629 17 11 – 4,010 4,291
Other non-insurance liabilities 11,159 3,698 12,236 4,797 1,720(7,508) 26,102 22,682
Liabilities held for sale D1 – – – – – – – 770
Total liabilities 134,820 129,548 104,067 5,099 8,003(7,508) 374,029 357,392
Total equity and liabilities 134,820 129,548 117,318 7,431 5,376(7,508) 386,985 369,204
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 185
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C2: Analysis of segment position by business type
To show the statement of financial position by reference to the differing degrees of policyholder and shareholder economic interest
of the different types of business, the analysis below is structured to show the assets and liabilities of each segment by business type.
C2.1 Asia insurance operations
2015 £m 2014 £m
Unit-linked
With-profits assets and Other 31 Dec 31 Dec
business liabilities business Total Total
Note note
Assets
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
Goodwill – – 233 233 233
Deferred acquisition costs and other
intangible assets – – 2,103 2,103 1,911
Total – – 2,336 2,336 2,144
Intangible assets attributable to with-profits
funds:
Deferred acquisition costs and other
intangible assets 42 – – 42 54
Deferred tax assets – 1 65 66 84
Other non-investment and non-cash assets 1,981 207 1,433 3,621 3,111
Investments of long-term business and other
operations:
Investment properties – – 5 5 –
Investments in joint ventures and associates
accounted for using the equity method – – 475 475 374
Financial investments:
Loans C3.4 540 – 544 1,084 1,014
Equity securities and portfolio holdings
in unit trusts 6,861 10,831 840 18,532 19,200
Debt securities C3.3 16,335 2,809 9,148 28,292 23,629
Other investments 28 16 13 57 48
Deposits 188 214 371 773 769
Total investments 23,952 13,870 11,396 49,218 45,034
Assets held for sale – – – – 819
Cash and cash equivalents 863 363 838 2,064 1,684
Total assets 26,838 14,441 16,068 57,347 52,930
Equity and liabilities
Equity
Shareholders’ equity – – 3,956 3,956 3,548
Non-controlling interests – – 1 1 1
Total equity – – 3,957 3,957 3,549
Liabilities
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus
of with-profits funds:
Contract liabilities (including amounts
in respect of contracts classified as
investment contracts under IFRS 4) 19,642 13,355 9,519 42,516 40,068
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds 2,553 – – 2,553 2,102
Total C4.1(b) 22,195 13,355 9,519 45,069 42,170
Deferred tax liabilities 474 27 233 734 719
Other non-insurance liabilities 4,169 1,059 2,359 7,587 5,722
Liabilities held for sale – – – – 770
Total liabilities 26,838 14,441 12,111 53,390 49,381
Total equity and liabilities 26,838 14,441 16,068 57,347 52,930
Note
The statement of financial position for with-profits business comprises the with-profits assets and liabilities of the Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore operations.
Assets and liabilities of other participating business are included in the column for ‘Other business’.
186 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
| C2.2 |
|
US insurance operations |
2015 £m 2014 £m
Variable
annuity
separate
account Fixed annuity,
assets and GIC and other 31 Dec 31 Dec
liabilities business Total Total
Note note (i) note (i)
Assets
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangiblesnote(vi) – 6,168 6,168 5,197
Total – 6,168 6,168 5,197
Deferred tax assets – 2,448 2,448 2,343
Other non-investment and non-cash assetsnote(ii) – 7,205 7,205 6,617
Investments of long-term business and other operations:
Investment properties – 5 5 28
Financial investments:
Loans C3.4 – 7,418 7,418 6,719
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trustsnote(iii) 91,022 194 91,216 82,081
Debt securities C3.3 – 34,071 34,071 32,980
Other investmentsnote(iv) – 1,715 1,715 1,670
Total investments 91,022 43,403 134,425 123,478
Cash and cash equivalents – 1,405 1,405 904
Total assets 91,022 60,629 151,651 138,539
Equity and liabilities
Equity
Shareholders’ equitynote(vii) – 4,154 4,154 4,067
Total equity – 4,154 4,154 4,067
Liabilities
Policyholder liabilities:note(vi)
Contract liabilities (including amounts in respect of contracts
classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4)note(v) 91,022 47,891 138,913 126,746
Total C4.1(c) 91,022 47,891 138,913 126,746
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations – 169 169 160
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed
operations – 66 66 179
Deferred tax liabilities – 2,086 2,086 2,308
Other non-insurance liabilitiesnote(v) – 6,263 6,263 5,079
Total liabilities 91,022 56,475 147,497 134,472
Total equity and liabilities 91,022 60,629 151,651 138,539
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 187
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C2: Analysis of segment position by business type continued
| C2.2 |
|
US insurance operations continued |
Notes
(i) These amounts are for separate account assets and liabilities for all variable annuity products comprising those with and without guarantees. Assets and
liabilities attaching to variable annuity business that are not held in the separate account, eg, in respect of guarantees are shown within other business.
(ii) Included within other non-investment and non-cash assets of £7,205 million (2014: £6,617 million) were balances of £6,211 million (2014: £5,979 million)
for reinsurers’ share of insurance contract liabilities. Of the £6,211 million as at 31 December 2015, £5,388 million related to the reinsurance ceded by the
REALIC business (2014: £5,174 million). Jackson holds collateral for certain of these reinsurance arrangements with a corresponding funds withheld liability.
As of 31 December 2015, the funds withheld liability of £2,347 million (2014: £2,201 million) was recorded within other non-insurance liabilities.
(iii) Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts include investments in mutual funds, the majority of which are equity-based.
(iv) Other investments comprise:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Derivative assets* 905 916
Partnerships in investment pools and other† 810 754
1,715 1,670
* After taking account of the derivative liabilities of £249 million (2014: £251 million), which are included in other non-insurance liabilities, the derivative position
for US operations is a net asset of £656 million (2014: £665 million).
† Partnerships in investment pools and other comprise primarily investments in limited partnerships. These include interests in the PPM America Private Equity
Fund and diversified investments in 162 (2014: 164) other partnerships by independent money managers that generally invest in various equities and fixed
income loans and securities.
(v) In addition to the policyholder liabilities above, Jackson has entered into a programme of funding arrangements under contracts, which, in substance are
almost identical to GICs. The liabilities under these funding agreements totalled £1,725 million (2014: £844 million) and are included in other non-insurance
liabilities in the statement of financial position above.
(vi) Under IFRS 4, adequacy testing of liabilities, net of deferred acquisition costs is required. The practical application for Jackson is in the context of the deferred
acquisition cost asset and the liabilities for Jackson’s insurance contracts being determined in accordance with US GAAP. The liabilities include those in respect
of the separate accounts (which naturally reflect separate account assets), policyholder account values, and guarantees measured as described in note C4.2.
Under US GAAP, most of Jackson’s products are accounted for under Accounting Standard no. 97 of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FAS 97)
whereby deferred acquisition costs are amortised in line with expected gross profits. Recoverability of the deferred acquisition costs in the balance sheet
is tested against the projected value of future profits using current estimates and therefore no additional liability adequacy test is required by IFRS 4.
The DAC recoverability test is performed in line with US GAAP requirements which in practice is at the grouped level of those contracts managed together.
(vii) Changes in shareholders’ equity:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returnsB1.1 1,691 1,431
Short-term fluctuations in investment returnsB1.2(424)(1,103)
Amortisation of acquisition accounting adjustments arising from the purchase of REALIC(68)(71)
Profit before shareholder tax 1,199 257
TaxB5(236)(8)
Profit for the year 963 249
2015 £m 2014 £m
Profit for the year (as above) 963 249
Items recognised in other comprehensive income:
Exchange movements 230 235
Unrealised valuation movements on securities classified as available-for-sale:
Unrealised holding (losses) gains arising during the year(1,256) 1,039
Less: net gains included in the income statement on disposal and impairment(49)(83)
Total unrealised valuation movements(1,305) 956
Related change in amortisation of deferred acquisition costsC5.1(b) 337(87)
Related tax 339(304)
Total other comprehensive (loss) income(399) 800
Total comprehensive income for the year 564 1,049
Dividends, interest payments to central companies and other movements(477)(428)
Net increase in equity 87 621
Shareholders’ equity at beginning of year 4,067 3,446
Shareholders’ equity at end of year 4,154 4,067
188 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
| C2.3 |
|
UK insurance operations |
Of the total investments of £165 billion in UK insurance operations, £104 billion of investments are held by Scottish Amicable Insurance
Fund and the PAC with-profits sub-fund. Shareholders are exposed only indirectly to value movements on these assets.
2015 £m 2014 £m
Other funds and subsidiaries
Annuity
Scottish PAC and
Amicable with- Unit-linked other
Insurance profits assets and long-term 31 Dec 31 Dec
Fund sub-fund liabilities business Total Total Total
By operating segment Note note (i) note (ii)
Assets
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible
assets – – – 83 83 83 86
Total – – – 83 83 83 86
Intangible assets attributable to with-profits funds:
In respect of acquired subsidiaries for venture
fund and other investment purposes – 185 – – – 185 186
Deferred acquisition costs – 8 – – – 8 7
Total – 193 – – – 193 193
Total – 193 – 83 83 276 279
Deferred tax assets 1 82 – 49 49 132 132
Other non-investment and non-cash assets 171 4,131 371 2,536 2,907 7,209 6,826
Investments of long-term business and other
operations:
Investment properties 358 10,757 705 1,592 2,297 13,412 12,736
Investments in joint ventures and associates
accounted for using the equity method – 434 – – – 434 536
Financial investments:
Loans C3.4 61 1,998 – 1,512 1,512 3,571 4,254
Equity securities and portfolio holdings
in unit trusts 2,530 29,804 15,214 45 15,259 47,593 43,468
Debt securities C3.3 2,331 42,204 6,481 32,085 38,566 83,101 86,349
Other investmentsnote(iii) 210 4,807 13 456 469 5,486 5,782
Deposits 399 8,383 835 1,609 2,444 11,226 12,253
Total investments 5,889 98,387 23,248 37,299 60,547 164,823 165,378
Properties held for sale – 2 – – – 2 5
Cash and cash equivalents 169 1,591 466 654 1,120 2,880 2,457
Total assets 6,230 104,386 24,085 40,621 64,706 175,322 175,077
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 189
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C2: Analysis of segment position by business type continued
C2.3 UK insurance operations continued
2015 £m 2014 £m
Other funds and subsidiaries
Annuity
Scottish PAC and
Amicable with- Unit-linked other
Insurance profits assets and long-term 31 Dec 31 Dec
Fund sub-fund liabilities business Total Total Total
Note note (i) note (ii) note (iv)
Equity and liabilities
Equity
Shareholders’ equity – – – 5,140 5,140 5,140 3,804
Total equity – – – 5,140 5,140 5,140 3,804
Liabilities
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of
with-profits funds:
Contract liabilities (including amounts in respect
of contracts classified as investment contracts
under IFRS 4) 5,919 83,607 21,442 31,382 52,824 142,350 144,088
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
(reflecting application of ‘realistic’ basis
provisions for UK regulated with-profits
funds) – 10,543 – – – 10,543 10,348
Total C4.1(d) 5,919 94,150 21,442 31,382 52,824 152,893 154,436
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-
financed operations – – 4 175 179 179 74
Borrowings attributable to with-profits funds 12 1,320 – – – 1,332 1,093
Deferred tax liabilities 31 821 – 310 310 1,162 1,228
Other non-insurance liabilities 268 8,095 2,639 3,614 6,253 14,616 14,442
Total liabilities 6,230 104,386 24,085 35,481 59,566 170,182 171,273
Total equity and liabilities 6,230 104,386 24,085 40,621 64,706 175,322 175,077
Notes
(i) The fund is solely for the benefit of policyholders of SAIF. Shareholders have no interest in the profits of this fund although they are entitled to asset
management fees on this business. SAIF is a separate sub-fund within the PAC long-term business fund.
(ii) The PAC with-profits sub-fund (WPSF) mainly contains with-profits business but it also contains some non-profit business (unit-linked, term assurances and
annuities). Included in the PAC with-profits fund is £10.8 billion (2014: £11.7 billion) of non-profits annuities liabilities. The WPSF’s profits are apportioned
90 per cent to its policyholders and 10 per cent to shareholders as surplus for distribution is determined via the annual actuarial valuation. For the purposes
of this table and subsequent explanation, references to the WPSF also include, for convenience, the amounts attaching to the Defined Charges Participating
Sub-fund which comprises 4 per cent of the total assets of the WPSF and includes the with-profits annuity business transferred to Prudential from the
Equitable Life Assurance Society on 1 December 2007 (with assets of approximately £1.7 billion). Profits to shareholders on this with-profits annuity business
emerge on a ‘charges less expenses’ basis and policyholders are entitled to 100 per cent of the investment earnings.
(iii) Other investments comprise:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Derivative assets* 1,930 2,344
Partnerships in investment pools and other† 3,556 3,438
5,486 5,782
* After taking account of derivative liabilities of £2,125 million (2014: £1,381 million), which are also included in the statement of financial position, the overall
derivative position was a net liability of £195 million (2014: net asset of £963 million).
† Partnerships in investment pools and other comprise mainly investments held by the PAC with-profits fund. These investments are primarily investments
in limited partnerships and additionally, investments in property funds.
(iv) The shareholders’ equity at 31 December 2015 includes the effect of a classification change of £702 million from Other operations to UK insurance operations
in order to align with Solvency II segmental reporting, with no overall effect on the Group’s shareholders’ equity.
190 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
| C2.4 |
|
Asset management operations |
2015 £m 2014 £m
Prudential Eastspring 31 Dec 31 Dec
Note M&G Capital US Investments Total Total
Assets
Intangible assets:
Goodwill 1,153 – 16 61 1,230 1,230
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets 16 – 3 2 21 21
Total 1,169 – 19 63 1,251 1,251
Other non-investment and non-cash assets 715 614 236 79 1,644 1,605
Investments in joint ventures and associates accounted for
using the equity method 29 – – 96 125 107
Financial investments:
Loans C3.4 – 885 – – 885 854
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts 70 – – 15 85 79
Debt securities C3.3 – 2,204 – – 2,204 2,293
Other investments 15 74 5 – 94 121
Deposits – – 50 39 89 74
Total investments 114 3,163 55 150 3,482 3,528
Cash and cash equivalents 430 415 79 130 1,054 1,044
Total assets 2,428 4,192 389 422 7,431 7,428
Equity and liabilities
Equity
Shareholders’ equity 1,774 70 182 306 2,332 2,077
Total equity 1,774 70 182 306 2,332 2,077
Liabilities
Core structural borrowing of shareholder-financed
operations – 275 – – 275 275
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed
operations 10 – – – 10 6
Intra-group debt represented by operational borrowings
at Group levelnote(i) – 1,705 – – 1,705 2,004
Other non-insurance liabilitiesnote(ii) 644 2,142 207 116 3,109 3,066
Total liabilities 654 4,122 207 116 5,099 5,351
Total equity and liabilities 2,428 4,192 389 422 7,431 7,428
Notes
(i) Intra-group debt represented by operational borrowings at Group level, which are in respect of Prudential Capital’s short-term fixed income security
programme and comprise:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Commercial Paper 1,107 1,704
Medium Term Notes 598 300
Total intra-group debt represented by operational borrowings at Group level 1,705 2,004
(ii) Other non-insurance liabilities consist primarily of intra-group balances, derivative liabilities and other creditors.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 191
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C3: Assets and liabilities – classification and measurement
| C3.1 |
|
Group assets and liabilities – classification |
The classification of the Group’s assets and liabilities, and its corresponding accounting carrying values reflect the requirements of IFRS.
For financial investments, the basis of valuation reflects the Group’s application of IAS 39 ‘Financial Instruments: Recognition and
Measurement’ as described further below. Where assets and liabilities have been valued at fair value or measured on a different basis
but fair value is disclosed, the Group has followed the principles under IFRS 13 ‘Fair Value Measurement’. The basis applied is
summarised below:
| 31 |
|
Dec 2015 £m |
Cost/
amortised Fair
cost/ Total value,
IFRS 4 carrying where
At fair value basis value value applicable
note (i)
Through profit Available-
or loss for-sale
Assets
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
Goodwill – – 1,463 1,463
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets – – 8,422 8,422
Total – – 9,885 9,885
Intangible assets attributable to with-profits funds:
In respect of acquired subsidiaries for venture fund
and other investment purposes – – 185 185
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets – – 50 50
Total – – 235 235
Total intangible assets – – 10,120 10,120
Other non-investment and non-cash assets:
Property, plant and equipment – – 1,197 1,197
Reinsurers’ share of insurance contract liabilities – – 7,903 7,903
Deferred tax assets – – 2,819 2,819
Current tax recoverable – – 477 477
Accrued investment income – – 2,751 2,751 2,751
Other debtors – – 1,955 1,955 1,955
Total – – 17,102 17,102
Investments of long-term business and other operations:note(ii)
Investment properties 13,422 – – 13,422 13,422
Investments accounted for using the equity method – – 1,034 1,034
Loansnote(iv) 2,438 – 10,520 12,958 13,482
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts 157,453 – – 157,453 157,453
Debt securitiesnote(v) 113,687 33,984 – 147,671 147,671
Other investmentsnote(vi) 7,353 – – 7,353 7,353
Deposits – – 12,088 12,088 12,088
Total investments 294,353 33,984 23,642 351,979
Assets held for salenote(vii) 2 – – 2 2
Cash and cash equivalents – – 7,782 7,782 7,782
Total assets 294,355 33,984 58,646 386,985
192 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
| 31 |
|
Dec 2015 £m |
Cost/
amortised Fair
cost/ Total value,
IFRS 4 carrying where
At fair value basis value value applicable
Through profit Available-
or loss for-sale
Liabilities
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of
with-profits funds:
Insurance contract liabilities – – 260,622 260,622
Investment contract liabilities with discretionary
participation featuresnote(iii) – – 42,959 42,959
Investment contract liabilities without discretionary
participation features 16,022 – 2,784 18,806 18,842
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds – – 13,227 13,227
Total 16,022 – 319,592 335,614
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations – – 5,011 5,011 5,419
Other borrowings:note(v)
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-
financed operations – – 1,960 1,960 1,960
Borrowings attributable to with-profits operations – – 1,332 1,332 1,344
Other non-insurance liabilities:
Obligations under funding, securities lending and sale
and repurchase agreements – – 3,765 3,765 3,775
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated
unit trusts and similar funds 7,873 – – 7,873 7,873
Deferred tax liabilities – – 4,010 4,010
Current tax liabilities – – 325 325
Accruals and deferred income – – 952 952
Other creditors 322 – 4,554 4,876 4,876
Provisions – – 604 604
Derivative liabilities 3,119 – – 3,119 3,119
Other liabilities 2,347 – 2,241 4,588 4,588
Total 13,661 – 16,451 30,112
Total liabilities 29,683 – 344,346 374,029
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 193
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C3: Assets and liabilities – classification and measurement continued
| C3.1 |
|
Group assets and liabilities – classification continued |
| 31 |
|
Dec 2014 £m |
Cost/
amortised Fair
cost/ Total value,
IFRS 4 carrying where
At fair value basis value value applicable
note (i)
Through profit Available-
or loss for-sale
Assets
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
Goodwill – – 1,463 1,463
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets – – 7,261 7,261
Total – – 8,724 8,724
Intangible assets attributable to with-profits funds:
In respect of acquired subsidiaries for venture fund
and other investment purposes – – 186 186
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets – – 61 61
Total – – 247 247
Total intangible assets – – 8,971 8,971
Other non-investment and non-cash assets:
Property, plant and equipment – – 978 978
Reinsurers’ share of insurance contract liabilities – – 7,167 7,167
Deferred tax assets – – 2,765 2,765
Current tax recoverable – – 117 117
Accrued investment income – – 2,667 2,667 2,667
Other debtors – – 1,852 1,852 1,852
Total – – 15,546 15,546
Investments of long-term business and other operations: note(ii)
Investment properties 12,764 – – 12,764 12,764
Investments accounted for using the equity method – – 1,017 1,017
Loansnote(iv) 2,291 – 10,550 12,841 13,548
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts 144,862 – – 144,862 144,862
Debt securitiesnote(v) 112,354 32,897 – 145,251 145,251
Other investmentsnote(vi) 7,623 – – 7,623 7,623
Deposits – – 13,096 13,096 13,096
Total investments 279,894 32,897 24,663 337,454
Assets held for salenote(vii) 824 – – 824 824
Cash and cash equivalents – – 6,409 6,409 6,409
Total assets 280,718 32,897 55,589 369,204
194 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
| 31 |
|
Dec 2014 £m |
Cost/
amortised Fair
cost/ Total value,
IFRS 4 carrying where
At fair value basis value value applicable
Through profit Available-
or loss for-sale
Liabilities
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus
of with-profits funds:
Insurance contract liabilities – – 250,038 250,038
Investment contract liabilities with discretionary
participation featuresnote(iii) – – 39,277 39,277
Investment contract liabilities without discretionary
participation features 17,554 – 2,670 20,224 20,211
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds – – 12,450 12,450
Total 17,554 – 304,435 321,989
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations – – 4,304 4,304 4,925
Other borrowings:note(v)
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-
financed operations – – 2,263 2,263 2,263
Borrowings attributable to with-profits operations – – 1,093 1,093 1,108
Other non-insurance liabilities:
Obligations under funding, securities lending and sale
and repurchase agreements – – 2,347 2,347 2,361
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated
unit trusts and similar funds 7,357 – – 7,357 7,357
Deferred tax liabilities – – 4,291 4,291
Current tax liabilities – – 617 617
Accruals and deferred income – – 947 947
Other creditors 327 – 3,935 4,262 4,262
Provisions – – 724 724
Derivative liabilities 2,323 – – 2,323 2,323
Other liabilities 2,201 – 1,904 4,105 4,105
Total 12,208 – 14,765 26,973
Liabilities held for sale note(vii) 770 – – 770 770
Total liabilities 30,532 – 326,860 357,392
Notes
(i) Assets carried at cost or amortised cost are subject to impairment testing where appropriate under IFRS requirements. This category also includes assets which
are valued by reference to specific IFRS standards such as reinsurers’ share of insurance contract liabilities, deferred tax assets and investments accounted for
under the equity method.
(ii) Realised gains and losses on the Group’s investments for 2015 recognised in the income statement amounted to a net gain of £3.0 billion (2014: £2.9 billion).
(iii) The carrying value of investment contracts with discretionary participation features is on IFRS 4 basis. It is impractical to determine the fair value of these
contracts due to the lack of a reliable basis to measure participation features.
(iv) Loans and receivables are reported net of allowance for loan losses of £10 million (2014: £21 million).
(v) As at 31 December 2015, £481 million (2014: £477 million) of convertible bonds were included in debt securities and £1,217 million (2014: £1,148 million) were
included in borrowings.
(vi) See note C3.5(b) for details of the derivative assets included. The balance also contains the PAC with-profits fund’s participation in various investment funds
and limited liability property partnerships.
(vii) Assets and liabilities held for sale are valued at fair value less costs to sell.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 195
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C3: Assets and liabilities – classification and measurement continued C3.2 Group assets and liabilities – measurement a Determination of fair value
The fair values of the assets and liabilities of the Group as shown in this note have been determined on the following bases. The fair values of the financial instruments for which fair valuation is required under IFRS are determined by the use of current market bid prices for exchange-quoted investments or by using quotations from independent third parties such as brokers and pricing services or by using appropriate valuation techniques.
The estimated fair value of derivative financial instruments reflects the estimated amount the Group would receive or pay in an arm’s length transaction. This amount is determined using quoted prices if exchange listed, quotations from independent third parties or valued internally using standard market practices.
The loans and receivables have been shown net of provisions for impairment. The fair value of loans have been estimated from discounted cash flows expected to be received. The rate of discount used was the market rate of interest where applicable.
The fair value of investment properties is based on market values as assessed by professionally qualified external valuers or by the Group’s qualified surveyors.
The fair value of the subordinated and senior debt issued by the parent company is determined using quoted prices from independent third parties.
The fair value of financial liabilities (other than derivative financial instruments) is determined using discounted cash flows of the amounts expected to be paid.
b Fair value measurement hierarchy of Group assets and liabilities
Assets and liabilities carried at fair value on the statement of financial position
The table on the next page shows the assets and liabilities carried at fair value analysed by level of the IFRS 13 ‘Fair Value Measurement’ defined fair value hierarchy. This hierarchy is based on the inputs to the fair value measurement and reflects the lowest level input that is significant to that measurement.
196 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Financial instruments at fair value
31 Dec 2015 £m
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Valuation Valuation
Quoted prices based on based on
(unadjusted) significant significant
in active observable unobservable
markets market inputs market inputs
Analysis of financial investments, net of derivative liabilities
by business type
With-profits
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts 35,441 3,200 554 39,195
Debt securities 20,312 40,033 525 60,870
Other investments (including derivative assets) 85 1,589 3,371 5,045
Derivative liabilities(110)(1,526) –(1,636)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities 55,728 43,296 4,450 103,474
Percentage of total 54% 42% 4% 100%
Unit-linked and variable annuity separate account
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts 116,691 354 22 117,067
Debt securities 4,350 4,940 – 9,290
Other investments (including derivative assets) 5 20 4 29
Derivative liabilities(2)(16) –(18)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities 121,044 5,298 26 126,368
Percentage of total 96% 4% 0% 100%
Non-linked shareholder-backed
Loans – 255 2,183 2,438
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts 1,150 10 31 1,191
Debt securities 17,767 59,491 253 77,511
Other investments (including derivative assets) – 1,378 901 2,279
Derivative liabilities –(1,112)(353)(1,465)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities 18,917 60,022 3,015 81,954
Percentage of total 23% 73% 4% 100%
Group total analysis, including other financial liabilities held at fair value
Group total
Loans* – 255 2,183 2,438
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts 153,282 3,564 607 157,453
Debt securities 42,429 104,464 778 147,671
Other investments (including derivative assets) 90 2,987 4,276 7,353
Derivative liabilities(112)(2,654)(353)(3,119)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities 195,689 108,616 7,491 311,796
Investment contracts liabilities without discretionary participation features
held at fair value –(16,022) –(16,022)
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and
similar funds(5,782)(1,055)(1,036)(7,873)
Other financial liabilities held at fair value –(322)(2,347)(2,669)
Total financial instruments at fair value 189,907 91,217 4,108 285,232
Percentage of total 67% 32% 1% 100%
* Loans in the above table are those classified as fair value through profit and loss in note C3.1.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 197
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C3: Assets and liabilities – classification and measurement continued
C3.2 Group assets and liabilities – measurement continued
31 Dec 2014 £m
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Valuation Valuation
Quoted prices based on based on
(unadjusted) significant significant
in active observable unobservable
markets market inputs market inputs
Analysis of financial investments, net of derivative liabilities
by business type
With-profits
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts 31,136 2,832 694 34,662
Debt securities 16,415 42,576 582 59,573
Other investments (including derivative assets) 96 1,997 3,252 5,345
Derivative liabilities(72)(1,024) –(1,096)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities 47,575 46,381 4,528 98,484
Percentage of total 48% 47% 5% 100%
Unit-linked and variable annuity separate account
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts 108,392 336 21 108,749
Debt securities 4,509 6,375 11 10,895
Other investments (including derivative assets) 4 29 – 33
Derivative liabilities(10)(12) –(22)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities 112,895 6,728 32 119,655
Percentage of total 94% 6% 0% 100%
Non-linked shareholder-backed
Loans – 266 2,025 2,291
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts 1,303 116 32 1,451
Debt securities 15,806 58,780 197 74,783
Other investments (including derivative assets) – 1,469 776 2,245
Derivative liabilities –(867)(338)(1,205)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities 17,109 59,764 2,692 79,565
Percentage of total 22% 75% 3% 100%
Group total analysis, including other financial liabilities held at fair value
Group total
Loans* – 266 2,025 2,291
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts 140,831 3,284 747 144,862
Debt securities 36,730 107,731 790 145,251
Other investments (including derivative assets) 100 3,495 4,028 7,623
Derivative liabilities(82)(1,903)(338)(2,323)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities 177,579 112,873 7,252 297,704
Investment contracts liabilities without discretionary participation features
held at fair value –(17,554) –(17,554)
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and
similar funds(5,395)(671)(1,291)(7,357)
Other financial liabilities held at fair value –(327)(2,201)(2,528)
Total financial instruments at fair value 172,184 94,321 3,760 270,265
Percentage of total 64% 35% 1% 100%
* Loans in the above table are those classified as fair value through profit or loss in note C3.1.
In addition to the financial instruments shown above, the assets and liabilities held for sale on the consolidated statement of financial
position at 31 December 2014 in respect of Japan life business included a net financial instruments balance of £844 million, primarily
for equity securities and debt securities. Of this amount, £814 million was classified as level 1 and £30 million as level 2.
198 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Investment properties at fair value
31 Dec £m
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Valuation Valuation
Quoted prices based on based on
(unadjusted) significant significant
in active observable unobservable
markets market inputs market inputs
2015 – – 13,422 13,422
2014 – – 12,764 12,764
Assets and liabilities at amortised cost for which fair value is disclosed
The table below shows the assets and liabilities carried at amortised cost on the statement of financial position but for which fair value
is disclosed in the financial statements. The assets and liabilities that are carried at amortised cost but where the carrying value
approximates the fair value, are excluded from the analysis below.
31 Dec 2015 £m
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Valuation Valuation
Quoted prices based on based on
(unadjusted) significant significant
in active observable unobservable
markets market inputs market inputs
Assets
Loans – 3,423 7,621 11,044
Liabilities
Investment contract liabilities without discretionary participation features – –(2,820)(2,820)
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations –(5,419) –(5,419)
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operations –(1,956)(4)(1,960)
Borrowings attributable to the with-profits funds –(1,270)(74)(1,344)
Obligations under funding, securities lending and sale and repurchase
agreements –(2,040)(1,735)(3,775)
31 Dec 2014 £m
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Valuation Valuation
Quoted prices based on based on
(unadjusted) significant significant
in active observable unobservable
markets market inputs market inputs
Assets
Loans – 4,446 6,811 11,257
Liabilities
Investment contract liabilities without discretionary participation features – –(2,657)(2,657)
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations –(4,926) –(4,926)
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operations –(2,241)(22)(2,263)
Borrowings attributable to the with-profits funds –(1,050)(58)(1,108)
Obligations under funding, securities lending and sale and repurchase
agreements –(1,505)(856)(2,361)
The fair value of the assets and liabilities in the table above, with the exception of the subordinated and senior debt issued by the parent
company, has been estimated from the discounted cash flows expected to be received or paid. Where appropriate, the observable
market interest rate has been used and the assets and liabilities are classified within level 2. Otherwise, they are included as level 3
assets or liabilities.
The fair value included for the subordinated and senior debt issued by the parent company is determined using quoted prices
from independent third parties.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 199
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C3: Assets and liabilities – classification and measurement continued C3.2 Group assets and liabilities – measurement continued c Valuation approach for level 2 fair valued assets and liabilities
A significant proportion of the Group’s level 2 assets are corporate bonds, structured securities and other non-national government debt securities. These assets, in line with market practice, are generally valued using independent pricing services or third-party broker quotes. These valuations are determined using independent external quotations from multiple sources and are subject to a number of monitoring controls, such as monthly price variances, stale price reviews and variance analysis on prices achieved on subsequent trades.
Pricing services, where available, are used to obtain the third-party broker quotes. Where pricing services providers are used, a single valuation is obtained and applied.
When prices are not available from pricing services, quotes are sourced directly from brokers. Prudential seeks to obtain a number of quotes from different brokers so as to obtain the most comprehensive information available on their executability. Where quotes are sourced directly from brokers, the price used in the valuation is normally selected from one of the quotes based on a number of factors, including the timeliness and regularity of the quotes and the accuracy of the quotes considering the spreads provided. The selected quote is the one which best represents an executable quote for the security at the measurement date.
Generally, no adjustment is made to the prices obtained from independent third parties. Adjustment is made in only limited circumstances, where it is determined that the third-party valuations obtained do not reflect fair value (eg either because the value is stale and/or the values are extremely diverse in range). These are usually securities which are distressed or that could be subject to a debt restructure or where reliable market prices are no longer available due to an inactive market or market dislocation. In these instances, prices are derived using internal valuation techniques including those as described below in this note with the objective of arriving at a fair value measurement which reflects the price at which an orderly transaction would take place between market participants on the measurement date. The techniques used require a number of assumptions relating to variables such as credit risk and interest rates. Examples of such variables include an average credit spread based on the corporate bond universe and the relevant duration of the asset being valued. Prudential determines the input assumptions based on the best available information at the measurement dates. Securities valued in such manner are classified as level 3 where these significant inputs are not based on observable market data.
Of the total level 2 debt securities of £104,464 million at 31 December 2015 (2014: £107,731 million), £10,331 million are valued internally (2014: £10,093 million). The majority of such securities are valued using matrix pricing, which is based on assessing the credit quality of the underlying borrower to derive a suitable discount rate relative to government securities of a comparable duration. Under matrix pricing, the debt securities are priced taking the credit spreads on comparable quoted public debt securities and applying these to the equivalent debt instruments factoring in a specified liquidity premium. The majority of the parameters used in this valuation technique are readily observable in the market and, therefore, are not subject to interpretation.
200 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
d Fair value measurements for level 3 fair valued assets and liabilities
Reconciliation of movements in level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value
The following table reconciles the value of level 3 fair valued assets and liabilities at 1 January 2015 to that presented at 31 December 2015.
Financial instruments at fair value
£m
Total
gains/
losses
Total recorded
gains/ as other
losses in compre- Transfers Transfers
At income hensive into out of At
1 Jan statement income Purchases Sales Settled Issued level 3 level 3 31 Dec
2015
Loans 2,025 2 119 – –(168) 205 – – 2,183
Equity securities and portfolio
holdings in unit trusts 747 52 3 32(143) – – 4(88) 607
Debt securities 790(75) 1 243(259) – – 82(4) 778
Other investments (including
derivative assets) 4,028 213 68 547(700) – – 120 – 4,276
Derivative liabilities(338)(15) – – – – – – –(353)
Total financial investments,
net of derivative liabilities 7,252 177 191 822(1,102)(168) 205 206(92) 7,491
Net asset value attributable to
unit holders of consolidated
unit trusts and similar funds(1,291)(160)(1)(5) 9 412 – – –(1,036)
Other financial liabilities(2,201)(3)(128) – – 218(233) – –(2,347)
Total financial instruments
at fair value 3,760 14 62 817(1,093) 462(28) 206(92) 4,108
2014
Loans 1,887 1 118 – –(175) 194 – – 2,025
Equity securities and portfolio
holdings in unit trusts 649 118 2 26(50) – – 2 – 747
Debt securities 670 271(7) 49(169) – – 11(35) 790
Other investments (including
derivative assets) 3,758 337 36 371(474) – – – – 4,028
Derivative liabilities(201)(138) – – – – – – 1(338)
Total financial investments,
net of derivative liabilities 6,763 589 149 446(693)(175) 194 13(34) 7,252
Net asset value attributable to
unit holders of consolidated
unit trusts and similar funds(1,327)(14) –(18) 18 123(73) – –(1,291)
Other financial liabilities(2,051)(10)(129) – – 279(290) – –(2,201)
Total financial instruments
at fair value 3,385 565 20 428(675) 227(169) 13(34) 3,760
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 201
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C3: Assets and liabilities – classification and measurement continued
C3.2 Group assets and liabilities – measurement continued
Of the total net gains and losses in the income statement of £14 million (2014: £565 million), £67 million (2014: £344 million) relates to net
unrealised gains of financial instruments still held at the end of the year, which can be analysed as follows:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Equity securities 94 70
Debt securities(12) 149
Other investments 160 284
Derivative liabilities(15)(137)
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds(160)(14)
Other financial liabilities –(8)
Total 67 344
Other assets at fair value – investment properties
£m
Total
gains/
losses
Total recorded
gains/ as other
losses in compre- Transfers Transfers
At income hensive into out of At
1 Jan statement income Purchases Sales level 3 level 3 31 Dec
2015 12,764 537 21 757(662) 5 – 13,422
2014 11,477 914 20 728(370) –(5) 12,764
Of the total net gains and losses in the income statement of £537 million (2014: £914 million), £505 million (2014: £851 million) relates
to net unrealised gains of investment properties still held at the end of the year.
Valuation approach for level 3 fair valued assets and liabilities
Financial instruments at fair value
Investments valued using valuation techniques include financial investments which by their nature do not have an externally quoted
price based on regular trades, and financial investments for which markets are no longer active as a result of market conditions, eg market
illiquidity. The valuation techniques used include comparison to recent arm’s length transactions, reference to other instruments that
are substantially the same, discounted cash flows analysis, option adjusted spread models and, if applicable, enterprise valuation.
These techniques may include a number of assumptions relating to variables such as credit risk and interest rates. Changes in assumptions
relating to these variables could positively or negatively impact the reported fair value of these instruments. When determining the inputs
into the valuation techniques used priority is given to publicly available prices from independent sources when available, but overall the
source of pricing is chosen with the objective of arriving at a fair value measurement which reflects the price at which an orderly
transaction would take place between market participants on the measurement date.
The fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based upon available market information and judgements about the
financial instruments, including estimates of the timing and amount of expected future cash flows and the credit standing of
counterparties. Such estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Group’s
entire holdings of a particular financial instrument, nor do they consider the tax impact of the realisation of unrealised gains or losses from
selling the financial instrument being fair valued. In some cases the disclosed value cannot be realised in immediate settlement of the
financial instrument.
In accordance with the Group’s risk management framework, the estimated fair value of derivative financial instruments valued
internally using standard market practices are subject to assessment against external counterparties’ valuations.
At 31 December 2015, the Group held £4,108 million (2014: £3,760 million) of net financial instruments at fair value within level 3.
This represents 1 per cent (2014: 1 per cent) of the total fair valued financial assets net of fair valued financial liabilities.
Included within these amounts were loans of £2,183 million at 31 December 2015 (2014: £2,025 million), measured as the loan
outstanding balance, attached to REALIC and held to back the liabilities for funds withheld under reinsurance arrangements. The funds
withheld liability of £2,347 million at 31 December 2015 (2014: £2,201 million) was also classified within level 3, accounted for on a fair
value basis being equivalent to the carrying value of the underlying assets.
202 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Excluding the loans and funds withheld liability under REALIC’s reinsurance arrangements as described above, which amounted to a net liability of £(164) million (2014: £(176) million), the level 3 fair valued financial assets net of financial liabilities were £4,272 million (2014: £3,936 million). Of this amount, a net liability of £(77) million (2014: net asset of £11 million) was internally valued, representing less than 0.1 per cent of the total fair valued financial assets net of financial liabilities (2014: less than 0.1 per cent). Internal valuations are inherently more subjective than external valuations. Included within these internally valued net asset/liability were: (a) Debt securities of £381 million (2014: £298 million), which were either valued on a discounted cash flows method with an internally developed discount rate or on external prices adjusted to reflect the specific known conditions relating to these securities (eg distressed securities or securities which were being restructured).
(b) Private equity and venture investments of £852 million (2014: £1,002 million) which were valued internally based on management information available for these investments. These investments were principally held by consolidated investment funds which are managed on behalf of third parties.
(c) Liabilities of £(1,013) million (2014: £(1,269) million) for the net asset value attributable to external unit holders in respect of the consolidated investment funds, which are non-recourse to the Group. These liabilities are valued by reference to the underlying assets.
(d) Derivative liabilities of £(353) million (2014: £(23) million) which are valued internally using standard market practices but are subject to independent assessment against external counterparties’ valuations.
(e) Other sundry individual financial investments of £56 million (2014: £3 million).
Of the internally valued net liability referred to above of £(77) million (2014: net asset of £11 million):
(a) A net asset of £29 million (2014: net liability of £(133) million) was held by the Group’s participating funds and therefore shareholders’ profit and equity are not impacted by movements in the valuation of these financial instruments.
(b) A net liability of £(106) million (2014: net asset of £144 million) was held to support non-linked shareholder-backed business. If the value of all the level 3 instruments held to support non-linked shareholder-backed business valued internally was varied downwards by 10 per cent, the change in valuation would be £11 million (2014: £14 million), which would reduce shareholders’ equity by this amount before tax. Of this amount, a decrease of £10 million (2014: a decrease of £13 million) would pass through the income statement substantially as part of short-term fluctuations in investment returns outside of operating profit and a £1 million decrease (2014: a decrease of £1 million) would be included as part of other comprehensive income, being unrealised movements on assets classified as available-for-sale.
Other assets at fair value – investment properties
The investment properties of the Group are principally held by the UK insurance operations which are externally valued by professionally qualified external valuers using the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) valuation standards. An ‘income capitalisation’ technique is predominantly applied for these properties. This technique calculates the value through the yield and rental value depending on factors such as the lease length, building quality, covenant and location. The variables used are compared to recent transactions with similar features to those of the Group’s investment properties. As the comparisons are not with properties which are virtually identical to Group’s investment properties, adjustments are made by the valuers where appropriate to the variables used. Changes in assumptions relating to these variables could positively or negatively impact the reported fair value of the properties.
e Transfers into and transfers out of levels
The Group’s policy is to recognise transfers into and transfers out of levels as of the end of each half year reporting period except for material transfers which are recognised as of the date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer.
During 2015, the transfers between levels within the Group’s portfolio were primarily transfers from level 1 to level 2 of £648 million and transfers from level 2 to level 1 of £283 million. These transfers which relate to equity securities and debt securities arose to reflect the change in the observability of the inputs used in valuing these securities.
In addition, in 2015, the transfers into level 3 were £136 million and the transfers out of level 3 were £92 million. These transfers were between levels 3 and 2 and primarily for equity securities and debt securities.
f Valuation processes applied by the Group
The Group’s valuation policies, procedures and analyses for instruments categorised as level 3 are overseen by Business Unit committees as part of the Group’s wider financial reporting governance processes. The procedures undertaken include approval of valuation methodologies, verification processes, and resolution of significant or complex valuation issues. In undertaking these activities the Group makes use of the extensive expertise of its asset management functions.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 203
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C3: Assets and liabilities – classification and measurement continued
C3.3 Debt securities
This note provides analysis of the Group’s debt securities, including asset-backed securities and sovereign debt securities, by segment.
Debt securities are carried at fair value. The amounts included in the statement of financial position are analysed as follows, with
further information relating to the credit quality of the Group’s debt securities at 31 December 2015 provided in the notes below.
2015 £m 2014 £m
Insurance operations:
Asianote(a) 28,292 23,629
USnote(b) 34,071 32,980
UKnote(c) 83,101 86,349
Other operationsnote(d) 2,207 2,293
Total 147,671 145,251
In the tables below, with the exception of some mortgage-backed securities, Standard & Poor’s (S&P) ratings have been used where
available. For securities where S&P ratings are not immediately available, those produced by Moody’s and then Fitch have been used
as an alternative.
a Asia insurance operations
2015 £m 2014 £m
With-profits Unit-linked Other
business assets business Total Total
S&P – AAA 831 30 178 1,039 962
S&P – AA+ to AA- 5,997 395 1,228 7,620 6,332
S&P – A+ to A- 1,872 341 1,701 3,914 3,922
S&P – BBB+ to BBB- 1,872 734 1,527 4,133 3,545
S&P – Other 1,778 192 1,213 3,183 1,839
12,350 1,692 5,847 19,889 16,600
Moody’s – Aaa 558 184 290 1,032 1,282
Moody’s – Aa1 to Aa3 173 9 1,310 1,492 1,141
Moody’s – A1 to A3 497 68 178 743 366
Moody’s – Baa1 to Baa3 324 285 181 790 585
Moody’s – Other 79 10 9 98 68
1,631 556 1,968 4,155 3,442
Fitch 861 162 389 1,412 1,009
Other 1,493 399 944 2,836 2,578
Total debt securities 16,335 2,809 9,148 28,292 23,629
In addition to the debt securities shown above, the assets held for sale on the consolidated statement of financial position at 31 December
2014 in respect of Japan life business included a debt securities balance of £351 million.
The following table analyses debt securities of ‘Other business’ which are not externally rated by S&P, Moody’s or Fitch.
2015 £m 2014 £m
Government bonds 162 174
Corporate bonds* 481 654
Other 301 134
944 962
* Rated as investment grade by local external ratings agencies.
204 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
b US insurance operations
i Overview
2015 £m 2014 £m
Corporate and government security and commercial loans:
Government 4,242 3,972
Publicly traded and SEC Rule 144A securities* 21,776 20,745
Non-SEC Rule 144A securities 3,733 3,745
Total 29,751 28,462
Residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) 1,284 1,567
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) 2,403 2,343
Other debt securities 633 608
Total US debt securities† 34,071 32,980
* A 1990 SEC rule that facilitates the resale of privately placed securities under Rule 144A that are without SEC registration to qualified institutional investors.
The rule was designed to develop a more liquid and efficient institutional resale market for unregistered securities.
† Debt securities for US operations included in the statement of financial position comprise:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Available-for-sale 33,984 32,897
Fair value through profit or loss:
Securities held to back liabilities for funds withheld under reinsurance arrangement 87 83
34,071 32,980
ii Valuation basis, presentation of gains and losses and securities in an unrealised loss position
Under IAS 39, unless categorised as ‘held to maturity’ or ‘loans and receivables’, debt securities are required to be fair valued. Where
available, quoted market prices are used. However, where securities do not have an externally quoted price based on regular trades
or where markets for the securities are no longer active as a result of market conditions, IAS 39 requires that valuation techniques
be applied. IFRS 13 requires classification of the fair values applied by the Group into a three-level hierarchy. At 31 December 2015,
0.1 per cent of Jackson’s debt securities were classified as level 3 (31 December 2014: 0.1 per cent) comprising of fair values where
there are significant inputs which are not based on observable market data.
Except for certain assets covering liabilities that are measured at fair value, the debt securities of the US insurance operations are
classified as available-for-sale. Unless impaired, fair value movements are recognised in other comprehensive income. Realised gains
and losses, including impairments, recorded in the income statement are as shown in note B1.2 of this report.
Movements in unrealised gains and losses on available-for-sale securities
There was a movement in the statement of financial position value for debt securities classified as available-for-sale from a net unrealised
gain of £1,840 million to a net unrealised gain of £592 million as analysed in the table below. This decrease reflects the effects
of increasing long-term interest rates and credit spreads.
2015 £m 2014 £m
Changes in Foreign
unrealised exchange
appreciation† translation
Reflected as part of
movement in other
comprehensive income
Assets fair valued at below book value
Book value* 13,163 5,899
Unrealised loss(673)(464)(29)(180)
Fair value (as included in statement of financial position) 12,490 5,719
Assets fair valued at or above book value
Book value* 20,229 25,158
Unrealised gain 1,265(841) 86 2,020
Fair value (as included in statement of financial position) 21,494 27,178
Total
Book value* 33,392 31,057
Net unrealised gain 592(1,305) 57 1,840
Fair value (as included in the footnote above in the overview table and the
statement of financial position) 33,984 32,897
* Book value represents cost/amortised cost of the debt securities.
† Translated at the average rate of US$1.53: £1.00.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 205
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C3: Assets and liabilities – classification and measurement continued
C3.3 Debt securities continued
Debt securities classified as available-for-sale in an unrealised loss position
a Fair value of securities as a percentage of book value
The following table shows the fair value of the debt securities in a gross unrealised loss position for various percentages of book value:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Fair Unrealised Fair Unrealised
value loss value loss
Between 90% and 100% 11,058(320) 5,429(124)
Between 80% and 90% 902(144) 245(37)
Below 80%:
Residential mortgage-backed securities – sub-prime 4(1) 4(1)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities – – 10(3)
Other asset-backed securities 9(7) 9(6)
Corporates 517(201) 22(9)
530(209) 45(19)
Total 12,490(673) 5,719(180)
b Unrealised losses by maturity of security
2015 £m 2014 £m
1 year to 5 years(51)(5)
5 years to 10 years(334)(90)
More than 10 years(247)(54)
Mortgage-backed and other debt securities(41)(31)
Total(673)(180)
c Age analysis of unrealised losses for the periods indicated
The following table shows the age analysis of all the unrealised losses in the portfolio by reference to the length of time the securities
have been in an unrealised loss position:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Non- Non-
investment Investment investment Investment
grade grade Total grade grade Total
Less than 6 months(13)(148)(161)(18)(46)(64)
6 months to 1 year(17)(332)(349)(1)(1)(2)
1 year to 2 years(16)(63)(79)(6)(51)(57)
2 years to 3 years(3)(38)(41)(1)(36)(37)
More than 3 years(3)(40)(43)(7)(13)(20)
Total(52)(621)(673)(33)(147)(180)
Further, the following table shows the age analysis as at 31 December 2015, of the securities whose fair values were below 80 per cent
of the book value:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Fair Unrealised Fair Unrealised
Age analysis value loss value loss
Less than 3 months 450(165) 17(7)
3 months to 6 months 64(34) 3(1)
More than 6 months 16(10) 25(11)
530(209) 45(19)
206 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
iii Ratings
The following table summarises the securities detailed above by rating using S&P, Moody’s, Fitch and implicit ratings of mortgage-backed
securities based on National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) valuations.
2015 £m 2014 £m
S&P – AAA 196 164
S&P – AA+ to AA- 5,512 6,067
S&P – A+ to A- 8,592 8,640
S&P – BBB+ to BBB- 11,378 10,308
S&P – Other 817 1,016
26,495 26,195
Moody’s – Aaa 963 84
Moody’s – Aa1 to Aa3 41 29
Moody’s – A1 to A3 49 27
Moody’s – Baa1 to Baa3 88 72
Moody’s – Other 13 8
1,154 220
Implicit ratings of MBS based on NAIC* valuations (see below)
NAIC 1 2,746 2,786
NAIC 2 45 85
NAIC 3-6 17 58
2,808 2,929
Fitch 345 300
Other† 3,269 3,336
Total debt securities (see overview table in note (i) above) 34,071 32,980
* The Securities Valuation Office of the NAIC classifies debt securities into six quality categories ranging from Class 1 (the highest) to Class 6 (the lowest).
Performing securities are designated as Classes 1 to 5 and securities in or near default are designated Class 6.
† The amounts within ‘Other’ which are not rated by S&P, Moody’s nor Fitch, nor are MBS securities using the revised regulatory ratings, have the following
NAIC classifications:
2015 £m 2014 £m
NAIC 1 1,588 1,322
NAIC 2 1,549 1,890
NAIC 3-6 132 124
3,269 3,336
For some mortgage-backed securities within Jackson, the table above includes these securities using the regulatory ratings detail issued by the NAIC.
These regulatory ratings levels were established by an external third party, BlackRock Solutions.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 207
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C3: Assets and liabilities – classification and measurement continued
C3.3 Debt securities continued
c UK insurance operations
2015 £m
Other funds and subsidiaries UK insurance operations
Scottish Other
Amicable PAC annuity and
Insurance with-profits Unit-linked long-term 2015 2014
Fund fund assets PRIL business Total Total
£m £m
S&P – AAA 216 4,067 984 3,779 531 9,577 9,376
S&P – AA+ to AA- 454 5,627 853 3,990 518 11,442 11,249
S&P – A+ to A- 514 7,937 1,049 6,239 700 16,439 21,491
S&P – BBB+ to BBB- 618 10,953 1,888 3,912 717 18,088 16,741
S&P – Other 140 2,277 244 269 60 2,990 2,867
1,942 30,861 5,018 18,189 2,526 58,536 61,724
Moody’s – Aaa 31 1,230 106 399 51 1,817 2,063
Moody’s – Aa1 to Aa3 67 2,159 989 3,611 901 7,727 7,129
Moody’s – A1 to A3 51 921 112 1,466 188 2,738 2,686
Moody’s – Baa1 to Baa3 29 569 100 304 29 1,031 1,376
Moody’s – Other 7 244 10 57 – 318 436
185 5,123 1,317 5,837 1,169 13,631 13,690
Fitch 12 323 43 160 14 552 848
Other 192 5,897 103 3,839 351 10,382 10,087
Total debt securities 2,331 42,204 6,481 28,025 4,060 83,101 86,349
Where no external ratings are available, internal ratings produced by the Group’s asset management operation, which are prepared
on the Company’s assessment of a comparable basis to external ratings, are used where possible. The £10,382 million total debt
securities held at 31 December 2015 (2014: £10,087 million) which are not externally rated are either internally rated or unrated.
These are analysed as follows:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Internal ratings or unrated:
AAA to A- 5,570 4,917
BBB to B- 3,234 3,755
Below B- or unrated 1,578 1,415
Total 10,382 10,087
The majority of unrated debt security investments were held in SAIF and the PAC with-profits fund and relate to convertible debt
and other investments which are not covered by ratings analysts nor have an internal rating attributed to them. Of the £4,190 million
for PRIL and other annuity and long-term business investments for non-linked shareholder-backed business which are not externally
rated, £1,256 million were internally rated AA+ to AA-, £1,808 million A+ to A-, £988 million BBB+ to BBB-, £60 million BB+ to BB-
and £78 million that were internally rated B+ and below or unrated.
d Other operations
The debt securities are principally held by Prudential Capital.
2015 £m 2014 £m
AAA to A- by S&P or equivalent ratings 2,090 2,056
Other 117 237
Total 2,207 2,293
208 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
e Asset-backed securities
The Group’s holdings in Asset-Backed Securities (ABS), which comprise Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS), Commercial
Mortgage-Backed Securities (CMBS), Collateralised Debt Obligations (CDO) funds and other asset-backed securities, at 31 December
2015 are as follows:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Shareholder-backed operations:
Asia insurance operationsnote(i) 111 104
US insurance operationsnote(ii) 4,320 4,518
UK insurance operations (2015: 21% AAA, 40% AA)note(iii) 1,531 1,864
Asset management operationsnote(iv) 911 875
6,873 7,361
With-profits operations:
Asia insurance operationsnote(i) 262 228
UK insurance operations (2015: 52% AAA, 20% AA)note(iii) 4,600 5,126
4,862 5,354
Total 11,735 12,715
Notes
(i) Asia insurance operations
The Asia insurance operations’ exposure to asset-backed securities is primarily held by the with-profits operations. Of the £262 million, 84 per cent
(31 December 2014: 99 per cent) are investment grade.
(ii) US insurance operations
US insurance operations’ exposure to asset-backed securities at 31 December 2015 comprises:
2015 £m 2014 £m
RMBS
RMBS Sub-prime (2015: 4% AAA, 13% AA, 7% A) 191 235
Alt-A (2015: 1% AA, 3% A) 191 244
Prime including agency (2015: 77% AA, 2% A) 902 1,088
CMBS (2015: 57% AAA, 24% AA, 16% A) 2,403 2,343
CDO funds (2015: 44% AAA, 2% AA, 23% A), including £nil exposure to sub-prime 52 53
Other ABS (2015: 24% AAA, 12% AA, 54% A), including £69 million exposure to sub-prime 581 555
Total 4,320 4,518
(iii) UK insurance operations
The majority of holdings of the shareholder-backed business relates to the UK market and primarily relates to investments held by PRIL. Of the holdings of the
with-profits operations, £1,140 million (2014: £1,333 million) relates to exposure to the US markets with the remaining exposure being primarily to the UK market.
(iv) Asset management operations
Asset management operations’ exposure to asset-backed securities is held by Prudential Capital with no sub-prime exposure. Of the £911 million, 95 per cent
(2014: 89 per cent) are graded AAA.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 209
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C3: Assets and liabilities – classification and measurement continued
C3.3 Debt securities continued
f Group sovereign debt and bank debt exposure
The Group exposures held by the shareholder-backed business and with-profits funds in sovereign debts and bank debt securities
at 31 December 2015 are analysed as follows:
Exposure to sovereign debts
2015 £m 2014 £m
Shareholder- Shareholder-
backed With-profits backed With-profits
business funds business funds
Italy 55 60 62 61
Spain 1 17 1 18
France 19 – 20 –
Germany* 409 358 388 336
Other Eurozone (principally Belgium) 62 44 5 29
Total Eurozone 546 479 476 444
United Kingdom 4,997 1,802 4,104 2,065
United States† 3,911 6,893 3,607 5,771
Other, predominantly Asia 3,368 1,737 2,787 1,714
Total 12,822 10,911 10,974 9,994
* Including bonds guaranteed by the federal government.
† The exposure to the United States sovereign debt comprises holdings of Jackson, the UK and Asia insurance operations.
Exposure to bank debt securities
2015 £m
Senior debt Subordinated debt
Total
Total Sub-
senior ordinated 2015 2014
Covered Senior debt Tier 1 Tier 2 debt Total Total
Shareholder-backed business £m £m
Italy – 30 30 – – – 30 31
Spain 143 11 154 – – – 154 133
France 26 126 152 8 66 74 226 249
Germany 66 4 70 – 60 60 130 111
Netherlands – 31 31 – – – 31 124
Other Eurozone – 20 20 – 11 11 31 53
Total Eurozone 235 222 457 8 137 145 602 701
United Kingdom 423 157 580 6 371 377 957 1,296
United States – 2,227 2,227 4 226 230 2,457 2,484
Other, predominantly Asia 19 333 352 53 313 366 718 735
Total 677 2,939 3,616 71 1,047 1,118 4,734 5,216
With-profits funds
Italy – 57 57 – – – 57 67
Spain 156 26 182 – – – 182 186
France 9 179 188 – 62 62 250 206
Germany 94 17 111 – – – 111 128
Netherlands – 200 200 5 – 5 205 195
Other Eurozone – 35 35 – – – 35 24
Total Eurozone 259 514 773 5 62 67 840 806
United Kingdom 545 289 834 27 490 517 1,351 1,561
United States – 1,414 1,414 141 241 382 1,796 2,064
Other, predominantly Asia 257 888 1,145 189 322 511 1,656 1,396
Total 1,061 3,105 4,166 362 1,115 1,477 5,643 5,827
The tables above exclude assets held to cover linked liabilities and those of the consolidated unit trusts and similar funds. In addition,
the tables above exclude the proportionate share of sovereign debt holdings of the Group’s joint venture operations.
210 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
C3.4 Loans portfolio
Loans are accounted for at amortised cost net of impairment except for:
— Certain mortgage loans which have been designated at fair value through profit or loss of the UK insurance operations as this loan
portfolio is managed and evaluated on a fair value basis; and
— Certain policy loans of the US insurance operations which are held to back liabilities for funds withheld under reinsurance
arrangement and are also accounted on a fair value basis. See note (b).
The amounts included in the statement of financial position are analysed as follows:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Insurance operations:
Asianote(a) 1,084 1,014
USnote(b) 7,418 6,719
UKnote(c) 3,571 4,254
Asset management operationsnote(d) 885 854
Total 12,958 12,841
a Asia insurance operations
The loans of the Group’s Asia insurance operations comprise:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Mortgage loans* 130 88
Policy loans* 721 672
Other loans† 233 254
Total Asia insurance operations loans 1,084 1,014
* The mortgage and policy loans are secured by properties and life insurance policies respectively.
† The majority of the other loans are commercial loans held by the Malaysia operation and which are all investment graded by two local rating agencies.
b US insurance operations
The loans of the Group’s US insurance operations comprise:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Loans backing Loans backing
liabilities for liabilities for
funds withheld Other loans Total funds withheld Other loans Total
Mortgage loans* – 4,367 4,367 – 3,847 3,847
Policy loans† 2,183 868 3,051 2,025 847 2,872
Total US insurance operations loans 2,183 5,235 7,418 2,025 4,694 6,719
* All of the mortgage loans are commercial mortgage loans which are collateralised by properties. The property types are industrial, multi-family residential, suburban
office, retail and hotel.
† The policy loans are fully secured by individual life insurance policies or annuity policies. Policy loans backing liabilities for funds withheld under reinsurance
arrangements are accounted for at fair value through profit or loss. All other policy loans are accounted for at amortised cost, less any impairment.
The US insurance operations’ commercial mortgage loan portfolio does not include any single-family residential mortgage loans and
is therefore not exposed to the risk of defaults associated with residential sub-prime mortgage loans. The average loan size is £8.6 million
(2014: £7.2 million). The portfolio has a current estimated average loan to value of 45 per cent (2014: 59 per cent).
At 31 December 2015, Jackson had mortgage loans with a carrying value of £nil (2014: £13 million) where the contractual terms
of the agreements had been restructured.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 211
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C3: Assets and liabilities – classification and measurement continued
C3.4 Loans portfolio continued
c UK insurance operations
The loans of the Group’s UK insurance operations comprise:
2015 £m 2014 £m
SAIF and PAC WPSF
Mortgage loans* 727 1,145
Policy loans 8 10
Other loans† 1,324 1,510
Total SAIF and PAC WPSF loans 2,059 2,665
Shareholder-backed operations
Mortgage loans* 1,508 1,585
Other loans 4 4
Total loans of shareholder-backed operations 1,512 1,589
Total UK insurance operations loans 3,571 4,254
* The mortgage loans are collateralised by properties. By carrying value, 78 per cent of the £1,508 million held for shareholder-backed business relates to lifetime
(equity release) mortgage business which has an average loan to property value of 30 per cent.
† Other loans held by the PAC with-profits fund are all commercial loans and comprise mainly syndicated loans.
d Asset management operations
These relate to loans and receivables managed by Prudential Capital. These assets are generally secured but most have no external
credit ratings. Internal ratings prepared by the Group’s asset management operations, as part of the risk management process, are:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Loans and receivables internal ratings:
AAA – 101
A+ to A- 157 161
BBB+ to BBB- 607 244
BB+ to BB- 119 49
B and other 2 299
Total 885 854
212 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
C3.5 Financial instruments – additional information
a Financial risk
i Liquidity analysis
Contractual maturities of financial liabilities on an undiscounted cash flow basis
The following table sets out the contractual maturities for applicable classes of financial liabilities, excluding derivative liabilities and
investment contracts that are separately presented. The financial liabilities are included in the column relating to the contractual
maturities at the undiscounted cash flows (including contractual interest payments) due to be paid assuming conditions are consistent
with those of year end.
2015 £m
Total After 1 After 5 After 10 After 15
carrying 1 year year to years to years to years to Over No stated
value or less 5 years 10 years 15 years 20 years 20 years maturity Total
Financial liabilities
Core structural borrowings of
shareholder-financed operationsC6.1 5,011 197 1,046 1,210 1,197 1,037 3,555 1,900 10,142
Operational borrowings attributable to
shareholder-financed operationsC6.2 1,960 1,301 616 69 – – – – 1,986
Borrowings attributable to with-profits
fundsC6.2 1,332 256 813 175 53 11 62 157 1,527
Obligations under funding, securities
lending and sale and repurchase
agreements 3,765 3,765 – – – – – – 3,765
Other liabilities 4,588 2,139 26 3 – – – 2,420 4,588
Net asset value attributable to unit
holders of consolidated unit trusts
and similar funds 7,873 7,873 – – – – – – 7,873
Other creditors 4,876 4,560 25 48 74 100 344 – 5,151
29,405 20,091 2,526 1,505 1,324 1,148 3,961 4,477 35,032
2014 £m
Total After 1 After 5 After 10 After 15
carrying 1 year year to years to years to years to Over No stated
value or less 5 years 10 years 15 years 20 years 20 years maturity Total
Financial liabilities
Core structural borrowings of
shareholder-financed operationsC6.1 4,304 166 927 1,079 1,064 914 2,456 1,796 8,402
Operational borrowings attributable to
shareholder-financed operationsC6.2 2,263 2,202 65 – – – – – 2,267
Borrowings attributable to with-profits
fundsC6.2 1,093 97 717 205 25 11 63 162 1,280
Obligations under funding, securities
lending and sale and repurchase
agreements 2,347 2,347 – – – – – – 2,347
Other liabilities 4,105 1,678 133 13 – – – 2,281 4,105
Net asset value attributable to unit
holders of consolidated unit trusts
and similar funds 7,357 7,357 – – – – – – 7,357
Other creditors 4,262 3,941 24 44 86 78 365 – 4,538
25,731 17,788 1,866 1,341 1,175 1,003 2,884 4,239 30,296
Maturity analysis of derivatives
The following table shows the gross and net derivative positions together with a maturity profile of the net derivative position:
Carrying value of net derivatives £m Maturity profile of net derivative position £m
Net After 1 After 3
Derivative Derivative derivative 1 year year to years to After 5
assets liabilities position or less 3 years 5 years years Total
2015 2,958(3,119)(161) 15(10)(7) 45 43
2014 3,412(2,323) 1,089 1,245(14)(9) 10 1,232
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 213
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C3: Assets and liabilities – classification and measurement continued
C3.5 Financial instruments – additional information continued
The majority of derivative assets and liabilities have been included at fair value within the one year or less column, representing the basis
on which they are managed (ie to manage principally asset or liability value exposures). The Group has no cash flows hedges and in
general, contractual maturities are not considered essential for an understanding of the timing of the cash flows for these instruments.
The only exception is certain identified interest rate swaps which are fully expected to be held until maturity solely for the purposes of
matching cash flows on separately held assets and liabilities. For these instruments the undiscounted cash flows (including contractual
interest amounts) due to be paid under the swap contract assuming conditions are consistent with those at year end are included in the
column relating to the contractual maturity of the derivative.
Maturity analysis of investment contracts
The table below shows the maturity profile for investment contracts on undiscounted cash flows projections of expected benefit payments.
£bn
Total
After 1 After 5 After 10 After 15 undis- Total
1 year year to years to years to years to Over counted carrying
or less 5 years 10 years 15 years 20 years 20 years value value
2015 6 21 19 14 10 9 79 55
2014 6 19 18 13 10 8 74 59
Most investment contracts have options to surrender early, often subject to surrender or other penalties. Therefore, most contracts
can be said to have a contractual maturity of less than one year, but in reality the additional charges and term of the contracts mean these
are unlikely to be exercised in practice and the more useful information is to present information on expected payment.
The maturity profile above excludes certain corporate unit-linked business with gross policyholder liabilities of £11 billion
(2014: £13 billion) which have no stated maturity but which are repayable on demand.
The vast majority of the Group’s financial assets are held to back the Group’s policyholder liabilities. Although asset/liability matching
is an important component of managing policyholder liabilities (both those classified as insurance and those classified as investments),
this profile is mainly relevant for managing market risk rather than liquidity risk. Within each business unit this asset/liability matching
is performed on a portfolio-by-portfolio basis.
In terms of liquidity risk, a large proportion of the policyholder liabilities contain discretionary surrender values or surrender charges,
meaning that many of the Group’s liabilities are expected to be held for the long term. Much of the Group’s investment portfolios are
in marketable securities, which can therefore be converted quickly to liquid assets.
For the reasons above, an analysis of the Group’s assets by contractual maturity is not considered appropriate to evaluate the nature
and extent of the Group’s liquidity risk.
ii Credit risk
The Group’s maximum exposure to credit risk of financial instruments (before any allowance for collateral or allocation of losses to
policyholders) is represented by the carrying value of financial instruments on the balance sheet that have exposures to credit risk
comprising cash and cash equivalents, deposits, debt securities, loans and derivative assets, and other debtors, the carrying value of
which are disclosed at the start of this note and note 3.5(b) below for derivative assets. The collateral in place in relation to derivatives
is described in note C3.5(c) below. Note C3.4, describes the security for these loans held by the Group.
Of the total loans and receivables held, £27 million (2014: £11 million) are past their due date but are not impaired. Of the total past
due but not impaired, £22 million are less than one year past their due date (2014: £5 million). The Group expects full recovery of these
loans and receivables.
No further analysis has been provided of the element of loans and receivables that was neither past due nor impaired for the total
portfolio on the grounds of immateriality of the difference between the neither past due nor impaired elements and the total portfolio.
Financial assets that would have been past due or impaired had the terms not been renegotiated amounted to £16 million
(2014: £13 million).
In addition, during 2015 and 2014 the Group did not take possession of any other collateral held as security.
Further details of collateral and pledges are provided in note C3.5(c) below.
214 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
iii Foreign exchange risk
As at 31 December 2015, the Group held 22 per cent (2014: 22 per cent) and 11 per cent (2014: 9 per cent) of its financial assets and
financial liabilities respectively, in currencies, mainly US dollar and Euro, other than the functional currency of the relevant business unit.
Of these financial assets, 53 per cent (2014: 56 per cent) are held by the PAC with-profits fund, allowing the fund to obtain exposure
to foreign equity markets.
Of these financial liabilities, 40 per cent (2014: 47 per cent) are held by the PAC with-profits fund, mainly relating to foreign
currency borrowings.
The exchange risks inherent in these exposures are mitigated through the use of derivatives, mainly forward currency contracts
(note 3.5(b) below).
The amount of exchange gain recognised in the income statement in 2015, except for those arising on financial instruments measured
at fair value through profit or loss, is £138 million (2014: £89 million gain). This constitutes £1 million loss (2014: £1 million loss) on
Medium Term Notes liabilities and £139 million of net gain (2014: £90 million net gain), mainly arising on investments of the PAC
with-profits fund. The gains/losses on Medium Term Notes liabilities are fully offset by value movements on cross-currency swaps,
which are measured at fair value through profit or loss.
b Derivatives and hedging
Derivatives
The Group enters into a variety of exchange traded and over-the-counter derivative financial instruments, including futures, options,
forward currency contracts and swaps such as interest rate swaps, cross-currency swaps, swaptions and credit default swaps.
All over-the-counter derivative transactions, with the exception of some Asia transactions, are conducted under standardised
ISDA (International Swaps and Derivatives Association Inc) master agreements and the Group has collateral agreements between
the individual Group entities and relevant counterparties in place under each of these market master agreements.
The total fair value balances of derivative assets and liabilities as at 31 December 2015 were as follows:
2015 £ m
Asia US UK
insurance insurance insurance Asset Unallocated Group
operations operations operations management to a segment total
Derivative assets 57 905 1,930 65 1 2,958
Derivative liabilities(140)(249)(2,125)(283)(322)(3,119)
(83) 656(195)(218)(321)(161)
2014 £ m
Derivative assets 47 916 2,344 103 2 3,412
Derivative liabilities(143)(251)(1,381)(233)(315)(2,323)
(96) 665 963(130)(313) 1,089
The derivative assets are included in ‘other investments’ in the statement of financial position and are used for efficient portfolio
management to obtain cost effective and efficient management of exposure to various markets in accordance with the Group’s
investment strategies and to manage exposure to interest rate, currency, credit and other business risks. The Group also uses interest
rate derivatives to reduce exposure to interest rate volatility. In particular:
— UK with-profits funds use derivatives for efficient portfolio management or reduction in investment risks. For UK annuity business
derivatives are used to assist with asset and liability cash flows matching;
— US operations and some of the UK operations hold large amounts of interest-rate sensitive investments that contain credit risks on
which a certain level of default is expected. These businesses have purchased some swaptions to manage the default risk on certain
underlying assets and hence reduce the amount of regulatory capital held to support the assets; and
— Some products, especially in the US, have guarantee features linked to equity indices. A mismatch between guaranteed product
liabilities and the performance of the underlying assets exposes the Group to equity index risk. In order to mitigate this risk, the
relevant business units purchase swaptions, equity options and futures to better match asset performance with liabilities under
equity-indexed products.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 215
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C3: Assets and liabilities – classification and measurement continued
C3.5 Financial instruments – additional information continued
Hedging
The Group has formally assessed and documented the effectiveness of the following hedges under IAS 39.
Net investment hedges
At 31 December 2015, the Group has designated perpetual subordinated capital securities totalling US$2.8 billion (2014: US$2.8 billion)
as a net investment hedge to hedge the currency risks related to the net investment in Jackson. The carrying value of the subordinated
capital securities was £1,895 million as at 31 December 2015 (2014: £1,789 million). The foreign exchange loss of £104 million
(2014: loss of £96 million) on translation of the borrowings to pounds sterling at the statement of financial position date is recognised
in the translation reserve in shareholders’ equity. This net investment hedge was 100 per cent effective.
The Group has no cash flows hedges or fair value hedges in place.
c Derecognition, collateral and offsetting
Securities lending and reverse repurchase agreements
The Group has entered into securities lending (including repurchase agreements) whereby blocks of securities are loaned to third
parties, primarily major brokerage forms. The amounts above the fair value of the loaned securities required to be received as collateral
by the agreements depend on the quality of the collateral, calculated on a daily basis. The loaned securities are not removed from the
Group’s consolidated statement of financial position, rather they are retained within the appropriate investment classification. Collateral
typically consists of cash, debt securities, equity securities and letters of credit.
At 31 December 2015, the Group had lent £5,995 million (2014: £4,578 million) of securities of which £4,687 million (2014: £3,129 million)
was lent by the PAC with-profits fund and held cash and securities collateral under such agreements of £6,342 million (2014: £4,887 million)
of which £5,002 million (2014: £3,400 million) was held by the PAC with-profits fund.
At 31 December 2015, the Group had entered into reverse repurchase transactions under which it purchased securities and had
taken on the obligation to resell the securities. The fair value of the collateral held in respect of these transactions was £10,076 million
(2014: £12,857 million).
In addition, at 31 December 2015, the Group had entered into repurchase transactions for which the fair value of the collateral
pledged was £190 million in the form of securities and £10 million in the form of cash (2014: £186 million in the form of securities).
Collateral and pledges under derivative transactions
At 31 December 2015, the Group had pledged £1,622 million (2014: £1,411 million) for liabilities and held collateral of £1,865 million
(2014: £2,388 million) in respect of over-the-counter derivative transactions.
These transactions are conducted under terms that are usual and customary to collateralised transactions including, where relevant,
standard securities lending and repurchase agreements.
Offsetting assets and liabilities
The Group’s derivative instruments, repurchase agreements and securities lending agreements are subject to master netting
arrangements and collateral arrangements. A master netting arrangement with a counterparty creates a right of offset for amounts
due to and due from that same counterparty that is enforceable in the event of a default or bankruptcy. The Group recognises amounts
subject to master netting arrangements on a gross basis within the consolidated balance sheets.
The following tables present the gross and net information about the Group’s financial instruments subject to master
netting arrangements:
31 Dec 2015 £m
Gross amount
presented in the Related amounts not offset in the
consolidated consolidated statement of financial position
statement of
financial Financial Cash Securities
position instruments collateral collateral Net amount
note (i) note (ii) note (iii)
Financial assets:
Derivative assets 2,835(1,071)(1,122)(591) 51
Reverse repurchase agreements 8,591 – –(8,591) –
Total financial assets 11,426(1,071)(1,122)(9,182) 51
Financial liabilities:
Derivative liabilities(2,879) 1,071 764 809(235)
Securities lending(1,779) – 189 1,590 –
Repurchase agreements(200) – 10 190 –
Total financial liabilities(4,858) 1,071 963 2,589(235)
216 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
31 Dec 2014 £m
Gross amount
presented in the Related amounts not offset in the
consolidated consolidated statement of financial position
statement of
financial Financial Cash Securities
position instruments collateral collateral Net amount
note (i) note (ii) note (iii)
Financial assets:
Derivative assets 3,271(1,030)(1,131)(824) 286
Reverse repurchase agreements 10,537 – –(10,537) –
Total financial assets 13,808(1,030)(1,131)(11,361) 286
Financial liabilities:
Derivative liabilities(2,036) 1,030 391 543(72)
Securities lending(1,317) – 1,317 – –
Repurchase agreements(186) – – 186 –
Total financial liabilities(3,539) 1,030 1,708 729(72)
Notes
(i) The Group has not offset any of the amounts presented in the consolidated statement of financial position.
(ii) Represents the amount that could be offset under master netting or similar arrangements where Group does not satisfy the full criteria to offset
on the consolidated statement of financial position.
(iii) Excludes initial margin amounts for exchange-traded derivatives.
In the tables above, the amounts of assets or liabilities presented in the consolidated statement of financial position are offset first by
financial instruments that have the right of offset under master netting or similar arrangements with any remaining amount reduced
by the amount of cash and securities collateral. The actual amount of collateral may be greater than amounts presented in the tables.
d Impairment of financial assets
In accordance with the Group’s accounting policy set out in note A3.1j(iii), impairment reviews were performed for available-for-sale
securities and loans and receivables. In addition, impairment reviews were undertaken for the reinsurers’ share of insurance
contract liabilities.
During the year ended 31 December 2015, net impairment charges of £(35) million (2014: net impairment reversals of £37 million)
were recognised for available-for-sale securities and loans and receivables analysed as follows:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Available-for-sale debt securities held by Jackson(19)(7)
Loans and receivables*(16) 44
Net (charge) credit for impairment net of reversals(35) 37
* The impairment (charges) reversals relate to loans held by the UK with-profits fund and mortgage loans held by Jackson.
Impairment recognised on available-for-sale securities amounted to £(19) million (2014: £(7) million) arising from:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Residential mortgage-backed securities(8)(2)
Public fixed income(2) –
Other(9)(5)
(19)(7)
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 217
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C3: Assets and liabilities – classification and measurement continued C3.5 Financial instruments – additional information continued
The impairment recorded on the residential mortgage-backed securities was primarily due to reduced cash flow expectations on such securities that are collateralised by diversified pools of primarily below investment grade securities. Of the impaired losses of £19 million (2014: £7 million), the top five individual corporate issuers made up 74 per cent (2014: 76 per cent), reflecting a deteriorating business outlook of the companies concerned. The impairment losses have been recorded in ‘investment return’ in the income statement.
Jackson’s portfolio of debt securities is managed proactively with credit analysts closely monitoring and reporting on the credit quality of its holdings. Jackson continues to review its investments on a case-by-case basis to determine whether any decline in fair value represents an impairment. In addition, investments in structured securities are subject to a rigorous review of their future estimated cash fiows, including expected and stress case scenarios, to identify potential shortfalls in contractual payments (both interest and principal). Impairment charges are recorded on structured securities when the Company forecasts a contractual payment shortfall. Situations where such a shortfall would not lead to a recognition of a loss are rare. However, some structured securities do not have a single determined set of future cash fiows and instead, there can be a reasonable range of estimates that could potentially emerge.
With this variability, there could be instances where the projected cash flow shortfall under management’s base case set of assumptions is so minor that relatively small and justifiable changes to the base case assumptions would eliminate the need for an impairment loss to be recognised. The impairment loss reflects the difference between the fair value and book value.
In 2015, the Group realised gross losses on sales of available-for-sale securities of £85 million (2014: £35 million) with 57 per cent (2014: 68 per cent) of these losses related to the disposal of fixed maturity securities of the top 10 individual issuers, which were disposed of as part of risk reduction programmes intended to limit future credit loss exposure. Of the £85 million (2014: £ 35 million), £54 million (2014: £5 million) relates to losses on sales of impaired and deteriorating securities.
The effect of those reasonably likely changes in the key assumptions that underpin the assessment of whether impairment has taken place depends on the factors described in note A3.1j(iii). A key indicator of whether such impairment may arise in future, and the potential amounts at risk, is the profile of gross unrealised losses for fixed maturity securities accounted for on an available-for-sale basis by reference to the time periods by which the securities have been held continuously in an unrealised loss position and by reference to the maturity date of the securities concerned.
For 2015, the amount of gross unrealised losses for fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale under IFRS in an unrealised loss position was £673 million (2014: £180 million). Notes B1.2 and C3.3 provide further details on the impairment charges and unrealised losses of Jackson’s available-for-sale securities.
218 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
C4: Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus
The note provides information of policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds held on the Group’s statement
of financial position:
C4.1 Movement and duration of liabilities
C4.1(a) Group overview
i Analysis of movements in policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
Insurance operations £m
Asia US UK Total
note C4.1(b) note C4.1(c) note C4.1(d)
At 1 January 2014 35,146 107,411 146,616 289,173
Comprising:
Policyholder liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial position 31,910 107,411 134,632 273,953
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds on the consolidated statement
of financial position 77 – 11,984 12,061
Group’s share of policyholder liabilities of joint ventures* 3,159 – – 3,159
Reallocation of unallocated surplus for the domestication of the
Hong Kong branch† 1,690 –(1,690) –
Net fiows:
Premiums 7,058 15,492 7,902 30,452
Surrenders(2,425)(5,922)(5,656)(14,003)
Maturities/Deaths(1,259)(1,307)(6,756)(9,322)
Net fiows 3,374 8,263(4,510) 7,127
Shareholders’ transfers post-tax(40) –(200)(240)
Investment-related items and other movements 3,480 3,712 14,310 21,502
Foreign exchange translation differences 1,372 7,360(90) 8,642
As at 31 December 2014 / 1 January 2015 45,022 126,746 154,436 326,204
Comprising:
Policyholder liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial position 38,705 126,746 144,088 309,539
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds on the consolidated statement
of financial position 2,102 – 10,348 12,450
Group’s share of policyholder liabilities of joint ventures* 4,215 – – 4,215
Net fiows:
Premiums 7,784 16,699 9,692 34,175
Surrenders(2,550)(6,759)(6,363)(15,672)
Maturities/Deaths(1,265)(1,464)(6,991)(9,720)
Net fiows 3,969 8,476(3,662) 8,783
Shareholders’ transfers post-tax(43) –(214)(257)
Investment-related items and other movements(364)(3,824) 2,319(1,869)
Foreign exchange translation differences 194 7,515 14 7,723
At 31 December 2015 48,778 138,913 152,893 340,584
Comprising:
Policyholder liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial position‡ 41,255 138,913 142,350 322,518
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds on the consolidated statement
of financial position§ 2,553 – 10,543 13,096
Group’s share of policyholder liabilities of joint ventures* 4,970 – – 4,970
Average policyholder liability balances
2015 44,573 132,830 143,219 320,622
2014 38,993 117,079 139,362 295,434
* The Group’s investment in joint ventures are accounted for on an equity method basis in the Group’s balance sheet. The Group’s share of the policyholder liabilities
as shown above relate to the joint venture life businesses in China, India and of the Takaful business in Malaysia.
† On 1 January 2014, following consultation with the policyholders of PAC and regulators and court approval, the Hong Kong branch of PAC was transferred to separate
subsidiaries established in Hong Kong. From this date, the unallocated surplus of the Hong Kong with-profits business is reported within the Asia insurance
operations segment.
‡ The policyholder liabilities of the Asia insurance operations of £41,255 million (2014: £38,705 million), shown in the table above, is after deducting the intra-group
reinsurance liabilities ceded by the UK insurance operations of £1,261 million (2014: £1,363 million) to the Hong Kong with-profits business. Including this amount total
Asia policyholder liabilities are £42,516 million (2014: £40,068 million).
§ Averages have been based on opening and closing balances and adjusted for acquisitions, disposals and corporate transactions in the year and exclude unallocated
surplus of with-profits funds.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 219
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C4: Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus continued
C4.1 Movement and duration of liabilities continued
The items above represent the amount attributable to changes in policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
as a result of each of the components listed. The policyholder liabilities shown include investment contracts without discretionary
participation features (as defined in IFRS 4) and their full movement in the year. The items above are shown gross of external reinsurance.
The analysis includes the impact of premiums, claims and investment movements on policyholders’ liabilities. The impact does not
represent premiums, claims and investment movements as reported in the income statement. For example, the premiums shown above
will exclude any deductions for fees/charges and claims represent the policyholder liabilities provision released rather than the claim
amount paid to the policyholder.
ii Analysis of movements in policyholder liabilities for shareholder-backed business
Shareholder-backed business £m
Asia US UK Total
At 1 January 2014 21,931 107,411 50,779 180,121
Net fiows:
Premiums 4,799 15,492 4,951 25,242
Surrenders(2,218)(5,922)(3,149)(11,289)
Maturities/Deaths(644)(1,307)(2,412)(4,363)
Net flowsnote(a) 1,937 8,263(610) 9,590
Investment-related items and other movements 1,859 3,712 4,840 10,411
Foreign exchange translation differences 683 7,360 – 8,043
At 31 December 2014 / 1 January 2015 26,410 126,746 55,009 208,165
Comprising:
Policyholder liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial position 22,195 126,746 55,009 203,950
Group’s share of policyholder liabilities relating to joint ventures 4,215 – – 4,215
At 1 January 2015 26,410 126,746 55,009 208,165
Net fiows:
Premiums 4,793 16,699 3,146 24,638
Surrenders(2,308)(6,759)(3,227)(12,294)
Maturities/Deaths(618)(1,464)(2,613)(4,695)
Net flowsnote(a) 1,867 8,476(2,694) 7,649
Investment-related items and other movements(121)(3,824) 509(3,436)
Foreign exchange translation differences(312) 7,515 – 7,203
At 31 December 2015 note (b) 27,844 138,913 52,824 219,581
Comprising:
Policyholder liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial position 22,874 138,913 52,824 214,611
Group’s share of policyholder liabilities relating to joint ventures 4,970 – – 4,970
Notes
(a) Including net flows of the Group’s insurance joint ventures.
(b) Policyholder liabilities relating to shareholder-backed business grew by £11.4 billion from £208.2 billion at 31 December 2014 to £219.6 billion at 31 December
2015. The increase reflects positive net flows (premiums net of upfront charges less surrenders, withdrawals, maturities and deaths) of £7.6 billion in 2015
(2014: £9.6 billion), driven by strong inflows of £8.5 billion in the US and £1.9 billion in Asia, together with a positive £7.2 billion increase from foreign exchange
effects following a strengthening of the US dollar.
220 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
iii Movement in insurance contract liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
Further analysis of the movement in the year of the Group’s insurance contract liabilities, gross and reinsurance share, and unallocated
surplus of with-profits funds is provided below:
Insurance contract liabilities Unallocated
surplus of
Reinsurers’ with-profits
Gross share funds
£m £m £m
At 1 January 2014 218,185 6,018 12,061
Income and expense included in the income statement and other comprehensive income 23,532(41) 54
Foreign exchange translation differences 8,321 338 335
At 31 December 2014 / 1 January 2015 250,038 6,315 12,450
Income and expense included in the income statement and other comprehensive income 3,456 342 522
Foreign exchange translation differences 7,259 335 124
At 31 December 2015 260,753 6,992 13,096
iv Reinsurers’ share of insurance contract liabilities
2015 £m 2014 £m
Asia US UK Total Total
Insurance contract liabilities 755 5,499 738 6,992 6,315
Claims outstanding 43 711 157 911 852
798 6,210 895 7,903 7,167
The Group cedes certain business to other insurance companies. Although the ceding of insurance does not relieve the Group from
its liability to its policyholders, the Group participates in such agreements for the purpose of managing its loss exposure. The Group
evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and monitors concentration of credit risk from similar geographic regions, activities
or economic characteristics of the reinsurers to minimise its exposure from reinsurer insolvencies. Of the reinsurers’ share of insurance
contract liabilities balance of £7,903 million at 31 December 2015 (2014: £7,167 million), 90 per cent (2014: 93 per cent) were ceded by
the Group’s UK and US operations, of which 96 per cent (2014: 95 per cent) of the balances were from reinsurers with Standard & Poor’s
rating A- and above.
The reinsurance asset for Jackson as shown in the table above primarily relates to certain fully collateralised former REALIC business
retained by Swiss Re through 100 per cent reinsurance agreements. Apart from the reinsurance of REALIC business, the principal
reinsurance ceded by Jackson outside the Group is on term life insurance, direct and assumed accident and health business and GMIB
variable annuity guarantees. Net commissions received on ceded business and claims incurred ceded to external reinsurers totalled
£41 million and £442 million respectively during 2015 (2014: £35 million and £398 million respectively). There were no deferred gains
or losses on reinsurance contracts in either 2015 or 2014.
In each of 2015 and 2014, the Group’s UK insurance business entered into longevity reinsurance transactions on certain aspects
of the UK’s annuity liabilities. Further information on these transactions is provided in note B4(b). The gains and losses recognised
in profit and loss for the other reinsurance contracts written in the year were immaterial.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 221
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C4: Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus continued
C4.1 Movement and duration of liabilities continued
C4.1(b) Asia insurance operations
i Analysis of movements in policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
A reconciliation of the total policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds of Asia insurance operations from the
beginning of the year to the end of the year is as follows:
With-profits Unit-linked Other
business liabilities business Total
£m £m £m £m
At 1 January 2014 13,215 13,765 8,166 35,146
Comprising:
Policyholder liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial position 13,138 11,918 6,854 31,910
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds on the consolidated statement
of financial position 77 – – 77
Group’s share of policyholder liabilities relating to joint ventures* – 1,847 1,312 3,159
Reallocation of unallocated surplus for the domestication of the
Hong Kong branchnote(b) 1,690 – – 1,690
Premiums
New business 425 1,337 997 2,759
In-force 1,834 1,375 1,090 4,299
2,259 2,712 2,087 7,058
Surrendersnote(d)(207)(1,939)(279)(2,425)
Maturities/Deaths(615)(40)(604)(1,259)
Net flowsnote(c) 1,437 733 1,204 3,374
Shareholders’ transfers post-tax(40) – –(40)
Investment-related items and other movementsnote(e) 1,621 1,336 523 3,480
Foreign exchange translation differencesnote(a) 689 375 308 1,372
At 31 December 2014 / 1 January 2015 18,612 16,209 10,201 45,022
Comprising:
Policyholder liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial position 16,510 13,874 8,321 38,705
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds on the consolidated statement
of financial position 2,102 – – 2,102
Group’s share of policyholder liabilities relating to joint ventures* – 2,335 1,880 4,215
Premiums
New business 812 1,322 781 2,915
In-force 2,179 1,496 1,194 4,869
2,991 2,818 1,975 7,784
Surrendersnote(d)(242)(2,043)(265)(2,550)
Maturities/Deaths(647)(88)(530)(1,265)
Net flowsnote(c) 2,102 687 1,180 3,969
Shareholders’ transfers post-tax(43) – –(43)
Investment-related items and other movementsnote(e)(243)(536) 415(364)
Foreign exchange translation differencesnote(a) 506(394) 82 194
At 31 December 2015 note (c) 20,934 15,966 11,878 48,778
Comprising:
Policyholder liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial position† 18,381 13,355 9,519 41,255
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds on the consolidated statement
of financial position 2,553 – – 2,553
Group’s share of policyholder liabilities relating to joint ventures* – 2,611 2,359 4,970
Average policyholder liability balances‡
2015 17,446 16,088 11,039 44,573
2014 14,823 14,987 9,183 38,993
* The Group’s investment in joint ventures are accounted for on an equity method basis and the Group’s share of the policyholder liabilities as shown above relate
to the joint venture life businesses in China, India and of the Takaful business in Malaysia.
† The policyholder liabilities of the with-profits business of £18,381 million, shown in the table above, is after deducting the intra-group reinsurance liabilities
ceded by the UK insurance operations of £1,261 million to the Hong Kong with-profits business (2014: £1,363 million). Including this amount the Asia with-profits
policyholder liabilities are £19,642 million.
‡ Averages have been based on opening and closing balances and adjusted for acquisitions and disposals in the year and exclude unallocated surplus of
with-profits funds.
222 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Notes
(a) Movements in the year have been translated at the average exchange rates for the year ended 31 December 2015. The closing balance has been translated
at the closing spot rates as at 31 December 2015. Differences upon retranslation are included in foreign exchange translation differences.
(b) On 1 January 2014, following consultation with the policyholders of PAC and regulators and court approval, the Hong Kong branch of PAC was transferred
to separate subsidiaries established in Hong Kong. From this date the unallocated surplus of the Hong Kong with-profits business is reported within the
Asia insurance operations segment.
(c) Net flows have increased by £595 million to £3,969 million in 2015 compared with £3,374 million in 2014 reflecting increased flows from new business and
growth in the in-force books.
(d) The rate of surrenders for shareholder-backed business (expressed as a percentage of opening liabilities) was 8.7 per cent in 2015, lower than the 10.1 per cent
recorded in 2014 (based on opening liabilities).
(e) Investment-related items and other movements for 2015 principally represents unrealised losses on bonds and equities, following rising bond yields and
lower Asia equity markets in 2015.
ii Duration of liabilities
The table below shows the carrying value of policyholder liabilities and the maturity profile of the cash flows on a discounted basis
for 2015 and 2014, taking account of expected future premiums and investment returns:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Policyholder liabilities 41,255 38,705
%%
Expected maturity:
0 to 5 years 23 23
5 to 10 years 20 20
10 to 15 years 17 17
15 to 20 years 12 12
20 to 25 years 9 9
Over 25 years 19 19
iii Summary policyholder liabilities (net of reinsurance) and unallocated surplus
At 31 December 2015, the policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus for Asia operations of £43.8 billion (2014: £40.8 billion),
net of reinsurance of £798 million (2014: £488 million), excluding joint ventures, comprised the following:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Hong Kong 16,234 13,748
Indonesia 2,361 2,552
Korea 2,810 2,702
Malaysia 3,492 3,713
Singapore 12,022 12,074
Taiwan 2,724 2,569
Other countries 3,367 2,961
Total Asia operations 43,010 40,319
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 223
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C4: Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus continued
C4.1 Movement and duration of liabilities continued
C4.1(c) US insurance operations
i Analysis of movements in policyholder liabilities
A reconciliation of the total policyholder liabilities of US insurance operations from the beginning of the year to the end of the year
is as follows:
Variable
annuity
separate Fixed annuity,
account GIC and other
liabilities business Total
US insurance operations £m £m £m
At 1 January 2014 65,681 41,730 107,411
Premiums 12,220 3,272 15,492
Surrenders(3,699)(2,223)(5,922)
Maturities/Deaths(547)(760)(1,307)
Net flowsnote(b) 7,974 289 8,263
Transfers from general to separate account 1,395(1,395) –
Investment-related items and other movementsnote(c) 1,963 1,749 3,712
Foreign exchange translation differencesnote(a) 4,728 2,632 7,360
At 31 December 2014 / 1 January 2015 81,741 45,005 126,746
Premiums 12,899 3,800 16,699
Surrenders(4,357)(2,402)(6,759)
Maturities/Deaths(655)(809)(1,464)
Net flowsnote(b) 7,887 589 8,476
Transfers from general to separate account 847(847) –
Investment-related items and other movementsnote(c)(4,351) 527(3,824)
Foreign exchange translation differencesnote(a) 4,898 2,617 7,515
At 31 December 2015 91,022 47,891 138,913
Average policyholder liability balances*
2015 86,382 46,448 132,830
2014 73,711 43,368 117,079
* Averages have been based on opening and closing balances.
Notes
(a) Movements in the year have been translated at an average rate of US$1.53/£1.00 (2014: US$1.65/£1.00). The closing balances have been translated at closing rate
of US$1.47/£1.00 (2014: US$1.56/£1.00). Differences upon retranslation are included in foreign exchange translation differences.
(b) Net flows for the year were £8,476 million compared with £8,263 million in 2014, reflecting continued strong in-flows into the variable annuity business.
(c) Negative investment-related items and other movements in variable annuity separate account liabilities of £4,351 million for 2015 primarily reflects the
decreases in equities and bond values during the year. Fixed annuity, GIC and other business investment and other movements of £527 million primarily reflect
the increase in interest credited to the policyholder accounts in the year and an increase in other guarantee reserves.
ii Duration of liabilities
The table below shows the carrying value of policyholder liabilities and maturity profile of the cash flows on a discounted basis for 2015
and 2014:
2015 2014
Fixed annuity Fixed annuity
and other and other
business business
(including GICs(including GICs
and similar Variable and similar Variable
contracts) annuity Total contracts) annuity Total
£m £m £m £m £m £m
Policyholder liabilities 47,891 91,022 138,913 45,005 81,741 126,746
%%%%%%
Expected maturity:
0 to 5 years 48 43 44 46 48 47
5 to 10 years 26 28 28 27 29 29
10 to 15 years 12 15 14 12 13 13
15 to 20 years 7 8 8 7 6 6
20 to 25 years 4 4 4 4 3 3
Over 25 years 3 2 2 4 1 2
224 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
C4.1(d) UK insurance operations
i Analysis of movements in policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
A reconciliation of the total policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds of UK insurance operations from the
beginning of the year to the end of the year is as follows:
Shareholder-backed funds
and subsidiaries
Annuity
SAIF and PAC and other
with-profits Unit-linked long-term
sub-fund liabilities business Total
£m £m £m £m
At 1 January 2014 95,837 23,652 27,127 146,616
Comprising:
Policyholder liabilities 83,853 23,652 27,127 134,632
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds 11,984 – – 11,984
Reallocation of unallocated surplus for the domestication
of the Hong Kong branchnote(a)(1,690) – –(1,690)
Premiums 2,951 1,405 3,546 7,902
Surrenders(2,507)(2,934)(215)(5,656)
Maturities/Deaths(4,344)(587)(1,825)(6,756)
Net flowsnote(b)(3,900)(2,116) 1,506(4,510)
Shareholders’ transfers post-tax(200) – –(200)
Switches(167) 167 – –
Investment-related items and other movements 9,637 1,597 3,076 14,310
Foreign exchange translation differences(90) – –(90)
At 31 December 2014 / 1 January 2015 99,427 23,300 31,709 154,436
Comprising:
Policyholder liabilities 89,079 23,300 31,709 144,088
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds 10,348 – – 10,348
Premiums 6,546 1,115 2,031 9,692
Surrenders(3,136)(3,168)(59)(6,363)
Maturities/Deaths(4,378)(573)(2,040)(6,991)
Net flowsnote(b)(968)(2,626)(68)(3,662)
Shareholders’ transfers post-tax(214) – –(214)
Switches(189) 189 – –
Investment-related items and other movementsnote(c) 1,999 579(259) 2,319
Foreign exchange translation differences 14 – – 14
At 31 December 2015 100,069 21,442 31,382 152,893
Comprising:
Policyholder liabilities 89,526 21,442 31,382 142,350
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds 10,543 – – 10,543
Average policyholder liability balances*
2015 89,303 22,371 31,545 143,219
2014 86,467 23,476 29,419 139,362
* Averages have been based on opening and closing balances and exclude unallocated surplus of with-profits funds.
Notes
(a) On 1 January 2014, following consultation with the policyholders of PAC and regulators and court approval, the Hong Kong branch of PAC was transferred
to separate subsidiaries established in Hong Kong. From this date the unallocated surplus of the Hong Kong with-profits business is reported within the
Asia insurance operations segment.
(b) Net outflows improved from £4,510 million in 2014 to £3,662 million in 2015, due primarily to higher premium flows into our with-profits funds following
increased sales into with-profits savings and retirement products. This has been offset by lower premiums into our annuity business following the introduction
of pension freedoms and lower level of bulks. The levels of inflows/outflows for unit-linked business is driven by corporate pension schemes with transfers
in or out from only a small number of schemes influencing the level of flows in the year.
(c) Investment-related items and other movements of £2,319 million mainly reflects investment return earned in the year, attributable to policyholders.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 225
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C4: Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus continued
C4.1 Movement and duration of liabilities continued
ii Duration of liabilities
With the exception of most unitised with-profits bonds and other whole-of-life contracts, the majority of the contracts of the UK insurance
operations have a contract term. In effect, the maturity term of the other contracts reflects the earlier of death, maturity or the policy
lapsing. In addition, as described in note A3.1, with-profits contract liabilities include projected future bonuses based on current
investment values. The actual amounts payable will vary with future investment performance of SAIF and the WPSF.
The following tables show the carrying value of the policyholder liabilities and the maturity profile of the cash fiows, on a discounted
basis for 2015 and 2014, for insurance contracts, as defined by IFRS:
2015 £m
Annuity business
With-profits business(Insurance contracts) Other Total
Non-profit
annuities
Insurance Investment within Insurance Investments
contracts contracts Total WPSF PRIL Total contracts contracts Total
Policyholder liabilities 35,962 42,736 78,698 10,828 22,092 32,920 14,919 15,813 30,732 142,350
2015 %
Expected maturity:
0 to 5 years 40 40 40 33 25 27 37 36 37 36
5 to 10 years 23 27 25 25 21 23 25 23 24 24
10 to 15 years 14 17 16 18 18 18 15 17 16 16
15 to 20 years 9 10 10 11 14 13 9 12 10 11
20 to 25 years 6 4 5 6 10 9 6 6 6 6
over 25 years 8 2 4 7 12 10 8 6 7 7
2014 £m
Policyholder liabilities 38,287 39,084 77,371 11,708 22,186 33,894 15,474 17,349 32,823 144,088
2014 %
Expected maturity:
0 to 5 years 40 39 39 31 25 27 37 36 36 36
5 to 10 years 24 26 25 25 22 23 25 22 24 24
10 to 15 years 14 17 16 18 18 18 16 16 16 17
15 to 20 years 9 11 10 11 14 13 10 11 11 11
20 to 25 years 6 5 5 7 9 9 5 8 6 6
over 25 years 7 2 5 8 12 10 7 7 7 6
— The cash flow projections of expected benefit payments used in the maturity profile table above are from value of in-force business
and exclude the value of future new business, including future vesting of internal pension contracts.
— Benefit payments do not reflect the pattern of bonuses and shareholder transfers in respect of the with-profits business.
— Investment contracts under ‘Other’ comprise certain unit-linked and similar contracts accounted for under IAS 39 and IAS 18.
— For business with no maturity term included within the contracts, for example with-profits investment bonds such as Prudence Bonds,
an assumption is made as to likely duration based on prior experience.
226 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
C4.2 Products and determining contract liabilities
a Asia
Features of products and guarantees
The life insurance products offered by the Group’s Asia operations include a range of with-profits and non-participating term, whole life,
endowment and unit-linked policies. The Asia operations also offer health, disability, critical illness and accident coverage to supplement
its core life products.
The terms and conditions of the contracts written by the Asia operations and, in particular, the products’ options and guarantees,
vary from territory to territory depending upon local market circumstances.
In general terms, the Asia participating products provide savings and protection where the basic sum assured can be enhanced by
a profit share (or bonus) from the underlying fund as determined at the discretion of the insurers. The Asia operations’ non-participating
term, whole life and endowment products offer savings and/or protection where the benefits are guaranteed, or determined by a set
of defined market-related parameters. Unit-linked products combine savings with protection, the cash value of the policy depends
on the value of the underlying unitised funds. Health and Protection policies provide mortality or morbidity benefits and include health,
disability, critical illness and accident coverage. Health and Protection products are commonly offered as supplements to main life
policies but can be sold separately.
Product guarantees in Asia can be broadly classified into four main categories, namely premium rate, cash value or interest rate
guarantees, policy renewability and convertibility options.
Subject to local market circumstances and regulatory requirements, the guarantee features described in note C4.2(c) in respect of UK
business broadly apply to similar types of participating contracts written in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. Participating products
have both guaranteed and non-guaranteed elements.
Non-participating long-term products are the only ones where the Group is contractually obliged to provide guarantees on all
benefits. Unit-linked products have the lowest level of guarantee.
The risks on death coverage through premium rate guarantees are low due to the diversified nature of the business as well as rigorous
product pricing.
Cash value and interest rate guarantees are of three types:
Maturity values Maturity values are guaranteed for non-participating products and on the guaranteed portion of
participating products. Declared regular bonuses are also guaranteed once vested. Future bonus rates
and cash dividends are not guaranteed on participating products;
Surrender values Surrender values are guaranteed for non-participating products and on the guaranteed portion of
participating products. The surrender value of declared reversionary bonuses are also guaranteed once
vested. Market value adjustments and surrender penalties are used for certain products and where the
law permits such adjustments in cash values; and
Interest rate guarantees It is common in Asia for regulations or market-driven demand and competition to provide some form
of capital value protection and minimum crediting interest rate guarantees. This would be reflected
within the guaranteed maturity and surrender values.
The guarantees are borne by shareholders for non-participating and investment-linked (non-investment guarantees only) products.
Participating product guarantees are predominantly supported by the segregated life funds and their estates.
Whole-of-life contracts with floor levels of policyholder benefits that accrue at rates set at inception and do not vary subsequently with
market conditions are written in the Korea life operations though this is not to a significant extent as Korea has a much higher proportion
of linked and health business. The Korea business has non-linked liabilities and linked liabilities at 31 December 2015 of £625 million and
£2,187 million respectively (2014: £596 million and £2,109 million respectively).
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 227
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C4: Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus continued C4.2 Products and determining contract liabilities continued
Determining contract liabilities
For the with-profits business, the total value of the with-profits funds is driven by the underlying asset valuation with movements reflected principally in the accounting value of policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus. Similarly, for the unit-linked business, the attaching liabilities reflect the unit value obligation driven by the value of the investments of the unit fund.
For the shareholder-backed non-linked business, the future policyholder benefit provisions for Asia businesses in the Group’s IFRS accounts, are determined in accordance with methods prescribed by local GAAP adjusted to comply, where necessary, with the modified statutory basis or where local GAAP is not well established and in which the business written is primarily non-participating and linked business, US GAAP principles are used as the most appropriate reporting basis.
For the countries which apply local GAAP adjusted to comply, where necessary, with modified statutory basis, the approach to determining the contract liabilities is driven by the local solvency basis. A gross premium valuation method is used in those countries where a risk-based capital framework is adopted for local solvency. Under the gross premium valuation method, all cash fiows are valued explicitly using best estimate assumptions.
A risk-based capital framework applying the gross premium valuation method is adopted by Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. In applying this approach, an overlay constraint to the method is applied such that no negative reserves are derived at an individual policyholder level.
In Vietnam, the Company uses an estimation basis aligned substantially to that used by the countries applying the gross premium valuation method.
In the Philippines, the local regulator requires insurers to adopt the gross premium valuation method for traditional business from
30 June 2016 onwards. The Company decided to early adopt this requirement for IFRS reporting for the 2015 year end.
For India, Taiwan and, until its sale in 2015, Japan, US GAAP is applied for measuring insurance assets and liabilities. For these countries, the future policyholder benefit provisions for non-linked business are determined using the net level premium method, with an allowance for surrenders, maintenance and claims expenses. Rates of interest used in establishing the policyholder benefit provisions vary by operation depending on the circumstances attaching to each block of business.
The other Asia operations principally adopt a net premium valuation method to determine the future policyholder benefit provisions. The effect of changes in assumptions used to measure insurance assets and liabilities for Asia insurance operations is as disclosed in note B4(a).
b US
Features of products and guarantees
Jackson provides long-term savings and retirement products to retail and institutional customers throughout the US and offers the products discussed below:
i Fixed annuities
Fixed interest rate annuities
At 31 December 2015, fixed interest rate annuities accounted for 9 per cent (2014: 9 per cent) of policy and contract liabilities of Jackson. Fixed interest rate annuities are primarily deferred annuity products that are used for asset accumulation in retirement planning and for providing income in retirement. They permit tax-deferred accumulation of funds and flexible payout options.
The policyholder of a fixed interest rate annuity pays Jackson a premium, which is credited to the policyholder’s account. Periodically, interest is credited to the policyholder’s account and in some cases administrative charges are deducted from the policyholder’s account. Jackson makes benefit payments at a future date as specified in the policy based on the value of the policyholder’s account at that date.
The policy provides that at Jackson’s discretion it may reset the interest rate, subject to a guaranteed minimum. At 31 December 2015, Jackson had fixed interest rate annuities totalling £12.1 billion (2014: £11.7 billion) in account value with minimum guaranteed rates ranging from 1.0 per cent to 5.5 per cent and a 3.00 per cent average guaranteed rate (2014: 1.0 per cent to 5.5 per cent and a 3.03 per cent average guaranteed rate).
Approximately 62 per cent (2014: 57 per cent) of the fixed interest rate annuities Jackson wrote in 2015 provide for a market value adjustment (‘MVA’), that could be positive or negative, on surrenders in the surrender period of the policy. This formula-based adjustment approximates the change in value that assets supporting the product would realise as interest rates move up or down. The minimum guaranteed rate is not affected by this adjustment. While the MVA feature minimises the surrender risk associated with certain fixed annuities, Jackson still bears a portion of the surrender risk on policies without this feature, and the investment risk on all fixed interest rate annuities.
228 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Fixed index annuities
Fixed index annuities accounted for 6 per cent (2014: 6 per cent) of Jackson’s policy and contract liabilities at 31 December 2015. Fixed index annuities vary in structure, but generally are deferred annuities that enable policyholders to obtain a portion of an equity-linked return (based on participation rates and caps), and provide a guaranteed minimum return. These guaranteed minimum rates are generally set at 1.0 to 3.0 per cent. At 31 December 2015, Jackson had ?xed index annuities allocated to indexed funds totalling £6.4 billion (2014: £6.3 billion) in account value with minimum guaranteed rates on index accounts ranging from 1.0 per cent to 3.0 per cent and a 1.79 per cent average guaranteed rate (2014: 1.0 per cent to 3.0 per cent and a 1.83 per cent average guarantee rate). At 31 December 2015, Jackson also offered ?xed interest accounts on some ?xed index annuity products. At 31 December 2015, ?xed interest accounts of ?xed index annuities totalled £1.9 billion (2014: £1.8 billion) in account value with minimum guaranteed rates ranging from 1.0 per cent to 3.0 per cent and a 2.52 per cent average guaranteed rate (2014: 1.0 per cent to 3.0 per cent and a 2.53 per cent average guaranteed rate).
Jackson hedges the equity return risk on ?xed index products using offsetting equity exposure in the variable annuity product. The cost of hedging is taken into account in setting the index participation rates or caps. Jackson bears the investment risk and a portion of the surrender risk on these products.
Immediate annuities
At 31 December 2015, immediate annuities accounted for 1 per cent (2014: 1 per cent) of Jackson’s policy and contract liabilities. Immediate annuities guarantee a series of payments beginning within a year of purchase and continuing over either a ?xed period of years and/or the life of the policyholder. If the term is for the life of the policyholder, then Jackson’s primary risks are mortality and reinvestment. The implicit interest rate on these products is based on the market conditions that exist at the time the policy is issued and is guaranteed for the term of the annuity.
ii Variable annuities
At 31 December 2015, variable annuities accounted for 70 per cent (2014: 69 per cent) of Jackson’s policy and contract liabilities. Variable annuities are deferred annuities that have the same tax advantages and payout options as fixed interest rate and fixed index annuities. They are also used for asset accumulation in retirement planning and to provide income in retirement.
The primary differences between variable annuities and fixed interest rate or fixed index annuities are investment risk and return. If a policyholder chooses a variable annuity, the rate of return depends upon the performance of the selected fund portfolio. Policyholders may allocate their investment to either the fixed account or a selection of variable accounts. Investment risk on the variable account is borne by the policyholder, while investment risk on the fixed account is borne by Jackson through guaranteed minimum fixed rates of return. At 31 December 2015, 6 per cent (2014: 5 per cent) of variable annuity funds were in fixed accounts. Jackson had variable annuity funds in fixed accounts totalling £5.5 billion (2014: £4.4 billion) with minimum guaranteed rates ranging from 1.0 per cent to 3.0 per cent and a 1.70 per cent average guaranteed rate (2014: 1.0 per cent to 3.0 per cent and a 1.81 per cent average guaranteed rate).
Jackson issues variable annuity contracts where it contractually guarantees to the policyholder a return of no less than either, a) total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals, b) total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals plus a minimum return, or c) the highest contract value on a specified anniversary date adjusted for any withdrawals following the contract anniversary. These guarantees include benefits that are payable in the event of death (guaranteed minimum death benefit (GMDB)), at annuitisation (guaranteed minimum income benefit (GMIB)), upon the depletion of funds (guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (GMWB)) or at the end of a specified period (guaranteed minimum accumulation benefit (GMAB)). Jackson hedges these risks using equity options and futures contracts as described in note C7.3. The GMAB and GMIB are no longer offered, with the existing GMIB coverage being substantially reinsured.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 229
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C4: Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus continued
C4.2 Products and determining contract liabilities continued
iii Life insurance
Life insurance products accounted for 11 per cent (2014: 12 per cent) of Jackson’s policy and contract liabilities at 31 December 2015.
Jackson discontinued new sales of life insurance products in 2012. Life products include term life and interest-sensitive life (universal
life and variable universal life). Term life provides protection for a defined period and a benefit that is payable to a designated beneficiary
upon death of the insured. Universal life provides permanent individual life insurance for the life of the insured and includes a savings
element. Variable universal life is a type of life insurance policy that combines death benefit protection with the ability for the
policyholder account to be invested in separate account funds. For certain fixed universal life plans, additional provisions are held
to reflect the existence of guarantees offered in the past that are no longer supported by earnings on the existing asset portfolio,
or for situations where future mortality charges are not expected to be sufficient to provide for future mortality costs.
Excluding the business that is subject to the retrocession treaties at 31 December 2015, Jackson had interest-sensitive life business
in force with total account value of £6.1 billion (2014: £5.9 billion), with minimum guaranteed interest rates ranging from 2.5 per cent
to 6.0 per cent with a 4.66 per cent average guaranteed rate (2014: 2.5 per cent to 6.0 per cent with a 4.65 per cent average
guaranteed rate).
iv Institutional products
Jackson’s institutional products consist of traditional guaranteed investment contracts (‘GICs’), funding agreements (including
agreements issued in conjunction with Jackson’s participation in the US Federal Home Loan Bank programme) and Medium Term
Note funding agreements. At 31 December 2015, institutional products accounted for 3 per cent of policy and contract liabilities
(2014: 3 per cent). Under a traditional GIC, the policyholder makes a lump sum deposit. The interest rate paid is fixed and established
when the contract is issued. If deposited funds are withdrawn earlier than the specified term of the contract, an adjustment is made that
approximates a market value adjustment.
Under a funding agreement, the policyholder either makes a lump sum deposit or makes specified periodic deposits. Jackson agrees
to pay a rate of interest, which may be fixed or a floating short-term interest rate linked to an external index. The duration of the funding
agreements range between one and thirty years. In 2015 and 2014, there were no funding agreements terminable by the policyholder
with less than 90 days’ notice.
v Aggregate account values
The table below shows the distribution of account values for fixed annuities (fixed interest rate and fixed index), the fixed account portion
of variable annuities, and interest sensitive life business within the range of minimum guaranteed interest rates as described in notes (i)
to (iii) above as at 31 December 2015 and 2014:
Fixed annuities and the fixed
account portion of variable
annuities Interest-sensitive life business
£m £m
Minimum guaranteed interest rate 2015 2014 2015 2014
1.00% 5,563 3,927 – –
> 1.0% – 2.0% 7,670 7,887 – –
> 2.0% – 3.0% 9,586 9,365 204 195
> 3.0% – 4.0% 1,263 1,239 2,322 2,265
> 4.0% – 5.0% 1,639 1,567 2,023 1,971
> 5.0% – 6.0% 212 207 1,574 1,514
Total 25,933 24,192 6,123 5,945
Determining contract liabilities
As permissible under IFRS 4 and consistent with the basis explained in note A3.1, in the case of Jackson the carrying values of insurance
assets and liabilities are consolidated into the Group accounts based on US GAAP. An overview of the deferral and amortisation of
acquisition costs for Jackson is provided in note C5.1(b).
With minor exceptions, all of Jackson’s contracts are accounted for as investment contracts as defined for US GAAP purposes by
applying in the first instance a retrospective deposit method to determine the liability for policyholder benefits. This is then augmented
by potentially three additional amounts, namely:
— Any amounts that have been assessed to compensate the insurer for services to be performed over future periods
(ie deferred income);
— Any amounts previously assessed against policyholders that are refundable on termination of the contract; and
— Any probable future loss on the contract (ie premium deficiency).
230 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Capitalised acquisition costs and deferred income for these contracts are amortised over the life of the book of contracts. The present value of the estimated gross profits is generally computed using the rate of interest that accrues to policyholder balances (sometimes referred to as the contract rate). Estimated gross profits include estimates of the following, each of which will be determined based on the best estimate of amounts over the life of the book of contracts without provision for adverse deviation:
— Amounts expected to be assessed for mortality less benefit claims in excess of related policyholder balances;
— Amounts expected to be assessed for contract administration less costs incurred for contract administration;
— Amounts expected to be earned from the investment of policyholder balances less interest credited to policyholder balances;
— Amounts expected to be assessed against policyholder balances upon termination of contracts (sometimes referred to as surrender charges); and
— Other expected assessments and credits.
In the case of variable annuity contracts with guaranteed benefits as described above, liabilities for these benefits are accounted for under US GAAP and are valued as described below.
In accordance with US GAAP, the Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit and the ‘for life’ portion of Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit liabilities are determined each period end by estimating the expected value of benefits in excess of the projected account balance and recognising the excess ratably over the life of the contract based on total expected assessments. At 31 December 2015, these liabilities were valued using a series of stochastic investment performance scenarios, a mean investment return of 7.4 per cent (2014: 7.4 per cent) net of external fund management fees, and assumptions for lapse, mortality and expense that are similar to those used in amortising the capitalised acquisition costs.
The direct Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit liability is determined by estimating the expected value of the annuitisation benefits in excess of the projected account balance at the date of annuitisation and recognising the excess ratably over the accumulation period based on total expected assessments. The assumptions used for calculating the direct Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit liability at 31 December 2015 and 2014 are consistent with those used for calculating the Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit and ‘for life’ Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit liabilities.
Jackson regularly evaluates estimates used and adjusts the additional Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit, Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit and Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit ‘for life’ liability balances, with a related charge or credit to benefit expense if actual experience or other evidence suggests that earlier assumptions should be revised.
Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefits are essentially fully reinsured, subject to a modest deductible and annual claim limits. As this reinsurance benefit is net settled, it is considered to be a derivative under IAS 39, and is therefore recognised at fair value with the change in fair value included as a component of short-term fiuctuations. The direct GMIB liability is not considered a derivative instrument under IAS 39 and, as such, an accounting difference arises from this one-sided mark to market.
Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit ‘not for life’ features are considered to be embedded derivatives under IAS 39. Therefore, provisions for these benefits are recognised at fair value. The change in these guaranteed benefit reserves, along with claim payments and associated fees included in reserves, are included along with the hedge results in short-term fiuctuations, resulting in removal of the market impact from the operating profit based on longer-term investment returns.
For Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit and Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit reinsurance embedded derivatives that are fair valued under IAS 39, Jackson bases its volatility assumptions on implied market volatility for periods ranging from 5 to 10 years, where sufficient market liquidity is assumed to exist, followed by grading to long-term historical volatility levels beyond that point, where such long-term historical volatility levels contain an explicit margin for conservatism.
Non-performance risk is incorporated into the calculation through the use of discount interest rates sourced from an AA corporate credit curve as a proxy for Jackson’s own credit risk. Other risk margins, particularly for policyholder behaviour and long-term volatility, are also incorporated into the model through the use of explicitly conservative assumptions. On a periodic basis, Jackson validates the resulting fair values based on comparisons to other models and market movements.
With the exception of the Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit, Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit, Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit and Guaranteed Minimum Accumulation Benefit features of variable annuity contracts, the financial guarantee features of Jackson’s contracts are in most circumstances not explicitly valued, but the impact of any interest guarantees would be reflected as they are earned in the current account value (ie the US GAAP liability).
For traditional life insurance contracts, provisions for future policy benefits are determined under US GAAP using the net level premium method and assumptions as of the issue date as to mortality, interest, policy lapses and expenses plus provisions for adverse deviation.
Institutional products are accounted for as investment contracts under IFRS with the liability classified as being in respect of financial instruments rather than insurance contracts, as defined by IFRS 4. In practice there is no material difference between the IFRS and US GAAP basis of recognition and measurement for these contracts.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 231
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C4: Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus continued C4.2 Products and determining contract liabilities continued
Certain institutional products representing obligations issued in currencies other than US dollars have been hedged for changes in exchange rates using cross-currency swaps. The fair value of derivatives embedded in funding agreements, as well as foreign currency transaction gains and losses, are included in the carrying value of the trust instruments supported by funding agreements recorded in other non-insurance liabilities.
c UK
Features of products and guarantees
Prudential’s long-term products in the UK consist of life insurance, pension products and pension annuities. These products are written primarily in:
— One of three separate sub-funds of the PAC long-term fund, namely the with-profits sub-fund (WPSF), Scottish Amicable Insurance Funds (SAIF), and the non-profit sub-fund;
— Prudential Retirement Income Limited (PRIL), a shareholder-owned subsidiary; or
— Other shareholder-backed subsidiaries writing mainly non-profit unit-linked business.
i With-profits products and PAC with-profits sub-fund
The WPSF mainly contains with-profits business but it also contains some non-profit business (unit-linked, term assurances and annuities). The WPSF’s profits are apportioned 90 per cent to its policyholders and 10 per cent to shareholders as surplus for distribution is determined via the annual actuarial valuation.
The WPSF held a provision of £47 million at 31 December 2015 (2014: £50 million) to honour guarantees on a small amount of guaranteed annuity products. SAIF’s exposure to guaranteed annuities is described below.
With-profits products provide returns to policyholders through bonuses that are ‘smoothed’. There are two types of bonuses: ‘regular’ and ‘final’. Regular bonuses are declared once a year, and once credited, are guaranteed in accordance with the terms of the particular product. Unlike regular bonuses, final bonuses are guaranteed only until the next bonus declaration.
The main factors that influence the determination of bonus rates are the return on the investments of the with-profits fund, inflation, taxation, the expenses of the fund chargeable to policyholders and the degree to which investment returns are smoothed. The overall rate of return earned on investments and the expectation of future investment returns are the most important influences on bonus rates.
A high proportion of the assets backing the with-profits business are invested in equities and real estate. If the financial strength of the with-profits business is affected, then a higher proportion of fixed interest or similar assets might be held by the fund.
Further details on the determination of the two types of the bonuses: ‘regular’ and ‘final’ are provided below.
Regular bonus rates
For regular bonuses, the bonus rates are determined for each type of policy primarily by targeting the bonus level at a prudent proportion of the long-term expected future investment return on underlying assets. The expected future investment return is reduced as appropriate for each type of policy to allow for items such as expenses, charges, tax and shareholders’ transfers. However, the rates declared may differ by product type, or by the date of payment of the premium, or date of issue of the policy, or if the accumulated regular bonuses are particularly high or low, relative to a prudent proportion of the achieved investment return.
When target bonus levels change the PAC Board of Directors has regard to the overall strength of the long-term fund when determining the length of time over which it will seek to achieve the amended prudent target bonus level.
In normal investment conditions, PAC expects changes in regular bonus rates to be gradual over time. However, PAC retains the discretion whether or not to declare a regular bonus each year, and there is no limit on the amount by which regular bonus rates can change.
Final bonus rates
A final bonus which is normally declared yearly, may be added when a claim is paid or when units of a unitised product are realised. The rates of final bonus usually vary by type of policy and by reference to the period, usually a year, in which the policy commences or each premium is paid. These rates are determined by reference to the asset shares for the sample policies but subject to the smoothing approach as explained below.
In general, the same final bonus scale applies to maturity, death and surrender claims except that:
— The total surrender value may be impacted by the application of a Market Value Reduction for accumulating with-profits policies and by the surrender bases for conventional with-profits business; and
— For the SAIF and Scottish Amicable, the final bonus rates applicable on surrender may be adjusted to reflect expected future bonus rates.
Application of significant judgement
The application of the above method for determining bonuses requires the PAC Board to apply significant judgement in many respects, including in particular the following:
— Determining what constitutes fair treatment of customers: Prudential is required by UK law and regulation to consider the fair treatment of its customers in setting bonus levels. The concept of determining what constitutes fair treatment, while established by statute, is not defined;
— Smoothing of investment returns: This is an important feature of with-profits products. Determining when particular circumstances, such as a significant rise or fall in market values, warrant variations in the standard bonus smoothing limits that apply in normal circumstances requires the PAC Board of Directors to exercise significant judgement; and
— Determining at what level to set bonuses to ensure that they are competitive: The overall return to policyholders is an important competitive measure for attracting new business.
232 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Key assumptions
As noted above, the overall rate of return on investments and the expectation of future investment returns are the most important
influences in bonus rates, subject to the smoothing described below. Prudential determines the assumptions to apply in respect of these
factors, including the effects of reasonably likely changes in key assumptions, in the context of the overarching discretionary and
smoothing framework that applies to its with-profits business as described above. As such, it is not possible to specifically quantify the
effects of each of these assumptions, or of reasonably likely changes in these assumptions.
Prudential’s approach, in applying significant judgement and discretion in relation to determining bonus rates, is consistent
conceptually with the approach adopted by other firms that manage a with-profits business and is also consistent with the requirements
of the Principles and Practices of Financial Management (PPFM) that are applied in the management of their with-profits funds.
The principles contain an explanation of how it determines regular and final bonus rates within the discretionary framework that
applies to all with-profits policies, subject to the general legislative requirements applicable. Its purpose is therefore to:
— Explain the nature and extent of the discretion available;
— Show how competing or conflicting interests or expectations of different groups and generations of policyholders, and policyholders
and shareholders are managed so that all policyholders and shareholders are treated fairly; and
— Provide a knowledgeable observer (eg a financial adviser) with an understanding of the material risks and rewards from starting
and continuing to invest in a with-profits policy with Prudential.
Furthermore, in accordance with industry-wide regulatory requirements, the PAC Board has appointed:
— A Chief Actuary who provides the PAC Board with all actuarial advice;
— A With-Profits Actuary whose specific duty is to advise the PAC Board on the reasonableness and proportionality of the manner
in which its discretion has been exercised in applying the Principles and Practices of Financial Management and the manner in which
any conflicting interests have been addressed; and
— A With-Profits Committee of independent individuals, which assesses the degree of compliance with the Principles and Practices
of Financial Management and the manner in which conflicting rights have been addressed.
Smoothing of investment return
In determining bonus rates for the UK with-profits policies, smoothing is applied to the allocation of the overall earnings of the UK
with-profits fund of which the investment return is a significant element. The smoothing approach differs between accumulating and
conventional with-profits policies to reflect the different contract features. In normal circumstances, Prudential does not expect most
payout values on policies of the same duration to change by more than 10 per cent up or down from one year to the next, although
some larger changes may occur to balance payout values between different policies. Greater flexibility may be required in certain
circumstances, for example following a significant rise or fall in market values, and in such situations the PAC Board may decide to vary
the standard bonus smoothing limits in order to protect the overall interests of policyholders.
The degree of smoothing is illustrated numerically by comparing in the following table the relatively ‘smoothed’ level of policyholder
bonuses declared as part of the surplus for distribution, with the more volatile movement in investment return and other items of income
and expenditure of the UK component of the PAC with-profits fund for each year presented.
2015 £m 2014 £m
Net income of the fund:
Investment return 3,130 8,958
Claims incurred(6,745)(6,115)
Movement in policyholder liabilities(1,307)(4,366)
Add back policyholder bonuses for the year (as shown below) 1,943 1,812
Claims incurred and movement in policyholder liabilities (including charge for provision for asset
shares and excluding policyholder bonuses)(6,109)(8,669)
Earned premiums, net of reinsurance 6,507 3,007
Other income 210 72
Acquisition costs and other expenditure(1,318)(961)
Share of profits from investment joint ventures 53 129
Tax charge(148)(440)
Net income of the fund before movement in unallocated surplus 2,325 2,096
Movement in unallocated surplus(168)(84)
Surplus for distribution 2,157 2,012
Surplus for distribution allocated as follows:
90% policyholders’ bonus (as shown above) 1,943 1,812
10% shareholders’ transfers 214 200
2,157 2,012
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 233
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C4: Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus continued C4.2 Products and determining contract liabilities continued ii Annuity business
Prudential’s conventional annuities include level, fixed-increase and inflation-linked annuities, the link being to the Retail Price Index (RPI) in the majority of cases.
Prudential’s fixed-increase annuities incorporate automatic increases in annuity payments by fixed amounts over the policyholder’s life. The RPI annuities that Prudential offers provide for a regular annuity payment to which an additional amount is added periodically based on the increase in the UK RPI.
Prudential’s with-profits annuities, which are written in the WPSF, combine the income features of annuity products with the investment smoothing features of with-profits products and enable policyholders to obtain exposure to investment return on the WPSF’s equity shares, property and other investment categories over time. Policyholders select a ‘required smoothed return’ bonus from the specific range Prudential offers for the particular product. The amount of the annuity payment each year depends upon the relationship between the required smoothed return bonus rate selected by the policyholder when the product is purchased and the smoothed return bonus rates Prudential subsequently declares each year during the term of the product. If the total bonus rates fall below the anticipated rate, then the annuity income falls.
iii SAIF
SAIF is a ring-fenced sub-fund of the PAC long-term fund formed following the acquisition of the mutually owned Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society in 1997. No new business may be written in SAIF, although regular premiums are still being paid on policies in force at the time of the acquisition and incremental premiums are permitted on these policies.
The fund is solely for the benefit of policyholders of SAIF. Shareholders have no interest in the profits of this fund although they are entitled to asset management fees on this business.
The process for determining policyholder bonuses of SAIF with-profits policies, which constitute the vast majority of obligations of the funds, is similar to that for the with-profits policies of the WPSF. However, in addition, the surplus assets in SAIF are allocated to policies in an orderly and equitable distribution over time as enhancements to policyholder benefits ie in excess of those based on asset share.
Provision is made for the risks attaching to some SAIF unitised with-profits policies that have (Market Value Reduction) MVR-free dates and for those SAIF products which have a guaranteed minimum benefit on death or maturity of premiums accumulated at 4 per cent per annum.
The Group’s main exposure to guaranteed annuities in the UK is through SAIF and a provision of £412 million was held in SAIF at
31 December 2015 (2014: £549 million) to honour the guarantees. As SAIF is a separate sub-fund solely for the benefit of policyholders of SAIF, this provision has no impact on the financial position of the Group’s shareholders’ equity.
iv Unit-linked (non-annuity) and other non-profit business
Prudential UK insurance operations also have an extensive book of unit-linked policies of varying types and provide a range of other non-profit business such as credit life and protection contracts. These contracts do not contain significant financial guarantees.
There are no guaranteed maturity values or guaranteed annuity options on unit-linked policies except for minor amounts for certain policies linked to cash units within SAIF.
Determining contract liabilities i Overview
The calculation of the contract liabilities involves the setting of assumptions for future experience. This is done following detailed review of the relevant experience including in particular mortality, expenses, tax, economic assumptions and, where applicable, persistency.
For with-profits business written in the WPSF or SAIF, a market consistent valuation is performed (as described in section (ii) below). Additional assumptions required are for persistency and the management actions under which the fund is managed. Assumptions used for a market-consistent valuation typically do not contain margins, whereas those used for the valuation of other classes of business do.
Mortality assumptions are set based on the results of the most recent experience analysis looking at the experience over recent years of the relevant business. For non-profit business, a margin for adverse deviation is added. Different assumptions are applied for different product groups. For annuitant mortality, assumptions for current mortality rates are based on recent experience investigations and expected future improvements in mortality. The expected future improvements are based on recent experience and projections of the business and industry experience generally.
Maintenance and, for some classes of business, termination expense assumptions are expressed as per policy amounts. They are set based on the expenses incurred during the year, including an allowance for ongoing investment expenditure and allocated between entities and product groups in accordance with the operation’s internal cost allocation model. For non-profit business a margin for adverse deviation is added to this amount. Expense inflation assumptions are set consistent with the economic basis and based on the difference between yields on nominal gilts and index-linked gilts.
The actual renewal expenses incurred on behalf of SAIF by other Group companies are recharged in full to SAIF.
The assumptions for asset management expenses are based on the charges specified in agreements with the Group’s asset management operations, plus a margin for adverse deviation for non-profit business.
Tax assumptions are set equal to current rates of taxation.
For non-profit business excluding unit-linked business, the valuation interest rates used to discount the liabilities are based on the yields as at the valuation date on the assets backing the technical provisions. For fixed interest securities the gross redemption yield is used except for the non-profit annuities within PAC and PRIL annuity business where the internal rate of return of the assets backing the liabilities is used. Properties are valued using the lower of the rental yield and the redemption yield, and for equities it is the greater of the dividend yield and the average of the dividend yield and the earnings yield. An adjustment is made to the yield on non-risk-free fixed interest securities and property to reflect credit risk. To calculate the non-unit reserves for linked business, assumptions have been set for the gross unit growth rate and the rate of inflation of maintenance expenses, as well as for the valuation interest rate as described above.
234 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
ii WPSF and SAIF
The policyholder liabilities reported for the WPSF are primarily for two broad types of business. These are accumulating and
conventional with-profits contracts. The policyholder liabilities of the WPSF are accounted for under FRS 27.
The provisions have been determined on a basis consistent with the detailed methodology included in regulations contained in the
PRA’s rules for the determination of reserves on the PRA’s ‘realistic’ Peak 2 basis. In aggregate, the regime has the effect of placing a value
on the liabilities of UK with-profits contracts, which reflects the amounts expected to be paid based on the current value of investments
held by the with-profits funds and current circumstances. These contracts are a combination of insurance and investment contracts with
discretionary participation features, as defined by IFRS 4.
The PRA’s Peak 2 calculation under the realistic regime requirement is explained further in note A3.1(d) under the UK regulated
with-profits section.
The contract liabilities for with-profits business also require assumptions for persistency. These are set based on the results of recent
experience analysis.
The process of determining policyholder liabilities of SAIF is similar to that for the with-profits policies of the WPSF.
iii Annuity business
Credit risk provisions
For IFRS reporting, the results for UK shareholder-backed annuity business are particularly sensitive to the allowances made for credit
risk. Further details on credit risk allowance are provided in note B4(c).
Mortality
The mortality assumptions are set in light of recent population and internal experience. The assumptions used are percentages
of standard actuarial mortality tables with an allowance for future mortality improvements. Where annuities have been sold on
an enhanced basis to impaired lives an additional age adjustment is made. The percentages of the standard table used are selected
according to the source of business.
New mortality projection models are released annually by the Continuous Mortality Investigation (CMI). The CMI 2014 model was
used to produce the 2015 results and the CMI 2012 model was used to produce the 2014 results; both calibrated to reflect an appropriate
view of future mortality improvements.
For annuities in payment, the tables and range of percentages used are set out below:
Non-profit annuities
within the WPSF PRIL
CMI Model, with calibration to reflect
future mortality improvements Males Females Males Females
2015 CMI 2014 For males: with a long-term 95% – 97% 91% – 103% 93% 83% – 96%
improvement rate of 2.25% pa PCMA00 PCFA00 PCMA00 PCFA00
For females: with a long-term
improvement rate of 1.50% pa
2014 CMI 2012 For males: with a long-term 93% – 99% 89% – 101% 91% – 95% 84% – 98%
improvement rate of 2.25% pa PCMA00 PCFA00 PCMA00 PCFA00
For females: with a long-term
improvement rate of 1.50% pa
For annuities in deferment, the tables used by both the non-profit annuities within the WPSF and PRIL were AM92 – 4 years (Males) and
AF92 – 4 years (Females) for 2015 and 2014.
iv Unit-linked (non-annuity) and other non-profit business
The majority of other long-term business written in the UK insurance operations is unit-linked business or other business with similar
features. For these contracts the attaching liability reflects the unit value obligation and provision for expenses and mortality risk.
The latter component is determined by applying mortality assumptions on a basis that is appropriate for the policyholder profile.
For unit-linked business, the assets covering unit liabilities are exposed to market risk, but the residual risk when considering the
unit-linked liabilities and assets together is limited to the effect on fund-based charges.
For those contracts where the level of insurance risk is insignificant, the assets and liabilities arising under the contracts are
distinguished between those that relate to the financial instrument liability and acquisition costs and deferred income that relate to the
component of the contract that relates to investment management. Acquisition costs and deferred income are recognised consistent
with the level of service provision in line with the requirements of IAS 18.
v Effect of changes in assumptions used to measure insurance assets and liabilities
Credit risk
There has been no change of approach in the setting of assumption levels of credit risk in 2015 and 2014. However, changes in the
portfolio have given rise to altered levels of credit risk allowance as set out in note B4(b).
Other assumption changes
The effect of other assumption changes for the shareholder-backed business is set out in note B4(b).
For the with-profits sub-fund, the aggregate effect of assumption changes in 2015 was a net charge to unallocated surplus
of £114 million (2014: net charge of £86 million).
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 235
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C5: Intangible assets
C5.1 Intangible assets attributable to shareholders
a Goodwill attributable to shareholders
2015 £m 2014 £m
Cost
At beginning of year 1,583 1,581
Disposal of Japan life business(120) –
Additional consideration paid on previously acquired business 2 –
Exchange differences(2) 2
At end of year 1,463 1,583
Aggregate impairment –(120)
Net book amount at end of year 1,463 1,463
Goodwill attributable to shareholders comprises:
2015 £m 2014 £m
M&G 1,153 1,153
Other 310 310
1,463 1,463
Other goodwill represents amounts allocated to entities in Asia and the US operations. These goodwill amounts are not individually material.
The aggregate goodwill impairment of £120 million at 31 December 2014 related to the goodwill held by the Japan life business, prior
to its sale in February 2015.
Impairment testing
Goodwill does not generate cash flows independently of other groups of assets and thus is assigned to cash-generating units for the
purposes of impairment testing. These cash-generating units are based upon how management monitors the business and represent
the lowest level to which goodwill can be allocated on a reasonable basis.
Assessment of whether goodwill may be impaired
Goodwill is tested for impairment by comparing the cash-generating units’ carrying amount, including any goodwill, with its
recoverable amount.
With the exception of M&G, the goodwill attributable to shareholders mainly relates to acquired life businesses. The Company
routinely compares the aggregate of net asset value and acquired goodwill on an IFRS basis of acquired life business with the value
of the business as determined using the EEV methodology, as described in note 13. Any excess of IFRS over EEV carrying value is then
compared with EEV basis value of current and projected future new business to determine whether there is any indication that the
goodwill in the IFRS statement of financial position may be impaired. The assumptions underpinning the Group’s EEV basis of reporting
are included in the EEV basis supplementary information in this Annual Report.
M&G
The recoverable amount for the M&G cash-generating units has been determined by calculating its value in use. This has been calculated
by aggregating the present value of future cash flows expected to be derived from the M&G operating segment (based upon
management projections).
The discounted cash flow valuation has been based on a three-year plan prepared by M&G, and approved by management, and cash
flow projections for later years.
The value in use is particularly sensitive to a number of key assumptions as follows:
i The set of economic, market and business assumptions used to derive the three-year plan. The direct and secondary effects of recent
developments, eg changes in global equity markets, are considered by management in arriving at the expectations for the financial
projections for the plan;
ii The assumed growth rate on forecast cash flows beyond the terminal year of the plan. A growth rate of 2.5 per cent (2014:
2.5 per cent) has been used to extrapolate beyond the plan period representing management’s best estimate view of the long-term
growth rate of the business after considering the future and past growth rates and external sources of data;
iii The risk discount rate. Differing discount rates have been applied in accordance with the nature of the individual component
businesses. For retail and institutional business, a risk discount rate of 12 per cent (2014: 12 per cent) has been applied to post-tax
cash flows. The pre-tax risk discount rate was 16 per cent (2014: 16 per cent). Management have determined the risk discount rate
by reference to an average implied discount rate for comparable UK listed asset managers calculated by reference to risk-free rates,
equity risk premiums of 5 per cent and an average ‘beta’ factor for relative market risk of comparable UK listed asset managers.
A similar approach has been applied for the other component businesses of M&G; and
iv That asset management contracts continue on similar terms. Management believes that any reasonable change in the key
assumptions would not cause the recoverable amount of M&G to fall below its carrying amount.
236 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
b Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets attributable to shareholders
The deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets attributable to shareholders comprise:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Deferred acquisition costs related to insurance contracts as classified under IFRS 4 6,948 5,840
Deferred acquisition costs related to investment management contracts, including life assurance
contracts classified as financial instruments and investment management contracts under IFRS 4 74 87
7,022 5,927
Present value of acquired in-force policies for insurance contracts as classified under IFRS 4 (PVIF) 45 59
Distribution rights and other intangibles 1,355 1,275
1,400 1,334
Total of deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets 8,422 7,261
2015 £m 2014 £m
Deferred acquisition costs
PVIF and
Asset other
Asia US UK management intangibles* Total Total
Balance at 1 January 650 5,177 83 17 1,334 7,261 5,295
Additions 265 734 10 – 181 1,190 1,768
Amortisation to the income statement:†
Operating profit(138)(516)(12)(5)(91)(762)(696)
Non-operating profit – 93 – – – 93 653
(138)(423)(12)(5)(91)(669)(43)
Disposals and transfers – – – –(8)(8)(6)
Exchange differences and other movements 4 323 – –(16) 311 334
Amortisation of DAC related to net unrealised
valuation movements on Jackson’s
available-for-sale securities recognised
within other comprehensive income† – 337 – – – 337(87)
Balance at 31 December 781 6,148 81 12 1,400 8,422 7,261
* PVIF and other intangibles include amounts in relation to software rights with additions of £34 million, amortisation of £29 million and a balance at 31 December 2015
of £71 million.
† Under the Group’s application of IFRS 4, US GAAP is used for measuring the insurance assets and liabilities of its US and certain Asia operations. Under US GAAP, most
of Jackson’s products are accounted for under Accounting Standard no. 97 of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FAS 97) whereby deferred acquisition costs
are amortised in line with the emergence of actual and expected gross profits. The amounts included in the income statements and Other Comprehensive Income
affect the pattern of profit emergence and thus the DAC amortisation attaching. DAC amortisation is allocated to the operating and non-operating components of the
Group’s supplementary analysis of profit and Other Comprehensive Income by reference to the underlying items.
Note
PVIF and other intangibles comprise PVIF, distribution rights and other intangibles such as software rights. Distribution rights relate to amounts that have been paid
or have become unconditionally due for payment as a result of past events in respect of bancassurance partnership arrangements in Asia. These agreements allow
for bank distribution of Prudential’s insurance products for a fixed period of time.
US insurance operations
The DAC amount in respect of US insurance operations comprises amounts in respect of:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Variable annuity business 5,713 5,002
Other business 703 759
Cumulative shadow DAC (for unrealised gains booked in other comprehensive income)*(268)(584)
Total DAC for US operations 6,148 5,177
* Consequent upon the negative unrealised valuation movement in 2015 of £1,305 million (2014: positive unrealised valuation movement of £956 million), there
is a gain of £337 million (2014: a charge of £87 million) for altered shadow DAC amortisation booked within other comprehensive income. These adjustments reflect
movement from period to period, in the changes to the pattern of reported gross profits that would have occurred if the assets reflected in the statement of financial
position had been sold, crystallising the unrealised gains and losses, and the proceeds reinvested at the yields currently available in the market. At 31 December 2015,
the cumulative shadow DAC balance as shown in the table above was negative £268 million (2014: negative £584 million).
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 237
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C5: Intangible assets continued
C5.1 Intangible assets attributable to shareholders continued
Overview of the deferral and amortisation of acquisition costs for Jackson
Under IFRS 4, the Group applies ‘grandfathered’ US GAAP for measuring the insurance assets and liabilities of Jackson. In the case of Jackson term business, acquisition costs are deferred and amortised in line with expected premiums. For annuity and interest-sensitive life business, acquisition costs are deferred and amortised in line with a combination of historical and future expected gross profits on the relevant contracts. For fixed and fixed index annuity and interest-sensitive life business, the key assumption is the long-term spread between the earned rate on investments and the rate credited to policyholders, which is based on an annual spread analysis. Expected gross profits also depend on mortality assumptions, assumed unit costs and terminations other than deaths (including the related charges), all of which are based on a combination of actual experience of Jackson, industry experience and future expectations. A detailed analysis of actual mortality, lapse and expense experience is performed using internally developed experience studies.
Acquisition costs for Jackson’s variable annuity products are also amortised in line with the emergence of profits. The measurement of amortisation depends on historical and expected future gross profits which include fees (including those for guaranteed minimum death, income, or withdrawal benefits) as well as components related to mortality, lapse and expense.
Mean reversion technique
For variable annuity products, under US GAAP (as ‘grandfathered’ under IFRS 4) Jackson applies a mean reversion technique for its amortisation of deferred acquisition costs against projected gross profits. This technique is applied with the objective of adjusting the amortisation of deferred acquisition costs that would otherwise be highly volatile due to fluctuations in the level of future gross profits arising from changes in equity market levels. The mean reversion technique achieves this objective by applying a dynamic adjustment to the assumption for short-term future investment returns. Under the mean reversion technique applied by Jackson, the projected level of return for each of the next five years is adjusted from period to period so that in combination with the actual rates of return for the preceding three years, including the current period, the 7.4 per cent long-term annual return (gross of asset management fees and other charges to policyholders, but net of external fund management fees) is realised on average over the entire eight-year period. Projected returns after the mean reversion period revert back to the 7.4 per cent assumption.
However, to ensure that the methodology does not over anticipate a reversion to the long-term level of returns following adverse markets, the mean reversion technique has a cap and floor feature whereby the projected returns in each of the next five years can be no more than 15 per cent per annum and no less than 0 per cent per annum (both gross of asset management fees and other charges to policyholders, but net of external fund management fees) in each year.
Sensitivity of amortisation charge
The amortisation charge to the income statement is reflected in both operating profit and short-term fluctuations in investment returns. The amortisation charge to the operating profit in a reporting period comprises: i A core amount that reflects a relatively stable proportion of underlying premiums or profit; and ii An element of acceleration or deceleration arising from market movements differing from expectations.
In periods where the cap and floor feature of the mean reversion technique are not relevant, the technique operates to dampen the second element above. Nevertheless, extreme market movements can cause material acceleration or deceleration of amortisation in spite of this dampening effect.
Furthermore, in those periods where the cap or floor is relevant, the mean reversion technique provides no further dampening and additional volatility may result.
In 2015, the DAC amortisation charge for operating profit was determined after including a charge for accelerated amortisation of £2 million (2014: charge for accelerated amortisation of £13 million). The 2015 amount primarily reflects the offsetting impacts of the separate account performance of negative 2 per cent, which is lower than the assumed level for the year, and the effect of releasing the 2012 fund returns of 11 per cent from the mean reversion formula.
As noted above, the application of the mean reversion formula has the effect of dampening the impact of equity market movements on DAC amortisation while the mean reversion assumption lies within the corridor. In 2016, it would take approximate movements in separate account values of more than either negative 17 per cent or positive 67 per cent for the mean reversion assumption to move outside the corridor.
238 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Deferred acquisition costs related to insurance and investment contracts attributable to shareholders
Additional movement analysis of deferred acquisition costs and other intangibles attributable to shareholders
The movements in deferred acquisition costs relating to insurance and investment contracts attributable to shareholders are as follows:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Insurance Investment Insurance Investment
contracts management contracts management
note (i) note (i)
DAC at 1 January 5,840 87 4,684 96
Additions 1,007 3 895 8
Amortisation(566)(16) 33(17)
Exchange differences 330 – 315 –
Change in shadow DAC related to movement in unrealised appreciation
of Jackson’s securities classified as available-for-salenote(i) 337 –(87) –
DAC at 31 December 6,948 74 5,840 87
Note
(i) All of the additions are through internal development. The carrying amount of the balance comprises the following gross and accumulated amortisation amounts:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Gross amount 144 234
Accumulated amortisation(70)(147)
Net book amount 74 87
Present value of acquired in-force (PVIF) and other intangibles attributable to shareholders
2015 £m 2014 £m
Other intangibles Other intangibles
Other Other
intangibles intangibles
Distribution(including Distribution(including
PVIF rights software) Total PVIF rights software) Total
note (i) note (ii) note (iii) note (i) note (ii)
At 1 January
Cost 222 1,269 238 1,729 221 458 203 882
Accumulated amortisation(163)(82)(150)(395)(154)(66)(147)(367)
59 1,187 88 1,334 67 392 56 515
Additions – 139 42 181 – 808 57 865
Amortisation charge(8)(50)(33)(91)(9)(24)(26)(59)
Disposals –(8) –(8) –(6)(0)(6)
Exchange differences and other
movements(6)(10) –(16) 1 17 1 19
At 31 December 45 1,258 97 1,400 59 1,187 88 1,334
Comprising:
Cost 209 1,387 278 1,874 222 1,269 238 1,729
Accumulated amortisation(164)(129)(181)(474)(163)(82)(150)(395)
45 1,258 97 1,400 59 1,187 88 1,334
Notes
(i) All of the PVIF balances relate to insurance contracts. The PVIF attaching to investment contracts have been fully amortised. Amortisation is charged over
the period of provision of asset management services as those profits emerge.
(ii) Distribution rights relate to fees paid in relation to the bancassurance partnership arrangements for the bank distribution of Prudential’s insurance products
for a fixed period of time. The distribution rights amounts are amortised over the term of the distribution contracts.
(iii) Software is amortised over its useful economic life, which generally represents the licence period of the software acquired.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 239
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C5: Intangible assets continued
C5.2 Intangible assets attributable to with-profits funds
a Goodwill in respect of acquired investment subsidiaries for venture fund and other investment purposes
2015 £m 2014 £m
At 1 January 186 177
Additions in the year – 10
Impairment – –
Exchange differences(1)(1)
At 31 December 185 186
All the goodwill relates to the UK insurance operations segment.
The venture fund investments consolidated by the Group relates to investments of the PAC with-profits fund which are managed
by M&G for which the goodwill is shown in the table above. Goodwill is tested for impairment of these investments by comparing the
investment’s carrying value including goodwill with its recoverable amount (fair value less costs to sell).
b Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets
Other intangible assets in the Group consolidated statement of financial position attributable to with-profits funds consist of:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Deferred acquisition costs related to insurance contracts attributable to the PAC with-profits fundnote(i) 3 3
Distribution rights attributable to with-profits funds of the Asia insurance operationsnote(ii) 27 47
Computer software attributable to with-profits funds 20 11
50 61
Notes
(i) The above costs relate to non-participating business written by the PAC with-profits sub-fund. As the with-profits contracts are accounted for under the
UK regulatory ‘realistic basis’, no deferred acquisition costs are established for this type of business.
(ii) Distribution rights relate to fees paid in relation to the bancassurance partnership arrangements for the bank distribution of Prudential’s insurance products
for a fixed period of time. The distribution rights amounts are amortised over the term of the distribution contracts.
240 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
C6: Borrowings
C6.1 Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations
2015 £m 2014 £m
Holding company operations:
US$1,000m 6.5% Notes 678 641
US$250m 6.75% Notesnote(v) 170 160
US$300m 6.5% Notesnote(v) 203 193
US$700m 5.25% Notesnote(v) 472 444
US$550m 7.75% Notesnote(v) 372 351
Perpetual Subordinated Capital Securitiesnote(i) 1,895 1,789
¤20m Medium Term Notes 2023note(vi) 15 16
£435m 6.125% Notes 2031 430 429
£400m 11.375% Notes 2039 393 391
£600m 5% Notes 2055note(iv) 590 –
£700m 5.7% Notes 2063 695 695
Subordinated Notes 2,123 1,531
Subordinated debt total 4,018 3,320
Senior debt:note(ii)
£300m 6.875% Bonds 2023 300 300
£250m 5.875% Bonds 2029 249 249
Holding company total 4,567 3,869
Prudential Capital bank loannote(iii) 275 275
Jackson US$250m 8.15% Surplus Notes 2027note(vii) 169 160
Total (per consolidated statement of financial position) 5,011 4,304
Notes
(i) The Group has designated all US$2.8 billion (2014: US$2.8 billion) of its subordinated debt as a net investment hedge under IAS 39 to hedge the currency risks
related to the net investment in Jackson.
(ii) The senior debt ranks above subordinated debt in the event of liquidation.
(iii) The Prudential Capital bank loan of £275 million has been made in two tranches: a £160 million loan maturing on 20 December 2017 and a £115 million loan
also maturing on 20 December 2017. These two tranches are currently drawn at a cost of 12-month £LIBOR plus 0.40 per cent.
(iv) In June 2015, the Company issued core structural borrowings of £600 million 5.00 per cent subordinated notes due in 2055. The proceeds net of discount
adjustment and costs, were £590 million.
(v) These borrowings can be converted, in whole or in part, at the Company’s option and subject to certain conditions, on any interest payment date, into one
or more series of Prudential preference shares.
(vi) The €20 million borrowings were issued at 20-year Euro Constant Maturity Swap (capped at 6.5 per cent). These have been swapped into borrowings
of £14 million with interest payable at three-month £LIBOR plus 1.2 per cent.
(vii) Jackson’s borrowings are unsecured and subordinated to all present and future indebtedness, policy claims and other creditor claims of Jackson.
C6.2 Other borrowings
a Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operations
2015 £m 2014 £m
Commercial Paper 1,107 1,704
Medium Term Notes 2015 – 300
Medium Term Notes 2018note(ii) 598 –
Borrowings in respect of short-term fixed income securities programmesnote(ii) 1,705 2,004
Non-recourse borrowings of US operations – 19
Bank loans and overdrafts 10 6
Obligations under finance leases 4 4
Other borrowingsnote(iii) 241 230
Other borrowings 255 240
Totalnote(i),(iv) 1,960 2,263
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 241
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C6: Borrowings continued
C6.2 Other borrowings continued
Notes
(i) In addition to the debt listed above, £200 million Floating Rate Notes were issued by Prudential plc in October 2015 which will mature in October 2016.
These Notes have been wholly subscribed to a Group subsidiary and accordingly have been eliminated on consolidation in the Group financial statements.
These Notes were originally issued in October 2008 and have been reissued upon their maturity.
(ii) In January and November 2015, the Company issued £300 million Medium Term Notes which will mature in January 2018 and November 2018 respectively.
The proceeds, net of costs, were £299 million for the January 2015 issue and £299 million for the November 2015 issue.
(iii) Other borrowings mainly include amounts whose repayment to the lender is contingent upon future surplus emerging from certain contracts specified under
the arrangement. If insufficient surplus emerges on those contracts, there is no recourse to other assets of the Group and the liability is not payable to the degree
of shortfall. In addition, other borrowings include senior debt issued through the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis (FHLB), secured by collateral posted
with the FHLB by Jackson.
(iv) In all instances the holders of the debt instruments issued by these subsidiaries and funds do not have recourse beyond the assets of those subsidiaries and
funds.
b Borrowings attributable to with-profits operations
2015 £m 2014 £m
Non-recourse borrowings of consolidated investment funds* 1,158 924
£100m 8.5% undated subordinated guaranteed bonds of Scottish Amicable Finance plc† 100 100
Other borrowings (predominantly obligations under finance leases) 74 69
Total 1,332 1,093
* In all instances the holders of the debt instruments issued by these subsidiaries and funds do not have recourse beyond the assets of these subsidiaries and funds.
† The interests of the holders of the bonds issued by Scottish Amicable Finance plc, a subsidiary of the Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund, are subordinated to the
entitlements of the policyholders of that fund.
C6.3 Maturity analysis
The following table sets out the remaining contractual maturity analysis of the Group’s borrowings as recognised in the statement
of financial position:
Shareholder-financed operations With-profits operations
Core structural borrowings Operational borrowings Borrowings
2015 £m 2014 £m 2015 £m 2014 £m 2015 £m 2014 £m
Less than 1 year – – 1,293 2,153 137 119
1 to 2 years 275 – – 9 226 50
2 to 3 years – 275 598 1 168 65
3 to 4 years – – – – 36 74
4 to 5 years – – – 65 32 31
Over 5 years 4,736 4,029 69 35 733 754
Total 5,011 4,304 1,960 2,263 1,332 1,093
C7: Risk and sensitivity analysis
C7.1 Group overview
The Group’s risk framework and the management of the risk including those attached to the Group’s financial statements including
financial assets, financial liabilities and insurance liabilities, together with the inter-relationship with the management of capital have been
included in the audited sections of Group Chief Risk Officer’s report on the risks facing our business and how these are managed.
The financial and insurance assets and liabilities on the Group’s balance sheet are, to varying degrees, subject to market and insurance
risk and other changes of experience assumptions that may have a material effect on IFRS basis profit or loss and shareholders’ equity.
The market and insurance risks, including how they affect Group’s operations and how these are managed are discussed in the Group
Chief Risk Officer’s report.
The most significant items for which the IFRS shareholders’ profit or loss and shareholders’ equity for the Group’s life assurance
business is sensitive to, are shown in the following tables. The distinction between direct and indirect exposure is not intended to indicate
the relative size of the sensitivity.
242 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
Type of business Market and credit risk Insurance and lapse risk
Investments/derivatives Liabilities/unallocated surplus Other exposure
Asia insurance operations (see also section C7.2)
Mortality and
All business Currency risk morbidity risk
Persistency risk
With-profits business Net neutral direct exposure (indirect exposure only) Investment performance
subject to smoothing
through declared bonuses
Unit-linked business Net neutral direct exposure (indirect exposure only) Investment performance
through asset
management fees
Non-participating Asset/liability mismatch risk
business Credit risk Interest rates for those
operations where the basis
of insurance liabilities is
sensitive to current market
movements
Interest rate and price risk
US insurance operations (see also section C7.3)
All business Currency risk Persistency risk
Variable annuity Net effect of market risk arising from incidence of
business guarantee features and variability of asset management
fees offset by derivative hedging programme
Fixed index annuity Derivative hedge programme Incidence of equity
business to the extent not fully hedged participation features
against liability
Fixed index annuities, Credit risk Spread difference Lapse risk, but the
Fixed annuities and Interest rate risk between earned rate effects of extreme
GIC business Profit and loss and and rate credited to events are mitigated by
shareholders’ equity are policyholders the application of market
volatile for these risks as they value adjustments
affect the values of derivatives
and embedded derivatives
and impairment losses. In
addition, shareholders’ equity
is volatile for the incidence of
these risks on unrealised
appreciation of fixed income
securities classified as
available-for-sale under IAS 39
UK insurance operations (see also section C7.4)
With-profits business Net neutral direct exposure (indirect exposure only) Investment performance Persistency risk to future
subject to smoothing shareholder transfers
through declared bonuses
SAIF sub-fund Net neutral direct exposure (indirect exposure only) Asset management fees
earned by M&G
Unit-linked business Net neutral direct exposure (indirect exposure only) Investment performance Persistency risk
through asset
management fees
Asset/liability mismatch risk
Shareholder-backed Credit risk for assets covering Mortality experience
annuity business liabilities and shareholder and assumptions for
capital longevity
Interest rate risk for assets in
excess of liabilities, ie assets
representing shareholder
capital
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 243
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C7: Risk and sensitivity analysis continued C7.1 Group overview continued
Detailed analyses of sensitivity of IFRS basis profit or loss and shareholders’ equity to key market and other risks by business unit are provided in notes C7.2, C7.3, C7.4 and C7.5. The sensitivity analyses provided show the effect on profit or loss and shareholders’ equity to changes in the relevant risk variables, all of which are reasonably possible at the relevant balance sheet date. In the equity risk sensitivity analysis shown below, the Group has considered the impact of an instantaneous 20 per cent fall in equity markets. If equity markets were to fall by more than 20 per cent, the Group believes that this would not be an instantaneous fall but rather this would be expected to occur over a period of time during which the Group would be able to put mitigating management actions in place. In addition, the equity risk sensitivity analysis provided assumed that all equity indices fall by the same percentage.
Impact of diversification on risk exposure
The Group enjoys significant diversification benefits achieved through the geographical spread of the Group’s operations and, within those operations through a broad mix of product types. This arises because not all risk scenarios are likely to happen at the same time and across all geographic regions. Relevant correlation factors include:
Correlation across geographic regions:
— Financial risk factors; and
— Non-financial risk factors.
Correlation across risk factors:
— Longevity risk;
— Expenses;
— Persistency; and
— Other risks.
The effect of diversification across the Group’s life businesses is to significantly reduce the aggregate standalone volatility risk to IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns. The effect is almost wholly explained by the correlations across risk types, in particular mortality and longevity risk.
C7.2 Asia insurance operations
Exposure and sensitivity of IFRS basis profit and shareholders’ equity to market and other risks
The Asia operations sell with-profits and unit-linked policies and, although the with-profits business generally has a lower terminal bonus element than in the UK, the investment portfolio still contains a proportion of equities. Non-participating business is largely backed by debt securities or deposits. The Group’s exposure to market risk arising from its Asia operations is therefore at modest levels. This reflects the fact that the Asia operations have a balanced portfolio of with-profits, unit-linked and other types of business.
In Asia, adverse persistency experience can impact the IFRS profitability of certain types of business written in the region. This risk is managed at a business unit level through regular monitoring of experience and the implementation of management actions as necessary. These actions could include product enhancements, increased management focus on premium collection as well as other customer retention efforts. The potential financial impact of lapses is often mitigated through the specific features of the products, eg surrender charges, or through the availability of premium holiday or partial withdrawal policy features.
In summary, for Asia operations, the operating profit based on longer-term investment returns is mainly affected by the impact of market levels on unit-linked persistency, and other insurance risks. At the total IFRS profit level the Asia result is affected by short-term value movements on the asset portfolio for non-linked shareholder-backed business.
i Sensitivity to risks other than foreign exchange risk
With-profits business
Similar principles to those explained for UK with-profits business in note C7.4 apply to profit emergence for the Asia with-profits business. Correspondingly, the profit emergence reflects bonus declaration and is relatively insensitive to period by period fluctuations in insurance risk or interest rate movements.
Unit-linked business
As for the UK insurance operations, for unit-linked business, the main factor affecting the profit and shareholders’ equity of the Asia operations is investment performance through asset management fees. The sensitivity of profits and shareholders’ equity to changes in insurance risk, interest rate risk and credit risk are not material.
Other business
Interest rate risk
Excluding its with-profits and unit-linked businesses, the results of the Asia business are sensitive to the vagaries of routine movements in interest rates.
244 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
For the purposes of analysing sensitivity to variations in interest rates, reference has been made to the movements in the 10-year
government bond rates of the territories. At 31 December 2015, 10-year government bond rates vary from territory to territory and range
from 1.0 per cent to 8.9 per cent (2014: 1.6 per cent to 8.0 per cent).
For the sensitivity analysis as shown in the table below, the reasonably possible interest rate movement used is 1.0 per cent
for all territories.
The estimated sensitivity to the decrease and increase in interest rates at 31 December 2015 and 2014 is as follows:
2015 £ m 2014 £ m
Decrease Increase Decrease Increase
of 1% of 1% of 1% of 1%
Profit before tax attributable to shareholders 185(339)(54)(137)
Related deferred tax (where applicable)(34) 59(5) 24
Net effect on profit and shareholders’ equity 151(280)(59)(113)
The pre-tax impacts, if they arose, would mostly be recorded within the category short-term fluctuations in investments returns in the
Group’s segmental analysis of profit before tax.
The degree of sensitivity of the results of the non-linked shareholder-backed business of the Asia operations to movements in interest
rates depends upon the degree to which the liabilities under the ‘grandfathered’ IFRS 4 measurement basis reflects market interest rates
from period to period. For example for those countries, such as those applying US GAAP, the results can be more sensitive as the effect
of interest rate movements on the backing investments may not be offset by liability movements.
In addition, the degree of sensitivity of the results shown in the table above is dependent on the interest rate level at that point of time.
The low interest rates in certain countries have had an adverse impact on the degree of sensitivity to a decrease in interest rates.
An additional factor to the direction of the sensitivity of the Asia operations as a whole is movement in the country mix.
Equity price risk
The non-linked shareholder business has limited exposure to equity and property investment (31 December 2015: £840 million).
Generally changes in equity and property investment values are not directly offset by movements in policyholder liabilities.
The estimated sensitivity to a 10 per cent and 20 per cent change in equity and property prices for shareholder-backed Asia other
business, which would be reflected in the short-term fluctuations component of the Group’s segmental analysis of profit before tax,
at 31 December 2015 and 2014 would be as follows:
2015 £ m 2014 £ m
Decrease Decrease
of 20% of 10% of 20% of 10%
Profit before tax attributable to shareholders(169)(85)(187)(93)
Related deferred tax (where applicable) 21 10 23 11
Net effect on profit and shareholders’ equity(148)(75)(164)(82)
A 10 or 20 per cent increase in their value would have an approximately equal and opposite effect on profit and shareholders’ equity
to the sensitivities shown above. The market risk sensitivities shown above reflect the impact of temporary market movements and,
therefore, the primary effect of such movements would, in the Group’s segmental analysis of profits, be included within the short-term
fluctuations in investment returns.
Insurance risk
Many of the territories in Asia are exposed to mortality/morbidity risk and provision is made within policyholder liabilities on a prudent
regulatory basis to cover the potential exposure. If these prudent assumptions were strengthened by 5 per cent then it is estimated that
post-tax profit and shareholders’ equity would be decreased by approximately £43 million (2014: £40 million). Mortality and morbidity
have a symmetrical effect on the portfolio and any weakening of these assumptions would have a similar equal and opposite impact.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 245
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C7: Risk and sensitivity analysis continued
C7.2 Asia insurance operations continued
ii Sensitivity to foreign exchange risk
Consistent with the Group’s accounting policies, the profits of the Asia insurance operations are translated at average exchange rates and
shareholders’ equity at the closing rate for the reporting period. For 2015, the rates for the most significant operations are given in note A1.
A 10 per cent increase (strengthening of the pound sterling) or decrease (weakening of the pound sterling) in these rates would have
reduced or increased profit before tax attributable to shareholders, profit for the year and shareholders’ equity, excluding goodwill
attributable to Asia operations respectively as follows:
A 10% increase in local currency A 10% decrease in local currency
to £ exchange rates to £ exchange rates
2015 £m 2014 £m 2015 £m 2014 £m
Profit before tax attributable to shareholders(94)(111) 115 135
Profit for the year(79)(95) 97 117
Shareholders’ equity, excluding goodwill, attributable to Asia operations(367)(315) 449 384
C7.3 US insurance operations
Exposure and sensitivity of IFRS basis profit and shareholders’ equity to market and other risks
At the level of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, Jackson’s results are sensitive to market conditions to the extent
of income earned on spread-based products and indirectly in respect of variable annuity asset management fees.
Jackson’s main exposures are to market risk through its exposure to interest rate risk and equity risk. Approximately 92 per cent
(2014: 94 per cent) of its general account investments support fixed interest rate and fixed index annuities, variable annuity fixed account
deposits and guarantees, life business and surplus and 8 per cent (2014: 6 per cent) support institutional businesses. All of these types
of business contain considerable interest rate guarantee features and, consequently, require that the assets that support them are
primarily fixed income or fixed maturity.
Jackson is exposed primarily to the following risks:
Risks Risk of loss
Equity risk — related to the incidence of benefits related to guarantees issued in connection with its variable
annuity contracts; and
— related to meeting contractual accumulation requirements in fixed index annuity contracts.
Interest rate risk — related to meeting guaranteed rates of accumulation on fixed annuity products following a sharp
and sustained fall in interest rates;
— related to increases in the present value of projected benefits related to guarantees issued in
connection with its variable annuity contracts following a sharp and sustained fall in interest rates
in conjunction with a fall in equity markets;
— related to the surrender value guarantee features attached to the Company’s fixed annuity products
and to policyholder withdrawals following a sharp and sustained increase in interest rates; and
— the risk of mismatch between the expected duration of certain annuity liabilities and prepayment
risk and extension risk inherent in mortgage-backed securities.
Jackson’s derivative programme is used to manage interest rate risk associated with a broad range of products and equity market risk
attaching to its equity-based products. Movements in equity markets, interest rates and credit spreads materially affect the carrying
value of derivatives which are used to manage the liabilities to policyholders and backing investment assets. Combined with the use of
US GAAP measurement (as ‘grandfathered’ under IFRS 4) for the insurance contracts assets and liabilities which is largely insensitive
to current period market movements, the Jackson total profit (ie including short-term fluctuations in investment returns) is sensitive
to market movements. In addition to these effects the Jackson shareholders’ equity is sensitive to the impact of interest rate and credit
spread movements on the value of fixed income securities. Movements in unrealised appreciation on these securities are included
as movement in shareholders’ equity (ie outside the income statement).
246 Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.prudential.co.uk
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 247
Jackson enters into financial derivative transactions, including those noted below to reduce and manage business risks.
These transactions manage the risk of a change in the value, yield, price, cash flows or quantity of, or a degree of exposure with respect
to assets, liabilities or future cash flows, which Jackson has acquired or incurred.
Jackson uses free-standing derivative instruments for hedging purposes. Additionally, certain liabilities, primarily trust instruments
supported by funding agreements, fixed index annuities, certain Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit variable annuity features and
reinsured Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit variable annuity features contain embedded derivatives as defined by IAS 39, ‘Financial
Instruments: Recognition and Measurement’. Jackson does not account for such derivatives as either fair value or cash flow hedges as
might be permitted if the specific hedge documentation requirements of IAS 39 were followed. Financial derivatives, including
derivatives embedded in certain host liabilities that have been separated for accounting and financial reporting purposes are carried
at fair value.
Value movements on the derivatives are reported within the income statement. In preparing Jackson’s segment profit as shown in
note B1.1 value movements on Jackson’s derivative contracts, are included within short-term fluctuations in investment returns and
excluded from operating results based on longer-term investment returns.
The principal types of derivatives used by Jackson and their purpose are as follows:
Derivative Purpose
Interest rate swaps These generally involve the exchange of fixed and floating payments over the period for which Jackson
holds the instrument without an exchange of the underlying principal amount. These agreements are
used for hedging purposes.
Swaption contracts These contracts provide the purchaser with the right, but not the obligation, to require the writer to pay
the present value of a long-duration interest rate swap at future exercise dates. Jackson both purchases
and writes swaptions in order to hedge against significant movements in interest rates.
Equity index futures contracts
and equity index options
These derivatives (including various call and put options and interest rate contingent options) are used
to hedge Jackson’s obligations associated with its issuance of certain VA guarantees. Some of these
annuities and guarantees contain embedded options which are fair valued for financial reporting
purposes.
Cross-currency swaps Cross-currency swaps, which embody spot and forward currency swaps and additionally, in some
cases, interest rate swaps and equity index swaps, are entered into for the purpose of hedging
Jackson’s foreign currency denominated funding agreements supporting trust instrument obligations.
Credit default swaps These swaps, represent agreements under which Jackson has purchased default protection on certain
underlying corporate bonds held in its portfolio. These contracts allow Jackson to sell the protected
bonds at par value to the counterparty if a default event occurs in exchange for periodic payments
made by Jackson for the life of the agreement. Jackson does not write default protection using credit
derivatives.
The estimated sensitivity of Jackson’s profit and shareholders’ equity to equity and interest rate risks provided below is net of the related
changes in amortisation of DAC. The effect on the related changes in amortisation of DAC provided is based on the current
‘grandfathered’ US GAAP DAC basis but does not include any effect from an acceleration or deceleration of amortisation of DAC.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.248 prudential.co.uk
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C7: Risk and sensitivity analysis continued
C7.3 US insurance operations continued
i Sensitivity to equity risk
At 31 December 2015 and 2014, Jackson had variable annuity contracts with guarantees, for which the net amount at risk (‘NAR’)
is defined as the amount of guaranteed benefit in excess of current account value, as follows:
31 December 2015
Minimum
return
Account
value
£m
Net
amount
at risk
£m
Weighted
average
attained age
Period
until
expected
annuitisation
Return of net deposits plus a minimum return
GMDB 0-6% 70,732 2,614 65.3 years
GMWB – Premium only 0% 1,916 56
GMWB* 0-5%† 229 23
GMAB – Premium only 0% 45 –
Highest specified anniversary account value minus withdrawals
post-anniversary
GMDB 7,008 587 65.4 years
GMWB – Highest anniversary only 2,025 202
GMWB* 698 101
Combination net deposits plus minimum return, highest
specified anniversary account value minus withdrawals
post-anniversary
GMDB 0-6% 4,069 640 68.3 years
GMIB‡ 0-6% 1,422 518 0.5 years
GMWB* 0-8%† 63,924 7,758
31 December 2014
Minimum
return
Account
value
£m
Net
amount
at risk
£m
Weighted
average
attained age
Period
until
expected
annuitisation
Return of net deposits plus a minimum return
GMDB 0-6% 64,344 1,463 65.0 years
GMWB – Premium only 0% 2,151 32
GMWB* 0-5%† 264 17
GMAB – Premium only 0% 53 –
Highest specified anniversary account value minus withdrawals
post-anniversary
GMDB 6,581 193 65.0 years
GMWB – Highest anniversary only 2,131 85
GMWB* 830 58
Combination net deposits plus minimum return, highest
specified anniversary account value minus withdrawals
post-anniversary
GMDB 0-6% 3,978 302 67.5 years
GMIB‡ 0-6% 1,595 360 1.4 years
GMWB* 0-8%† 57,323 2,033
* Amounts shown for Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit comprise sums for the ‘not for life’ portion (where the guaranteed withdrawal base less the account
value equals to the net amount at risk (NAR)), and a ‘for life’ portion (where the NAR has been estimated as the present value of future expected benefit payment
remaining after the amount of the ‘not for life’ guaranteed benefits is zero).
† Ranges shown based on simple interest. The upper limits of 5 per cent or 8 per cent simple interest are approximately equal to 4 per cent and 6 per cent respectively,
on a compound interest basis over a typical 10-year bonus period. For example 1 + 10 x 0.05 is similar to 1.04 growing at a compound rate of 4 per cent for a further
nine years.
‡ The GMIB reinsurance guarantees are essentially fully reinsured.
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 249
Account balances of contracts with guarantees were invested in variable separate accounts as follows:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Mutual fund type:
Equity 55,488 50,071
Bond 11,535 11,139
Balanced 13,546 12,901
Money market 832 675
Total 81,401 74,786
As noted above, Jackson is exposed to equity risk through the options embedded in the fixed index annuity liabilities and Guaranteed
Minimum Death Benefit and Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit guarantees included in certain variable annuity benefits
as illustrated above. This risk is managed using an equity hedging programme to minimise the risk of a significant economic impact as
a result of increases or decreases in equity market levels while taking advantage of naturally offsetting exposures in Jackson’s operations.
Jackson purchases external futures and options that hedge the risks inherent in these products, while also considering the impact of
rising and falling guaranteed benefit fees.
As a result of this hedging programme, if the equity markets were to increase further in the future, the net effect of Jackson’s
free-standing derivatives would decrease in value. However, over time, this movement would be broadly offset by increased separate
account fees and reserve decreases, net of the related changes to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs. Due to the nature of the
free-standing and embedded derivatives, this hedge, while highly effective on an economic basis, may not completely mute in the
financial reporting the immediate impact of equity market movements as the free-standing derivatives reset immediately while the
hedged liabilities reset more slowly and fees are recognised prospectively. The opposite impact would be observed if the equity markets
were to decrease.
In addition to the exposure explained above, Jackson is also exposed to equity risk from its holding of equity securities, partnerships
in investment pools and other financial derivatives.
At 31 December 2015, the estimated sensitivity of Jackson’s profit and shareholders’ equity to immediate increases and decreases
in equity markets is shown below. The sensitivities are shown net of related changes in DAC amortisation.
2015 £m 2014 £m
Decrease Increase Decrease Increase
of 20% of 10% of 20% of 10% of 20% of 10% of 20% of 10%
Pre-tax profit, net of related changes in amortisation
of DAC 738 259 (86) (128) 360 130 8 (25)
Related deferred tax effects (258) (91) 30 45 (126) (46) (3) 9
Net sensitivity of profit after tax and shareholders’
equity 480 168 (56) (83) 234 84 5 (16)
Note
The table above has been prepared to exclude the impact of the instantaneous equity movements on the separate account fees. In addition, the sensitivity
movements shown include those relating to the fixed index annuity and the reinsurance of GMIB guarantees.
The above table provides sensitivity movements as at a point in time while the actual impact on financial results would vary contingent
upon the volume of new product sales and lapses, changes to the derivative portfolio, correlation of market returns and various other
factors including volatility, interest rates and elapsed time.
The directional movements in the sensitivities reflect the hedging programme in place at 31 December 2015 and 2014.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.250 prudential.co.uk
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C7: Risk and sensitivity analysis continued
C7.3 US insurance operations continued
ii Sensitivity to interest rate risk
Notwithstanding the market risk exposure previously described, except in the circumstances of interest rate scenarios where the
guarantee rates included in contract terms are higher than crediting rates that can be supported from assets held to cover liabilities, the
accounting measurement of fixed annuity liabilities of Jackson products is not generally sensitive to interest rate risk. This position derives
from the nature of the products and the US GAAP basis of measurement. The Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit features
attached to variable annuity business (other than ‘for life’ components) are accounted for as embedded derivatives which are fair valued
and, therefore, will be sensitive to changes in interest rate.
Debt securities and related derivatives are marked to fair value. Value movements on derivatives, again net of related changes to
amortisation of DAC and deferred tax, are recorded within the income statement. Fair value movements on debt securities, net of related
changes to amortisation of DAC and deferred tax, are recorded within other comprehensive income. The estimated sensitivity of these
items and policyholder liabilities to a 1 per cent and 2 per cent decrease and increase in interest rates at 31 December 2015 and 2014
is as follows:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Decrease Increase Decrease Increase
of 2% of 1% of 1% of 2% of 2% of 1% of 1% of 2%
Profit and loss:
Pre-tax profit effect (net of related changes
in amortisation of DAC) (1,776) (847) 628 1,120 (1,398) (690) 494 875
Related effect on charge for deferred tax 621 296 (220) (392) 489 242 (173) (306)
Net profit effect (1,155) (551) 408 728 (909) (448) 321 569
Other comprehensive income:
Direct effect on carrying value of debt securities
(net of related changes in amortisation of DAC) 3,167 1,782 (1,782) (3,167) 2,979 1,663 (1,663) (2,979)
Related effect on movement in deferred tax (1,108) (624) 624 1,108 (1,043) (582) 582 1,043
Net effect 2,059 1,158 (1,158) (2,059) 1,936 1,081 (1,081) (1,936)
Total net effect on shareholders’ equity 904 607 (750) (1,331) 1,027 633 (760) (1,367)
These sensitivities are shown only for interest rates in isolation and do not include other movements in credit risk that may affect credit
spreads and valuations of debt securities. Similar to sensitivity to equity risk, the sensitivity movements provided in the table above are
at a point in time and reflect the hedging programme in place on the balance sheet date, while the actual impact on financial results would
vary contingent upon a number of factors.
iii Sensitivity to foreign exchange risk
Consistent with the Group’s accounting policies, the profits of the Group’s US operations are translated at average exchange rates and
shareholders’ equity at the closing rate for the reporting period. For 2015, the average and closing rates were US$1.53 (2014: US$1.65)
and US$1.47 (2014: US$1.56) to £1.00 sterling, respectively. A 10 per cent increase (weakening of the dollar) or decrease (strengthening
of the dollar) in these rates would reduce or increase profit before tax attributable to shareholders, profit for the year and shareholders’
equity attributable to US insurance operations respectively as follows:
A 10% increase in US$:£
exchange rates
A 10% decrease in US$:£
exchange rates
2015 £m 2014 £m 2015 £m 2014 £m
Profit before tax attributable to shareholders note (109) (23) 133 29
Profit for the year (87) (23) 107 28
Shareholders’ equity attributable to US insurance operations (378) (370) 462 452
Note
Sensitivity on profit (loss) before tax, ie aggregate of the operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and short-term fluctuations in investment returns.
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 251
iv Other sensitivities
Total profit of Jackson is sensitive to market risk on the assets covering liabilities other than variable annuity business segregated in the
separate accounts.
As with other shareholder-backed business the profit or loss for Jackson is presented by distinguishing the result for the year between
an operating result based on longer-term investment returns and short-term fluctuations in investment returns. In this way the most
significant direct effect of market changes that have taken place to the Jackson result are separately identified. The principal determinants
of variations in operating profit based on longer-term returns are:
——Growth in the size of assets under management covering the liabilities for the contracts in force;
——Variations in fees and other income, offset by variations in market value adjustment payments and, where necessary, strengthening
of liabilities;
——Spread returns for the difference between investment returns and rates credited to policyholders; and
——Amortisation of deferred acquisition costs.
For term business, acquisition costs are deferred and amortised in line with expected premiums. For annuity and interest sensitive life
business, acquisition costs are deferred and amortised in line with expected gross profits on the relevant contracts. For interest-sensitive
business, the key assumption is the expected long-term spread between the earned rate and the rate credited to policyholders, which
is based on an annual spread analysis. In addition, expected gross profits depend on mortality assumptions, assumed unit costs and
terminations other than deaths (including the related charges) all of which are based on a combination of actual experience of Jackson,
industry experience and future expectations. A detailed analysis of actual experience is measured by internally developed expense,
mortality and persistency studies.
Except to the extent of mortality experience, which primarily affects profits through variations in claim payments and Guaranteed
Minimum Death Benefit reserves, the profits of Jackson are relatively insensitive to changes in insurance risk.
Jackson is sensitive to lapse risk and other types of policyholder behaviour, such as the take-up of its Guaranteed Minimum
Withdrawal Benefit product features. In the absence of hedging, equity and interest rate movements can both cause a loss directly and
cause an increased future sensitivity to policyholder behaviour. Jackson has an extensive derivative programme that seeks to manage
the exposure to such altered equity markets and interest rates.
For variable annuity business, the key assumption is the expected long-term level of separate account returns, which for 2015 was
7.4 per cent (2014: 7.4 per cent). The impact of using this return is reflected in two principal ways, namely:
——Through the projected expected gross profits which are used to determine the amortisation of deferred acquisition costs.
This is applied through the use of a mean reversion technique which is described in more detail in note C5.1(b) above; and
——The required level of provision for claims for guaranteed minimum death, ‘for life’ withdrawal, and income benefits.
C7.4 UK insurance operations
Exposure and sensitivity of IFRS basis profit and shareholders’ equity to market and other risks
The IFRS basis results of the UK insurance operations are most sensitive to asset/liability matching, mortality and default rate experience
and longevity assumptions and the difference between the return on corporate bond and risk-free rate for shareholder-backed annuity
business of Prudential Retirement Income Limited and the Prudential Assurance Company non-profit sub-fund. Further details are
described below.
The IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for UK insurance operations is sensitive to changes in longevity
assumptions affecting the carrying value of liabilities to policyholders for UK shareholder-backed annuity business. At the total IFRS
profit level, the result is particularly sensitive to temporary value movements on assets backing the capital of the shareholder-backed
annuity business.
With-profits business
SAIF
Shareholders have no interest in the profits of the ring-fenced fund of SAIF but are entitled to the asset management fees paid on the
assets of the fund.
With-profits sub-fund business
The shareholder results of the UK with-profits business (including non-participating annuity business of the with-profits sub-fund) are
only sensitive to market risk through the indirect effect of investment performance on declared policyholder bonuses.
The investment assets of PAC with-profits funds are subject to market risk. Changes in their carrying value, net of related changes
to asset-share liabilities of with-profits contracts, affect the level of unallocated surplus of the fund. Therefore, the level of unallocated
surplus is particularly sensitive to the level of investment returns on the portion of the assets that represents surplus. However, as
unallocated surplus is accounted for as a liability under IFRS, movements in its value do not affect shareholders’ profit and equity.
The shareholder results of the UK with-profits fund correspond to the shareholders’ share of the cost of bonuses declared on the
with-profits business which is currently one-ninth of the cost of bonuses declared. Investment performance is a key driver of bonuses,
and hence the shareholders’ share of the cost of bonuses. Due to the ‘smoothed’ basis of bonus declaration, the sensitivity to investment
performance in a single year is low relative to movements in the period-to-period performance. However, over multiple periods, it is
important as it may affect future expected shareholder transfers.
Mortality and other insurance risk are relatively minor factors in the determination of the bonus rates. Adverse persistency experience
can affect the level of profitability from with-profits but in any given one year, the shareholders’ share of cost of bonus may only be
marginally affected. However, altered persistency trends may affect future expected shareholder transfers.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.252 prudential.co.uk
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C7: Risk and sensitivity analysis continued
C7.4 UK insurance operations continued
Shareholder-backed annuity business
The principal items affecting the IFRS results of the UK shareholder-backed annuity business are mortality experience and assumptions,
and credit risk. The assets covering the liabilities are principally debt securities and other investments that are held to match the expected
duration and payment characteristics of the policyholder liabilities. These liabilities are valued for IFRS reporting purposes by applying
discount rates that reflect the market rates of return attaching to the covering assets.
Except to the extent of any asset/liability duration mismatch which is reviewed regularly, and exposure to credit risk, the sensitivity of
the Group’s results to market risk for movements in the carrying value of the liabilities and covering assets is broadly neutral on a net basis.
The main market risk sensitivity for the UK shareholder-backed annuity business arises from interest rate risk on the debt securities
which substantially represent shareholders’ equity. This shareholders’ equity comprises the net assets held within the long-term fund
of the Company that cover regulatory basis liabilities that are not recognised for IFRS reporting purposes, for example contingency
reserves, and shareholder capital held outside the long-term fund.
In summary, profits from shareholder-backed annuity business are most sensitive to:
——The extent to which the duration of the assets held closely matches the expected duration of the liabilities under the contracts;
——Actual versus expected default rates on assets held;
——The difference between long-term rates of return on corporate bonds and risk-free rates;
——The variance between actual and expected mortality experience;
——The extent to which changes to the assumed rate of improvements in mortality give rise to changes in the measurement of liabilities; and
——Changes in renewal expense levels.
In addition, the level of profit is affected by change in the level of reinsurance cover.
A decrease in assumed mortality rates of 1 per cent would decrease pre-tax profit by approximately £67 million (2014: £94 million).
A decrease in credit default assumptions of five basis points would increase pre-tax profit by £176 million (2014: £190 million).
A decrease in renewal expenses (excluding asset management expenses) of 5 per cent would increase pre-tax profit by £35 million
(2014: £30 million). The effect on profit would be approximately symmetrical for changes in assumptions that are directionally opposite
to those explained above. The net effect on profit after tax and shareholders’ equity from all the changes in assumptions as described
above would be an increase of approximately £115 million (2014: £101 million).
Unit-linked and other business
Unit-linked and other business represents a comparatively small proportion of the in-force business of the UK insurance operations.
Due to the matching of policyholder liabilities to attaching asset value movements the UK unit-linked business is not directly affected
by market or credit risk. The liabilities of the other business are also broadly insensitive to market risk. Profits from unit-linked and similar
contracts primarily arise from the excess of charges to policyholders for management of assets, over expenses incurred. The former
is most sensitive to the net accretion of funds under management as a function of new business and lapse and timing of death.
The accounting impact of the latter is dependent upon the amortisation of acquisition costs in line with the emergence of margins
(for insurance contracts) and amortisation in line with service provision (for the investment management component of investment
contracts). By virtue of the design features of most of the contracts which provide low levels of mortality cover, the profits are relatively
insensitive to changes in mortality experience.
Sensitivity to interest rate risk and other market risk
By virtue of the fund structure, product features and basis of accounting, the policyholder liabilities of the UK insurance operations are,
except annuity business, not generally exposed to interest rate risk. At 31 December 2015 annuity liabilities accounted for 98 per cent
(2014: 98 per cent) of UK shareholder-backed business liabilities. For annuity business, liabilities are exposed to interest rate risk.
However, the net exposure to the Prudential Assurance Company with-profits sub-fund (for its non-profit annuity business) and
shareholders (for annuity liabilities of Prudential Retirement Income Limited and the non-profit sub-fund) is very substantially ameliorated
by virtue of the close matching of assets with appropriate duration. The level of matching from period to period can vary depending
on management actions and economic factors so it is possible for a degree of mis-matching profits or losses to arise.
The close matching by the Group of assets of appropriate duration to annuity liabilities is based on maintaining economic and
regulatory capital. The measurement of liabilities under capital reporting requirements and IFRS is not the same with contingency
reserves and some other margins for prudence within the assumptions required under the regulatory solvency basis not included for IFRS
reporting purposes. As a result IFRS equity is higher than regulatory capital and therefore more sensitive to interest rate and credit risk.
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www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 253
The estimated sensitivity of the UK non-linked shareholder-backed business (principally annuities business) to a movement in interest
rates is as follows:
2015 £m 2014 £m
A
decrease
of 2%
A
decrease
of 1%
An
increase
of 1%
An
increase
of 2%
A
decrease
of 2%
A
decrease
of 1%
An
increase
of 1%
An
increase
of 2%
Carrying value of debt securities and derivatives 10,862 4,812 (3,935) (7,219) 11,559 5,063 (4,085) (7,457)
Policyholder liabilities (8,738) (3,909) 3,208 5,872 (9,550) (4,250) 3,454 6,297
Related deferred tax effects (402) (172) 138 257 (402) (163) 126 232
Net sensitivity of profit after tax and shareholders’
equity 1,722 731 (589) (1,090) 1,607 650 (505) (928)
In addition the shareholder-backed portfolio of UK non-linked insurance operations covering liabilities and shareholders’ equity includes
equity securities and investment properties. Excluding any second order effects on the measurement of the liabilities for future cash
flows to the policyholder, a fall in their value would have given rise to the following effects on pre-tax profit, profit after tax and
shareholders’ equity.
2015 £m 2014 £m
A decrease
of 20%
A decrease
of 10%
A decrease
of 20%
A decrease
of 10%
Pre-tax profit (327) (163) (347) (173)
Related deferred tax effects 66 33 75 37
Net sensitivity of profit after tax and shareholders’ equity (261) (130) (272) (136)
A 10 or 20 per cent increase in their value would have an approximately equal and opposite effect on profit and shareholders’ equity
to the sensitivities shown above. The market risk sensitivities shown above reflect the impact of temporary market movements, and,
therefore the primary effect of such movements would, in the Group’s segmental analysis of profits, be included within the short-term
fluctuations in investment returns.
C7.5 Asset management and other operations
a Asset management
i Sensitivities to foreign exchange risk
Consistent with the Group’s accounting policies, the profits of Eastspring Investments and US asset management operations are
translated at average exchange rates and shareholders’ equity at the closing rate for the reporting period. The rates for the functional
currencies of most significant operations are shown in note A1.
A 10 per cent increase in the relevant exchange rates (strengthening of the pound sterling) would have reduced reported profit before
tax attributable to shareholders and shareholders’ equity, excluding goodwill attributable to Eastspring Investments and US asset
management operations, by £11 million and £38 million respectively (2014: £9 million and £33 million, respectively).
ii Sensitivities to other financial risks for asset management operations
The principal sensitivities to other financial risk of asset management operations are credit risk on the bridging loan portfolio of
the Prudential Capital operation and the indirect effect of changes to market values of funds under management. Due to the nature
of the asset management operations there is limited direct sensitivity to movements in interest rates. Total debt securities held at
31 December 2015 by asset management operations were £2,204 million (2014: £2,293 million), the majority of which are held by the
Prudential Capital’s operation. Debt securities held by Prudential Capital are in general variable rate bonds and so market value is limited
in sensitivity to interest rate movements and consequently any change in interest rates would not have a material impact on profit
or shareholders’ equity. The Group’s asset management operations do not hold significant investments in property or equities.
b Other operations
The Group holds certain derivatives that are used to manage foreign currency movements and macroeconomic exposures. The fair value
of these derivatives is sensitive to the combined effect of movements in exchange rates, interest rates and inflation rates. The possible
permutations cover a wide range of scenarios. For indicative purposes, a reasonably possible range of fair value movements could be plus
or minus £150 million.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.254 prudential.co.uk
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C8: Tax assets and liabilities
C8.1 Deferred tax
The statement of financial position contains the following deferred tax assets and liabilities in relation to:
Deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities
2015 £m 2014 £m 2015 £m 2014 £m
Unrealised losses or gains on investments 21 83 (1,036) (1,697)
Balances relating to investment and insurance contracts 1 4 (543) (499)
Short-term temporary differences 2,752 2,607 (2,400) (2,065)
Capital allowances 10 9 (31) (30)
Unused deferred tax losses 35 62 –
Total 2,819 2,765 (4,010) (4,291)
The deferred tax asset at 31 December 2015 and 2014 arises in the following parts of the Group:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Asia insurance operations 66 84
US insurance operations 2,448 2,343
UK insurance operations
SAIF 1 –
PAC with-profits fund (including non-profit annuity business) 83 71
Other 48 61
Other operations 173 206
Total 2,819 2,765
Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that they are regarded as recoverable, that is to the extent that, on the basis of all
available evidence, it can be regarded as more likely than not that there will be suitable taxable profits from which the future reversal
of the underlying temporary differences can be deducted.
The taxation regimes applicable across the Group often apply separate rules to trading and capital profits and losses. The distinction
between temporary differences that arise from items of either a trading or capital nature may affect the recognition of deferred tax assets.
Accordingly, for the 2015 results and financial position at 31 December 2015 the possible tax benefit of approximately £98 million
(2014: £110 million), which may arise from capital losses valued at approximately £0.5 billion (2014: £0.5 billion), is sufficiently uncertain
that it has not been recognised. In addition, a potential deferred tax asset of £52 million (2014: £47 million), which may arise from trading
tax losses and other potential temporary differences totalling £0.3 billion (2014: £0.2 billion) is sufficiently uncertain that it has not been
recognised. Of these, losses of £36 million will expire within the next seven years. Of the remaining losses, £1 million will expire within
20 years and the rest have no expiry date.
The table that follows provides a breakdown of the recognised deferred tax assets set out in the table above for both the short-term
temporary differences and unused tax losses split by business unit. The table also shows the period of estimated recoverability for each
respective business unit. For these and each category of deferred tax asset recognised their recoverability against forecast taxable profits
is not significantly impacted by any current proposed changes to future accounting standards.
Short-term temporary differences Unused tax losses
2015 £m
Expected
period of
recoverability 2015 £m
Expected
period of
recoverability
Asia insurance operations 34 1 to 3 years 30 3 to 5 years
US insurance operations 2,433 With run-off
of in-force
book
– –
UK insurance operations 128 1 to 10 years – –
Other operations 157 1 to 10 years 5 1 to 3 years
Total 2,752 35
Under IAS 12, ‘Income Taxes’, deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is
realised or the liability settled, based on the tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or are substantively enacted at the end of the
reporting period.
The reduction in the UK corporation tax rate to 19 per cent from 1 April 2017 and a further reduction to 18 per cent from 1 April 2020
was substantively enacted on 26 October 2015 which has had the effect of reducing the UK with-profits and shareholder-backed
business element of the deferred tax balances as at 31 December 2015 by £17 million and the effects of these changes are reflected
in the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2015.
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www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 255
C8.2 Current tax
Of the £477 million (2014: £117 million) current tax recoverable, the majority is expected to be recovered in one year or less.
The current tax liability decreased to £325 million (2014: £617 million) reflecting accelerated tax payments in the US insurance
operations during the year.
C9: Defined benefit pension schemes
a Background and summary economic and IAS 19 financial positions
The Group’s businesses operate a number of pension schemes. The specific features of these plans vary in accordance with the
regulations of the country in which the employees are located, although they are, in general, funded by the Group and based either on
a cash balance formula or on years of service and salary earned in the last year or years of employment. The largest defined benefit
scheme is the principal UK scheme, namely the Prudential Staff Pension Scheme (PSPS). PSPS accounts for 84 per cent (2014:
84 per cent) of the underlying scheme liabilities of the Group’s defined benefit schemes.
The Group also operates two smaller UK defined benefit schemes in respect of Scottish Amicable (SASPS) and M&G (M&GGPS).
In addition, there are two small defined benefit schemes in Taiwan which have negligible deficits.
Under the IAS 19 ‘Employee Benefits’ valuation basis, the Group applies the principles of IFRIC 14, ‘IAS 19 – The Limit on a Defined
Benefit Asset, Minimum Funding Requirements and their Interaction’, whereby a surplus is only recognised to the extent that the
Company is able to access the surplus either through an unconditional right of refund to the surplus or through reduced future
contributions relating to ongoing service, which have been substantively enacted or contractually agreed. Further, the IFRS financial
position recorded, reflects the higher of any underlying IAS 19 deficit and any obligation for committed deficit funding where applicable.
The Group asset/liability in respect of defined benefit pension schemes is as follows:
2015 £m 2014 £m
PSPS
note (i)
SASPS
note (ii)
M&GGPS
Other
schemes Total PSPS
note (i)
SASPS
note (ii)
M&GGPS
Other
schemes Total
Underlying economic surplus
(deficit) 969 (82) 75 (1) 961 840 (144) 60 (1) 755
Less: unrecognised surplus note (i) (800) – – – (800) (710) – – – (710)
Economic surplus (deficit)
(including investment
in Prudential insurance
policies) 169 (82) 75 (1) 161 130 (144) 60 (1) 45
Attributable to:
PAC with-profits fund 118 (33) – – 85 91 (72) – – 19
Shareholder-backed
operations 51 (49) 75 (1) 76 39 (72) 60 (1) 26
Consolidation adjustment
against policyholder
liabilities for investment
in Prudential insurance
policies note (iii) – – (77) – (77) – – (132) – (132)
IAS 19 pension asset (liability)
on the Group statement
of financial position note (iv) 169 (82) (2) (1) 84 130 (144) (72) (1) (87)
Notes
(i) For PSPS, the Group does not have an unconditional right of refund to any surplus of the scheme. The PSPS pension asset represents the present value of the
economic benefit (impact) of the Company from the difference between future ongoing contributions to the scheme and estimated accrued cost of service.
No deficit or other funding is required for PSPS. Deficit funding, where applicable, is apportioned in the ratio of 70/30 between the PAC with-profits fund and
shareholder-backed operations following detailed considerations in 2005 of the sourcing of previous contributions. Employer contributions for ongoing
service of current employees are apportioned in the ratio relevant to current activity.
(ii) The deficit of SASPS has been allocated 40 per cent to the PAC with-profits fund and 60 per cent to the shareholders’ fund as at 31 December 2015
(2014: approximately 50/50).
(iii) The underlying position on an economic basis reflects the assets (including investments in Prudential insurance policies that are offset against liabilities
to policyholders on the Group consolidation) and the liabilities of the schemes.
(iv) At 31 December 2015, the PSPS pension asset of £169 million (2014: £130 million) and the other schemes’ pension liabilities of £85 million (2014: £217 million)
are included within ‘Other debtors’ and ‘Provisions’ respectively on the consolidated statement of financial position.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.256 prudential.co.uk
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C9: Defined benefit pension schemes continued
a Background and summary economic and IAS 19 financial positions continued
Triennial actuarial valuations
The last completed actuarial valuation of PSPS was as at 5 April 2014 by CG Singer, Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries, of Towers Watson
Limited. This valuation was finalised in the first half of 2015 and demonstrated the scheme to be 107 per cent funded by reference to the
Scheme Solvency Target that forms the basis of the scheme’s funding objective. The contributions into the scheme are payable at the
minimum level required under the scheme rules. Excluding expenses, the contributions are payable at approximately £6 million per
annum for ongoing service of active members of the scheme. No deficit or other funding is required. Deficit funding for PSPS, when
applicable, is apportioned in the ratio of 70/30 between the PAC with-profits fund and shareholder-backed operations based on the
sourcing of previous contributions. Employer contributions for ongoing service of current employees are apportioned in the ratio relevant
to current activity.
The last completed actuarial valuation of SASPS was as at 31 March 2014 by Jonathan Seed, Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries,
of Xafinity Consulting Limited. This valuation was finalised in the first half of 2015 and demonstrated the scheme to be 78 per cent
funded. It has been agreed with the Trustees that the level of deficit funding be increased from the previous level of £13.1 million per
annum to £21.0 million per annum from 1 January 2015 until 31 March 2024, or earlier if the scheme’s funding level reaches 100 per cent
before this date, to eliminate the actuarial deficit. The deficit funding will be reviewed every three years at subsequent valuations.
The last completed actuarial valuation of M&GGPS was as at 31 December 2014 by Paul Belok, Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries,
of AON Hewitt Limited. This valuation was finalised in the second half of 2015 and demonstrated the scheme to be 98.6 per cent funded.
It has been agreed with the Trustees that no deficit funding is required from 1 January 2016. Deficit funding of £9.3 million was paid in
2015 (2014: £18.6 million).
Defined benefit pension schemes in the UK are generally required to be subject to full actuarial valuations every three years in order
to assess the appropriate level of funding for schemes in relation to their commitments. These valuations include assessments of the likely
rate of return on the assets held within the separate trustee administered funds.
For PSPS, the market value of the scheme assets as at the 5 April 2014 valuation was £6,165 million. The actuarial assumptions used
in determining benefit obligations and the net periodic benefit costs for the purposes of the 2014 valuation were as follows.
%
Rate of increase in salaries Nil
Rate of inflation:
Retail Prices Index (RPI) 3.5
Consumer Prices Index (CPI) 2.8
Rate of increase of pensions in payment for inflation:
Guaranteed (maximum 5%) 2.8
Guaranteed (maximum 2.5%) 2.5
Discretionary Nil
Expected returns on plan assets 3.3
Mortality assumptions:
The tables used for PSPS pensions in payment at 5 April 2014 were:
Base post-retirement mortality
For current male (female) pensioners 113% (108%) of the mortality rates of the 2000 series mortality tables (PNMA00/PNFA00),
published by the Continuous Mortality Investigation Bureau (CMI).
For male (female) non-pensioners 107% (92%) of the 2000 series rates (PNMA00/PNFA00).
Allowance for future improvements to post-retirement mortality
For males (females) up to 2009 100% (75%) of Medium Cohort subject to a minimum rate of improvement of 2.00% pa (1.25% pa) up to
age 90, decreasing linearly to zero by age 120. From 2010 onwards, in line with the CMI’s 2009 projection model with a long-term rate
of 1.75% pa (1.50% pa), and minor scheme-specific calibrations.
Risks to which the defined benefit schemes expose the Group
Responsibility of making good of any deficit that may arise in the schemes lies with the employers of the schemes, which are subsidiaries
of the Group. Accordingly, the pension schemes expose the Group to a number of risks, the most significant of which are interest rate and
investment risk, inflation risk and mortality risk.
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www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 257
Corporate governance
The Group’s UK pension schemes are regulated by ‘The Pension Regulator’ in accordance with the Pension Act 1995. Trustees have been
appointed for each pension scheme and they have the ultimate responsibility to ensure that the scheme is managed in accordance with
the Trust Deed & Rules.
All three of the Group’s UK defined benefit pension schemes (the PSPS, SASPS and M&GGPS) are final salary schemes, which are
closed to new entrants.
The Trustee sets the general investment policy and specifies any restrictions on types of investment and the degrees of divergence
permitted from the benchmark, but delegates the responsibility for selection and realisation of specific investments to the Investment
Managers. The Trustee consults the Principal Employer, the Prudential Assurance Company, on the investment principles, but the
ultimate responsibility for the investment of the assets of the scheme lies with the Trustee.
The Trustee of each of the schemes manages the investment strategy of the scheme to achieve an acceptable balance between
investing in the assets that most closely match the expected benefit payments and assets that are expected to achieve a greater return
in the hope of reducing the contributions required or providing additional benefits to members.
The PSPS scheme has entered into a derivatives based strategy to match the duration and inflation profile of its liabilities. This
involved a reallocation from other investments to other assets with an interest and inflation swap overlay. As at 31 December 2015, the
nominal value of the interest and inflation-linked swaps amounted to £0.7 billion (2014: £0.8 billion) and £3.4 billion (2014: £3.0 billion)
respectively. The SASPS and M&GGPS use very limited or no derivatives to manage their risks.
b Assumptions
The actuarial assumptions used in determining benefit obligations and the net periodic benefit costs for the years ended 31 December
were as follows:
2015 % 2014 %
Discount rate* 3.8 3.5
Rate of increase in salaries 3.0 3.0
Rate of inflation†
Retail prices index (RPI) 3.0 3.0
Consumer prices index (CPI) 2.0 2.0
Rate of increase of pensions in payment for inflation:
PSPS:
Guaranteed (maximum 5%) 2.5 2.5
Guaranteed (maximum 2.5%) 2.5 2.5
Discretionary 2.5 2.5
Other schemes 3.0 3.0
* The discount rate has been determined by reference to an ‘AA’ corporate bond index, adjusted where applicable, to allow for the difference in duration between the
index and the pension liabilities.
† The rate of inflation reflects the long-term assumption for the UK RPI or CPI depending on the tranche of the schemes.
The calculations are based on current mortality estimates with an allowance made for future improvements in mortality. The allowance
made is in line with a custom calibration and was updated in 2014 to reflect the 2012 mortality model from the Continuous Mortality
Investigation Bureau of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (CMI). For the PSPS immediate annuities in payment, in 2015 and 2014, a
long-term improvement rate of 1.75 per cent per annum and 1.25 per cent per annum were applied for males and females, respectively.
c Estimated pension scheme surpluses and deficits
This section illustrates the financial position of the Group’s defined benefit pension schemes on an economic basis and the IAS 19 basis.
The underlying pension position on an economic basis reflects the assets (including investments in Prudential policies that are offset
against liabilities to policyholders on the Group consolidation) and the liabilities of the schemes. The IAS 19 basis excludes the
investments in Prudential policies. At 31 December 2015, the investments in Prudential insurance policies comprise £125 million
(2014: £131 million) for PSPS and £77 million (2014: £132 million) for the M&GGPS. In principle, on consolidation the investments are
eliminated against policyholder liabilities of UK insurance operations, so that the formal IAS 19 position for the scheme in isolation
excludes these items. This treatment applies to the M&GGPS investments. However, as a substantial portion of the Company’s interest in
the underlying surplus of PSPS is not recognised, the adjustment is not necessary for the PSPS investments.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.258 prudential.co.uk
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C9: Defined benefit pension schemes continued
c Estimated pension scheme surpluses and deficits continued
Movements on the pension scheme deficit determined on the economic basis are as follows, with the effect of the application of IFRIC 14
being shown separately:
2015 £m
Surplus (deficit)
in schemes at
1 Jan 2015
(Charge) credit
to income
statement
or other
comprehensive
income
Actuarial gains
and losses
in other
comprehensive
income
Contributions
paid
Surplus (deficit)
in schemes at
31 Dec 2015
All schemes
Underlying position (without the effect of IFRIC 14)
Surplus 755 36 115 55 961
Less: amount attributable to PAC with-profits fund (525) (38) (78) (17) (658)
Shareholders’ share:
Gross of tax surplus (deficit) 230 (2) 37 38 303
Related tax (46) – (7) (7) (60)
Net of shareholders’ tax 184 (2) 30 31 243
Application of IFRIC 14 for the derecognition of PSPS surplus
Derecognition of surplus (710) (26) (64) – (800)
Less: amount attributable to PAC with-profits fund 506 18 49 – 573
Shareholders’ share:
Gross of tax deficit (204) (8) (15) – (227)
Related tax 41 1 3 – 45
Net of shareholders’ tax (163) (7) (12) – (182)
With the effect of IFRIC 14
Surplus 45 10 51 55 161
Less: amount attributable to PAC with-profits fund (19) (20) (29) (17) (85)
Shareholders’ share:
Gross of tax surplus (deficit) 26 (10) 22 38 76
Related tax (5) 2 (4) (7) (14)
Net of shareholders’ tax 21 (8) 18 31 62
Underlying investments of the schemes
On the ‘economic basis’, after including the underlying assets represented by the investments in Prudential insurance policies as scheme
assets, the plans’ assets at 31 December comprise the following investments:
2015 2014
PSPS
£m
Other
schemes
£m
Total
£m %
PSPS
£m
Other
schemes
£m
Total
£m %
Equities
UK 126 70 196 3 126 86 212 2
Overseas 151 329 480 6 143 317 460 6
Bonds
Government 4,795 427 5,222 67 5,078 440 5,518 68
Corporate 970 145 1,115 14 931 117 1,048 13
Asset-backed securities 135 21 156 2 197 26 223 3
Derivatives 183 (5) 178 2 159 (13) 146 2
Properties 70 62 132 2 93 57 150 2
Other assets 298 42 340 4 270 40 310 4
Total value of assets† 6,728 1,091 7,819 100 6,997 1,070 8,067 100
* 93 per cent of the bonds are investment grade (2014: 94 per cent).
† 98 per cent of the total value of the scheme assets are derived from quoted prices in an active market. None of the scheme assets included shares in Prudential plc
or property occupied by the Prudential Group. The IAS 19 basis plan assets at 31 December 2015 of £7,617 million (2014: £7,804 million) is different from the economic
basis plan assets of £7,819 million (2014: £8,067 million) as shown above due to the exclusion of investment in Prudential insurance policies, which are eliminated
on consolidation of £202 million (2014: £263 million) comprising £125 million for PSPS (2014: £131 million) and £77 million for the M&G scheme (2014: £132 million).
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 259
The movements in the IAS 19 pension schemes’ surplus and deficit between scheme assets and liabilities as consolidated in the
financial statements were:
Attributable to policyholders and shareholders
Plan assets
Present value
of benefit
obligations
note (i)
Net surplus
(deficit)
(without the
effect of
IFRIC 14)
Effect of
IFRIC 14 for
derecognition
of PSPS surplus
Economic
basis net
surplus
(deficit)
Other
adjustments
including for
investments
in Prudential
insurance
policies
note (ii)
IAS 19 basis
net surplus
(deficit)
2015 £m
Net deficit, beginning of year 8,067 (7,312) 755 (710) 45 (132) (87)
Current service cost (36) (36) (36) (36)
Past service cost 48 48 48 48
Net interest on net defined benefit
liability (asset) 278 (250) 28 (26) 2 (5) (3)
Administration expenses (5) (5) (5) (5)
Benefit payments (301) 301 – – –
Employers’ contributions note (iii) 56 56 56 56
Employees’ contributions 2 (2) – – –
Actuarial gains and losses note (iv) (278) 393 115 (64) 51 6 57
Settlements or curtailments – – – – – – –
Transfer out of investment in
Prudential insurance policies – – – – – 54 54
Net surplus (deficit), end of year 7,819 (6,858) 961 (800) 161 (77) 84
2014 £m
Net deficit, beginning of year 6,944 (6,298) 646 (602) 44 (114) (70)
Current service cost (30) (30) (30) (30)
Past service cost (4) (4) (4) (4)
Net interest on net defined benefit
liability (asset) 301 (272) 29 (26) 3 (5) (2)
Administration expenses (6) – (6) (6) (6)
Benefit payments (266) 266 – – –
Employers’ contributions note (iii) 55 – 55 55 55
Employees’ contributions 2 (2) – – –
Actuarial gains and losses note (iv) 1,037 (975) 62 (82) (20) (4) (24)
Settlements or curtailments – 3 3 – 3 – 3
Transfer into investment in
Prudential insurance policies – – – – – (9) (9)
Net surplus (deficit), end of year 8,067 (7,312) 755 (710) 45 (132) (87)
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.260 prudential.co.uk
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C9: Defined benefit pension schemes continued
c Estimated pension scheme surpluses and deficits continued
Notes
(i) Maturity profile of the benefit obligations
The weighted average duration of the benefit obligations of the schemes is 18.2 years (2014: 18.4 years).
The following table provides an expected maturity analysis of the benefit obligations as at 31 December:
All schemes £m
1 year or less
After
1 year
to 5 years
After
5 years
to 10 years
After
10 years
to 15 years
After
15 years
to 20 years
Over
20 years Total
2015 240 1,045 1,554 1,688 1,711 8,791 15,029
2014 237 1,012 1,538 1,704 1,736 9,256 15,483
(ii) The adjustments for investments in Prudential insurance policies are consolidation adjustments for intragroup assets and liabilities with no impact to
operating results.
(iii) Total employer contributions expected to be paid into the Group defined benefit schemes for the year ending 31 December 2016 amounts to £45 million
(2015: £45 million).
(iv) The actuarial gains and losses attributable to policyholders and shareholders as shown in the table above are analysed as follows:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Actuarial and other gains and losses
Return on the scheme assets less amount included in interest income (278) 1,037
Losses on changes in demographic assumptions (3) (9)
Gains (losses) on changes in financial assumptions 371 (939)
Experience gains (losses) on scheme liabilities 25 (27)
115 62
Effect of derecognition of PSPS surplus (64) (82)
Consolidation adjustment for investments in Prudential insurance policies and other adjustments 6 (4)
57 (24)
d Sensitivity of the pension scheme liabilities to key variables
The sensitivity information below is based on the core scheme liabilities and assumptions at the balance sheet date. The sensitivity
is calculated based on a change in one assumption with all other assumptions being held constant. As such, interdependencies between
the assumptions are excluded.
The sensitivity of the underlying pension scheme liabilities as shown above does not directly equate to the impact on the profit or loss
attributable to shareholders or shareholders’ equity due to the effect of the application of IFRIC 14 on PSPS and the allocation of a share
of the interest in financial position of the PSPS and SASPS to the PAC with-profits fund as described above.
Assumption applied
Sensitivity change
in assumption
Impact of sensitivity on scheme
2015 2014 liabilities on IAS 19 basis 2015 2014
Discount rate 3.8% 3.5% Decrease by 0.2% Increase in scheme liabilities by:
PSPS 3.3% 3.4%
Other schemes 5.0% 5.2%
Discount rate 3.8% 3.5% Increase by 0.2% Decrease in scheme liabilities by:
PSPS 3.1% 3.2%
Other schemes 4.6% 4.9%
Rate of inflation 3.0% 3.0% RPI: Decrease by 0.2% Decrease in scheme liabilities by:
2.0% 2.0% CPI: Decrease by 0.2% PSPS 0.5% 0.6%
with consequent reduction Other schemes 4.0% 4.2%
in salary increases
Mortality rate Increase life expectancy Increase in scheme liabilities by:
by 1 year PSPS 3.2% 3.3%
Other schemes 2.8% 3.0%
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 261
C10: Share capital, share premium and own shares
Issued shares of 5p each fully paid
2015 2014
Number of
ordinary shares
Share
capital
£m
Share
premium
£m
Number of
ordinary shares
Share
capital
£m
Share
premium
£m
At 1 January 2,567,779,950 128 1,908 2,560,381,736 128 1,895
Shares issued under share-based schemes 4,675,008 – 7 7,398,214 – 13
At 31 December 2,572,454,958 128 1,915 2,567,779,950 128 1,908
Amounts recorded in share capital represent the nominal value of the shares issued. The difference between the proceeds received
on issue of shares, net of issue costs, and the nominal value of shares issued is credited to the share premium account.
At 31 December 2015, there were options outstanding under save as you earn schemes to subscribe for shares as follows:
Number of
shares to
subscribe for
Share price range
Exercisable
from to by year
31 December 2015 8,795,617 288p 1,155p 2021
31 December 2014 8,624,491 288p 1,155p 2020
Transactions by Prudential plc and its subsidiaries in Prudential plc shares
The Group buys and sells Prudential plc shares (‘own shares’) either in relation to its employee share schemes or via transactions
undertaken by authorised investment funds that the Group is deemed to control. The cost of own shares of £219 million as at
31 December 2015 (2014: £195 million) is deducted from retained earnings. The Company has established trusts to facilitate the delivery
of shares under employee incentive plans. At 31 December 2015, 10.5 million (2014: 10.3 million) Prudential plc shares with a market
value of £161 million (2014: £153 million) were held in such trusts all of which are for employee incentive plans. The maximum number
of shares held during 2015 was 10.5 million which was in December 2015.
The Company purchased the following number of shares in respect of employee incentive plans. The shares purchased each month
are as follows:
Number
of shares
2015 Share Price
Cost
£
Number
of shares
2014 Share Price
Cost
£
Low
£
High
£
Low
£
High
£
January 52,474 14.83 15.11 786,584 13,740 13.56 13.56 186,314
February 49,423 16.01 16.14 795,683 16,841 12.77 12.77 215,060
March 4,660,458 16.44 17.01 78,940,633 4,623,303 12.82 13.59 60,161,823
April 52,371 16.78 17.24 892,795 149,199 13.12 13.48 2,006,955
May 145,542 16.07 16.61 2,357,705 1,361,688 13.90 14.13 19,184,679
June 160,078 15.65 16.20 2,563,060 11,290 13.80 13.80 155,802
July 55,208 15.04 15.99 868,713 10,745 13.83 13.83 148,550
August 57,653 15.07 15.17 868,091 11,321 13.22 13.22 149,607
September 154,461 13.57 14.31 2,149,244 355,268 14.18 14.41 5,074,731
October 58,087 15.14 15.22 879,999 51,199 13.75 13.84 704,601
November 56,948 15.01 15.61 866,033 51,314 14.36 14.47 737,173
December 61,441 15.00 15.08 923,600 1,223,290 14.41 15.47 17,983,248
Total 5,564,144 92,892,140 7,879,198 106,708,543
The Group has consolidated a number of authorised investment funds where it is deemed to control these funds under IFRS. Some
of these funds hold shares in Prudential plc. The total number of shares held by these funds at 31 December 2015 was 6.1 million
(2014: 7.5 million) and the cost of acquiring these shares of £54 million (2014: £67 million) is included in the cost of own shares.
The market value of these shares as at 31 December 2015 was £94 million (2014: £112 million). During 2015, these funds made
net disposals of 1,402,697 Prudential shares (2014: net additions of 405,940) for a net decrease of £13 million to book cost
(2014: net increase of £7 million).
All share transactions were made on an exchange other than the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong.
Other than set out above the Group did not purchase, sell or redeem any Prudential plc listed securities during 2015 or 2014.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.262 prudential.co.uk
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C11: Capital position statement
This statement sets out the estimated capital position of the Group’s subsidiaries, by life assurance and asset management operations
by reference to the local regulations as at 31 December 2015.
C11.1 Life assurance business
a Summary statement
The Group’s estimated capital position for its life assurance subsidiaries as at 31 December 2015 with reconciliations to shareholders’
equity is shown below. The available capital for the Group’s life assurance operations is determined by reference to local regulations,
to meet risk and regulatory requirements. For the UK life assurance operations, the estimated capital position as shown below
is by reference to the requirements under the Solvency I basis.
2015 £m 2014 £m
UK life assurance
Jackson
Asia life
assurance
subsidiaries
Total life
assurance
operations
note (b)
Total life
assurance
SAIF operations
PAC
WPSF
Other
UK life
assurance
subsidiaries
and funds
note (i)
Group IFRS shareholders’ equity – – 4,416 4,154 3,956 12,526 11,400
Adjustments to regulatory basis
Unallocated surplus of with-profits
funds – 10,543 – – 2,553 13,096 12,450
Shareholders’ share of realistic
liabilities – (2,346) – – – (2,346) (2,503)
Deferred acquisition costs,
distribution rights and
goodwill of non-participating
business not recognised for
regulatory reporting – (3) (81) (6,148) (1,301) (7,533) (6,450)
Jackson surplus notes note (ii) – – – 169 – 169 160
Investment and policyholder
liabilities valuation differences
between IFRS and regulatory
basis for Jackson note (iv) – – – 4,927 – 4,927 3,710
Pension liability difference
between IAS 19 and
regulatory basis – (127) – – – (127) (47)
Valuation difference on non-profit
annuity liabilities within WPSF
between IFRS basis and
regulatory basis – (113) – – – (113) (251)
Other adjustments note (iii) – (254) (574) 364 (31) (495) (8)
Total adjustments – 7,700 (655) (688) 1,221 7,578 7,061
Total available capital resources
of life assurance businesses
on local regulatory bases – 7,700 3,761 3,466 5,177 20,104 18,461
Notes
(i) Excluding PAC shareholders’ equity that is included in ‘parent company and shareholders’ equity of other subsidiaries and funds’. (See note (b) below).
(ii) For regulatory purposes the Jackson surplus notes are accounted for as capital.
(iii) Other adjustments to shareholders’ equity and unallocated surplus include amounts for the value of non-participating business for UK regulated with-profits
funds, deferred tax, admissibility and other items measured differently on the regulatory basis. For Jackson the principal reconciling item is deferred tax related
to the differences between IFRS and regulatory basis as shown in the table above and other methodology differences.
(iv) The investment and policyholder liabilities valuation difference between IFRS and regulatory bases for Jackson is mainly due to not all investments being
carried at fair value under the regulatory basis and also due to the valuation difference on annuity reserves.
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www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 263
b Reconciliation to the Group total shareholders’ equity
The table below reconciles shareholders’ equity held in life assurance operations as shown in the table in note (a) to the Group total
shareholders’ equity as at 31 December 2015:
2015 £m
Group shareholders’ equity
Total life assurance operations 12,526
Parent company and shareholders’ equity of other subsidiaries note (i) 429
Total Group shareholders’ equity 12,955
Note
(i) Including PAC shareholders’ equity. The £429 million (2014: £411 million) includes the core structural borrowings and the elimination of the investment
in subsidiaries at the parent company.
c Basis of preparation, capital requirements and management
Each of the Group’s long-term business operations is capitalised to a sufficiently strong level for its individual circumstances.
Details by the Group’s major operations are shown below.
i Asia insurance operations
The available capital shown above of £5,177 million (2014: £4,823 million) represents the excess of local regulatory basis assets over
liabilities before deduction of required capital of £1,622 million (2014: £1,514 million).
The businesses in Asia are subject to local capital requirements in the jurisdictions in which they operate. For material Asia operations,
the details of the basis of determining regulatory capital and regulatory capital requirements are as follows:
Hong Kong
For non-participating business, mathematical reserves are generally calculated using a modified net premium approach with no
allowance for future discontinuance. The underlying assumptions are based on a best estimate basis with prudent margins for adverse
deviations. Cash flows are discounted at a valuation interest rate based on a blend between the risk-adjusted portfolio yield and
reinvestment rate.
For participating business, mathematical reserves are based on the guaranteed benefits only and use a modified net premium
approach with no allowance for future discontinuances. Similar to above, the underlying assumptions are based on a best estimate basis
with prudent margins for adverse deviations with the valuation interest rate being a blend of the risk-adjusted portfolio yield and the
reinvestment rate.
For linked business, the value of units is held together with the non-unit reserves calculated in accordance with the standard actuarial
methodology and prevailing regulations.
The capital requirement for solvency margin calculation varies by underlying risk and duration of liabilities but is generally determined
as 4 per cent of mathematical reserves plus 0.3 per cent of the capital at risk.
Indonesia
Solvency capital is determined using a risk-based capital approach. Insurance companies in Indonesia are expected to maintain the level
of net assets above 120 per cent of solvency capital.
Policy reserves for traditional business are determined on a gross premium reserve basis using prudent best estimate assumptions.
For linked business, the value of the units are maintained with a non-unit reserve which is calculated in accordance with standard
actuarial methodology.
Korea
A risk-based capital framework applies in Korea.
Policy reserves for traditional business are determined on a net premium reserve basis using standard mortality and prescribed
standard interest rates. For linked business, the value of the units are held together with the non-unit reserves and calculated in
accordance with the local regulator’s standard actuarial methodology.
Under the risk-based capital solvency requirement, the ratio of an insurer’s available capital to required capital is calculated and the
analysis of equity capital used to determine capital adequacy must take into account market, credit, operational, insurance and interest
rate risks. The scheme requires the ratio be calculated based on integrated financial statements reflecting assets, liabilities and capital
of affiliates and subsidiaries.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.264 prudential.co.uk
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C11: Capital position statement continued
C11.1 Life assurance business continued
Malaysia
A risk-based capital framework applies in Malaysia.
For participating business, a gross premium reserve on the guaranteed and non-guaranteed benefits determined using best estimate
assumptions is held. The amount held is subject to a minimum of a gross premium reserve on the guaranteed benefits, determined using
best estimate assumptions along with provisions of risk margin for adverse deviations discounted at the risk-free rate.
For non-participating business, gross premium reserves are determined using best estimate assumptions along with provisions for risk
margin for adverse deviations. For linked business, the value of units is held together with a non-unit reserve calculated in accordance
with standard actuarial methodology.
Participating fund surplus is not allowed to be used to support a deficit (if any) and the capital requirement of the non-participating
business. The capital requirement is calculated based on a prescribed series of risk charges. The local regulator has set a Supervisory
Target Capital Level of 130 per cent below which supervisory actions of increasing intensity will be taken. Each insurer is also required
to set its own Individual Target Capital Level to reflect its own risk profile and this is expected to be higher than the Supervisory Target
Capital Level.
Singapore
A risk-based capital framework applies in Singapore.
For participating business, a gross premium reserve, determined using prudent best estimate assumptions and which makes
allowance for future bonus, is held. The amount held is subject to a minimum of the higher of the assets attributed to participating
business and a gross premium reserve calculated on specified assumptions, but without allowance for future bonus, that includes
prescribed provisions for adverse deviations (PADs).
For non-participating business, gross premium reserves are held. For linked business, the value of units is held together with a
non-unit reserve calculated in accordance with standard actuarial methodology.
A registered insurer incorporated in Singapore is required at all times to maintain a minimum level of paid-up ordinary share capital
and to ensure that its financial resources are not less than the greater of (i) the total risk requirement arising from the assets and liabilities
of the insurer calculated in accordance with the Singapore Insurance Act; or (ii) a minimum amount of 5 million Singapore Dollars.
The regulator also has the authority to direct that the insurer satisfy additional capital adequacy requirements in addition to those set
forth under the Singapore Insurance Act if it considers such additional requirements appropriate.
Thailand
A risk-based capital framework applies in Thailand.
For non-participating business, the gross premium reserves are determined using best estimate assumptions along with provisions
of risk margin for adverse deviations discounted at the risk-free rate.
The risk-free rate is derived from the greater of the current yield curve of Thai government bonds and the weighted-average yield
curve of the current and prior seven quarters of Thai government bonds, as with a greater weighting on the current quarter.
Capital adequacy is measured based on the Capital Adequacy Ratio (‘CAR’), which is determined as the Total Capital Available
divided by the Total Capital Required. Life insurers are required by law to maintain capital funds which are not less than the greater of
(i) the sum of capital for all risks and asset as prescribed in the regulation and (ii) a minimum amount of 50 million Thai Baht. Insurers are
required by law to maintain capital greater than the prescribed minimum CAR of not less than 100 per cent. However, in case the insurer
has a CAR of less than 140 per cent, the regulator may intervene to oversee the insurer’s financial status.
Vietnam
For traditional business, mathematical reserves are calculated using a modified net premium approach, set using assumptions agreed
with the regulator.
For linked business, the value of units is held together with the non-unit reserves calculated in accordance with the local regulator’s
standard actuarial methodology.
The capital requirement is determined as 4 per cent of reserves plus a specified percentage of 0.1 per cent of sums at risk for policies
with original term less than or equal to five years or 0.3 per cent of sums at risk for policies with original term of more than five years.
An additional capital requirement of Vietnamese Dong 300 billion is also required for companies transacting pension business.
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 265
ii US insurance operations
The regulatory framework for Jackson is governed by the requirements of the US NAIC approved Risk-Based Capital standards.
Under these requirements life insurance companies report using a formula-based capital standard which includes components
calculated by applying factors to various asset, premium and reserve items and a separate model-based component for market risk
associated primarily with variable annuity products. The Risk-Based Capital formula takes into account the risk characteristics of a
company, including asset risk, insurance risk, interest rate risk, market risk and business risk.
The available capital of Jackson shown above of £3,466 million (2014: £3,141 million) reflects US regulatory basis available capital
as adjusted to exclude asset valuation reserves. The asset valuation reserve, which is reflected as available capital, is designed to provide
for future credit-related losses on debt securities and losses on equity investments. Available capital includes a reduction for the effect of
the interest maintenance reserve, which is designed by state regulators to defer recognition of non-credit related realised capital gains
and losses and to recognise them ratably in the future.
Jackson’s Risk-Based Capital ratio is significantly in excess of regulatory requirements. At 31 December 2015, Jackson had a permitted
practice in effect as granted by the local regulator allowing Jackson to carry certain interest rate swaps at book value, as if statutory hedge
accounting were in place, instead of at fair value as would have been otherwise required. Jackson is required to demonstrate the
effectiveness of its interest rate swap programme pursuant to the Michigan Insurance Code. The total effect of this permitted practice,
net of tax, was to decrease statutory surplus by £241 million at 31 December 2015.
Michigan insurance law specifically allows value of business acquired as an admitted asset as long as certain criteria are met. US NAIC
standards limit the admitted amount of goodwill/value of business acquired generally to 10 per cent of capital and surplus.
At 31 December 2015, Jackson reported £222 million of statutory basis value of business acquired as a result of the REALIC acquisition,
which is fully admissible under Michigan insurance law.
iii UK insurance operations
In the UK, up to 31 December 2015, insurers, regulated by PRA, had to hold capital resources equal at least to the Minimum Capital
Requirement (MCR) under the Solvency I basis. In addition the rules required insurers to perform Individual Capital Assessments. Under
these rules insurers assessed for themselves the amount of capital needed to back their business. If the PRA viewed the results of this
assessment as insufficient, it might draw up its own Individual Capital Guidance for a firm, which could be superimposed
as a requirement. These requirements were replaced by the Solvency II regime on 1 January 2016 which is discussed further in the
Strategic Report.
PAC with-profits sub-fund and Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund (under Solvency I basis)
Under PRA Solvency I rules, insurers with with-profits liabilities of more than £500 million must hold capital equal to the higher of the
MCR and the Enhanced Capital Requirement (ECR). The ECR is intended to provide a more risk responsive and ‘realistic’ measure
of a with-profits insurer’s capital requirements, whereas the MCR is broadly speaking equivalent to the previous required minimum
margin under the Interim Prudential Sourcebook and satisfies the minimum EU Standards.
Available capital of the with-profits sub-fund and Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund of £7.7 billion (2014: £7.2 billion) as shown in the
table in section (a) above represents the excess of assets over liabilities on the PRA realistic basis. Unlike the previously discussed FRS 27
basis, realistic liabilities on the regulatory basis include the shareholders’ share of future bonuses. These amounts are shown before
deduction of the risk capital margin as set on the PRA basis which is estimated to be £1.0 billion at 31 December 2015 (2014: £1.0 billion).
Other UK life assurance subsidiaries and funds
The available capital of £3,761 million (2014: £3,297 million) under the Solvency I basis as shown in the table in section (a) above reflects
the excess of regulatory basis assets over liabilities of the subsidiaries and funds, before deduction of the capital resources requirement
of £1,555 million (2014: £1,552 million).
The capital resources requirement for these companies broadly reflects a formula which, for active funds, equates to a percentage of
regulatory reserves plus a percentage of death strains. Death strains represent the payments made to policyholders upon death in excess
of amounts explicitly allocated to fund the provisions for policyholder’s claims and maturities.
iv Group capital requirements
In addition to the requirements at individual company level, PRA requirements apply additional prudential requirements for the Group
as a whole. Up until 31 December 2015 these requirements were under the IGD. Solvency II, which came into force on 1 January 2016,
replaces the IGD capital requirements. Discussion of the Group’s estimated IGD and Solvency II positions at 31 December 2015
is provided in the Strategic Report.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.266 prudential.co.uk
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C11: Capital position statement continued
C11.1 Life assurance business continued
d Transferability of available capital
Up until 31 December 2015, under Solvency I basis for PAC and all other UK long-term insurers, long-term business assets and liabilities
must, by law, be maintained in funds separate from those for the assets and liabilities attributable to non-life insurance business or to
shareholders. Only the ‘established surplus’, the excess of assets over liabilities in the long-term fund determined through a formal
valuation, may be transferred so as to be available for other purposes. Distributions from the with-profits sub-fund to shareholders reflect
the shareholders’ one-ninth share of the cost of declared policyholders’ bonuses.
Any excess of assets over liabilities of the PAC with-profits fund is retained within that fund. The retention of the capital enables it to
support with-profits and other business of the fund by, for example, providing the benefits associated with smoothing and guarantees.
It also provides investment flexibility for the fund’s assets by meeting the regulatory capital requirements that demonstrate solvency and
by absorbing the costs of significant events or fundamental changes in its long-term business without affecting the bonus and investment
policies.
For other UK long-term business subsidiaries, the amounts retained within the companies are at levels which provide an appropriate
level of capital strength in excess of the regulatory minimum.
The concept of long-term fund as described above was abolished under the Solvency II regime, which came into effect on
1 January 2016. The PAC with-profits funds will still be treated as ring-fenced structures under the new regime. Therefore the
consideration of an ‘established surplus’ that needs to be formally transferred no longer exists. However companies as a whole will
be required to meet the new capital requirements. Further information on the Solvency II capital requirements is provided in the
Strategic Report.
For Jackson, capital retention is maintained at a level consistent with an appropriate rating by Standard & Poor’s. Currently Jackson
is rated AA. Jackson can pay dividends on its capital stock only out of earned surplus unless prior regulatory approval is obtained.
Furthermore, dividends which exceed the greater of statutory net gain from operations less net realised investments losses for the prior
year or 10 per cent of Jackson’s prior year-end statutory surplus, excluding any increase arising from the application of permitted
practices, require prior regulatory approval.
For Asia subsidiaries, the amounts retained within the companies are at levels that provide an appropriate level of capital strength in
excess of the local regulatory minimum. For ring-fenced with-profits funds, the excess of assets over liabilities is retained with distribution
tied to the shareholders’ share of bonuses through declaration of actuarially determined surplus. The businesses in Asia may, in general,
remit dividends to the UK, provided the statutory insurance fund meets the local regulatory solvency targets.
Available capital of the non-insurance business units is transferable to the life assurance businesses after taking account of an
appropriate level of operating capital, based on local regulatory solvency targets, over and above basis liabilities.
e Sensitivity of liabilities and total capital to changed market conditions and capital management policies
Prudential manages its assets, liabilities and capital locally, in accordance with local regulatory requirements and reflecting the different
types of liabilities Prudential has in each business. As a result of the diversity of products offered by Prudential and the different
regulatory requirements in which it operates, Prudential employs differing methods of asset/liability and capital management,
depending on the business concerned.
Stochastic modelling of assets and liabilities is undertaken in the UK, Jackson and Asia to assess the economic capital requirements.
A stochastic approach models the inter-relationship between asset and liability movements, taking into account asset correlation,
management actions and policyholder behaviour under a large number of alternative economic scenarios.
In addition, reserve adequacy testing under a range of scenarios and dynamic solvency testing is carried out, including under certain
scenarios mandated by the UK, US and Asian regulators.
The sensitivity of liabilities and other components of total capital vary depending upon the type of business concerned and this
conditions the approach to asset/liability management.
For example, for businesses that are most sensitive to interest rate changes, such as immediate annuity business, Prudential uses cash
flow analysis to create a portfolio of debt securities whose value is expected to change in line with the value of liabilities when interest
rates change. This type of analysis helps protect profits from changing interest rates and is used in the UK for annuity business and by
Jackson for its fixed interest rate and fixed index annuities and institutional products.
For businesses that are most sensitive to equity price changes, Prudential uses stochastic modelling and scenario testing to look at the
future returns on its investments under different scenarios which best reflect the large diversity in returns that equities can produce.
This allows Prudential to devise an investment and with-profits policyholder bonus strategy that, based on the model assumptions,
allows it to optimise returns to its policyholders and shareholders over time while maintaining appropriate financial strength.
Prudential uses this methodology extensively in connection with its UK with-profits business.
f Intra-group arrangements in respect of the Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund
Should the assets of the Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund be inadequate to meet the guaranteed benefit obligations of the policyholders
of the Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund, the PAC long-term fund would be liable to cover any such deficiency in the first instance.
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 267
C11.2 Asset management operations – regulatory and other surplus
Certain asset management subsidiaries of the Group are subject to regulatory requirements. The movement in the year of the surplus
regulatory capital position of those subsidiaries, combined with the movement in the IFRS basis shareholders’ funds for unregulated asset
management operations is as follows:
Asset management operations
2015 £m 2014 £m
M&G US
Prudential
Capital
Eastspring
Investments Total Total
Regulatory and other surplus
Beginning of year 164 157 74 139 534 572
Gains (losses) during the year 357 16 (39) 58 392 396
Movement in capital requirement 31 – – 5 36 (34)
Capital injection – – – 4 4 1
Distributions made to the parent company (150) – (55) (57) (262) (409)
Exchange and other movements – 9 90 – 99 8
End of year 402 182 70 149 803 534
C12: Provisions
2015 £m 2014 £m
Provision in respect of defined benefit pension schemes C9 85 217
Other provisions (see below) 519 507
Total provisions 604 724
Analysis of other provisions:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Legal
provisions
Restructuring
provisions
note (i)
Other
provisions
note (ii)
Total
Legal
provisions
Restructuring
provisions
note (i)
Other
provisions
note (ii)
Total
At 1 January 9 11 487 507 14 13 414 441
Charged to income statement:
Additional provisions 6 10 341 357 5 5 357 367
Unused amounts released (1) (1) (53) (55) (3) (3) (10) (16)
Used during the year (3) (7) (275) (285) (7) (4) (277) (288)
Exchange differences 1 – (6) (5) – – 3 3
Total at 31 December 12 13 494 519 9 11 487 507
Notes
(i) Restructuring provisions primarily relate to restructuring activities of UK insurance operations. The provisions pertain to property liabilities resulting from the
closure of regional sales centres and branches and staff terminations and other transformation costs to enable streamlining of operations.
(ii) Other provisions comprise staff benefits provisions of £384 million (2014: £395 million), provisions for onerous contracts of £31 million (2014: £35 million) and
regulatory and other provisions of £79 million (2014: £57 million). Staff benefits are generally expected to be paid out within the next three years.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.268 prudential.co.uk
C: Balance sheet notes continued
C13: Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment comprise Group occupied properties and tangible assets. A reconciliation of the carrying amount of these
items from the beginning of the year to the end of the year is as follows:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Group
occupied
property
Tangible
assets Total
Group
occupied
property
Tangible
assets Total
At 1 January
Cost 390 1,165 1,555 357 1,060 1,417
Accumulated depreciation (58) (519) (577) (50) (447) (497)
Net book amount 332 646 978 307 613 920
Year ended 31 December
Opening net book amount 332 646 978 307 613 920
Exchange differences (2) (10) (12) 3 (18) (15)
Depreciation charge (11) (118) (129) (9) (81) (90)
Additions 40 216 256 31 141 172
Arising on acquisitions of subsidiaries* 52 84 136 – 1 1
Disposals and transfers – (32) (32) – (10) (10)
Closing net book amount 411 786 1,197 332 646 978
At 31 December
Cost 480 1,387 1,867 390 1,165 1,555
Accumulated depreciation (69) (601) (670) (58) (519) (577)
Net book amount 411 786 1,197 332 646 978
* Principally arising on an acquisition made for venture fund purposes by the PAC with-profits fund.
Tangible assets
Of the £786 million of tangible assets, £657 million were held by the Group’s with-profits operations, primarily by the consolidated
subsidiaries for venture fund and other investment purposes of the PAC with-profits fund.
Capital expenditure: property, plant and equipment by segment
The capital expenditure of £216 million (2014: £141 million) arose as follows: £143 million in UK, £20 million in US and £35 million in Asia
in insurance operations with the remaining balance of £18 million arising from asset management operations and unallocated corporate
expenditure (2014: £82 million in UK, £16 million in US, £20 million in Asia and £23 million in other operations).
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 269
C14: Investment properties
Investment properties principally relate to the PAC with-profits fund and are carried at fair value. A reconciliation of the carrying amount
of investment properties at the beginning and end of the year is set out below:
2015 £m 2014 £m
At 1 January 12,764 11,477
Additions:
Resulting from property acquisitions 680 669
Resulting from expenditure capitalised 77 59
Disposals (662) (370)
Net gain from fair value adjustments 537 914
Net foreign exchange differences 21 20
Transfers from (to) held for sale assets 5 (5)
At 31 December 13,422 12,764
The 2015 income statement includes rental income from investment properties of £769 million (2014: £729 million) and direct operating
expenses including repairs and maintenance arising from these properties of £42 million (2014: £41 million).
Investment properties of £5,468 million (2014: £5,263 million) are held under finance leases. A reconciliation between the total
of future minimum lease payments at the statement of financial position date, and their present value is shown below.
2015 £m 2014 £m
Future
minimum
payments
Future
finance
charges
PV of future
minimum
payments
Future
minimum
payments
Future
finance
charges
PV of future
minimum
payments
Less than 1 year 4 – 4 5 – 5
1 to 5 years 16 (2) 14 21 (3) 18
Over 5 years 640 (580) 60 936 (830) 106
Total 660 (582) 78 962 (833) 129
Contingent rent is that portion of the lease payments that is not fixed in amount but is based on the future value of a factor that changes
other than with the passage of time. There was no contingent rent recognised as income or expense in 2015 and 2014.
The Group’s policy is to let investment properties to tenants through operating leases. Minimum future rentals to be received
on non-cancellable operating leases of the Group’s freehold investment properties are receivable in the following periods:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Less than 1 year 309 314
1 to 5 years 1,091 1,098
Over 5 years 2,595 2,762
Total 3,995 4,174
The total minimum future rentals to be received on non-cancellable sub-leases for the Group’s investment properties held under finance
leases at 31 December 2015 are £2,888 million (2014: £2,600 million).
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.270 prudential.co.uk
D: Other notes
D1: Sale of Japan life business
On 5 February 2015, the Group announced that it had completed the sale of its closed book life insurance business in Japan, PCA
Life Insurance Company Limited to SBI Holdings, Inc. following regulatory approvals. The transaction was announced on 16 July
2013. Of the agreed US$85 million cash consideration, the Group received US$68 million on completion of the transaction, and
a further payment of up to US$17 million will be received contingent upon the future performance of the Japan life business.
The Japan life business had been classified as held for sale on the statement of financial position of the Group since 2013. The held
for sale assets and liabilities of the Japan life business on the statement of financial position as at 31 December 2014 were as follows:
2014 £m
Assets
Investments 898
Other assets 45
943
Adjustment for remeasurement of the carrying value to fair value less costs to sell (124)
Assets held for sale 819
Liabilities
Policyholder liabilities 717
Other liabilities 53
Liabilities held for sale 770
Net assets 49
Upon its classification as held for sale in 2013, the IFRS carrying value of the Japan life business was set to represent the proceeds, net of
related expenses. Subsequent remeasurement of the carrying value of the Japan life business in 2014 resulted in a charge in the income
statement of £(13) million in 2014. These amounts, together with the results of the business including short-term value movements on
investments also included in the income statement, netted to an insignificant amount for those periods.
On completion of the sale, the cumulative foreign exchange translation loss of the Japan life business of £46 million, that had arisen
from 2004 (the year of the Group’s conversion to IFRS) to disposal was recycled from other comprehensive income through the profit and
loss account in 2015 as required by IAS 21. This amount is included within ‘Cumulative exchange loss on the sold Japan life business
recycled from other comprehensive income’ in the supplementary analysis of profit of the Group as shown in note B1.1. The adjustment
has no net effect on shareholders’ equity.
D2: Contingencies and related obligations
The Group is involved in a number of litigation and regulatory issues. These include civil proceedings involving Jackson, which appear
to be substantially similar to other class action litigation brought against many life insurers in the US, alleging misconduct in the sale of
insurance products. While the outcome of such litigation and regulatory issues cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company believes
that their ultimate outcome will not have a material adverse effect on the Group’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
Matters affecting shareholders’ funds
Unclaimed Property Provision
Jackson had previously received regulatory enquiries on an industry-wide matter regarding claims settlement practices and compliance
with unclaimed property laws. During 2015, Jackson has reached agreements to settle issues related to these enquiries.
At 31 December 2015, Jackson has accrued £16 million (2014: £13 million) to cover any such liability.
Guarantees and commitments
Guarantee funds in both the UK and the US provide for payments to be made to policyholders on behalf of insolvent life insurance
companies and are financed by payments assessed on solvent insurance companies based on location, volume and types of business.
The estimated reserve for future guarantee fund assessments is not significant. The directors believe that the reserve is adequate for
all anticipated payments for known insolvencies.
At 31 December 2015, Jackson has unfunded commitments of £299 million (2014: £332 million) related to its investments in limited
partnerships and £64 million (2014: £73 million) related to commercial mortgage loans and other fixed maturities. These commitments
were entered into in the normal course of business and the directors do not expect a material adverse impact on the operations to arise
from them.
The Group has provided other guarantees and commitments to third parties entered into in the normal course of business, but the
Company does not consider that the amounts involved are significant.
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 271
Support for long-term business funds by shareholders’ funds
As a proprietary insurance company, PAC is liable to meet its obligations to policyholders even if the assets of the long-term funds are
insufficient to do so. The assets, represented by the unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, in excess of amounts expected to be paid
for future terminal bonuses and related shareholder transfers (‘the excess assets’) in the long-term funds could be materially depleted
over time by, for example, a significant or sustained equity market downturn, costs of significant fundamental strategic change or a
material increase in the pension mis-selling provision. In the unlikely circumstance that the depletion of the excess assets within the
long-term fund was such that the Group’s ability to satisfy policyholders’ reasonable expectations was adversely affected, it might
become necessary to restrict the annual distribution to shareholders or to contribute shareholders’ funds to the long-term funds to
provide financial support.
In 1997, the business of Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society, a mutual society, was transferred to PAC with the creation of a
separate sub-fund, SAIF within PAC’s long-term business fund containing all the with-profits business and all other pension business that
was transferred. No new business has been or will be written in the sub-fund, and it is managed to ensure that all the invested assets are
distributed to SAIF policyholders over the lifetime of SAIF policies. With the exception of certain amounts in respect of the unitised
with-profits life business, all future earnings arising in SAIF are retained for SAIF policyholders. Any excess (deficiency) of revenue over
expense within SAIF during a period is attributable to the policyholders of the fund. Shareholders have no interest in the profits of SAIF
but are entitled to the asset management fees paid on this business.
SAIF with-profits policies contain minimum levels of guaranteed benefit to policyholders. In addition, certain pensions products have
guaranteed annuity rates at retirement (see below). Should the assets of SAIF be inadequate to meet the guaranteed benefit obligations
of the policyholders of SAIF, the PAC long-term fund would be liable to cover any such deficiency in the first instance.
Intra-group capital support arrangements
Prudential and PAC have put in place intra-group arrangements to formalise circumstances in which capital support would be made
available by Prudential (including in the scenarios referred to in respect of the pension mis-selling review as referenced below). While
Prudential considers it unlikely that such support will be required, the arrangements are intended to provide additional comfort to PAC
and its policyholders.
In addition, Prudential has put in place intra-group arrangements to formalise undertakings by Prudential to the regulators of the
Hong Kong subsidiaries, which from 1 January 2014, contain the domesticated branch business from PAC regarding their solvency levels.
In addition, the scheme of transfer of the Hong Kong branch includes short-term support arrangements between Prudential and PAC
to underpin similar arrangements between PAC and the newly domesticated business. It is considered unlikely that support will need
to be provided under these arrangements.
Matters affecting policyholders’ funds
Guaranteed annuities
The Group’s main exposure to guaranteed annuities in the UK is through SAIF (see above), and at 31 December 2015, a provision of
£412 million was held (2014: £549 million). However, as SAIF is a separate sub-fund of the PAC long-term business fund, attributable
to the policyholders, the movement in this provision has no impact on shareholders. In addition, PAC used to sell guaranteed annuity
products in the UK and is therefore exposed to liabilities to honour guarantees on these products within the main with-profits fund
for which, at 31 December 2015, a provision of £47 million was held (2014: £50 million).
Inherited estate of the PAC long-term fund
The assets of the with-profits sub-fund (WPSF) within the long-term insurance fund of PAC comprise the amounts that it expects to pay
out to meet its obligations to existing policyholders and an additional amount used as working capital. The amount payable over time to
policyholders from the WPSF is equal to the policyholders’ accumulated asset shares plus any additional payments that may be required
by way of smoothing or to meet guarantees. The balance of the assets of the WPSF is called the ‘inherited estate’ and has accumulated
over many years from various sources.
This inherited estate enables PAC to support with-profits business by providing the benefits associated with smoothing and
guarantees, by providing investment flexibility for the fund’s assets, by meeting the regulatory capital requirements that demonstrate
solvency and by absorbing the costs of certain significant events or fundamental changes in its long-term business without affecting the
bonus and investment policies. The size of the inherited estate fluctuates from year to year depending on the investment return and the
extent of its utilisation.
Pension mis-selling review
The pensions review by the UK insurance regulator of past sales of personal pension policies required all UK life insurance companies
to review their cases of potential mis-selling and record a provision for the estimated costs. The Group met the requirement of the UK
insurance regulator to issue offers to all cases by 30 June 2002. The pension mis-selling provision is included within the policyholder
liabilities of the PAC with-profits funds.
The costs associated with the pension mis-selling review have been met from the inherited estate (see above) and, accordingly have
not been charged to the asset shares used in the determination of policyholder bonus rates. Hence policyholders’ pay-out values have
been unaffected by pension mis-selling.
In 1998, Prudential stated that deducting mis-selling costs from the inherited estate (see above) would not impact its bonus or
investment policy and it gave an assurance that if this unlikely event were to occur, it would make available support to the fund from
shareholder resources for as long as the situation continued, so as to ensure that policyholders were not disadvantaged. This review
was completed on 30 June 2002 with the assurance continuing to apply to any policy in force at 31 December 2003, both for premiums
paid before 1 January 2004, and for subsequent regular premiums (including future fixed, retail price index or salary related increases
and Department of Work and Pensions rebate business). The assurance has not applied to new business since 1 January 2004.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.272 prudential.co.uk
D: Other notes continued
D3: Post balance sheet events
Dividends
The second interim and special dividends for the year ended 31 December 2015, which were approved by the Board of Directors after
31 December 2015 are described in note B7.
D4: Related party transactions
Transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries are eliminated on consolidation.
The Company has transactions and outstanding balances with certain unit trusts, Open-Ended Investment Companies (OEICs),
collateralised debt obligations and similar entities which are not consolidated and where a Group company acts as manager which are
regarded as related parties for the purposes of IAS 24. The balances are included in the Group’s statement of financial position at fair
value or amortised cost in accordance with their IAS 39 classifications. The transactions are included in the income statement and include
amounts paid on issue of shares or units, amounts received on cancellation of shares or units and paid in respect of the periodic charge
and administration fee.
In addition, there are no material transactions between the Group’s joint ventures which are accounted for on an equity method basis
and other Group companies.
Executive officers and directors of the Company may, from time to time, purchase insurance, asset management or annuity products
marketed by Group companies in the ordinary course of business on substantially the same terms as those prevailing at the time for
comparable transactions with other persons.
In 2015 and 2014, other transactions with directors were not deemed to be significant both by virtue of their size and in the context of
the directors’ financial positions. All these transactions are on terms broadly equivalent to those that prevail in arm’s-length transactions.
Apart from these transactions with directors, no director had interests in shares, transactions or arrangements that require disclosure,
other than those given in the directors’ remuneration report. Key management remuneration is disclosed in note B3.3.
D5: Commitments
Operating leases and capital commitments
The Group leases various offices to conduct its business. Leases in which a significant portion of the risks and rewards of ownership are
retained by the lessor are classified as operating leases. Payments made under operating leases (net of any incentives received from the
lessor) are charged to the income statement on a straight-line basis over the period of the lease.
2015 £m 2014 £m
Future minimum lease payments for non-cancellable operating leases fall due during the following periods:
Not later than 1 year 98 89
Later than 1 year and not later than 5 years 231 214
Later than 5 years 116 105
Future minimum sub-lease rentals received for non-cancellable operating leases for land and buildings 66 17
Minimum lease rental payments included in consolidated income statement 105 95
In addition, the Group has provided, from time to time, certain guarantees and commitments to third parties including funding the
purchase or development of land and buildings and other related matters. The contractual obligations to purchase or develop investment
properties at 31 December 2015 were £409 million (2014: £232 million).
D6: Investments in subsidiary undertakings, joint ventures and associates
a Dividend restrictions and minimum capital requirements
Certain Group subsidiaries and joint ventures are subject to restrictions on the amount of funds they may transfer in the form of cash
dividends or otherwise to the parent company.
Under UK company law, UK companies can only declare dividends if they have sufficient distributable reserves. Further, UK
insurance companies are required to maintain solvency margins in accordance with the rules of the Prudential Regulation Authority.
The Group UK asset management company, M&G Investment Management Ltd is also required to maintain capital in accordance with
regulatory requirements before making any distribution to the parent company.
Jackson is subject to state laws that limit the dividends payable to its parent company based on statutory capital and surplus and prior
year earnings. Dividends in excess of these limitations require prior regulatory approval.
The Group’s subsidiaries and joint ventures in Asia may remit dividends to the Group, in general, provided the statutory insurance
fund meets the capital adequacy standard required under local statutory regulations and has sufficient distributable reserves.
The Group capital position statement for life assurance businesses is set out in note C11.1, showing the available capital reflecting
the excess of regulatory basis over liabilities for each fund or group of companies determined by reference to the local regulation of the
subsidiaries as at 31 December 2015. In addition, disclosure is also provided in note C11.1 of the local capital requirement of the principal
funds and companies.
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 273
b Investments in joint ventures and associates
Joint ventures represent arrangements where the controlling parties through contractual or other agreement have the rights to the net
assets of the arrangements. The Group has shareholder-backed joint venture insurance and asset management businesses in China with
CITIC Group, and in India with ICICI Bank. In addition, there is an asset management joint venture in Hong Kong with Bank of China
International Holdings Limited (BOCI) and Takaful general and life insurance joint venture in Malaysia.
The Group has various joint ventures relating to property investments held by the PAC with-profits fund. The results of these joint
ventures are reflected in the movement in the unallocated surplus of the PAC with-profits funds and therefore do not affect
shareholders’ results.
For the Group’s joint ventures that are accounted for by using the equity method, the net of tax results of these operations are
included in the Group’s profit before tax.
The investments in these joint ventures have the same accounting year end as the Group, except for joint ventures in India.
Although these entities have reporting periods ending 31 March, 12 months of financial information up to 31 December is recorded.
Accordingly, the information covers the same period as that of the Group.
The Group’s associates, which are also accounted for under the equity method include PPM South Africa and PruHealth (until its sale
in 2014). In addition, the Group has investments in OEICs, unit trusts, funds holding collateralised debt obligations, property unit trusts
and venture capital investments of the PAC with-profits funds where the Group has significant influence. As allowed under IAS 28, these
investments are accounted for on a fair value through profit or loss basis. The aggregate fair value of associates accounted for at fair value
through profit or loss, where there are published price quotations, is approximately £1.4 billion at 31 December 2015 (2014: £1.2 billion).
The Group’s share of the profits, net of related tax, and carrying amount of interest in joint ventures and associates, which are equity
accounted as shown in the consolidated income statement comprises the following:
Joint ventures Associates
2015 £m 2014 £m 2015 £m 2014 £m
Shareholder-backed business 171 162 14 12
PAC with-profits fund (prior to offsetting effect in
movement in unallocated surplus) 53 129 – –
Total 224 291 14 12
There is no other comprehensive income in the joint ventures and associates. There have been no unrecognised share of losses of a joint
venture or associate that the Group has stopped recognising in the total income.
The joint ventures have no significant contingent liabilities or capital commitments to which the Group is exposed nor does the Group
have any significant contingent liabilities or capital commitments in relation to its interests in the joint ventures.
c Related undertakings
In accordance with Section 409 of the Companies Act 2006, a list of Prudential Group’s subsidiaries, joint ventures, associates and
significant holdings (being holdings more than 20 per cent) along with the country of incorporation, the classes of shares held and the
effective percentage of equity owned at 31 December 2015 is disclosed below.
The definitions of a subsidiary undertaking, joint venture and associate in accordance with the Companies Act 2006 are different from
the definition under IFRS. As a result, the related undertakings included within the following list may not be the same as the undertakings
consolidated in the Group IFRS financial statements. The Group’s consolidation policy is described in note A3.1(b).
Direct subsidiary undertakings of the parent company, Prudential plc (shares held directly or via nominees):
Name Classes of shares held Proportion held Country of incorporation
M&G Group Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential (US Holdco 1) Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Capital Holding Company Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Corporation Asia Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Hong Kong
Prudential Financial Services Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Group Holdings Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Property Services Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential US Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
The Prudential Assurance Company Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.274 prudential.co.uk
D: Other notes continued
D6: Investments in subsidiary undertakings, joint ventures and associates continued
c Related undertakings continued
Other subsidiaries, joint ventures, associates and significant holdings of the Group – no shares held directly by the
parent company, Prudential plc or its nominees:
Name Classes of shares held Proportion held Country of incorporation
AGR Holdco Ltd Ordinary shares 43.06% United Kingdom
Allied Life Brokerage Agency, Inc Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
Bird GP 1 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
BOCHK Aggressive Growth Fund Ordinary shares 54.69% Hong Kong
BOCHK Balanced Growth Fund Ordinary shares 39.05% Hong Kong
BOCHK China Equity Fund Ordinary shares 64.15% Hong Kong
BOCHK Conservative Growth Fund Ordinary shares 43.44% Hong Kong
BOCI – Prudential Asset Management Limited Ordinary shares 36.00% Hong Kong
BOCI – Prudential Trustee Limited Ordinary shares 36.00% Hong Kong
Bracknell Boulevard Management Company Limited Ordinary shares 29.10% United Kingdom
Brooke (Holdco 1) Inc. Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
Brooke Holdings (UK) (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Brooke Holdings LLC Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
Brooke Life Insurance Company Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
BWAT Retail Nominee (1) Limited Ordinary shares 50.00% United Kingdom
BWAT Retail Nominee (2) Limited Ordinary shares 50.00% United Kingdom
Calera Capital Partners IV – A AIV I, L.P. Limited partnership interest 32.87% USA
Calvin F1 GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Calvin F2 GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Canada Property (Trustee) No 1 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Jersey
Canada Property Holdings Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Carraway Guildford (Nominee A) Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Jersey
Carraway Guildford (Nominee B) Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Jersey
Carraway Guildford General Partner Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Carraway Guildford Investments Unit Trust Units 100.00% Jersey
Carraway Guildford Limited Partnership Limited partnership interest 100.00% United Kingdom
CCC Investment S.à.r.l. Ordinary shares 52.24% Luxembourg
Centaurus Retail LLP Limited partnership interest 50.00% United Kingdom
Central Square Leeds Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Centre Capital Non-Qualified Investors IV AIV Orion, L.P. Membership interest 76.75% USA
Centre Capital Non-Qualified Investors IV AIV-ELS, L.P. Membership interest 76.53% USA
Centre Capital Non-Qualified Investors IV AIV-RA, L.P. Membership interest 71.43% USA
Centre Capital Non-Qualified Investors IV, L.P. Membership interest 75.47% USA
Centre Capital Non-Qualified Investors V AIV-ELS LP Membership interest 73.16% USA
Centre Capital Non-Qualified Investors V LP Membership interest 67.47% USA
CEP IV-A Chicago AIV Limited Partnership Membership interest 31.92% USA
CEP IV-A CWV AIV Limited Partnership Membership interest 31.92% USA
CEP IV-A Indy AIV Limited Partnership Membership interest 31.92% USA
CEP IV-A NMR AIV Limited Partnership Membership interest 31.92% USA
CEP IV-A WBCT AIV Limited Partnership Membership interest 31.91% USA
CF European Qualified Investor Scheme Ordinary shares 97.57% United Kingdom
CF Japanese Qualified Investor Scheme Ordinary shares 97.68% United Kingdom
CF North American Qualified Investor Scheme Ordinary shares 98.22% United Kingdom
CF Prudential Pacific Markets Trust Fund Ordinary shares 97.42% United Kingdom
CF UK Growth Qualified Investor Scheme Ordinary shares 98.47% United Kingdom
Cimbria Holdings Limited Ordinary shares 41.78% Denmark
CITIC – CP Asset Management Co. Limited Ownership interest 26.95% China
CITIC – Prudential Fund Management Company Limited Ownership interest 49.00% China
CITIC – Prudential Life Insurance Company Limited Ownership interest 50.00% China
Creatrade Luxembourg S.à.r.l Ordinary shares 52.27% Luxembourg
Cribbs Causeway JV Limited Ordinary shares 50.00% United Kingdom
Cribbs Causeway Merchants Association Ltd Limited by guarantee United Kingdom
Cribbs Mall Nominee (1) Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Curian Capital, LLC Membership interest 100.00% USA
Curian Clearing LLC (Michigan) Membership interest 100.00% USA
Daisy 2015 Topco Limited Ordinary shares 24.08% United Kingdom
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 275
Name Classes of shares held Proportion held Country of incorporation
Eastspring Al-Wara Investments Berhad Ordinary shares 100.00% Malaysia
Eastspring Asset Management Korea Co. Ltd. Ordinary shares 100.00% Korea
Eastspring Investments – Asia Pacific Equity Fund Ordinary shares 75.64% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Global Bond Navigator Fund Ordinary shares 96.29% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments – Pan European Fund Ordinary shares 88.40% Singapore
Eastspring Investments – US High Yield Bond Fund Ordinary shares 33.90% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments (Hong Kong) Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Hong Kong
Eastspring Investments (Luxembourg) S.A. Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments (Singapore) Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Singapore
Eastspring Investments Asean Income Private Fund A1 Ordinary shares 100.00% Korea
Eastspring Investments Asian Bond Fund Ordinary shares 42.02% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Asian Dynamic Fund Ordinary shares 96.75% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Asian Equity Fund Ordinary shares 79.32% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Asian Equity Income Fund Ordinary shares 57.18% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Asian High Yield Bond Fund Ordinary shares 45.61% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Asian Infrastructure Equity Fund Ordinary shares 62.04% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Asian Property Securities Fund Ordinary shares 96.35% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Berhad Ordinary shares 100.00% Malaysia
Eastspring Investments Best Growth Securities Investments Trust 4 Ordinary shares 83.40% Korea
Eastspring Investments China Equity Fund Ordinary shares 39.31% Hong Kong
Eastspring Investments Dragon Peacock Fund Ordinary shares 81.43% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Emerging EMEA Dynamic Fund Ordinary shares 83.31% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments European Investments Grade Bond Fund Ordinary shares 95.96% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Fund Management Limited Liability Company Ownership interest 100.00% Vietnam
Eastspring Investments Global Emerging Markets Bond Fund Ordinary shares 93.40% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Global Equity Navigator Fund Ordinary shares 99.99% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Global Market Navigator Fund Ordinary shares 47.80% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Global Technology Fund Ordinary shares 90.18% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Greater China Equity Fund Ordinary shares 90.24% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Hong Kong Equity Fund Ordinary shares 99.53% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Incorporated Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
Eastspring Investments India Consumer Equity Open Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Mauritius
Eastspring Investments India Equity Fund Ordinary shares 75.25% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments India Equity Open Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Mauritius
Eastspring Investments India Infrastructure Equity Open Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Mauritius
Eastspring Investments Japan Fundamental Value Fund Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Arab Emirates
Eastspring Investments Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Japan
Eastspring Investments North America Value Fund Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Pan European Fund Ordinary shares 76.55% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Portfolio Management Limited
(in liquidation)
Ordinary shares 100.00% Mauritius
Eastspring Investments Services Pte. Ltd. Ordinary shares 100.00% Singapore
Eastspring Investments SICAV-FIS – Alternative Investments Fund Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments SICAV-FIS – Asia Pacific Loan Fund Ordinary shares 94.36% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments SICAV-FIS Universal USD Bond Fund Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments SICAV-FIS Universal USD Bond II Fund Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments Unit Trusts – Asian Infrastructure Equity Fund Ordinary shares 93.50% Singapore
Eastspring Investments Unit Trusts – Global Technology Fund Ordinary shares 96.80% Singapore
Eastspring Investments US Bond Fund Ordinary shares 49.30% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments US Corporate Bond Fund Ordinary shares 86.39% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments US High Investments Grade Bond Fund Ordinary shares 84.60% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments US Investments Grade Bond Private
Securities Investments Trust
Ordinary shares 37.12% Korea
Eastspring Investments UT Dragon Peacock Fund Ordinary shares 96.63% Singapore
Eastspring Investments UT Singapore ASEAN Equity Fund Ordinary shares 99.93% Singapore
Eastspring Investments UT Singapore Select Bond Fund Ordinary shares 94.67% Singapore
Eastspring Investments World Value Equity Fund Ordinary shares 83.06% Luxembourg
Eastspring Investments – Cash Reserve Fund Ordinary shares 95.08% Indonesia
Eastspring Securities Investment Trust Company Limited Ordinary shares 99.54% Taiwan
Edger Investments Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Empire Holding S.à.r.l. (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.276 prudential.co.uk
D: Other notes continued
Name Classes of shares held Proportion held Country of incorporation
Euro Salas Properties Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Falan GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Fee Retail S.à.r.l Ordinary shares 52.24% Luxembourg
First Dakota, Inc. Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
Five Hotel Holdings, LLC Membership interest 100.00% USA
Foudry Properties Limited Ordinary shares 50.00% United Kingdom
Furnival Insurance Company PCC Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Guernsey
GCI Holdings Corporation Ordinary shares 75.80% USA
Geoffrey Snushall Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Gerlach GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Global Low Volatility Equity Fund D Acc Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
Greenpark (Reading) General Partner Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Greenpark (Reading) Limited Partnership (The) Limited partnership interest 100.00% United Kingdom
Greenpark (Reading) Nominee No. 1 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Greenpark (Reading) Nominee No. 2 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
GS Twenty Two Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Harvest Partners V, L.P. Membership interest 25.13% USA
Hermitage Management LLC Membership interest 100.00% USA
Holborn Bars Nominees Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Holborn Finance Holding Company (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Holtwood Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Isle of Man
Hyde Holdco 1 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
ICICI Prudential Asset Management Company Limited Ordinary shares 49.00% India
ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company Limited Ordinary shares 25.89% India
ICICI Prudential Pension Funds Management Company Ltd Ordinary shares 25.89% India
ICICI Prudential Trust Limited Ordinary shares 49.00% India
ICP (TTT) GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
ICP F2 (TTT) GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
IFC Holdings, Inc Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
Infracapital (Bio) GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital (GC) GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital (TLSB) GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital ABP GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital CI II Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital DF II GP LLP Limited partnership interest 40.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital DF II Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital EF II GP LLP Limited partnership interest 40.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital Employee Feeder GP 1 LLP Limited partnership interest 40.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital Employee Feeder GP 2 LLP Limited partnership interest 40.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital Employee Feeder GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital F1 GP2 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital F2 GP1 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital F2 GP2 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital GP 1 LLP Limited partnership interest 40.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital GP 2 LLP Limited partnership interest 40.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital GP II Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital Greenfield Partners I GP 1 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital Greenfield Partners I GP 2 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital Greenfield Partners I GP LLP Limited partnership interest 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital Long Term Income Partners GP 1 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital Long Term Income Partners GP 2 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital Long Term Income Partners GP LLP Limited partnership interest 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital Nominees Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital Partners Limited partnership interest 33.04% United Kingdom
Infracapital Partners II LP Limited partnership interest 25.98% United Kingdom
Infracapital Sisu GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital SLP II GP LLP Limited partnership interest 40.00% United Kingdom
Infracapital SLP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
D6: Investments in subsidiary undertakings, joint ventures and associates continued
c Related undertakings continued
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 277
Name Classes of shares held Proportion held Country of incorporation
Innisfree M&G PPP LLP Limited partnership interest 35.00% United Kingdom
INVEST Financial Corporation Insurance Agency, Inc. of Delaware Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
INVEST Financial Corporation Insurance Agency, Inc. of Illinois Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
INVEST Financial Corporation Insurance Agency, Inc. of Maryland
(in liquidation)
Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
INVEST Financial Corporation Insurance Agency, Inc. of Ohio
(in liquidation)
Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
INVEST Financial Corporation Insurance Agency, Inc. of Oklahoma
(in liquidation)
Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
Investment Centers of America, Inc. Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
Ivy TopCo Limited Ordinary shares 35.43% Guernsey
Jackson National Asset Management LLC Capital contribution 100.00% USA
Jackson National Life (Bermuda) Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Bermuda
Jackson National Life Distributors LLC Membership interest 100.00% USA
Jackson National Life Insurance Company Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
Jackson National Life Insurance Company of New York Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
Jefferies Capital Partners V, L.P. Limited partnership interest 21.92% USA
JNL PPM America Strategic Income Fund Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
Kalle Luxembourg S.à.r.l. Ordinary shares 37.74% Luxembourg
Lion Credit Opportunity Fund III Ordinary shares 29.10% Ireland
Lion Credit Opportunity Fund XII Ordinary shares 38.94% Ireland
LIPP S.à r.l. (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
Livicos Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Ireland
M&G (Guernsey) Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Guernsey
M&G Alternatives Investment Management Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G Asia Property Fund Ordinary shares 34.06% Luxembourg
M&G Dividend Fund Ordinary shares 55.17% United Kingdom
M&G Emerging Markets Bond Fund Ordinary shares 46.36% United Kingdom
M&G Episode Defensive Fund Ordinary shares 94.87% United Kingdom
M&G Episode Macro Fund Ordinary shares 59.00% United Kingdom
M&G European Credit High Yield Investments Fund Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
M&G European Credit Investments Fund Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
M&G European Fund Ordinary shares 63.69% United Kingdom
M&G European Property Fund Ordinary shares 38.23% Luxembourg
M&G European Strategic Value Fund Ordinary shares 96.84% United Kingdom
M&G Financial Services Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G Founders 1 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G General Partner Inc. Ordinary shares 100.00% Cayman Islands
M&G Gilt Fixed Interest Fund Ordinary shares 31.51% United Kingdom
M&G Global Corporate Bond Fund Ordinary shares 82.30% United Kingdom
M&G Global Credit Investments Fund Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
M&G Global Growth Fund Ordinary shares 43.19% United Kingdom
M&G Global Leaders Fund Ordinary shares 40.96% United Kingdom
M&G IMPPP 1 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G International Investments Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G International Investments Nominees Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G International Investments Switzerland AG Ordinary shares 100.00% Switzerland
M&G Investment Management Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G Investments (Hong Kong) Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Hong Kong
M&G Investments (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. Ordinary shares 100.00% Singapore
M&G Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G Managed Growth Fund Ordinary shares 26.62% United Kingdom
M&G Management Services Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G Nominees Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G Pan European Dividend Fund Ordinary shares 67.64% United Kingdom
M&G Platform Nominees Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G Property Portfolio Ordinary shares 67.39% United Kingdom
M&G Property Portfolio Feeder Ordinary shares 27.15% United Kingdom
M&G Real Estate (Luxembourg) S.A. Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
M&G Real Estate Asia Holding Company Pte. Ltd Ordinary shares 100.00% Singapore
M&G Real Estate Asia Pte. Ltd Ordinary shares 100.00% Singapore
M&G Real Estate Debt Fund LP Limited partnership interest 29.15% Guernsey
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.278 prudential.co.uk
D: Other notes continued
Name Classes of shares held Proportion held Country of incorporation
M&G Real Estate Funds Management S.à.r.l. Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
M&G Real Estate Japan Co. Ltd Ordinary shares 100.00% Japan
M&G Real Estate Korea Co. Ltd Ordinary shares 100.00% Korea
M&G Real Estate Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G RED Employee Feeder GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G RED GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Guernsey
M&G RED II Employee Feeder GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G RED II GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Guernsey
M&G RED II SLP GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G RED III Employee Feeder GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G RED III GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G RED III SLP GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G RED SLP GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G RPF GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G RPF Nominee 1 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G RPF Nominee 2 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G Securities Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G SIF Management Company (Ireland) Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Ireland
M&G Smaller Companies Fund Ordinary shares 47.74% United Kingdom
M&G Traditional Credit Fund Ordinary shares 40.24% Ireland
M&G UK Companies Financing Fund II LP Limited partnership interest 48.32% United Kingdom
M&G UK Property GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G UK Property Nominee 1 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G UK Property Nominee 2 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
M&G UKCF II GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Manchester JV Limited Ordinary shares 50.00% United Kingdom
Manchester Nominee (1) Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Manhattan Property Finance Company Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Gibraltar
Mission Plans of America, Inc Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
MM&S (2375) Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Murphy & Partners Fund, LP Limited partnership interest 21.07% USA
NAPI REIT, Inc. Ordinary shares 99.00% USA
National Planning Corporation Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
National Planning Holdings, Inc. Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
National Planning Insurance Agency, Inc. (Florida) (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
National Planning Insurance Agency, Inc. (Massachusetts)
(in liquidation)
Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
National Planning Insurance Agency, Inc. (Oklahoma)
(in liquidation)
Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
National Planning Insurance Agency, Inc. (Texas) (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
NB Distressed Debt New global shares 25.66% Guernsey
North Sathorn Holdings Company Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Thailand
Nova Sepadu Sdn. Bhd. Ordinary shares 51.00% Malaysia
Oaktree Business Park Limited Ordinary shares 12.50% United Kingdom
Old Hickory Fund I, LLC Membership interest 100.00% USA
Optimus Point Management Company Limited Ordinary shares 99.95% United Kingdom
Orizon Luxembourg S.à.r.l Ordinary shares 78.49% Luxembourg
Pacus (UK) Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Park Avenue (Singapore Two) (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% Gibraltar
PCA IP Services Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Hong Kong
PCA Life Assurance Co. Ltd. Ordinary shares 99.79% Taiwan
PCA Life Insurance Co. Ltd. Ordinary shares 100.00% Korea
PCA Reinsurance Co. Ltd. Ordinary shares 100.00% Labuan, Malaysia
PGDS (UK One) Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
PGDS (US One) LLC Membership interest 100.00% USA
Phase One Imaging Holdings Ltd Ordinary shares 30.54% United Kingdom
Piccard at Rockville, LLC Membership interest 100.00% USA
Pinewood Limited Ordinary shares 20.00% Malaysia
PPM America Capital Partners II, LLC Membership interest 63.45% USA
D6: Investments in subsidiary undertakings, joint ventures and associates continued
c Related undertakings continued
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 279
Name Classes of shares held Proportion held Country of incorporation
PPM America Capital Partners III, LLC Membership interest 60.50% USA
PPM America Capital Partners IV, LLC Membership interest 34.50% USA
PPM America Capital Partners V, LLC Membership interest 34.00% USA
PPM America Capital Partners, LLC Membership interest 19.38% USA
PPM America Private Equity Fund II LP Limited partnership interest 100.00% USA
PPM America Private Equity Fund III LP Limited partnership interest 100.00% USA
PPM America Private Equity Fund IV LP Limited partnership interest 100.00% USA
PPM America Private Equity Fund LP Limited partnership interest 100.00% USA
PPM America Private Equity Fund V LP Limited partnership interest 100.00% USA
PPM America, Inc. Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
PPM Capital (Holdings) Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
PPM Finance, Inc. Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
PPM Holdings, Inc. Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
PPM Managers GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
PPM Ventures (Asia) Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% Hong Kong
PPMC First Nominees Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
PPS Five Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
PPS Nine Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
PPS Twelve Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Property Partners (Two Rivers) Limited Ordinary shares 50.00% United Kingdom
Pru Life Insurance Corporation of U.K. Ordinary shares 100.00% Philippines
Prudence Foundation Limited Limited by guarantee 100.00% Hong Kong
Prudential (Cambodia) Life Assurance Plc. Ordinary shares 100.00% Cambodia
Prudential (Gibraltar) Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% Gibraltar
Prudential (Netherlands One) Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential (Netherlands) B.V. (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% Netherlands
Prudential/M&G UKCF GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Africa Holdings Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Africa Services Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Kenya
Prudential Annuities Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Assurance Company Singapore (Pte) Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Singapore
Prudential Assurance Malaysia Berhad Ordinary shares 51.00% Malaysia
Prudential Assurance Uganda Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Uganda
Prudential Australia One Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential BSN Takaful Berhad Ordinary shares 49.00% Malaysia
Prudential Capital (Singapore) Pte. Ltd Ordinary shares 100.00% Singapore
Prudential Capital Public Limited Company Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Corporate Pensions Trustee Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Corporation Australasia Holdings Pty Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Australia
Prudential Corporation Holdings Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Development Management Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Distribution Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Dublin Investment Ltd Ordinary shares 100.00% Ireland
Prudential Dynamic 0-30 Portfolio Ordinary shares 27.61% United Kingdom
Prudential Dynamic 10-40 Portfolio Ordinary shares 32.39% United Kingdom
Prudential Dynamic 20-55 Portfolio Ordinary shares 36.79% United Kingdom
Prudential Dynamic 40-80 Portfolio Ordinary shares 39.69% United Kingdom
Prudential Dynamic 60-100 Portfolio Ordinary shares 41.59% United Kingdom
Prudential Dynamic Focused 0-30 Portfolio Ordinary shares 66.84% United Kingdom
Prudential Dynamic Focused 10-40 Portfolio Ordinary shares 65.29% United Kingdom
Prudential Dynamic Focused 20-55 Portfolio Ordinary shares 48.25% United Kingdom
Prudential Dynamic Focused 40-80 Portfolio Ordinary shares 86.96% United Kingdom
Prudential Dynamic Focused 60-100 Portfolio Ordinary shares 94.18% United Kingdom
Prudential Equity Release Mortgages Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Europe Assurance Holdings Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Financial Planning Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Five Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential General Insurance Hong Kong Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Hong Kong
Prudential GP Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Greenfield GP LLP Limited partnership interest 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Greenfield GP1 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Greenfield GP2 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Greenfield LP Limited partnership interest 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.280 prudential.co.uk
D: Other notes continued
Name Classes of shares held Proportion held Country of incorporation
Prudential Greenfield SLP GP LLP Limited partnership interest 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Group Pensions Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Group Secretarial Services Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Holborn Life Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Holdings Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Hong Kong Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Hong Kong
Prudential International Assurance plc Ordinary shares 100.00% Ireland
Prudential International Management Services Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Ireland
Prudential International Staff Pensions Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Investments (Luxembourg) 2 S.à r.l. Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
Prudential IP Services Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Lalondes Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Life Assurance (Lao) Company Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Laos
Prudential Life Assurance (Thailand) Public Company Limited Ordinary shares 99.93% Thailand
Prudential Life Assurance Kenya Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Kenya
Prudential Life Insurance Ghana Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Ghana
Prudential Lifetime Mortgages Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential M&G UK Companies Financing Fund LP Limited partnership interest 34.42% United Kingdom
Prudential Mauritius Holdings Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Mauritius
Prudential Pensions Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Polska sp.z.oo Ordinary shares 100.00% Poland
Prudential Portfolio Management Group Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Portfolio Managers (South Africa) (Pty) Limited Ordinary shares 49.99% South Africa
Prudential Process Management Services India Private Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% India
Prudential Properties Trusty Pty Limited Unclassified shares 100.00% Australia
Prudential Property Holding Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Property Investment Managers Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Property Investments Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Property Services (Bristol) Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Real Estate Investments 1 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Real Estate Investments 2 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Real Estate Investments 3 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Retirement Income Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Services Asia Sdn. Bhd. Ordinary shares 100.00% Malaysia
Class D
preference shares 100.00%
Prudential Services Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Services Singapore Pte. Ltd. Ordinary shares 100.00% Singapore
Prudential Singapore Holdings Pte. Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Singapore
Prudential Staff Pensions Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Trustee Company Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential UK Services Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Unit Trusts Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Prudential Vietnam Assurance Private Limited Ownership interest 100.00% Vietnam
Prudential Vietnam Finance Company Limited Ownership interest 100.00% Vietnam
Prutec Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
PT. Prudential Life Assurance Ordinary shares 94.62% Indonesia
PT. Eastspring Investments Indonesia Ordinary shares 99.95% Indonesia
PVFC Financial Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Hong Kong
PVM Partnerships Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
REALIC of Jacksonville Plans, Inc. Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
Reeds Rains Prudential Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Reksa Dana Eastspring IDR Fixed Income Fund (NDEIFF) Ordinary shares 97.49% Indonesia
Rhodium Investment Fund Ordinary shares 100.00% Singapore
Rift GP 1 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Rift GP 2 Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
ROP, Inc Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
SBP Management Limited Ordinary shares 27.70% United Kingdom
ScotAm Pension Trustees Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
D6: Investments in subsidiary undertakings, joint ventures and associates continued
c Related undertakings continued
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 281
Name Classes of shares held Proportion held Country of incorporation
Scottish Amicable Finance plc Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Scottish Amicable ISA Managers Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society No share capital 100.00% United Kingdom
Scottish Amicable PEP and ISA Nominees Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Scotts Spazio Pte. Ltd. Ordinary shares 45.00% Singapore
Sealand (No 1) Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Jersey
Sealand (No 2) Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Jersey
SES Manager Limited Ordinary shares 50.00% United Kingdom
SII Insurance Agency, Inc. (Wisconsin) (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
SII Investments, Inc. Ordinary shares 100.00% USA
Smithfield Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Snushalls Team Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Spanish Trail Ownership, LLC Membership interest 100.00% USA
Squire Capital I LLC Membership interest 100.00% USA
Squire Capital II LLC Membership interest 100.00% USA
Squire Reassurance Company LLC Membership interest 100.00% USA
Sri Han Suria Sdn. Bhd. Ordinary shares 51.00% Malaysia
Class A and B
preference shares 100.00%
St Edward Homes Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Stableview Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Staple Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% Thailand
Staple Nominees Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Thanachart Life Assurance Public Company Limited (in liquidation) Ordinary shares 99.93% Thailand
The Car Auction Unit Trust Ordinary shares 50.00% Guernsey
The First British Fixed Trust Company Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
The Forum, Solent, Management Company Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
The Green (Solihull) Management Company Ltd Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
The Heights Management Company Limited Ordinary shares 50.00% United Kingdom
The Hub (Witton) Management Company Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
The St Edward Homes Partnership Limited partnership interest 49.95% United Kingdom
The Strand Property Unit Trust Units 50.00% Jersey
The Two Rivers Trust Units 50.00% Jersey
Two Snowhill Birmingham S.à.r.l. Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
US Strategic Income Bond Fund D USD Acc Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
US Total Return Bond Fund D USD Acc Ordinary shares 100.00% Luxembourg
VFL International Life Company SPC, Ltd Ordinary shares 100.00% Cayman Islands
Warren Farm Office Village Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Wessex Gate Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Westwacker Limited Ordinary shares 100.00% United Kingdom
Wynnefield Private Equity Partners I, L.P. Limited partnership interest 99.00% USA
Wynnefield Private Equity Partners II, LP Limited partnership interest 99.00% USA
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.282 prudential.co.uk
31 December Note 2015 £m 2014 £m
Fixed assets
Investments:
Shares in subsidiary undertakings 5 12,514 5,373
Loans to subsidiary undertakings 5 – 6,329
12,514 11,702
Current assets
Debtors:
Amounts owed by subsidiary undertakings 4,783 3,785
Other debtors 3 3
Tax recoverable 43 –
Deferred tax asset 6 – 8
Derivative assets 8 1 2
Pension asset 9 51 39
Cash at bank and in hand 104 7
4,985 3,844
Liabilities: amounts falling due within one year
Commercial paper 7 (1,107) (1,704)
Other borrowings 7 (200) (500)
Derivative liabilities 8 (322) (315)
Amounts owed to subsidiary undertakings (2,711) (1,108)
Tax payable (20) (55)
Deferred tax liability 6 (9) (8)
Sundry creditors – (3)
Accruals and deferred income (56) (39)
(4,425) (3,732)
Net current assets 560 112
Total assets less current liabilities 13,074 11,814
Liabilities: amounts falling due after more than one year
Subordinated liabilities 7 (4,018) (3,320)
Debenture loans 7 (549) (549)
Other borrowings 7 (598) –
(5,165) (3,869)
Total net assets 7,909 7,945
Capital and reserves
Share capital 10 128 128
Share premium 10 1,915 1,908
Profit and loss account 11 5,866 5,909
Shareholders’ funds 7,909 7,945
The financial statements of the parent company on pages 282 to 291 were approved by the Board of Directors on
8 March 2016 and signed on its behalf.
Paul Manduca
Chairman
Mike Wells
Group Chief Executive
Nic Nicandrou
Chief Financial Officer
Statement of financial position of the parent company
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 283
Statement of changes in equity of the parent company
£m
Share
capital
Share
premium
Profit and
loss
account
Total
equity
Balance at 1 January 2014 128 1,895 5,329 7,352
Total comprehensive income for the year
Profit for the year – – 1,463 1,463
Actuarial gains recognised in respect of the pension scheme – – 6 6
Total comprehensive income for the year – – 1,469 1,469
Transactions with owners, recorded directly in equity
New share capital subscribed – 13 – 13
Share-based payment transactions – – 6 6
Dividends – – (895) (895)
Total contributions by and distributions to owners – 13 (889) (876)
Balance at 31 December 2014 128 1,908 5,909 7,945
Balance at 1 January 2015 128 1,908 5,909 7,945
Total comprehensive income for the year
Profit for the year – – 920 920
Actuarial gains recognised in respect of the pension scheme – – 4 4
Total comprehensive income for the year – – 924 924
Transactions with owners, recorded directly in equity
New share capital subscribed – 7 – 7
Share-based payment transactions – – 7 7
Dividends – – (974) (974)
Total contributions by and distributions to owners – 7 (967) (960)
Balance at 31 December 2015 128 1,915 5,866 7,909
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.284 prudential.co.uk
1 Nature of operations
Prudential plc (the ‘Company’) is a parent holding company. The Company together with its subsidiaries (collectively, the ‘Group’) is an
international financial services group with its principal operations in Asia, the US and the UK. In Asia, the Group has operations in Hong
Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and other countries. In the US, the Group’s principal subsidiary is Jackson National Life Insurance
Company. In the UK, the Group operates through its subsidiaries, primarily The Prudential Assurance Company Limited, Prudential
Retirement Income Limited and M&G Investment Management Limited.
2 Basis of preparation
The financial statements of the Company, which comprise the statement of financial position, statement of changes in equity and related
notes, are prepared in accordance with UK Generally Accepted Accounting Practice, including Financial Reporting Standard 101
Reduced Disclosure Framework (‘FRS 101’) and Part 15 of the Companies Act 2006.
In preparing these financial statements, the Company applies the recognition, measurement and disclosure requirements in
International Financial Reporting Standards (‘IFRSs’) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (‘IASB’) and endorsed
by the EU, but makes amendments where necessary in order to comply with the Companies Act 2006, and has set out below where
advantage of the FRS 101 disclosure exemptions has been taken. The Company has also taken advantage of the exemption under
Section 408 of the Companies Act 2006 from presenting its own profit and loss account.
In preparing these financial statements, the Company has adopted FRS 101 for the first time. In the transition to FRS 101, the Company
has made no measurement and recognition adjustments. An explanation of how the transition to FRS 101 has affected the presentation
of the financial statements of the Company is provided in note 14.
In these financial statements, the Company has applied the exemptions available under FRS 101 in respect of the following disclosures:
——A cash flow statement and related notes;
——Disclosures in respect of transactions with wholly-owned subsidiaries within the Prudential Group;
——Disclosure in respect of capital management;
——The effects of new but not yet effective IFRSs; and
——An additional balance sheet for the beginning of the earliest comparative period following the retrospective change in accounting
policy to adopt FRS 101.
As the consolidated financial statements of the Group include the equivalent disclosure, the Company has also applied the exemptions
available under FRS 101 in respect of the following disclosures:
——IFRS 2 ‘Share-based Payment’ in respect of Group-settled share-based payments; and
——Disclosure required by IFRS 7 ‘Financial Instrument Disclosures’ and IFRS 13 ‘Fair Value Measurement’.
The accounting policies set out in note 3 below have, unless otherwise stated, been applied consistently to all periods presented in these
financial statements and in preparing an opening FRS 101 statement of financial position at 1 January 2014 for the purposes of the
transition to FRS 101.
3 Significant accounting policies
Shares in subsidiary undertakings
Shares in subsidiary undertakings are shown at cost less impairment.
Loans to subsidiary undertakings
Loans to subsidiary undertakings are shown at cost less provisions.
Derivatives
Derivative financial instruments are held to manage certain macroeconomic exposures. Derivative financial instruments are carried at fair
value with changes in fair value included in the profit and loss account.
Borrowings
Borrowings are initially recognised at fair value, net of transaction costs, and subsequently accounted for on an amortised cost basis using
the effective interest method. Under the effective interest method, the difference between the redemption value of the borrowing and
the initial proceeds, net of transaction costs, is amortised through the profit and loss account to the date of maturity or, for subordinated
debt, over the expected life of the instrument.
Dividends
Interim dividends are recorded in the period in which they are paid. Final dividends are recorded in the period in which they are approved
by shareholders. From 2016, the Company will make all dividend payments as interim payments.
Notes on the parent company financial statements
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 285
Share premium
The difference between the proceeds received on issue of shares and the nominal value of the shares issued is credited to the share
premium account.
Foreign currency translation
Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, including borrowings that have been used to finance or provide a hedge against
Group equity investments in overseas subsidiaries, are translated at year end exchange rates. The impact of these currency translations
is recorded within the profit and loss account for the year.
Tax
Current tax expense is charged or credited to operations based upon amounts estimated to be payable or recoverable as a result of
taxable amounts for the current year. To the extent that losses of an individual UK company are not offset in any one year, they can be
carried back for one year or carried forward indefinitely to be offset against profits arising from the same company.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognised in accordance with the provisions of IAS 12, ’Income Taxes’. Deferred tax assets are
recognised to the extent that it is regarded as more likely than not that future taxable profits will be available against which these losses
can be utilised. Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse,
using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
The Group’s UK subsidiaries each file separate tax returns. In accordance with UK tax legislation, where one domestic UK company
is a 75 per cent owned subsidiary of another UK company or both are 75 per cent owned subsidiaries of a common parent, the companies
are considered to be within the same UK tax group. For companies within the same tax group, trading profits and losses arising in the
same accounting period may be offset for the purposes of determining current and deferred taxes.
Pensions
The Company assumes a portion of the pension surplus or deficit of the Group’s main pension scheme, the Prudential Staff Pension
Scheme (‘PSPS’). Upon adoption of FRS 101, the Company applies the requirements of IAS 19 ‘Employee Benefit’ (as revised in 2011)
for the accounting of its interest in the PSPS surplus or deficit. Further details are disclosed in note 9.
A pension surplus or deficit is recorded as the difference between the present value of the scheme liabilities and the fair value of the
scheme assets. The Company’s share of pension surplus is recognised to the extent that the Company is able to recover a surplus either
through reduced contributions in the future or through refunds from the scheme.
The assets and liabilities of the defined benefit pension schemes of the Prudential Group are subject to a full triennial actuarial
valuation using the projected unit method. Estimated future cash flows are then discounted at a high quality corporate bond rate,
adjusted to allow for the difference in duration between the bond index and the pension liabilities where appropriate, to determine
their present value. These calculations are performed by independent actuaries.
The aggregate of the actuarially determined service costs of the currently employed personnel and the net income (interest) on the
net scheme assets (liabilities) at the start of the period, is recognised in the profit or loss account. Actuarial gains and losses as a result
of the changes in assumptions, experience variances or the return on scheme assets excluding amounts included in the net deferred
benefit asset (liability) are recorded in other comprehensive income.
Share-based payments
The Group offers share award and option plans for certain key employees and a Save As You Earn (‘SAYE’) plan for all UK and certain
overseas employees. The share-based payment plans operated by the Group are mainly equity-settled plans with a few cash-settled plans.
Under IFRS 2 ‘Share-based Payment’, where the Company, as the parent company, has the obligation to settle the options or awards
of its equity instruments to employees of its subsidiary undertakings, and such share-based payments are accounted for as equitysettled
in the Group financial statements, the Company records an increase in the investment in subsidiary undertakings for the value of
the share options and awards granted with a corresponding credit entry recognised directly in equity. The value of the share options and
awards granted is based upon the fair value of the options and awards at the grant date, the vesting period and the vesting conditions.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.286 prudential.co.uk
Notes on the parent company financial statements continued
4 Reconciliation from the FRS 101 parent company results to the IFRS Group results
The parent company financial statements are prepared in accordance with FRS 101 and the Group financial statements are prepared
in accordance with IFRSs as issued by the IASB and endorsed by the EU. At 31 December 2015, there were no differences between
FRS 101 and IFRSs as issued by the IASB and endorsed by the EU in terms of their application to the parent company.
The tables below provide a reconciliation between the FRS 101 parent company results and the IFRS Group results.
2015 £m 2014 £m
Profit after tax
Profit for the financial year of the Company (including dividends from subsidiaries) in accordance
with FRS 101 and IFRS 920 1,463
Share in the IFRS result of the Group, net of distributions to the Company * 1,659 753
Profit after tax of the Group attributable to shareholders in accordance with IFRS 2,579 2,216
2015 £m 2014 £m
Net equity
Shareholders’ equity of the Company in accordance with FRS 101 and IFRS 7,909 7,945
Share in the IFRS net equity of the Group * 5,046 3,866
Shareholders’ equity of the Group in accordance with IFRS 12,955 11,811
* The ‘shares in the IFRS result and net equity of the Group’ lines represent the parent company’s equity in the earnings and net assets of its subsidiaries and associates.
The profit for the financial year of the Company in accordance with IFRS includes dividends received in the year from subsidiary
undertakings of £985 million and £1,774 million for the years ended 31 December 2015 and 2014, respectively.
As stated in note 3, under FRS 101, the Company accounts for its investments in subsidiary undertakings at cost less impairment.
For the purpose of this reconciliation, no adjustment is made to the Company in respect of any valuation adjustments to shares in
subsidiary undertakings which would be eliminated on consolidation.
5 Investments of the Company
2015 £m
Shares in
subsidiary
undertakings
Loans to
subsidiary
undertakings
At 1 January 5,373 6,329
Investment in subsidiary undertakings 7,247 (5,489)
Offset against amount owed to subsidiary undertaking (79) –
Reclassified as amount owed by subsidiary undertaking – (840)
Other movements (27) –
At 31 December 12,514 –
During the year, the Company entered into a number of intra-group transactions in order to simplify the Group’s corporate structure
relating to central finance subsidiaries. The transactions resulted in an increase of £7,247 million in the cost of shares in subsidiary
undertakings, of which £5,489 million related to the conversion to equity of existing intra-group loans and the remainder to movements
in other intercompany balances. No profit or loss arose on the transactions. Further changes to the amounts relating to shares in, and
loans to, subsidiary undertakings are set out in the table above.
Other movements comprise £7 million in respect of share-based payments, reflecting the value of payments settled by the Company
for employees of its subsidiary undertakings, less £34 million relating to cash received from subsidiaries in respect of share awards.
Subsidiary undertakings of the Company at 31 December 2015 are listed in note D6 of the Group financial statements.
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 287
6 Deferred tax assets and liabilities
Deferred tax asset 2015 £m 2014 £m
Short-term temporary differences – 1
Unused deferred tax losses – 7
Total – 8
Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that they are regarded as recoverable, that is to the extent that, on the basis of all
available evidence, it can be regarded as more likely than not that there will be suitable taxable profits from which the future reversal
of the underlying temporary differences can be deducted.
Deferred tax liability 2015 £m 2014 £m
Short-term temporary differences related to pension scheme (9) (8)
Total (9) (8)
Deferred tax liability of £(9) million (2014: £(8) million) disclosure arises from the change in the presentation of the pension scheme asset
on the balance sheet from net to gross of related deferred tax at the balance sheet date following adoption of FRS 101.
The reduction in the UK corporation tax rate to 19 per cent from 1 April 2017 and a further reduction to 18 per cent from 1 April 2020
was substantively enacted on 26 October 2015 which has had the effect of reducing the deferred tax balances as at 31 December 2015.
These changes are reflected in the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2015.
7 Borrowings
Core structural borrowings Other borrowings Total
2015 £m 2014 £m 2015 £m 2014 £m 2015 £m 2014 £m
Core structural borrowings note (i)
Subordinated liabilities note (ii) 4,018 3,320 – – 4,018 3,320
Debenture loans 549 549 – – 549 549
4,567 3,869 – – 4,567 3,869
Other borrowings: note (iii)
Commercial Paper – – 1,107 1,704 1,107 1,704
Floating Rate Notes note (iv) – – 200 200 200 200
Medium Term Notes 2015 note (v) – – – 300 – 300
Medium Term Notes 2018 note (vi) – – 598 – 598 –
Total borrowings 4,567 3,869 1,905 2,204 6,472 6,073
Borrowings are repayable as follows:
Within 1 year or on demand – – 1,307 2,204 1,307 2,204
Between 1 and 5 years – – 598 – 598 –
After 5 years 4,567 3,869 – – 4,567 3,869
4,567 3,869 1,905 2,204 6,472 6,073
Notes
(i) Further details on the core structural borrowings of the Company are provided in note C6.1 of the Group financial statements.
(ii) The interests of the holders of the subordinated liabilities are subordinate to the entitlements of other creditors of the Company.
(iii) These borrowings support a short-term fixed income securities programme.
(iv) The Company issued £200 million Floating Rate Notes in October 2015 which will mature in October 2016. These Notes have been wholly subscribed
to by a Group subsidiary and accordingly have been eliminated on consolidation in the Group financial statements. These Notes were originally issued
in October 2008 and have been continually reissued upon their maturity.
(v) In November 2015, the Company repaid £300 million Medium Term Notes at maturity.
(vi) In January 2015 and in November 2015, the Company issued £300 million Medium Term Notes which will mature in January 2018 and November 2018
respectively. The proceeds, net of costs, were £598 million.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.288 prudential.co.uk
Notes on the parent company financial statements continued
8 Derivative financial instruments
2015 £m 2014 £m
Fair value
assets
Fair value
liabilities
Fair value
assets
Fair value
liabilities
Cross-currency swap 1 – 2 –
Inflation-linked swap – 322 – 315
Total 1 322 2 315
Derivative financial instruments are held to manage certain macroeconomic exposures. The change in fair value of the derivative financial
instruments of the Company was a loss before tax of £7 million (2014: loss before tax of £115 million).
The derivative financial instruments are valued internally using standard market practices. In accordance with the Company’s
risk management framework, all internally generated valuations are subject to independent assessment against external
counterparties’ valuations.
9 Pension scheme financial position
The majority of UK Prudential staff are members of the Group’s pension schemes. The largest scheme is the Prudential Staff Pension
Scheme (the ‘Scheme’) which is primarily a closed defined benefit scheme.
At 31 December 2005, the allocation of surpluses and deficits attaching to the Scheme between the Company and the unallocated
surplus of The Prudential Assurance Company Limited (‘PAC’) with-profits fund was apportioned in the ratio 30/70 following detailed
consideration of the sourcing of previous contributions. This ratio was applied to the base deficit position at 1 January 2006 and for the
purpose of determining the allocation of the movements in that position up to 31 December 2015. The IAS 19 service charge and ongoing
employer contributions are allocated by reference to the cost allocation for current activity.
The last completed triennial actuarial valuation of the Scheme was as at 5 April 2014. Further details on the results of this valuation and
the total employer contributions to the Scheme for the year are provided in note C9 of the Group financial statements, together with the
key assumptions adopted, including mortality assumptions.
A description of the regulatory framework in which the Scheme operates, the governance of the Scheme, and the risks to which the
Scheme exposes the Company is provided in note C9. The most recent full valuation has been updated to 31 December 2015 applying
the principles prescribed by IAS 19. The actuarial assumptions used in determining the IAS 19 benefit obligations and the net periodic
costs and sensitivity of IAS 19 benefit obligation to changes in the actuarial assumptions are also provided in note C9.
Movements in net defined benefit liability/asset
The assets and liabilities of the Scheme were:
31 Dec 2015 £m 31 Dec 2014 £m
Quoted
prices in
an active
market Other Total
Quoted
prices in
an active
market Other Total
Scheme assets:
Equities
UK 118 8 126 126 – 126
Overseas 150 – 150 143 – 143
Bonds*
Government 4,795 – 4,795 5,078 – 5,078
Corporate 925 45 970 885 46 931
Asset-backed securities 135 – 135 197 – 197
Properties – 70 70 – 93 93
Derivatives 183 – 183 159 – 159
Other assets 272 26 298 270 – 270
Fair value of Scheme assets 6,578 149 6,727 6,858 139 6,997
Present value of benefit obligations (5,758) (6,157)
Underlying surplus in the Scheme 969 840
Effect of the application of IFRIC 14 for
de-recognition of surplus (800) (710)
Surplus in the Scheme 169 130
Surplus in the Scheme recognised by the
Company† 51 39
* 96 per cent (2014: 97 per cent) of the bonds are investment graded.
† The surplus in the Scheme recognised in the balance sheet of the Company represents the amount which is recoverable through reduced future contributions and
is net of the apportionment to the PAC with-profits fund.
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 289
The change in the present value of the underlying Scheme liabilities and the change in the fair value of the underlying Scheme assets
are as follows:
2015 £m
Scheme assets
Present value
of benefit
obligations
note (i)
Net surplus
without the
effect of
IFRIC 14
Effect of
IFRIC 14
for derecognition
of surplus
IAS 19
basis net
surplus
Balance at 1 January 6,997 (6,157) 840 (710) 130
Current service cost – (21) (21) (21)
Negative past service cost – 48 48 48
Net interest income (cost) 240 (209) 31 (26) 5
Administration expenses (4) – (4) (4)
Actuarial gains (losses) note (ii) (248) 312 64 (64) –
Contributions paid by the employer note (iii) 11 – 11 11
Contributions paid by the employee 1 (1) – –
Benefits paid (270) 270 – –
Balance at 31 December 6,727 (5,758) 969 (800) 169
2014 £m
Scheme assets
Present value
of benefit
obligations
note (i)
Net surplus
without the
effect of
IFRIC 14
Effect of
IFRIC 14
for derecognition
of surplus
IAS 19
basis net
surplus
Balance at 1 January 6,042 (5,316) 726 (602) 124
Current service cost – (17) (17) (17)
Past service cost – (4) (4) (4)
Net interest income (cost) 261 (229) 32 (26) 6
Administration expenses (5) – (5) (5)
Actuarial gains (losses) note (ii) 927 (830) 97 (82) 15
Contributions paid by the employer note (iii) 11 – 11 11
Contributions paid by the employee 1 (1) – –
Benefits paid (240) 240 – –
Balance at 31 December 6,997 (6,157) 840 (710) 130
Notes
(i) The weighted average duration of the benefit obligations of the Scheme is 17 years (2014: 17 years). The following table provides an expected maturity analysis
of the benefit obligations as at 31 December:
1 year or less
After 1 year
to 5 years
After 5 years
to 10 years
After 10 years
to 15 years
After 15 years
to 20 years Over 20 years Total
2015 225 974 1,422 1,489 1,438 6,303 11,851
2014 222 945 1,417 1,519 1,476 6,716 12,295
(ii) The actuarial gains attributable to policyholders and shareholders are analysed as follows:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Return on scheme assets excluding interest income* (248) 927
Actuarial gains (losses):
Experience gains (losses) on Scheme liabilities 28 (34)
Actuarial losses – demographic assumptions (3) (22)
Actuarial gains (losses) – financial assumptions 287 (774)
312 (830)
Total actuarial gains without the effect of IFRIC 14 64 97
Actuarial gains attributable to the Company before tax† 4 8
* The total return on scheme assets in 2015 was a loss of £8 million (2014: gain of £1,188 million).
† Actuarial gains attributable to the Company are net of the apportionment to the PAC with-profits fund and are related to the surplus recognised in the balance
sheet of the Company. In 2015, the gains included a charge of £15 million (2014: £21 million) for the adjustment to the unrecognised portion of surplus which has
not been deducted from the pension charge.
The gains after tax of £4 million (2014: £6 million) are recorded in other comprehensive income.
(iii) Employer contributions to be paid into the Scheme for the year ending 31 December 2016 are expected to amount to £11 million, comprising ongoing service
contributions and expenses.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.290 prudential.co.uk
Notes on the parent company financial statements continued
10 Share capital and share premium
A summary of the ordinary shares in issue and the options outstanding to subscribe for the Company’s shares at 31 December 2015 is set
out in note C10 of the Group financial statements.
11 Retained profit of the Company
Retained profit at 31 December 2015 amounted to £5,866 million (2014: £5,909 million). The retained profit includes distributable
reserves of £3,385 million and non-distributable reserves of £2,481 million. The non-distributable reserves comprise £2,405 million
relating to gains made by intermediate holding companies following the transfer at fair value of certain subsidiaries to other parts of the
Group as part of internal restructuring exercises and £76 million of share-based payment reserves. The amount of £2,405 million is not
able to be regarded as part of the distributable reserves of the parent company because the gains relate to intra-group transactions.
Under English company law, Prudential may pay dividends only if sufficient distributable reserves of the Company are available for the
purpose and if the amount of its net assets is greater than the aggregate of its called up share capital and non-distributable reserves (such
as the share premium account) and the payment of the dividend does not reduce the amount of its net assets to less than that aggregate.
12 Other information
a Information on directors’ remuneration is given in the directors’ remuneration report section of this Annual Report and note B3.3
of the Group financial statements.
b Information on transactions of the directors with the Group is given in note D4 of the Group financial statements.
c The Company employs no staff.
d Fees payable to the Company’s auditor for the audit of the Company’s annual accounts were £0.1 million (2014: £0.1 million) and for
other services were £0.2 million (2014: £0.1 million).
e In certain instances, the Company has guaranteed that its subsidiaries will meet their obligations when they fall due for payment.
13 Post balance sheet events
The second interim and special dividends for the year ended 31 December 2015, which were approved by the Board of Directors after
31 December 2015, are described in note B7 of the Group financial statements.
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 291
14 Explanation of transition to FRS 101
As stated in note 2, these are the Company’s first financial statements prepared in accordance with FRS 101.
The accounting policies set out in note 3 have been applied in preparing the financial statements for the year ended 31 December
2015, the comparative information presented in these financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2014 and in the preparation
of an opening FRS 101 statement of financial position at 1 January 2014.
In preparing its FRS 101 balance sheet, the Company has adjusted amounts reported previously in financial statements prepared
in accordance with its old basis of accounting, UK GAAP. An explanation of how the transition from UK GAAP to FRS 101 has affected
the Company’s financial statements is set out in the following tables and the notes that accompany the tables.
31 Dec 2014 £m
UK GAAP
Effect of
transition
to FRS 101 FRS 101
Fixed assets 11,702 – 11,702
Current assets (including pension asset)
Pension asset 31 8 39
Other current assets 3,805 – 3,805
3,836 8 3,844
Liabilities: amounts falling due within one year
Deferred tax liability – (8) (8)
Other current liabilities (3,724) – (3,724)
(3,724) (8) (3,732)
Net current assets 112 – 112
Total assets less current liabilities 11,814 – 11,814
Liabilities: amounts falling due after more than one year (3,869) – (3,869)
Total net assets 7,945 – 7,945
2014 £m
UK GAAP
Effect of
transition
to FRS 101 FRS 101
Profit on ordinary activities before tax 1,385 3 1,388
Tax credit on profit on ordinary activities 75 – 75
Profit for the year 1,460 3 1,463
Actuarial gains (losses) recognised in respect of the pension scheme, net of tax 9 (3) 6
Total comprehensive income for the year 1,469 – 1,469
Notes:
(1) The change in the presentation of the pension asset on the balance sheet from net to gross of related deferred tax liability at 31 December 2014 was £8 million.
(2) The replacement of expected return on scheme assets under FRS 17 with an amount based on the liability discount rate under IAS 19 in the determination
of the pension charge and the change in the recording of the surplus restriction resulted in a reclassification of £3 million gross and net of tax between
the 2014 pension charge in the profit and loss account and the actuarial gains in other comprehensive income.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.292 prudential.co.uk
Statement of directors’ responsibilities in respect of the Annual Report and the financial statements
The directors are responsible
for preparing the Annual Report
and the Group and parent
company financial statements
in accordance with applicable
law and regulations.
Company law requires the directors to
prepare Group and parent company
financial statements for each financial year.
Under that law, the directors are required
to prepare the Group financial statements
in accordance with International Financial
Reporting Standards (IFRSs) as adopted by
the European Union (EU) and applicable
law and have elected to prepare the parent
company financial statements in
accordance with UK Accounting Standards
and applicable law (UK Generally
Accepted Accounting Practice) including
FRS 101 ‘Reduced Disclosure Framework’.
Under company law, the directors must not
approve the financial statements unless
they are satisfied that they give a true and
fair view of the state of affairs of the Group
and parent company and of their profit or
loss for that period. In preparing each of the
Group and parent company financial
statements, the directors are required to:
——Select suitable accounting policies and
then apply them consistently;
——Make judgements and estimates that
are reasonable and prudent;
——For the Group financial statements,
state whether they have been prepared
in accordance with IFRS as adopted by
the EU;
——For the parent company financial
statements, state whether applicable
UK Accounting Standards have been
followed, subject to any material
departures disclosed and explained in
the parent company financial
statements; and
——Prepare the financial statements on
the going concern basis unless it is
inappropriate to presume that the
Group and the parent company will
continue in business.
The directors are responsible for keeping
adequate accounting records that are
sufficient to show and explain the parent
company’s transactions and disclose, with
reasonable accuracy at any time, the
financial position of the parent company
and enable them to ensure that its financial
statements comply with the Companies
Act 2006. They have general responsibility
for taking such steps as are reasonably
open to them to safeguard the assets of the
Group and to prevent and detect fraud and
other irregularities.
Under applicable law and regulations, the
directors are also responsible for preparing
a strategic report, directors’ report,
directors’ remuneration report and
corporate governance statement that
comply with that law and those regulations.
The directors are responsible for the
maintenance and integrity of the corporate
and financial information included on the
Company’s website. Legislation in the UK
governing the preparation and
dissemination of financial statements may
differ from legislation in other jurisdictions.
The directors of Prudential plc, whose
names and positions are set out on pages
71 to 75 confirm that to the best of their
knowledge:
——The financial statements, prepared in
accordance with the applicable set of
accounting standards, give a true and
fair view of the assets, liabilities,
financial position and profit or loss
of the Company and the undertakings
included in the consolidation taken as
a whole;
——The strategic report includes a fair
review of the development and
performance of the business and the
position of the Company and the
undertakings included in the
consolidation taken as a whole, together
with a description of the principal risks
and uncertainties that they face; and
——The Annual Report and financial
statements, taken as a whole, is fair,
balanced and understandable and
provides the information necessary for
shareholders to assess the Company’s
position and performance, business
model and strategy.
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 293
Independent auditor’s report to the members of Prudential plc only
Opinions and conclusions arising
from our audit
1. Our opinion on the financial
statements is unmodified
We have audited the financial statements
of Prudential plc for the year ended
31 December 2015 set out on pages 133
to 291. In our opinion:
——The financial statements give a true and
fair view of the state of the Group’s and
of the parent company’s affairs as at
31 December 2015 and of the Group’s
profit for the year then ended;
——The Group financial statements have
been properly prepared in accordance
with International Financial Reporting
Standards as adopted by the European
Union;
——The parent company financial
statements have been properly
prepared in accordance with UK
Accounting Standards including FRS
101 Reduced Disclosure Framework;
and
——The financial statements have been
prepared in accordance with the
requirements of the Companies Act
2006 and, as regards the Group
financial statements, Article 4
of the IAS Regulation.
2. Our assessment of risks of material misstatement
In arriving at our audit opinion above on the financial statements, the risks of material misstatement that had the greatest effect on our
audit, which are unchanged from 2014 including the level of risk associated with them, were as follows:
Valuation of investments (2015: £351,979 million, 2014: £337,454 million)
Refer to page 89 (Audit Committee report), page 147 (accounting policy) and pages 196 to 218 (financial disclosures)
The risk – The Group’s investment portfolio represents
91 per cent of the Group’s total assets. The valuation of the
portfolio involves judgement in selecting the valuation basis for
each investment and further judgement in performing the
valuation for harder to value investments.
The areas that involved significant audit effort and judgement in
2015 were the valuation of illiquid positions within the financial
investments portfolio representing 3 per cent of the Group’s total
assets. These included unlisted equity, unlisted debt securities,
certain derivatives and loans such as commercial mortgage loans
and bridge loans. For these positions, a reliable third-party price
was not readily available and therefore involved the application
of expert judgement in the valuations adopted.
Our response – We used our own valuation specialists and
pricing services to assist us in performing our procedures in this
area, which included:
——Assessing the availability of quoted prices in liquid markets;
——Assessing whether the valuation process is appropriately
designed and captures relevant valuation inputs;
——Testing whether associated controls in respect of the valuation
process are functioning properly;
——Performing our own independent price checks from our own
pricing services using external quotes for liquid positions and,
where available, for illiquid positions;
——Assessing pricing model methodologies and assumptions
against industry practice and valuation guidelines;
——Evaluating the testing performed by the Group in order to
identify any impairment in relation to loans; and
——Performing our own assessment of loan files to understand the
performance of the loans. We obtained an understanding
of existing and prospective investee company cash flows
to understand whether loans can be serviced or refinancing
may be required and considered the impact on impairment
testing performed.
We also assessed whether the Group’s disclosures in relation
to the valuation of investments are compliant with the relevant
accounting requirements, in particular the sensitivity of the
valuations adopted to alternative outcomes.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.294 prudential.co.uk
Policyholder liabilities (2015: £322,518 million, 2014: £309,539 million)
Refer to page 89 (Audit Committee report), page 144 (accounting policy) and pages 219 to 235 (financial disclosures)
The risk – The Group has significant insurance liabilities
representing 86 per cent of the Group’s total liabilities. This is an
area that involves significant judgement over uncertain future
outcomes, mainly the ultimate total settlement value of long-term
policyholder liabilities. Economic assumptions, such as investment
return and associated discount rates, and operating assumptions
such as mortality and persistency (including consideration of
policyholder behaviour) are the key inputs used to estimate these
long-term liabilities.
The valuation of the guarantees in the US variable annuity business
is a complex exercise as it involves exercising significant judgement
over the relationship between the investment return attaching
to these products and the guarantees contractually provided
to policyholders and the likely policyholder behaviour in response
to changes in investment performance.
The valuation of the insurance liabilities in relation to the UK
annuity business requires the exercise of significant judgement
over the setting of mortality and credit risk assumptions.
Our response – We used our own actuarial specialists to assist us
in performing our procedures in this area, which included:
——Consideration of the appropriateness of the assumptions used
in the stochastic models for the valuation of the US variable
annuity guarantees. We assessed assumptions of policyholder
behaviour by reference to relevant company and industry
historical data. We assessed assumptions for investment mix
and projected investment returns by reference to companyspecific
and industry data, and for future growth rates by
reference to market trends and market volatility; and
——Consideration of the appropriateness of the mortality
assumptions used in the valuation of the UK annuity liabilities
by reference to company and industry data on historical
mortality experience and expectations of future mortality
improvements, including evaluation of the choice of the
Continuous Mortality Investigation (‘CMI’) model and the
parameters used in relation to this. Our work on the credit risk
assumptions primarily considered the appropriateness of the
methodology and assumptions by reference to industry
practice and our expectation derived from market experience.
We utilised the results of KPMG benchmarking of assumptions
and actuarial market practice to inform our challenge of
management’s assumptions in both areas.
Other key procedures included assessing the Group’s
methodology for calculating the insurance liabilities and their
analysis of the movements in insurance liabilities during the year,
including consideration of whether the movements are in line with
the assumptions adopted by the Group, our understanding of
developments in the business and our expectation derived from
market experience. We considered the validity of management’s
liability adequacy testing which is a key test performed to check
that the liabilities are adequate in the context of expected
experience. Our work on the liability adequacy test includes
assessing the reasonableness of the projected cash flows and
challenging the assumptions adopted in the context of company
and industry experience data and specific product features.
We also performed test work to ensure the appropriateness of
changes made to the reserving models during the year.
We considered whether the Group’s disclosures in relation to the
assumptions used in the calculation of insurance liabilities are
compliant with the relevant accounting requirements, in particular the
sensitivities of these assumptions to alternative scenarios and inputs.
Deferred Acquisition Costs (‘DAC’) (2015: £7,022 million, 2014: £5,927 million)
Refer to page 89 (Audit Committee report), page 145 (accounting policy) and pages 236 to 240 (financial disclosures)
The risk – DAC represents 1.8 per cent of the total assets and
involves judgement in the identification of, and the extent to
which, certain acquisition costs can be deferred, and assessment
of recoverability of the asset. The DAC associated with the US
business, which represents 88 per cent of total DAC, involves the
greatest judgement in terms of measurement and recoverability.
The amortisation and recoverability assessment of the US DAC
asset is related to the achieved and projected future profit profile.
This involves making assumptions about future investment returns
and the consequential impact on fee income.
Our response – We used our own actuarial specialists to assist us
in performing our audit procedures in this area, which included:
——Evaluating the appropriateness of the Group’s deferral policy
by comparing it against the requirements of relevant
accounting standards;
——Evaluating whether costs are deferred in accordance with the
Group’s deferral policy; and
——Assessing the calculations performed including the
appropriateness of the assumptions used in determining the
estimated future profit profile and the extent of the associated
adjustment necessary to the amortisation of the DAC asset.
We compared the estimated future profits to the carrying value
of the DAC asset to assess recoverability. Our work included
assessing the reasonableness of assumptions such as the
projected investment return by comparing against the Group’s
investment portfolio mix and market return data.
We also considered the adequacy of the Group’s disclosures about
the degree of estimation involved in the valuation of DAC.
Independent auditor’s report to the members of Prudential plc only continued
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 295
3. Our application of materiality and
an overview of the scope of our audit
Materiality for the Group financial
statements as a whole was set at
£350 million (2014: £307 million)
determined with reference to a benchmark
of IFRS shareholders’ equity of £13.0 billion
(of which it represents 2.7 per cent
(2014: 2.6 per cent)). We consider IFRS
shareholders’ equity to be the most
appropriate benchmark as it represents
the residual interest that can be ascribed
to shareholders after policyholder assets
and corresponding liabilities have been
accounted for. We compared our
materiality against other relevant
benchmarks, such as total assets, total
revenue and profit before tax to ensure
the materiality selected was appropriate
for our audit.
We set out below the materiality thresholds
that are key to the audit.
Materiality thresholds
£350m
£110_140m
£18m
£13bn
IFRS
shareholders’
equity Materiality
£350m
Threshold for misstatements reported
to the Audit Committee
Range of component materials
Materiality for the group financial
statements
We report to the Group Audit Committee
any corrected or uncorrected identified
misstatements exceeding £18 million
(2014: £15 million) in addition to other
identified misstatements that warrant
reporting on qualitative grounds.
We subjected the Group’s operations to
audits for Group reporting purposes as
follows:
——Audits for Group reporting purposes in
relation to the financial information of
the insurance operations in the UK, the
US, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Singapore,
Malaysia, Korea, Thailand and fund
management operations in the
UK (M&G).
——Audits of account balances that
correspond to the risks of material
misstatement identified above in
relation to Prudential Capital and the
insurance operations in China, Taiwan
and Vietnam. The account balances
audited are investments, policyholder
liabilities and deferred acquisition costs.
For the remaining operations, we
performed analyses at an aggregated
Group level to re-examine our assessment
that there were no significant risks
of material misstatement within
these operations.
These components accounted for the
following percentages of the Group’s
results in 2015:
Group profit before tax
2%
8%
90%
Audit for group reporting (2014: 88%)
Audit of account balances (2014: 4%)
Analysis at group level (2014: 8%)
Total group revenue
2%
8%
90%
Audit for group reporting (2014: 92%)
Audit of account balances (2014: 2%)
Analysis at group level (2014: 6%)
Total group assets
2%
7%
91%
Audit for group reporting (2014: 91%)
Audit of account balances (2014: 2%)
Analysis at group level (2014: 7%)
Group shareholders’ equity
3%
8%
89%
Audit for group reporting (2014: 89%)
Audit of account balances (2014: 1%)
Analysis at group level (2014: 10%)
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.296 prudential.co.uk
Independent auditor’s report to the members of Prudential plc only continued
The Group audit team in the UK covered
the UK Group head office operations.
Component auditors performed the audit
work in the remaining locations.
The Group audit team held a global
planning conference with component
auditors to identify audit risks and decide
how each component team should address
the identified audit risks. The Group audit
team instructed component auditors as to
the significant areas to be covered,
including the relevant risks detailed above
and the information to be reported back.
The Group audit team approved the
component materialities, which were set as
£110 million for key reporting components
in Asia and £140 million for all other key
reporting components listed above
(2014: £110 million–£140 million), having
regard to the size and risk profile of
the Group.
The Group audit team visited 10
component locations, comprising the
insurance operations in the UK, the US,
Hong Kong, Indonesia, Singapore,
Malaysia, Korea and Thailand, the fund
management operations in M&G and
Prudential Capital. Video and telephone
conference meetings were also held with
these component auditors and certain
others that were not physically visited. At
these visits and meetings, an assessment
was made of audit risk and strategy, the
findings reported to the Group audit team
were discussed in more detail, key working
papers were reviewed and any further
work required by the Group audit team was
then performed by the component auditor.
The Senior Statutory Auditor, in
conjunction with other senior staff in the
Group team, also regularly attended
business unit audit committee meetings (at
a regional level for Asia) and participated in
meetings with local management to obtain
additional understanding first-hand of the
key risks and audit issues at a component
level which may affect the Group
financial statements.
4. Our opinion on other matters
prescribed by the Companies Act
2006 is unmodified
In our opinion:
——The part of the Directors’ Remuneration
Report to be audited has been properly
prepared in accordance with the
Companies Act 2006; and
——The information given in the Strategic
Report and the Directors’ Report for the
financial year for which the financial
statements are prepared is consistent
with the financial statements.
5. We have nothing to report on the
disclosures of principal risks
Based on the knowledge we acquired
during our audit, we have nothing material
to add or draw attention to in relation to:
——The directors’ viability statement on
page 56 concerning the principal risks,
their management, and, based on that,
the directors’ assessment and
expectations of the Group’s continuing
in operation over the three years to
2018; or
——The disclosure on page 98 of the Annual
Report concerning the use of the going
concern basis of accounting.
6. We have nothing to report in
respect of the matters on which we
are required to report by exception
Under ISAs (UK and Ireland) we are
required to report to you if, based on the
knowledge we acquired during our audit,
we have identified other information
in the annual report that contains
a material inconsistency with either that
knowledge or the financial statements,
a material misstatement of fact, or that
is otherwise misleading.
In particular, we are required to report to
you if:
——We have identified material
inconsistencies between the knowledge
we acquired during our audit and the
directors’ statement that they consider
that the annual report and financial
statements taken as a whole is fair,
balanced and understandable and
provides the information necessary
for shareholders to assess the Group’s
position and performance, business
model and strategy; or
——The Audit Committee report does
not appropriately address matters
communicated by us to the audit
committee.
Under the Companies Act 2006 we are
required to report to you if, in our opinion:
——Adequate accounting records have not
been kept by the parent company, or
returns adequate for our audit have not
been received from branches not visited
by us; or
——The parent company financial
statements and the part of the
Directors’ Remuneration Report to be
audited are not in agreement with the
accounting records and returns; or
——Certain disclosures of directors’
remuneration specified by law are not
made; or
——We have not received all the
information and explanations we
require for our audit.
Under the Listing Rules we are required
to review:
——The directors’ statement, set out on
pages 98 and 56, in relation to going
concern and longer-term viability; and
——The part of the corporate governance
statement on page 99 relating to
the Company’s compliance with the
11 provisions of the 2014 UK
Corporate Governance Code specified
for our review.
We have nothing to report in respect of the
above responsibilities.
7. Scope of report and responsibilities
As explained more fully in the directors’
responsibilities statement set out on
page 292, the directors are responsible for
the preparation of the financial statements
and for being satisfied that they give a true
and fair view. A description of the scope of an
audit of financial statements is provided on
the Financial Reporting Council’s website
at www.frc.org.uk/auditscopeukprivate
This report is made solely to the Company’s
members as a body and is subject to
important explanations and disclaimers
regarding our responsibilities, published
on our website at www.kpmg.com/uk/
auditscopeukco2014a which are
incorporated into this report as if set out
in full and should be read to provide an
understanding of the purpose of this
report, the work we have undertaken and
the basis of our opinions.
Rees Aronson
(Senior Statutory Auditor)
For and on behalf of KPMG LLP,
Statutory Auditor
Chartered Accountants
London
8 March 2016
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 297
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information 6
298 Index to EEV basis results
European
Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results
Apprenticeship programme Our communities
Over the past two years
Prudential UK has recruited
130 young people to join the highly
regarded apprenticeship programme.
Find out more on page 60.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.298 prudential.co.uk
Index to European Embedded Value (EEV) basis results
299 Post-tax operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
300 Post-tax summarised consolidated income statement
300 Movement in shareholders’ equity
301 Summary statement of financial position
Notes on the EEV basis results
302 1 Basis of preparation
302 2 Results analysis by business area
304 3 Analysis of new business contribution
305 4 Operating profit from business in force
307 5 Short-term fluctuations in investment returns
308 6 Effect of changes in economic assumptions
309 7 Net core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations
310 8 Analysis of movement in free surplus
313 9 Reconciliation of movement in shareholders’ equity
314 10 Reconciliation of movement in net worth and value of in-force
for long-term business
316 11 Expected transfer of value of in-force business to free surplus
317 12 Sensitivity of results to alternative assumptions
318 13 Methodology and accounting presentation
324 14 Assumptions
327 15 Effect of Solvency II on EEV basis results on 1 January 2016
328 16 New business premiums and contributions
Description of EEV basis reporting
In broad terms, IFRS profits for long-term business reflect the
aggregate of results on a traditional accounting basis. By contrast,
embedded value is a way of reporting the value of the life
insurance business.
The European Embedded Value principles were published by
the CFO Forum of major European insurers in May 2004 and
subsequently supplemented by Additional Guidance issued in
October 2005. The impact of Solvency II is not reflected in these
results in line with the guidance issued by the CFO Forum in
October 2015 (see note 15 for further details). The principles
provide consistent definitions, a framework for setting actuarial
assumptions and an approach to the underlying methodology
and disclosures.
Results prepared under the EEV principles capture the
discounted value of future profits expected to arise from the
current book of long-term business. The results are prepared by
projecting cash flows by product, using best estimate
assumptions for all relevant factors. Furthermore, in determining
these expected profits, full allowance is made for the risks
attached to their emergence and the associated cost of capital,
taking into account recent experience in assessing likely future
persistency, mortality, morbidity and expenses. Further details
are explained in notes 13 and 14.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 299
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
European Embedded Value (EEV) basis results
Post-tax operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
Results analysis by business area
Note
2015 £m 2014 £m
note (iii)
Asia operations
New business 3 1,490 1,162
Business in force 4 831 738
Long-term business 2,321 1,900
Eastspring Investments 101 78
Total 2,422 1,978
US operations
New business 3 809 694
Business in force 4 999 834
Long-term business 1,808 1,528
Broker-dealer and asset management 7 6
Total 1,815 1,534
UK operations*
New business 3 318 259
Business in force 4 545 476
Long-term business 863 735
General insurance commission 22 19
Total UK insurance operations 885 754
M&G 358 353
Prudential Capital 18 33
Total 1,261 1,140
Other income and expenditure note (i) (566) (531)
Solvency II and restructuring costs note (ii) (51) (36)
Results of the sold PruHealth and PruProtect businesses – 11
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 4,881 4,096
Analysed as profit (loss) from:
New business* 3 2,617 2,115
Business in force* 4 2,375 2,048
Long-term business* 4,992 4,163
Asset management 484 470
Other results (595) (537)
4,881 4,096
* In order to show the UK long-term business on a comparable basis, the 2014 comparative results exclude the contribution from the sold PruHealth and PruProtect
businesses which is shown separately.
Notes
(i) EEV basis other income and expenditure represents the post-tax IFRS basis result less the unwind of expected margins on the internal management
of the assets of the covered business (as explained in note 13(a)(vii)) and an adjustment for the shareholders’ share of the pension costs attributable to
the with-profits business.
(ii) Solvency II and restructuring costs comprise the net of tax charge recognised on an IFRS basis and the additional amount recognised on the EEV basis
for the shareholders’ share incurred by the PAC with-profits fund.
(iii) The comparative results have been prepared using previously reported average exchange rates for the year.
Basic earnings per share
2015 2014
Based on post-tax operating profit including longer-term investment returns (in pence) 191.2p 160.7p
Based on post-tax profit attributable to equity holders of the Company (in pence) 154.8p 170.4p
Average number of shares (millions) 2,553 2,549
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.300 prudential.co.uk
Post-tax summarised consolidated income statement
Note 2015 £m 2014 £m
Asia operations 2,422 1,978
US operations 1,815 1,534
UK operations* 1,261 1,140
Other income and expenditure (566) (531)
Solvency II and restructuring costs (51) (36)
Results of the sold PruHealth and PruProtect businesses – 11
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 4,881 4,096
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns 5 (1,208) 763
Effect of changes in economic assumptions 6 57 (369)
Mark to market value movements on core borrowings 221 (187)
Gain on sale of PruHealth and PruProtect† – 44
Costs of domestication of Hong Kong branch – (4)
Total non-operating (loss) profit (930) 247
Profit for the year attributable to equity holders of the Company 3,951 4,343
* In order to show the UK long-term business on a comparable basis, the 2014 comparative results exclude the contribution from the sold PruHealth and PruProtect
businesses which is shown separately.
† In November 2014, PAC completed the sale of its 25 per cent equity stake in the PruHealth and PruProtect businesses to Discovery Group Europe Limited resulting
in a gain of £44 million in 2014.
Movement in shareholders’ equity
Note 2015 £m 2014 £m
Profit for the year attributable to equity shareholders 3,951 4,343
Items taken directly to equity:
Exchange movements on foreign operations and net investment hedges 244 737
Dividends (974) (895)
New share capital subscribed 7 13
Shareholders’ share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit
pension schemes 25 (11)
Reserve movements in respect of share-based payments 39 106
Treasury shares (18) (54)
Mark to market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital (76) 77
Net increase in shareholders’ equity 9 3,198 4,316
Shareholders’ equity at beginning of year:
As previously reported 9 29,161 24,856
Effect of the domestication of Hong Kong branch on 1 January 2014* – (11)
29,161 24,845
Shareholders’ equity at end of year 9 32,359 29,161
* On 1 January 2014, the Hong Kong branch of PAC was transferred to separate subsidiaries established in Hong Kong. The overall EEV basis effect of £(11) million
represents the cost of holding higher required capital levels in the stand-alone Hong Kong shareholder-backed long-term insurance business.
European Embedded Value (EEV) basis results continued
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 301
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
Movement in shareholders’ equity
31 Dec 2015 £m 31 Dec 2014 £m
Comprising:
Long-term
business
operations
note 9
Asset
management
and other
operations Total
Long-term
business
operations
Asset
management
and other
operations Total
Asia operations 13,876 306 14,182 12,545 274 12,819
US operations 9,487 182 9,669 8,379 157 8,536
UK insurance operations 9,647 22 9,669 8,433 19 8,452
M&G – 1,774 1,774 – 1,572 1,572
Prudential Capital – 70 70 – 74 74
Other operations – (3,005) (3,005) – (2,292) (2,292)
Shareholders’ equity at end of year 33,010 (651) 32,359 29,357 (196) 29,161
Representing:
Net assets excluding acquired goodwill and
holding company net borrowings 32,777 866 33,643 29,124 1,542 30,666
Acquired goodwill 233 1,230 1,463 233 1,230 1,463
Holding company net borrowings
at market value note 7 – (2,747) (2,747) – (2,968) (2,968)
33,010 (651) 32,359 29,357 (196) 29,161
Summary statement of financial position
Note
31 Dec 2015
£m
31 Dec 2014
£m
Total assets less liabilities, before deduction for insurance funds 340,666 326,633
Less insurance funds:*
Policyholder liabilities (net of reinsurers’ share) and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds (327,711) (314,822)
Less shareholders’ accrued interest in the long-term business 19,404 17,350
(308,307) (297,472)
Total net assets 9 32,359 29,161
Share capital 128 128
Share premium 1,915 1,908
IFRS basis shareholders’ reserves 10,912 9,775
Total IFRS basis shareholders’ equity 9 12,955 11,811
Additional EEV basis retained profit 9 19,404 17,350
Total EEV basis shareholders’ equity (excluding non-controlling interests) 9 32,359 29,161
* Including liabilities in respect of insurance products classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4.
Net asset value per share
31 Dec 2015 31 Dec 2014
Based on EEV basis shareholders’ equity of £32,359 million (2014: £29,161 million) (in pence) 1,258p 1,136p
Number of issued shares at year end (millions) 2,572 2,568
Annualised return on embedded value* 17% 16%
* Annualised return on embedded value is based on EEV post-tax operating profit, as a percentage of opening EEV basis shareholders’ equity.
The supplementary information on pages 299 to 328 was approved by the Board of Directors on 8 March 2016.
Paul Manduca
Chairman
Mike Wells
Group Chief Executive
Nic Nicandrou
Chief Financial Officer
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.302 prudential.co.uk
1 Basis of preparation
The EEV basis results have been prepared in accordance with the EEV Principles issued by the European Insurance CFO Forum
in May 2004, subsequently supplemented by Additional Guidance on EEV Disclosure issued in October 2005. The impact of Solvency II
is not reflected in these results in line with the guidance issued by the CFO Forum in October 2015 (see note 15 for further details).
Where appropriate, the EEV basis results include the effects of adoption of EU-endorsed IFRS.
The directors are responsible for the preparation of the supplementary information in accordance with the EEV Principles. Except for
the change in presentation of the operating results for UK operations to show separately the contribution from the sold PruHealth and
PruProtect businesses and the presentation of Prudential Capital as a separate segment, the 2014 results have been derived from the EEV
basis results supplement to the Company’s statutory accounts for 2014.
A detailed description of the EEV methodology and accounting presentation is provided in note 13.
2 Results analysis by business area
The 2014 comparative results are shown below on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) bases.
The 2014 CER comparative results are translated at 2015 average exchange rates.
Annual premium and contribution equivalents (APE) note 16
2015 £m 2014 £m % change
Note AER CER AER CER
Asia operations 2,853 2,237 2,267 28% 26%
US operations 1,729 1,556 1,677 11% 3%
UK operations* 1,025 834 834 23% 23%
Total* 3 5,607 4,627 4,778 21% 17%
* In order to show the UK long-term business on a comparable basis, the 2014 comparative results exclude the contribution from the sold PruHealth and PruProtect businesses.
Post-tax operating profit
2015 £m 2014 £m % change
Note AER CER AER CER
Asia operations
New business 3 1,490 1,162 1,168 28% 28%
Business in force 4 831 738 735 13% 13%
Long-term business 2,321 1,900 1,903 22% 22%
Eastspring Investments 101 78 79 29% 28%
Total 2,422 1,978 1,982 22% 22%
US operations
New business 3 809 694 748 17% 8%
Business in force 4 999 834 899 20% 11%
Long-term business 1,808 1,528 1,647 18% 10%
Broker-dealer and asset management 7 6 7 17% –
Total 1,815 1,534 1,654 18% 10%
UK operations*
New business 3 318 259 259 23% 23%
Business in force 4 545 476 476 14% 14%
Long-term business 863 735 735 17% 17%
General insurance commission 22 19 19 16% 16%
Total UK insurance operations 885 754 754 17% 17%
M&G 358 353 353 1% 1%
Prudential Capital 18 33 33 (45)% (45)%
Total 1,261 1,140 1,140 11% 11%
Other income and expenditure (566) (531) (531) (7)% (7)%
Solvency II and restructuring costs (51) (36) (36) (42)% (42)%
Results of the sold PruHealth and PruProtect
businesses – 11 11 n/a n/a
Operating profit based on longer-term
investment returns 4,881 4,096 4,220 19% 16%
Notes on the EEV basis results
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 303
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
2015 £m 2014 £m % change
Note AER CER AER CER
Analysed as profit (loss) from:
New business* 3 2,617 2,115 2,175 24% 20%
Business in force* 4 2,375 2,048 2,110 16% 13%
Total long-term business* 4,992 4,163 4,285 20% 16%
Asset management 484 470 472 3% 3%
Other results (595) (537) (537) (11)% (11)%
4,881 4,096 4,220 19% 16%
* In order to show the UK long-term business on a comparable basis, the 2014 comparative results exclude the contribution from the sold PruHealth and PruProtect
businesses, which is shown separately.
Post-tax profit
2015 £m 2014 £m % change
Note AER CER AER CER
Operating profit based on longer-term
investment returns 4,881 4,096 4,220 19% 16%
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns 5 (1,208) 763 771 (258)% (257)%
Effect of changes in economic assumptions 6 57 (369) (389) 115% 115%
Other non-operating profit (loss) 221 (147) (147) 250% 250%
Total non-operating (loss) profit (930) 247 235 (477)% (496)%
Profit for the year attributable to shareholders 3,951 4,343 4,455 (9)% (11)%
Basic earnings per share (in pence)
2015 2014 % change
AER CER AER CER
Based on post-tax operating profit including longer-term
investment returns 191.2p 160.7p 165.6p 19% 15%
Based on post-tax profit 154.8p 170.4p 174.8p (9)% (11)%
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.304 prudential.co.uk
Notes on the EEV basis results continued
3 Analysis of new business contribution
(i) Group summary
2015
Annual
premium and
contribution
equivalents
(APE)
note 16
£m
Present value
of new
business
premiums
(PVNBP)
note 16
£m
New business
contribution
note
£m
New business margin
APE
%
PVNBP
%
Asia operations note (ii) 2,853 15,208 1,490 52 9.8
US operations 1,729 17,286 809 47 4.7
UK insurance operations 1,025 9,069 318 31 3.5
Total 5,607 41,563 2,617 47 6.3
2014
Annual
premium and
contribution
equivalents
(APE)
note 16
£m
Present value
of new
business
premiums
(PVNBP)
note 16
£m
New business
contribution
note
£m
New business margin
APE
%
PVNBP
%
Asia operations note (ii) 2,237 12,331 1,162 52 9.4
US operations 1,556 15,555 694 45 4.5
UK insurance operations* 834 7,305 259 31 3.5
Total* 4,627 35,191 2,115 46 6.0
* In order to show the UK long-term business on a comparable basis, the 2014 comparative results exclude the contribution from the sold PruHealth and
PruProtect businesses.
Note
The increase in new business contribution of £502 million from £2,115 million for 2014 to £2,617 million for 2015 comprises an increase on a CER basis of £442 million
and an increase of £60 million for foreign exchange effects. The increase of £442 million on the CER basis comprises a contribution of £377 million for higher sales
volumes, a £21 million effect of higher long-term interest rates (generated by the active basis of setting economic assumptions) (analysed as Asia £(2) million,
US £20 million and UK £3 million) and a £44 million impact of pricing, product and other actions.
(ii) Asia operations – new business contribution by territory
2015 £m 2014 £m
AER CER
China 30 27 29
Hong Kong 835 405 436
India 18 12 12
Indonesia 229 296 282
Korea 8 11 11
Taiwan 28 29 30
Other 342 382 368
Total Asia operations 1,490 1,162 1,168
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 305
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
4 Operating profit from business in force
(i) Group summary
2015 £m
Asia
operations
note (ii)
US
operations
note (iii)
UK
insurance
operations
note (iv)
Total
note
Unwind of discount and other expected returns 749 472 488 1,709
Effect of changes in operating assumptions 12 115 55 182
Experience variances and other items 70 412 2 484
Total 831 999 545 2,375
2014 £m
Asia
operations
note (ii)
US
operations
note (iii)
UK
insurance
operations
note (iv)
Total
note
Unwind of discount and other expected returns 648 382 410 1,440
Effect of changes in operating assumptions 52 86 – 138
Experience variances and other items 38 366 66 470
Total 738 834 476 2,048
Note
The movement in operating profit from business in force of £327 million from £2,048 million for 2014 to £2,375 million for 2015 comprises:
2015 £m
Increase in unwind of discount and other expected returns:
Effects of changes in:
Interest rates 6
Foreign exchange 22
Growth in opening value and other items 241
269
Year-on-year change in effects of operating assumptions, experience variances and other items 58
Net increase in operating profit from business in force 327
(ii) Asia operations
2015 £m 2014 £m
Unwind of discount and other expected returns note (a) 749 648
Effect of changes in operating assumptions:
Mortality and morbidity note (b) 63 27
Persistency and withdrawals note (c) (46) (17)
Expense (1) (5)
Other note (d) (4) 47
12 52
Experience variances and other items:
Mortality and morbidity note (e) 58 23
Persistency and withdrawals note (f) 20 44
Expense note (g) (32) (27)
Other including development expenses 24 (2)
70 38
Total Asia operations 831 738
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.306 prudential.co.uk
Notes on the EEV basis results continued
4 Operating profit from business in force continued
Notes
(a) The increase in unwind of discount and other expected returns of £101 million from £648 million for 2014 to £749 million for 2015 comprises an effect
of £119 million for the growth in the opening in-force value, partially offset by a £(10) million decrease from changes in interest rates and an £(8) million
decrease for foreign exchange effects.
(b) The 2015 credit of £63 million for mortality and morbidity assumptions mainly reflects the effect of lower projected mortality rates for traditional and linked
business in Malaysia. The 2014 credit of £27 million reflected a number of offsetting items, including the effect of reduced projected mortality rates in Hong Kong.
(c) The 2015 charge of £(46) million for persistency assumption changes comprises positive and negative contributions from our various operations, with positive
persistency updates on health and protection products being more than offset by negative effects for unit-linked business. The 2014 charge of £(17) million
mainly reflected increased partial withdrawal assumptions on unit-linked business in Korea.
(d) The 2014 credit of £47 million for other assumption changes reflected a number of offsetting items, including modelling improvements and those arising from
asset allocation changes in Hong Kong.
(e) The positive mortality and morbidity experience variance in 2015 of £58 million (2014: £23 million) mainly reflects better than expected experience in
Hong Kong and Indonesia.
(f) The positive £20 million for persistency and withdrawals experience in 2015 (2014: £44 million) is driven mainly by favourable experience in Hong Kong.
(g) The expense experience variance in 2015 is negative £(32) million (2014: £(27) million). The variance principally arises in operations which are currently
sub-scale (China, Malaysia Takaful and Taiwan) and from short-term overruns in India.
(iii) US operations
2015 £m 2014 £m
Unwind of discount and other expected returns note (a) 472 382
Effect of changes in operating assumptions:
Persistency note (b) 139 55
Other (24) 31
115 86
Experience variances and other items:
Spread experience variance note (c) 149 192
Amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses note (d) 70 56
Other note (e) 193 118
412 366
Total US operations 999 834
Notes
(a) The increase in unwind of discount and other expected returns of £90 million from £382 million for 2014 to £472 million for 2015 comprises a £56 million
effect for the underlying growth in the in-force book, a £30 million foreign currency translation effect, and a £4 million impact of the 10 basis points increase
in US 10-year treasury rates.
(b) The credit of £139 million in 2015 (2014: £55 million) for persistency assumption changes principally relates to reduced lapse rates for variable annuity business
to more closely align to recent experience.
(c) The spread assumption for Jackson is determined on a longer-term basis, net of provision for defaults (see note 14 (ii)). The spread experience variance in 2015 of
£149 million (2014: £192 million) includes the positive effect of transactions previously undertaken to more closely match the overall asset and liability duration.
The reduction compared to the prior year reflects the effects of declining yields in the portfolio caused by the prolonged low interest rate environment.
(d) The amortisation of interest-related gains and losses reflects the fact that when bonds that are neither impaired nor deteriorating are sold and reinvested there
will be a consequent change in the investment yield. The realised gain or loss is amortised into the result over the year when the bonds would have otherwise
matured to better reflect the long-term returns included in operating profits.
(e) Other experience variances of £193 million in 2015 (2014: £118 million) include the effects of positive persistency experience and other favourable experience
variances. The 2015 result benefits from higher levels of tax relief from prior period adjustments.
(iv) UK insurance operations
2015 £m 2014 £m
Unwind of discount and other expected returns note (a) 488 410
Reduction in future UK corporate tax rate note (b) 55 –
Other note (c) 2 66
Total UK insurance operations 545 476
Notes
(a) The increase in unwind of discount and other expected returns of £78 million from 2014 of £410 million to £488 million for 2015 comprises an effect
of £66 million reflecting the underlying growth in the in-force book and a £12 million effect of the 20 basis points increase in gilt yields.
(b) The £55 million credit in 2015 for the change in UK corporate tax rates reflects the beneficial effect of applying lower corporation tax rates (note 14) to future life
profits from in-force business in the UK.
(c) Other items of £2 million (2014: £66 million) comprise the following:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Longevity reinsurance note (d) (134) (8)
Impact of specific management actions in second half of 2015 ahead of Solvency II note (e) 75 –
Other items note (f) 61 74
2 66
(d) During 2015, we extended our longevity reinsurance programme to cover an additional £6.4 billion of annuity liabilities at a net cost of £(134) million.
Of this total, some £4.8 billion was transacted in the second half of 2015 at a net cost of £(88) million.
(e) The £75 million benefit arose from the specific management actions taken in the second half of 2015 to position the balance sheet more efficiently under
the new Solvency II regime.
(f) The credit of £61 million for 2015 comprises assumption updates and experience variances for mortality, expense, persistency and other items.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 307
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
5 Short-term fluctuations in investment returns
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns included in profit for the year arise as follows:
(i) Group summary
2015 £m 2014 £m
Asia operations note (ii) (206) 439
US operations note (iii) (753) (166)
UK insurance operations note (iv) (194) 583
Other operations note (v) (55) (93)
Total (1,208) 763
(ii) Asia operations
The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for Asia operations comprise:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Hong Kong (144) 178
Indonesia (53) 35
Singapore (104) 92
Taiwan 44 23
Other 51 111
Total Asia operations note (206) 439
Note
For 2015, the charge of £(144) million in Hong Kong, £(53) million in Indonesia and £(104) million in Singapore principally arise from unrealised losses on bonds
backing surplus assets driven by increases in long-term interest rates (as shown in note 14(i)) and from the effect of falls in equity markets in the region. The credit
of £44 million in Taiwan arises from unrealised gains on bonds following the decrease in long-term interest rates.
(iii) US operations
The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for US operations comprise:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Investment return related experience on fixed income securities note (a) (17) 31
Investment return related impact due to changed expectation of profits on in-force variable annuity
business in future periods based on current period separate account return, net of related hedging
activity and other items note (b) (736) (197)
Total US operations (753) (166)
Notes
(a) The (charge) credit relating to fixed income securities comprises the following elements:
– the impact on portfolio yields of changes in the asset portfolio in the year;
– the excess of actual realised gains and losses over the amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses recorded in the profit and loss account; and
– credit experience (versus the longer-term assumption).
(b) This item reflects the net impact of:
– changes in projected future fees and future benefit costs arising from the effect of market fluctuations on the growth in separate account asset values in the
current reporting period; and
– related hedging activity arising from realised and unrealised gains and losses on equity-related hedges and interest rate options, and other items.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.308 prudential.co.uk
Notes on the EEV basis results continued
5 Short-term fluctuations in investment returns continued
(iv) UK insurance operations
The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for UK insurance operations comprise:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Shareholder-backed annuity note (a) (88) 310
With-profits, unit-linked and other note (b) (106) 273
Total UK insurance operations (194) 583
Notes
(a) Short-term fluctuations in investment returns for shareholder-backed annuity business comprise:
– (losses) gains on surplus assets compared to the expected long-term rate of return reflecting (increases) reductions in corporate bond and gilt yields;
– the difference between actual and expected default experience; and
– the effect of mismatching for assets and liabilities of different durations and other short-term fluctuations in investment returns.
(b) The £(106) million fluctuation in 2015 for with-profits, unit-linked and other business represents the impact of achieving a 3.1 per cent pre-tax return on the
with-profits fund (including unallocated surplus) compared to the assumed rate of return of 5.4 per cent (2014: total return of 9.5 per cent compared to assumed
rate of 5.0 per cent). This line also includes the effect of a partial hedge of future shareholder transfers expected to emerge from the UK’s with-profits sub-fund
entered into to protect future shareholder with-profits transfers from declines in the UK equity market.
(v) Other operations
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns for other operations of £(55) million (2014: £(93) million) include unrealised value
movements on investments held outside our main life operations.
6 Effect of changes in economic assumptions
The effects of changes in economic assumptions for in-force business included in the profit for the year arise as follows:
(i) Group summary
2015 £m 2014 £m
Asia operations note (ii) (148) (269)
US operations note (iii) 109 (77)
UK insurance operations note (iv) 96 (23)
Total 57 (369)
(ii) Asia operations
The effect of changes in economic assumptions for Asia operations comprises:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Hong Kong 100 (121)
Indonesia (15) 25
Malaysia (30) 11
Singapore (50) (42)
Taiwan (97) (21)
Other (56) (121)
Total Asia operations note (148) (269)
Note
The negative 2015 effect in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore reflects the impact of valuing future health and protection profits at higher discount rates, driven by the
increase in long-term interest rates in these countries (see note 14(i)). The negative effect in Taiwan is driven by a decrease in fund earned rates reflecting the decline
in long-term interest rates and changes to the asset portfolio mix. The positive impact in Hong Kong is driven by the effect of higher assumed future fund earned rates
for participating business.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 309
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
(iii) US operations
The effect of changes in economic assumptions for US operations comprises:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Variable annuity business 104 (228)
Fixed annuity and other general account business 5 151
Total US operations note 109 (77)
Note
For 2015, the credit of £109 million mainly reflects the increase in the assumed separate account return and reinvestment rates for variable annuity business,
following the 10 basis points increase in the US treasury rate (2014: decrease of 90 basis points), resulting in higher projected fee income and a decrease in projected
benefit costs.
(iv) UK insurance operations
The effect of changes in economic assumptions for UK insurance operations comprises:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Shareholder-backed annuity business note (a) (56) 352
With-profits and other business note (b) 152 (375)
Total UK insurance operations 96 (23)
Notes
(a) For shareholder-backed annuity business the overall negative (2014: positive) effect reflects the change in the present value of projected spread income arising
mainly from the increase (2014: reduction) in the risk discount rates as shown in note 14(iii).
(b) The credit of £152 million in 2015 reflects the net effect of changes in fund earned rates and risk discount rates (as shown in note 14 (iii)), driven by the 20 basis
points increase in gilt rates (2014: decrease of 130 basis points), together with the impact from changes in the composition of the asset portfolio.
7 Net core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations
31 Dec 2015 £m 31 Dec 2014 £m
IFRS basis
Mark to
market
value
adjustment
EEV basis at
market
value IFRS basis
Mark to market
value
adjustment
EEV basis at
market
value
Holding company* cash and short-term
investments (2,173) – (2,173) (1,480) – (1,480)
Core structural borrowings – central funds note 4,567 353 4,920 3,869 579 4,448
Holding company net borrowings 2,394 353 2,747 2,389 579 2,968
Core structural borrowings – Prudential Capital 275 – 275 275 – 275
Core structural borrowings – Jackson 169 55 224 160 42 202
Net core structural borrowings of shareholderfinanced
operations 2,838 408 3,246 2,824 621 3,445
* Including central finance subsidiaries.
Note
In June 2015, the Company issued core structural borrowings of £600 million 5.00 per cent subordinated notes due in 2055. The proceeds, net of discount
adjustment and costs, were £590 million.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.310 prudential.co.uk
Notes on the EEV basis results continued
8 Analysis of movement in free surplus
For EEV covered business, free surplus is the excess of the regulatory basis net assets for EEV reporting purposes (net worth) over the
capital required to support the covered business. Where appropriate, adjustments are made to the net worth so that backing assets are
included at fair value rather than cost so as to comply with the EEV Principles. Free surplus for asset management operations and the UK
general insurance commission is taken to be IFRS basis post-tax earnings and shareholders’ equity.
(i) Underlying free surplus generated
The 2014 comparative results are shown below on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) bases.
The 2014 CER comparative results are translated at 2015 average exchange rates.
2015 £m 2014 £m % change
AER CER AER CER
Asia operations
Underlying free surplus generated from in-force life business 985 860 851 15% 16%
Investment in new business notes (ii)(a), (ii)(g) (413) (346) (352) (19)% (17)%
Long-term business 572 514 499 11% 15%
Eastspring Investments note (ii)(b) 101 78 79 29% 28%
Total 673 592 578 14% 16%
US operations
Underlying free surplus generated from in-force life business 1,426 1,191 1,284 20% 11%
Investment in new business note (ii)(a) (267) (187) (201) (43)% (33)%
Long-term business 1,159 1,004 1,083 15% 7%
Broker-dealer and asset management note (ii)(b) 7 6 7 17% –
Total 1,166 1,010 1,090 15% 7%
UK insurance operations*
Underlying free surplus generated from in-force life business 878 637 637 38% 38%
Investment in new business note (ii)(a) (65) (65) (65) – –
Long-term business 813 572 572 42% 42%
General insurance commission note (ii)(b) 22 19 19 16% 16%
Total 835 591 591 41% 41%
M&G note (ii)(b) 358 353 353 1% 1%
Prudential Capital note (ii)(b) 18 33 33 (45)% (45)%
Underlying free surplus generated 3,050 2,579 2,645 18% 15%
Representing:
Long-term business:*
Expected in-force cash flows (including expected return
on net assets) 2,730 2,374 2,436 15% 12%
Effects of changes in operating assumptions, operating
experience variances and other operating items 559 314 336 78% 66%
Underlying free surplus generated from in-force life business 3,289 2,688 2,772 22% 19%
Investment in new business notes (ii)(a), (ii)(g) (745) (598) (618) (25)% (21)%
Total long-term business* 2,544 2,090 2,154 22% 18%
Asset management and general insurance commission note (ii)(b) 506 489 491 3% 3%
Underlying free surplus generated 3,050 2,579 2,645 18% 15%
* In order to show the UK long-term business on a comparable basis, the 2014 comparative results exclude the contribution from the sold PruHealth and
PruProtect businesses.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 311
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
(ii) Movement in free surplus
2015 £m 2014 £m
Long-term business and asset management operations
Long-term
business
note 10
Asset
management
and UK general
insurance
commission
note (b)
Free surplus
of long-term
business, asset
management
and UK general
insurance
commission
Free surplus
of long-term
business, asset
management
and UK general
insurance
commission
Underlying movement:*
Investment in new business notes (a), (g) (745) – (745) (598)
Business in force:
Expected in-force cash flows (including expected return on net assets) 2,730 506 3,236 2,863
Effects of changes in operating assumptions, operating experience
variances and other operating items 559 – 559 314
2,544 506 3,050 2,579
Disposal of Japan life business note (h) 23 – 23 –
Gain on sale of PruHealth and PruProtect – – – 130
Other non-operating items note (c) (407) (53) (460) (266)
2,160 453 2,613 2,443
Net cash flows to parent company note (d) (1,271) (354) (1,625) (1,482)
Exchange movements, timing differences and other items note (e) 560 159 719 130
Net movement in free surplus 1,449 258 1,707 1,091
Balance at beginning of year:
As previously reported 4,193 866 5,059 4,003
Effect of domestication of Hong Kong branch† – – – (35)
Balance at end of year 5,642 1,124 6,766 5,059
Representing:
Asia operations note (g) 1,503 245 1,748 1,560
US operations 1,567 166 1,733 1,557
UK operations 2,572 713 3,285 1,942
5,642 1,124 6,766 5,059
Balance at beginning of year:
Asia operations 1,347 213 1,560 1,379
US operations 1,416 141 1,557 1,074
UK operations 1,430 512 1,942 1,550
4,193 866 5,059 4,003
* In order to show the UK long-term business on a comparable basis, the 2014 comparative underlying movement in free surplus excludes the contribution from the
sold PruHealth and PruProtect businesses.
† On 1 January 2014, the Hong Kong branch of PAC was transferred to separate subsidiaries established in Hong Kong. The 2014 EEV basis results included opening
adjustments arising from the transfer of capital that was previously held within the UK business in respect of the Hong Kong branch operations and additional capital
requirements arising from the newly established subsidiaries with an overall effect of £(35) million.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.312 prudential.co.uk
Notes on the EEV basis results continued
8 Analysis of movement in free surplus continued
(ii) Movement in free surplus continued
Notes
(a) Free surplus invested in new business represents amounts set aside for required capital and acquisition costs.
(b) Free surplus for asset management operations and the UK general insurance commission is taken to be IFRS basis post-tax earnings and shareholders’ equity.
(c) Non-operating items are principally short-term fluctuations in investment returns and the effect of changes in economic assumptions for long-term
business operations.
(d) Net cash flows to parent company for long-term business operations reflect the flows as included in the holding company cash flow at transaction rates.
(e) Exchange movements, timing differences and other items represent:
2015 £m
Long-term
business
Asset
management
and UK general
insurance
commission Total
Exchange movements note 10 67 3 70
Mark to market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital note 9 (76) – (76)
Shareholders’ share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes 14 8 22
Other items note (f) 555 148 703
560 159 719
(f) Other items include the effect of intra-group loans, contingent loan repayments as shown in note 10(i), timing differences arising on statutory transfers and
other non-cash items. For 2015, other items for long-term business include the effect of a classification change of £702 million from Other operations to UK
insurance operations in order to align with Solvency II segmental reporting.
(g) Investment in new business includes the annual amortisation charge of amounts incurred to secure exclusive distribution rights through our bancassurance
partners at a rate that reflects the pattern in which the future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by reference to new business levels. Included
within the overall free surplus balance of our Asia life entities is £287 million representing unamortised amounts incurred to secure exclusive distribution
rights through bancassurance partners. These amounts exclude £971 million of Asia distribution rights intangibles that are financed by loan arrangements
from central companies, the costs of which are allocated to the Asia life segment as the amortisation cost is incurred.
(h) The credit of £23 million in free surplus in 2015 reflects the release of required capital and transfer of value of in-force business on the completion of the sale
of the Japan life business (see note 10).
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 313
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
9 Reconciliation of movement in shareholders’ equity
2015 £m
Long-term business operations
Asia
operations
note (i)
US
operations
UK
insurance
operations
Total
long-term
business
operations
Other
operations
note (i)
Group
Total
Operating profit (based on longer-term
investment returns)
Long-term business:
New business note 3 1,490 809 318 2,617 – 2,617
Business in force note 4 831 999 545 2,375 – 2,375
2,321 1,808 863 4,992 – 4,992
Asset management – – – – 484 484
Other results – (1) (28) (29) (566) (595)
Operating profit based on longer-term
investment returns 2,321 1,807 835 4,963 (82) 4,881
Total non-operating (loss) profit (354) (654) (98) (1,106) 176 (930)
Profit for the year 1,967 1,153 737 3,857 94 3,951
Other items taken directly to equity
Exchange movements on foreign operations
and net investment hedges (157) 510 – 353 (109) 244
Intra-group dividends (including statutory
transfers) and investment in operations note (ii) (472) (465) (215) (1,152) 1,152 –
External dividends – – – – (974) (974)
Other movements note (iii) (7) (14) 692 671 (618) 53
Mark to market value movements on Jackson
assets backing surplus and required capital – (76) – (76) – (76)
Net increase in shareholders’ equity 1,331 1,108 1,214 3,653 (455) 3,198
Shareholders’ equity at beginning of year 12,312 8,379 8,433 29,124 37 29,161
Shareholders’ equity at end of year 13,643 9,487 9,647 32,777 (418) 32,359
Representing:
Statutory IFRS basis shareholders’ equity:
Net assets (liabilities) 3,723 4,154 5,118 12,995 (1,503) 11,492
Goodwill – – – – 1,463 1,463
Total IFRS basis shareholders’ equity 3,723 4,154 5,118 12,995 (40) 12,955
Additional retained profit (loss) on an EEV
basis note (iv) 9,920 5,333 4,529 19,782 (378) 19,404
EEV basis shareholders’ equity 13,643 9,487 9,647 32,777 (418) 32,359
Balance at beginning of year:
Statutory IFRS basis shareholders’ equity:
Net assets (liabilities) 3,315 4,067 3,785 11,167 (819) 10,348
Goodwill – – – – 1,463 1,463
Total IFRS basis shareholders’ equity 3,315 4,067 3,785 11,167 644 11,811
Additional retained profit (loss) on an EEV
basis note (iv) 8,997 4,312 4,648 17,957 (607) 17,350
EEV basis shareholders’ equity 12,312 8,379 8,433 29,124 37 29,161
Notes
(i) For the purposes of the table above, goodwill of £233 million (2014: £233 million) related to Asia long-term operations is included in Other operations.
(ii) Intra-group dividends (including statutory transfers) represent dividends that have been declared in the year and amounts accrued in respect of statutory
transfers. Investments in operations reflect increases in share capital. The amounts included in note 8 for these items are as per the holding company cash
flow at transaction rates. The difference primarily relates to intra-group loans, timing differences arising on statutory transfers and other non-cash items.
(iii) Other movements include the effect of a classification change of £702 million from Other operations to UK insurance operations in order to align with
Solvency II segmental reporting, which has no overall effect on the Group’s EEV. Other movements also includes a credit of £25 million (2014: a charge
of £(11) million) for the shareholders’ share of actuarial and other gains and losses on the defined benefit pension schemes.
(iv) The additional retained loss on an EEV basis for Other operations primarily represents the mark to market value adjustment for holding company
net borrowings of a charge of £(353) million (2014: £(579) million), as shown in note 7.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.314 prudential.co.uk
Notes on the EEV basis results continued
10 Reconciliation of movement in net worth and value of in-force for long-term business
2015 £m
Free
surplus
note 8
Required
capital
Total net
worth
Value of
in-force
business
note (iii)
Total
long-term
business
operations
Group
Shareholders’ equity at beginning of year 4,193 4,556 8,749 20,375 29,124
New business contribution note (ii) (745) 493 (252) 2,869 2,617
Existing business – transfer to net worth 2,611 (355) 2,256 (2,256) –
Expected return on existing business note 4 119 129 248 1,461 1,709
Changes in operating assumptions and experience
variances note 4 588 88 676 (10) 666
Solvency II and restructuring costs (29) – (29) – (29)
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 2,544 355 2,899 2,064 4,963
Disposal of Japan life business 23 (48) (25) 25 –
Other non-operating items (407) (216) (623) (483) (1,106)
Profit from long-term business 2,160 91 2,251 1,606 3,857
Exchange movements on foreign operations and net
investment hedges 67 57 124 229 353
Intra-group dividends (including statutory transfers) and
investment in operations note (i) (1,373) – (1,373) 221 (1,152)
Other movements note (v) 595 – 595 – 595
Shareholders’ equity at end of year 5,642 4,704 10,346 22,431 32,777
Representing:
Asia operations
Shareholders’ equity at beginning of year 1,347 1,327 2,674 9,638 12,312
New business contribution note (ii) (413) 124 (289) 1,779 1,490
Existing business – transfer to net worth 974 (77) 897 (897) –
Expected return on existing business note 4 30 43 73 676 749
Changes in operating assumptions and experience
variances note 4 (19) 65 46 36 82
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 572 155 727 1,594 2,321
Disposal of Japan life business 23 (48) (25) 25 –
Other non-operating items 61 (6) 55 (409) (354)
Profit from long-term business 656 101 757 1,210 1,967
Exchange movements on foreign operations and net
investment hedges (21) (42) (63) (94) (157)
Intra-group dividends and investment in operations (472) – (472) – (472)
Other movements (7) – (7) – (7)
Shareholders’ equity at end of year 1,503 1,386 2,889 10,754 13,643
US operations
Shareholders’ equity at beginning of year 1,416 1,710 3,126 5,253 8,379
New business contribution note (ii) (267) 284 17 792 809
Existing business – transfer to net worth 1,064 (196) 868 (868) –
Expected return on existing business note 4 42 49 91 381 472
Changes in operating assumptions and experience
variances note 4 321 22 343 184 527
Solvency II and restructuring costs (1) – (1) – (1)
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 1,159 159 1,318 489 1,807
Other non-operating items (541) (162) (703) 49 (654)
Profit from long-term business 618 (3) 615 538 1,153
Exchange movements on foreign operations and net
investment hedges 88 99 187 323 510
Intra-group dividends (465) – (465) – (465)
Other movements (90) – (90) – (90)
Shareholders’ equity at end of year 1,567 1,806 3,373 6,114 9,487
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 315
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
2015 £m
Free
surplus
note 8
Required
capital
Total net
worth
Value of
in-force
business
note (iii)
Total
long-term
business
operations
UK insurance operations
Shareholders’ equity at beginning of year 1,430 1,519 2,949 5,484 8,433
New business contribution note (ii) (65) 85 20 298 318
Existing business – transfer to net worth 573 (82) 491 (491) –
Expected return on existing business note 4 47 37 84 404 488
Changes in operating assumptions and experience
variances note 4 286 1 287 (230) 57
Solvency II and restructuring costs (28) – (28) – (28)
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 813 41 854 (19) 835
Other non-operating items 73 (48) 25 (123) (98)
Profit from long-term business 886 (7) 879 (142) 737
Intra-group dividends (including statutory transfers) note (i) (436) – (436) 221 (215)
Other movements note (v) 692 – 692 – 692
Shareholders’ equity at end of year 2,572 1,512 4,084 5,563 9,647
Notes
(i) For UK insurance operations, the amounts shown for intra-group dividends (including statutory transfers) in free surplus of £(436) million and in the value
of in-force of £221 million include the impact of intra-group contingent loan repayments during the year. Contingent loan funding represents amounts whose
repayment to the lender is contingent upon future surpluses emerging from certain contracts specified under the arrangement. If insufficient surplus emerges
on those contracts, there is no recourse to other assets of the Group and the liability is not payable to the degree of shortfall.
(ii) New business contribution per £1 million of free surplus invested:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
insurance
operations
Total
long-term
business
operations
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
insurance
operations*
Total
long-term
business
operations
Post-tax new business contribution note 3 1,490 809 318 2,617 1,162 694 259 2,115
Free surplus invested in new business (413) (267) (65) (745) (346) (187) (65) (598)
Post-tax new business contribution per £1 million
of free surplus invested 3.6 3.0 4.9 3.5 3.4 3.7 4.0 3.5
* In order to show the UK long-term business on a comparable basis, the 2014 comparatives exclude the contribution from the sold PruHealth and
PruProtect businesses.
(iii) The value of in-force business comprises the value of future margins from current in-force business less the cost of holding required capital as shown below:
31 Dec 2015 £m 31 Dec 2014 £m
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
insurance
operations
Total
long-term
business
operations
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
insurance
operations
Total
long-term
business
operations
Value of in-force business before deduction of cost
of capital and time value of guarantees 11,280 7,355 5,817 24,452 10,168 5,914 5,756 21,838
Cost of capital (438) (229) (254) (921) (417) (199) (272) (888)
Cost of time value of guarantees note (iv) (88) (1,012) – (1,100) (113) (462) – (575)
Net value of in-force business 10,754 6,114 5,563 22,431 9,638 5,253 5,484 20,375
(iv) The increase in the cost of time value of guarantees for US operations from £(462) million in 2014 to £(1,012) million in 2015 primarily relates to variable annuity
business, mainly arising from the level of equity market performance.
(v) Other movements for UK insurance operations include the effect of a classification change, as discussed in note 9(iii).
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.316 prudential.co.uk
Notes on the EEV basis results continued
11 Expected transfer of value of in-force business to free surplus
The discounted value of in-force business and required capital can be reconciled to the 2015 and 2014 totals in the tables below for the
emergence of free surplus as follows:
2015 £m 2014 £m
Required capital note 10 4,704 4,556
Value of in-force (VIF) note 10 22,431 20,375
Add back: deduction for cost of time value of guarantees note 10 1,100 575
Expected cash flow from sale of Japan life business – (23)
Other items note (1,948) (1,382)
Total 26,287 24,101
Note
‘Other items’ represent amounts incorporated into VIF where there is no definitive timeframe for when the payments will be made or receipts received. In particular,
other items include the deduction of the value of the shareholders’ interest in the estate, the value of which is derived by increasing final bonus rates so as to exhaust
the estate over the lifetime of the in-force with-profits business. This is an assumption to give an appropriate valuation. To be conservative, this item is excluded from
the expected free surplus generation profile below.
Cash flows are projected on a deterministic basis and are discounted at the appropriate risk discount rate. The modelled cash flows
use the same methodology underpinning the Group’s embedded value reporting and so are subject to the same assumptions
and sensitivities.
The table below shows how the VIF generated by the in-force business and the associated required capital is modelled as emerging
into free surplus over future years.
2015 £m
Expected period of conversion of future post-tax distributable earnings and required capital flows
to free surplus
2015 total as
shown above 1-5 years 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-20 years 21-40 years 40+ years
Asia operations 11,858 3,916 2,552 1,669 1,115 2,055 551
US operations 8,740 4,361 2,752 1,129 383 115 –
UK insurance operations 5,689 2,097 1,498 962 576 544 12
Total 26,287 10,374 6,802 3,760 2,074 2,714 563
100% 40% 26% 14% 8% 10% 2%
2014 £m
Expected period of conversion of future post-tax distributable earnings and required capital flows
to free surplus
2014 total as
shown above 1-5 years 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-20 years 21-40 years 40+ years
Asia operations 10,859 3,660 2,289 1,553 1,026 1,874 457
US operations 7,471 3,867 2,298 873 334 99 –
UK insurance operations 5,771 2,111 1,464 973 606 604 13
Total 24,101 9,638 6,051 3,399 1,966 2,577 470
100% 40% 25% 14% 8% 11% 2%
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 317
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
12 Sensitivity of results to alternative assumptions
(a) Sensitivity analysis – economic assumptions
The tables below show the sensitivity of the embedded value as at 31 December and the new business contribution after the effect
of required capital for 2015 and 2014 to:
——1 per cent increase in the discount rates;
——1 per cent increase and decrease in interest rates, including all consequential changes (assumed investment returns for all asset
classes, market values of fixed interest assets, risk discount rates);
——1 per cent rise in equity and property yields;
——10 per cent fall in market value of equity and property assets (embedded value only);
——The statutory minimum capital level (by contrast to EEV basis required capital), (for embedded value only);
——5 basis point increase in UK long-term expected defaults; and
——10 basis point increase in the liquidity premium for UK annuities.
In each sensitivity calculation, all other assumptions remain unchanged except where they are directly affected by the revised economic
conditions.
New business contribution
2015 £m 2014 £m
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
insurance
operations
Total
long-term
business
operations
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
insurance
operations*
Total
long-term
business
operations
New business contribution note 3 1,490 809 318 2,617 1,162 694 259 2,115
Discount rates – 1% increase (260) (38) (40) (338) (176) (27) (38) (241)
Interest rates – 1% increase 28 80 7 115 13 61 (15) 59
Interest rates – 1% decrease (78) (127) (9) (214) (52) (101) 19 (134)
Equity/property yields – 1% rise 73 95 20 188 46 73 12 131
Long-term expected defaults – 5 bps increase – – (8) (8) – – (10) (10)
Liquidity premium – 10 bps increase – – 16 16 – – 20 20
* In order to show the UK long-term business on a comparable basis, the 2014 comparative results exclude the contribution from the sold PruHealth and PruProtect
businesses.
Embedded value of long-term business operations
31 Dec 2015 £m 31 Dec 2014 £m
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
insurance
operations
Total
long-term
business
operations
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
insurance
operations
Total
long-term
business
operations
Shareholders’ equity note 9 13,643 9,487 9,647 32,777 12,312 8,379 8,433 29,124
Discount rates – 1% increase (1,448) (271) (586) (2,305) (1,214) (268) (602) (2,084)
Interest rates – 1% increase (380) (46) (328) (754) (462) (232) (362) (1,056)
Interest rates – 1% decrease 132 (93) 426 465 211 16 452 679
Equity/property yields – 1% rise 506 514 271 1,291 435 365 282 1,082
Equity/property market values – 10% fall (246) (411) (373) (1,030) (221) (129) (380) (730)
Statutory minimum capital 148 162 4 314 129 139 4 272
Long-term expected defaults – 5 bps increase – – (141) (141) – – (139) (139)
Liquidity premium – 10 bps increase – – 282 282 – – 278 278
The sensitivities shown above are for the impact of instantaneous changes on the embedded value of long-term business operations and
include the combined effect on the value of in-force business and net assets at the balance sheet dates indicated. If the change in
assumption shown in the sensitivities were to occur, then the effect shown above would be recorded within two components of the profit
analysis for the following year. These are for the effect of economic assumption changes and short-term fluctuations in investment
returns. In addition to the sensitivity effects shown above, the other components of the profit for the following year would be calculated
by reference to the altered assumptions, for example new business contribution and unwind of discount, together with the effect of
other changes such as altered corporate bond spreads. In addition, for changes in interest rates, the effect shown above for Jackson
would also be recorded within the fair value movements on assets backing surplus and required capital which are taken directly
to shareholders’ equity.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.318 prudential.co.uk
Notes on the EEV basis results continued
12 Sensitivity of results to alternative assumptions continued
(b) Sensitivity analysis – non-economic assumptions
The tables below show the sensitivity of embedded value as at 31 December and the new business contribution after the effect of
required capital for 2015 and 2014 to:
——10 per cent proportionate decrease in maintenance expenses (a 10 per cent sensitivity on a base assumption of £10 per annum would
represent an expense assumption of £9 per annum);
——10 per cent proportionate decrease in lapse rates (a 10 per cent sensitivity on a base assumption of 5 per cent would represent a lapse
rate of 4.5 per cent per annum); and
——5 per cent proportionate decrease in base mortality and morbidity rates (ie increased longevity).
New business contribution
2015 £m 2014 £m
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
insurance
operations
Total
long-term
business
operations
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
insurance
operations*
Total
long-term
business
operations
New business contribution note 3 1,490 809 318 2,617 1,162 694 259 2,115
Maintenance expenses – 10% decrease 28 8 2 38 23 8 3 34
Lapse rates – 10% decrease 112 25 9 146 88 27 6 121
Mortality and morbidity – 5% decrease 50 1 (13) 38 52 2 (20) 34
Change representing effect on:
Life business 50 1 1 52 52 2 1 55
UK annuities – – (14) (14) – – (21) (21)
* In order to show the UK long-term business on a comparable basis, the 2014 comparatives exclude the contribution from the sold PruHealth and
PruProtect businesses.
Embedded value of long-term business operations
31 Dec 2015 £m 31 Dec 2014 £m
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
insurance
operations
Total
long-term
business
operations
Asia
operations
US
operations
UK
insurance
operations
Total
long-term
business
operations
Shareholders’ equity note 9 13,643 9,487 9,647 32,777 12,312 8,379 8,433 29,124
Maintenance expenses – 10% decrease 153 80 68 301 136 71 56 263
Lapse rates – 10% decrease 508 394 75 977 422 354 67 843
Mortality and morbidity – 5% decrease 449 172 (299) 322 433 163 (347) 249
Change representing effect on:
Life business 449 172 11 632 433 163 9 605
UK annuities – – (310) (310) – – (356) (356)
13 Methodology and accounting presentation
(a) Methodology
Overview
The embedded value is the present value of the shareholders’ interest in the earnings distributable from assets allocated to covered
business after sufficient allowance has been made for the aggregate risks in that business. The shareholders’ interest in the Group’s
long-term business comprises:
——The present value of future shareholder cash flows from in-force covered business (value of in-force business), less deductions for:
– The cost of locked-in required capital; and
– The time value of cost of options and guarantees;
——Locked-in required capital; and
——The shareholders’ net worth in excess of required capital (free surplus).
The value of future new business is excluded from the embedded value.
Notwithstanding the basis of presentation of results (as explained in note 13(b)(iii)) no smoothing of market or account balance values,
unrealised gains or investment return is applied in determining the embedded value or profit. Separately, the analysis of profit is
delineated between operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and other constituent items (as explained in note 13(b)(i)).
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 319
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
(i) Covered business
The EEV results for the Group are prepared for ‘covered business’, as defined by the EEV Principles. Covered business represents the
Group’s long-term insurance business, including the Group’s investments in joint venture insurance operations, for which the value
of new and in-force contracts is attributable to shareholders. The post-tax EEV basis results for the Group’s covered business are then
combined with the post-tax IFRS basis results of the Group’s other operations. Under the EEV Principles, the results for covered business
incorporate the projected margins of attaching internal asset management, as described in note 13(a)(vii).
The definition of long-term business operations is consistent with previous practice and comprises those contracts falling under the
definition for regulatory purposes together with, for US operations, contracts that are in substance the same as guaranteed investment
contracts (GICs) but do not fall within the technical definition.
Covered business comprises the Group’s long-term business operations, with two exceptions:
——The closed Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund (SAIF) which is excluded from covered business. SAIF is a ring-fenced sub-fund of the
Prudential Assurance Company (PAC) long-term fund, established by a Court-approved Scheme of Arrangement in October 1997.
SAIF is closed to new business and the assets and liabilities of the fund are wholly attributable to the policyholders of the fund.
——The presentational treatment of the Group’s principal defined benefit pension scheme, the Prudential Staff Pension Scheme (PSPS).
The partial recognition of the surplus for PSPS is recognised in ‘Other’ operations.
A small amount of UK group pensions business is also not modelled for EEV reporting purposes.
(ii) Valuation of in-force and new business
The embedded value results are prepared incorporating best-estimate assumptions about all relevant factors including levels of future
investment returns, expenses, persistency, mortality and morbidity (as described in note 14). These assumptions are used to project
future cash flows. The present value of the future cash flows is then calculated using a discount rate which reflects both the time value
of money and the non-diversifiable risks associated with the cash flows that are not otherwise allowed for.
New business
In determining the EEV basis value of new business, premiums are included in projected cash flows on the same basis of distinguishing
annual and single premium business as set out for statutory basis reporting.
New business premiums reflect those premiums attaching to covered business, including premiums for contracts classified as
investment products for IFRS basis reporting. New business premiums for regular premium products are shown on an annualised basis.
Internal vesting business is classified as new business where the contracts include an open market option.
The post-tax contribution from new business represents profits determined by applying operating assumptions as at the end
of the year.
For UK immediate annuity business and single premium Universal Life products in Asia, primarily in Singapore, the new business
contribution is determined by applying economic assumptions reflecting point-of-sale market conditions. This is consistent with how the
business is priced as crediting rates are linked to yields on specific assets and the yield is locked in when the assets are purchased at the
point of sale of the policy. For other business within the Group, end-of-year economic assumptions are used.
New business profitability is a key metric for the Group’s management of the development of the business. In addition, post-tax new
business margins are shown by reference to annual premium equivalents (APE) and the present value of new business premiums
(PVNBP). These margins are calculated as the percentage of the value of new business profit to APE and PVNBP. APE is calculated as the
aggregate of regular new business amounts and one-tenth of single new business amounts. PVNBP is calculated as equalling single
premiums plus the present value of expected premiums of new regular premium business, allowing for lapses and other assumptions
made in determining the EEV new business contribution.
Valuation movements on investments
With the exception of debt securities held by Jackson, investment gains and losses during the year (to the extent that changes in capital
values do not directly match changes in liabilities) are included directly in the profit for the year and shareholders’ equity as they arise.
The results for any covered business conceptually reflect the aggregate of the IFRS results and the movements on the additional
shareholders’ interest recognised on the EEV basis. Thus the start point for the calculation of the EEV results for Jackson, as for other
businesses, reflects the market value movements recognised on the IFRS basis.
However, in determining the movements on the additional shareholders’ interest, the basis for calculating the Jackson EEV result
acknowledges that, for debt securities backing liabilities, the aggregate EEV results reflect the fact that the value of in-force business
instead incorporates the discounted value of future spread earnings. This value is not affected generally by short-term market
movements on securities that, broadly speaking, are held for the longer term.
Fixed income securities backing the free surplus and required capital for Jackson are accounted for at fair value. However, consistent
with the treatment applied under IFRS for Jackson securities classified as available-for-sale, movements in unrealised appreciation
(depreciation) on these securities are accounted for in equity rather than in the income statement, as shown in the movement
in shareholders’ equity.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.320 prudential.co.uk
Notes on the EEV basis results continued
13 Methodology and accounting presentation continued
(iii) Cost of capital
A charge is deducted from the embedded value for the cost of capital supporting the Group’s long-term business. This capital is referred
to as required capital. The cost is the difference between the nominal value of the capital and the discounted value of the projected
releases of this capital allowing for investment earnings (post-tax) on the capital.
The annual result is affected by the movement in this cost from year to year which comprises a charge against new business profit and
generally a release in respect of the reduction in capital requirements for business in force as this runs off.
Where required capital is held within a with-profits long-term fund, the value placed on surplus assets in the fund is already
discounted to reflect its release over time and no further adjustment is necessary in respect of required capital.
(iv) Financial options and guarantees
Nature of financial options and guarantees in Prudential’s long-term business
Asia operations
Subject to local market circumstances and regulatory requirements, the guarantee features described below in respect of UK business
broadly apply to similar types of participating contracts principally written in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. Participating products
have both guaranteed and non-guaranteed elements.
There are also various non-participating long-term products with guarantees. The principal guarantees are those for whole-of-life
contracts with floor levels of policyholder benefits that accrue at rates set at inception and do not vary subsequently with
market conditions.
US operations (Jackson)
The principal financial options and guarantees in Jackson are associated with the fixed annuity and variable annuity (VA) lines
of business.
Fixed annuities provide that, at Jackson’s discretion, it may reset the interest rate credited to policyholders’ accounts, subject to
a guaranteed minimum. The guaranteed minimum return varies from 1.0 per cent to 5.5 per cent for both years, depending on the
particular product, jurisdiction where issued, and date of issue. For 2015, 87 per cent (2014: 86 per cent) of the account values on fixed
annuities are for policies with guarantees of 3 per cent or less. The average guarantee rate is 2.6 per cent (2014: 2.7 per cent).
Fixed annuities also present a risk that policyholders will exercise their option to surrender their contracts in periods of rapidly rising
interest rates, possibly requiring Jackson to liquidate assets at an inopportune time.
Jackson issues VA contracts where it contractually guarantees to the contract holder either: a) return of no less than total deposits
made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals; b) total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals plus
a minimum return; or c) the highest contract value on a specified anniversary date adjusted for any withdrawals following the specified
contract anniversary. These guarantees include benefits that are payable at specified dates during the accumulation period (Guaranteed
Minimum Withdrawal Benefit (GMWB)), as death benefits (Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefits (GMDB)) or as income benefits
(Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefits (GMIB)). These guarantees generally protect the policyholder’s value in the event of poor equity
market performance. Jackson hedges the GMDB and GMWB guarantees through the use of equity options and futures contracts, and
fully reinsures the GMIB guarantees.
Jackson also issues fixed index annuities that enable policyholders to obtain a portion of an equity-linked return while providing
a guaranteed minimum return. The guaranteed minimum returns are of a similar nature to those described above for fixed annuities.
UK insurance operations
For covered business the only significant financial options and guarantees in the UK insurance operations arise in the with-profits fund.
With-profits products provide returns to policyholders through bonuses that are smoothed. There are two types of bonuses – annual
and final. Annual bonuses are declared once a year and, once credited, are guaranteed in accordance with the terms of the particular
product. Unlike annual bonuses, final bonuses are guaranteed only until the next bonus declaration. The PAC with-profits fund also held
a provision on the Pillar I Peak 2 basis of £47 million at 31 December 2015 (31 December 2014: £50 million) to honour guarantees on
a small number of guaranteed annuity option products.
The Group’s main exposure to guaranteed annuity options in the UK is through the non-covered business of SAIF. A provision on the
Pillar I Peak 2 basis of £412 million was held in SAIF at 31 December 2015 (31 December 2014: £549 million) to honour the guarantees.
As described in note 13(a)(i), the assets and liabilities are wholly attributable to the policyholders of the fund. Therefore the movement
in the provision has no direct impact on shareholders.
Time value
The value of financial options and guarantees comprises two parts. One is given by a deterministic valuation on best estimate
assumptions (the intrinsic value). The other part arises from the variability of economic outcomes in the future (the time value).
Where appropriate, a full stochastic valuation has been undertaken to determine the time value of the financial options and guarantees.
The economic assumptions used for the stochastic calculations are consistent with those used for the deterministic calculations.
Assumptions specific to the stochastic calculations reflect local market conditions and are based on a combination of actual market data,
historic market data and an assessment of long-term economic conditions. Common principles have been adopted across the Group for
the stochastic asset models, for example, separate modelling of individual asset classes but with an allowance for correlation between
the various asset classes. Details of the key characteristics of each model are given in notes 14(iv), (v) and (vi).
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 321
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
In deriving the time value of financial options and guarantees, management actions in response to emerging investment and fund
solvency conditions have been modelled. Management actions encompass, but are not confined to investment allocation decisions,
levels of reversionary and terminal bonuses and credited rates. Bonus rates are projected from current levels and varied in accordance
with assumed management actions applying in the emerging investment and fund solvency conditions.
In all instances, the modelled actions are in accordance with approved local practice and therefore reflect the options actually
available to management. For the PAC with-profits fund, the actions assumed are consistent with those set out in the Principles and
Practices of Financial Management which explains how regular and final bonus rates within the discretionary framework are determined,
subject to the general legislative requirements applicable.
(v) Level of required capital
In adopting the EEV Principles, Prudential has based required capital on its internal targets subject to it being at least the local statutory
minimum requirements. For with-profits business written in a segregated life fund, as is the case in Asia and the UK, the capital
available in the fund is sufficient to meet the required capital requirements. For shareholder-backed business the following capital
requirements apply:
——Asia operations: the level of required capital has been set to an amount at least equal to the higher of local statutory requirements
and the internal target;
——US operations: the level of required capital has been set at 250 per cent of the risk-based capital required by the National Association
of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) at the Company Action Level (CAL); and
——UK insurance operations: the capital requirements are set to an amount at least equal to the higher of Solvency I Pillar I and Pillar II
requirements for shareholder-backed business of UK insurance operations as a whole.
(vi) With-profits business and the treatment of the estate
The proportion of surplus allocated to shareholders from the PAC with-profits fund has been based on the present level of 10 per cent.
The value attributed to the shareholders’ interest in the estate is derived by increasing final bonus rates (and related shareholder
transfers) so as to exhaust the estate over the lifetime of the in-force with-profits business. In any scenarios where the total assets of the
life fund are insufficient to meet policyholder claims in full, the excess cost is fully attributed to shareholders. Similar principles apply,
where appropriate, for other with-profits funds of the Group’s Asia operations.
(vii) Internal asset management
The new business and in-force results from long-term business include the projected value of profits or losses from asset management
and service companies that support the Group’s covered insurance businesses. The results of the Group’s asset management operations
include the current year profits from the management of both internal and external funds. EEV basis shareholders’ other income and
expenditure is adjusted to deduct the unwind of the expected internal asset management profit margin for the year. The deduction is
on a basis consistent with that used for projecting the results for covered insurance business. Group operating profit accordingly includes
the variance between actual and expected profit in respect of management of the covered business assets.
(viii) Allowance for risk and risk discount rates
Overview
Under the EEV Principles, discount rates used to determine the present value of future cash flows are set by reference to risk-free rates
plus a risk margin. The risk margin should reflect any non-diversifiable risk associated with the emergence of distributable earnings that
is not allowed for elsewhere in the valuation. Prudential has selected a granular approach to better reflect differences in market risk
inherent in each product group. The risk discount rate so derived does not reflect an overall Group market beta but instead reflects the
expected volatility associated with the cash flows for each product category in the embedded value model.
Since financial options and guarantees are explicitly valued under the EEV methodology, discount rates under EEV are set excluding
the effect of these product features.
The risk margin represents the aggregate of the allowance for market risk, additional allowance for credit risk where appropriate,
and allowance for non-diversifiable non-market risk. No allowance is required for non-market risks where these are assumed to
be fully diversifiable.
Market risk allowance
The allowance for market risk represents the beta multiplied by an equity risk premium. Except for UK shareholder-backed annuity
business (as explained below) such an approach has been used for the Group’s businesses.
The beta of a portfolio or product measures its relative market risk. The risk discount rates reflect the market risk inherent in each
product group and hence the volatility of product cash flows. These are determined by considering how the profits from each product
are affected by changes in expected returns on various asset classes. By converting this into a relative rate of return, it is possible to derive
a product-specific beta.
Product level betas reflect the most recent product mix to produce appropriate betas and risk discount rates for each major
product grouping.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.322 prudential.co.uk
Notes on the EEV basis results continued
13 Methodology and accounting presentation continued
Additional credit risk allowance
The Group’s methodology is to allow appropriately for credit risk. The allowance for total credit risk is to cover:
——Expected long-term defaults;
——Credit risk premium (to reflect the volatility in downgrade and default levels); and
——Short-term downgrades and defaults.
These allowances are initially reflected in determining best estimate returns and through the market risk allowance described above.
However, for those businesses largely backed by holdings of debt securities, these allowances in the projected returns and market risk
allowances may not be sufficient and an additional allowance may be appropriate.
The practical application of the allowance for credit risk varies depending upon the type of business as described below:
Asia operations
For Asia operations, the allowance for credit risk incorporated in the projected rates of return and the market risk allowance are sufficient.
Accordingly no additional allowance for credit risk is required.
The projected rates of return for holdings of corporate bonds comprise the risk-free rate plus an assessment of long-term spread over
the risk-free rate.
US operations (Jackson)
For Jackson business, the allowance for long-term defaults is reflected in the risk margin reserve (RMR) charge which is deducted
in determining the projected spread margin between the earned rate on the investments and the policyholder crediting rate.
The risk discount rate incorporates an additional allowance for credit risk premium and short-term downgrades and defaults as shown
in note 14(ii). In determining this allowance a number of factors have been considered. These factors, in particular, include:
——How much of the credit spread on debt securities represents an increased credit risk not reflected in the RMR long-term default
assumptions, and how much is liquidity premium (which is the premium required by investors to compensate for the risk of longerterm
investments which cannot be easily converted into cash, and converted at the fair market value). In assessing this effect,
consideration has been given to a number of approaches to estimating the liquidity premium by considering recent statistical data;
and
——Policyholder benefits for Jackson fixed annuity business are not fixed. It is possible in adverse economic scenarios to pass on
a component of credit losses to policyholders (subject to guarantee features) through lower investment return rates credited
to policyholders. Consequently, it is only necessary to allow for the balance of the credit risk in the risk discount rate.
The level of the additional allowance is assessed at each reporting period to take account of prevailing credit conditions and as the
business in force alters over time. The additional allowance for variable annuity business has been set at one-fifth of the non-variable
annuity business to reflect the proportion of the allocated holdings of general account debt securities.
The level of allowance differs from that for UK annuity business for investment portfolio differences and to take account of the
management actions available in adverse economic scenarios to reduce crediting rates to policyholders, subject to guarantee features
of the products.
UK operations
(1) Shareholder-backed annuity business
For Prudential’s UK shareholder-backed annuity business, Prudential has used a market consistent embedded value (MCEV) approach
to derive an implied risk discount rate which is then applied to the projected best estimate cash flows.
In the annuity MCEV calculations, as the assets are generally held to maturity to match long duration liabilities, the future cash flows
are discounted using the swap yield curve plus an allowance for liquidity premium based on Prudential’s assessment of the expected
return on the assets backing the annuity liabilities after allowing for:
——Expected long-term defaults, derived as a percentage of historical default experience based on Moody’s data for the period 1970
to 2009, and the definition of the credit rating assigned to each asset held is the second highest credit rating published by Moody’s,
Standard & Poor’s and Fitch;
——A credit risk premium, derived as the excess over the expected long-term defaults, of the 95th percentile of historical cumulative
defaults based on Moody’s data for the period 1970 to 2009, and subject to a minimum margin over expected long-term defaults
of 50 per cent;
——An allowance for a 1-notch downgrade of the asset portfolio subject to credit risk; and
——An allowance for short-term downgrades and defaults.
For the purposes of presentation in the EEV results, the results on this basis are reconfigured. Under this approach the projected earned
rate of return on the debt securities held is determined after allowing for expected long-term defaults and, where necessary, an
additional allowance for an element of short-term downgrades and defaults to bring the allowance in the earned rate up to best estimate
levels. The allowances for credit risk premium, 1-notch downgrade and the remaining element of short-term downgrade and default
allowances are incorporated into the risk margin included in the discount rate, shown in note 14(iii).
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 323
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
(2) With-profits fund non-profit annuity business
For UK non-profit annuity business including that attributable to the PAC with-profits fund, the basis for determining the aggregate
allowance for credit risk is consistent with that applied for UK shareholder-backed annuity business (as described above). The allowance
for credit risk for this business is taken into account in determining the projected cash flows to the with-profits fund, which are in turn
discounted at the risk discount rate applicable to all of the projected cash flows of the fund.
(3) With-profits fund holdings of debt securities
The UK with-profits fund holds debt securities as part of its investment portfolio backing policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus.
The assumed earned rate for with-profits holdings of corporate bonds is defined as the risk-free rate plus an assessment of the long-term
spread over gilts, net of expected long-term defaults. This approach is similar to that applied for equities and properties for which the
projected earned rate is defined as the risk-free rate plus a long-term risk premium.
Allowance for non-diversifiable non-market risks
The majority of non-market and non-credit risks are considered to be diversifiable. Finance theory cannot be used to determine the
appropriate component of beta for non-diversifiable non-market risks since there is no observable risk premium associated with it that
is akin to the equity risk premium. Recognising this, a pragmatic approach has been applied.
A base level allowance of 50 basis points is applied to cover the non-diversifiable non-market risks associated with the Group’s
businesses. For the Group’s US business and UK business other than shareholder-backed annuity, no additional allowance is necessary.
For UK shareholder-backed annuity business a further allowance of 50 basis points is used to reflect the longevity risk which is of
particular relevance. For the Group’s Asia operations in China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam, additional
allowances are applied for emerging market risk ranging from 100 to 250 basis points.
(ix) Foreign currency translation
Foreign currency profits and losses have been translated at average exchange rates for the year. Foreign currency assets and liabilities
have been translated at year end rates of exchange. The principal exchange rates are shown in note A1 of the IFRS statements.
(x) Taxation
In determining the post-tax profit for the year for covered business, the overall tax rate includes the impact of tax effects determined
on a local regulatory basis. Tax payments and receipts included in the projected cash flows to determine the value of in-force business
are calculated using rates that have been announced and substantively enacted by the end of the reporting year.
(xi) Inter-company arrangements
The EEV results for covered business incorporate annuities established in the PAC non-profit sub-fund from vesting pension policies in
SAIF (which is not covered business). The EEV results also incorporate the effect of the reinsurance arrangement of non-profit immediate
pension annuity liabilities of SAIF to PRIL. In addition, the free surplus and value of in-force business are calculated after taking account
of the impact of contingent loan arrangements between Group companies (movements in the contingent loan liability are reflected via
the projected cash flows in the value of in-force, and the related funding is reflected in free surplus).
(b) Accounting presentation
(i) Analysis of post-tax profit
To the extent applicable, the presentation of the EEV post-tax profit for the year is consistent in the classification between
operating and non-operating results with the basis that the Group applies for the analysis of IFRS basis results. Operating results
reflect underlying results including longer-term investment returns (which are determined as described in note 13(b)(ii) below)
and incorporate the following:
——New business contribution, as defined in note 13(a)(ii);
——Unwind of discount on the value of in-force business and other expected returns, as described in note 13(b)(iii);
——The impact of routine changes of estimates relating to non-economic assumptions, as described in note 13(b)(iv); and
——Non-economic experience variances, as described in note 13(b)(v).
In order to show the UK long-term business result on a comparable basis, the presentation of 2014 results has been adjusted to show
the results of the sold PruHealth and PruProtect businesses separately.
Non-operating results comprise the recurrent items of:
——Short-term fluctuations in investment returns;
——The mark to market value movements on core borrowings; and
——The effect of changes in economic assumptions.
In addition, non-operating profit includes:
——The effect on free surplus generated from the disposal of the Japan life business in 2015;
——The gain on sale of the PruHealth and PruProtect businesses in 2014; and
——The costs associated with the domestication of the Hong Kong branch which became effective on 1 January 2014.
Total profit attributable to shareholders and basic earnings per share include these items, together with actual investment returns.
The Group believes that operating profit, as adjusted for these items, better reflects underlying performance.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.324 prudential.co.uk
Notes on the EEV basis results continued
13 Methodology and accounting presentation continued
(ii) Investment returns included in operating profit
For the investment element of the assets covering the net worth of long-term insurance business, investment returns are recognised
in operating results at the expected long-term rate of return. These expected returns are calculated by reference to the asset mix of
the portfolio. For the purpose of calculating the longer-term investment return to be included in the operating result of the PAC
with-profits fund of UK operations, where assets backing the liabilities and unallocated surplus are subject to market volatility, asset
values at the beginning of the reporting period are adjusted to remove the effects of short-term market movements as explained
in note 13(b)(iii) below.
For the purpose of determining the long-term returns for debt securities of US operations for fixed annuity and other general account
business, a risk margin charge is included which reflects the expected long-term rate of default based on the credit quality of the
portfolio. For Jackson, interest-related realised gains and losses are amortised to the operating results over the maturity period of the sold
bonds and for equity-related investments, a long-term rate of return is assumed, which reflects the aggregation of end-of-year risk-free
rates and equity risk premium. For US variable annuity separate account business, operating profit includes the unwind of discount on
the opening value of in-force adjusted to reflect end-of-year projected rates of return with the excess or deficit of the actual return
recognised within non-operating profit, together with the related hedging activity.
For UK annuity business, rebalancing of the asset portfolio backing the liabilities to policyholders may, from time to time, take place
to align it more closely with the internal benchmark of credit quality that management applies. Such rebalancing will result in a change
in the projected yield on the asset portfolio and the allowance for default risk. The net effect of these changes is included in the result
for the year.
(iii) Unwind of discount and other expected returns
The unwind of discount and other expected returns is determined by reference to:
——The value of in-force business at the beginning of the year (adjusted for the effect of current period economic and operating
assumption changes); and
——Required capital and surplus assets.
In applying this general approach, the unwind of discount included in operating profit for the with-profits business of UK insurance
operations is determined by reference to the opening value of in-force, as adjusted for the effects of short-term investment volatility due
to market movements (ie smoothed). In the summary statement of financial position and for total profit reporting, asset values and
investment returns are not smoothed. At 31 December 2015 the shareholders’ interest in the smoothed surplus assets used for this
purpose only, were £58 million lower (31 December 2014: £194 million lower) than the surplus assets carried in the statement of financial
position.
(iv) Effect of changes in operating assumptions
Operating profit includes the effect of changes to non-economic assumptions on the value of in-force at the end of the year.
For presentational purposes, the effect of change is delineated to show the effect on the opening value of in-force as operating
assumption changes, with the experience variance subsequently being determined by reference to the end-of-year assumptions
(see note 13(b)(v) below).
(v) Operating experience variances
Operating profit includes the effect of experience variances on non-economic assumptions, such as persistency, mortality and morbidity,
expenses and other factors, which are calculated with reference to the end-of-year assumptions.
(vi) Effect of changes in economic assumptions
Movements in the value of in-force business at the beginning of the year caused by changes in economic assumptions, net of the related
change in the time value of cost of options and guarantees, are recorded in non-operating results.
14 Assumptions
Principal economic assumptions
The EEV basis results for the Group’s operations have been determined using economic assumptions where the long-term expected
rates of return on investments and risk discount rates are set by reference to year end rates of return on government bonds. Expected
returns on equity and property asset classes and corporate bonds are derived by adding a risk premium, based on the Group’s long-term
view, to the risk-free rate.
The total profit that emerges over the lifetime of an individual contract as calculated using the embedded value basis is the same
as that calculated under the IFRS basis. Since the embedded value basis reflects discounted future cash flows, under this methodology
the profit emergence is advanced, thus more closely aligning the timing of the recognition of profit with the efforts and risks of current
management actions, particularly with regard to business sold during the year.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 325
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
(i) Asia operations notes (b), (c)
Risk discount rate %
10-year government
bond yield %
Expected long-term
New business In force inflation %
31 Dec 31 Dec 31 Dec 31 Dec
2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014
China 9.4 10.2 9.4 10.2 2.9 3.7 2.5 2.5
Hong Kong notes (b), (c) 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3
Indonesia 12.8 12.0 12.8 12.0 8.9 7.9 5.0 5.0
Korea 6.1 6.7 5.7 6.5 2.1 2.6 3.0 3.0
Malaysia note (c) 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.6 4.2 4.1 2.5 2.5
Philippines 11.3 10.8 11.3 10.8 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.0
Singapore note (c) 4.3 4.3 5.1 5.0 2.6 2.3 2.0 2.0
Taiwan 4.0 4.2 3.9 4.1 1.0 1.6 1.0 1.0
Thailand 9.3 9.5 9.3 9.5 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.0
Vietnam 13.8 14.0 13.8 14.0 7.1 7.2 5.5 5.5
Total weighted risk discount rate note (a) 5.9 6.9 6.4 6.6
Notes
(a) The weighted risk discount rates for Asia operations shown above have been determined by weighting each country’s risk discount rates by reference to the
post-tax EEV basis new business result and the closing value of in-force business. The changes in the risk discount rates for individual Asia territories reflect the
movements in government bond yields, together with the effects of movements in the allowance for market risk and changes in product mix.
(b) For Hong Kong, the assumptions shown are for US dollar denominated business. For other territories, the assumptions are for local currency denominated
business.
(c) Equity risk premiums in Asia range from 3.5 per cent to 8.6 per cent (2014: from 3.5 per cent to 8.7 per cent). The mean equity return assumptions for the most
significant equity holdings of the Asia operations were:
31 Dec 2015 % 31 Dec 2014 %
Hong Kong 6.3 6.2
Malaysia 10.2 10.1
Singapore 8.6 8.3
(ii) US operations
31 Dec 2015 % 31 Dec 2014 %
Assumed new business spread margins:*
Fixed annuity business:†
January to June issues 1.25 1.5
July to December issues 1.5 1.5
Fixed index annuity business:
January to June issues 1.5 2.0
July to December issues 1.75 2.0
Institutional business 0.7 0.7
Allowance for long-term defaults included in projected spread note 13 (a)(viii) 0.24 0.25
Risk discount rate:
Variable annuity:
Risk discount rate 6.8 6.9
Additional allowance for credit risk included in risk discount rate note 13 (a)(viii) 0.2 0.2
Non-variable annuity:
Risk discount rate 3.9 3.9
Additional allowance for credit risk included in risk discount rate note 13 (a)(viii) 1.0 1.0
Weighted average total:
New business 6.7 6.7
In force 6.2 6.2
US 10-year treasury bond rate at end of year 2.3 2.2
Pre-tax expected long-term nominal rate of return for US equities 6.3 6.2
Expected long-term rate of inflation 2.8 2.8
Equity risk premium 4.0 4.0
S&P equity return volatility note (v) 18.0 18.0
* Including the proportion of variable annuity business invested in the general account and fixed index annuity business, the assumed spread margin grades
up linearly by 25 basis points to a long-term assumption over five years.
† Including the proportion of variable annuity business invested in the general account.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.326 prudential.co.uk
Notes on the EEV basis results continued
14 Assumptions continued
(iii) UK insurance operations
31 Dec 2015 % 31 Dec 2014 %
Shareholder-backed annuity business:
Risk discount rate:note
New business 5.7 6.5
In force 7.4 6.9
Pre-tax expected long-term nominal rate of return for shareholder-backed annuity business: note
New business 3.5 4.1
In force 3.5 3.2
Other business:
Risk discount rate:*
New business 5.6 5.5
In force 5.7 5.9
Pre-tax expected long-term nominal rates of investment return:
UK equities 6.4 6.2
Overseas equities 6.3 to 9.4 6.2 to 9.0
Property 5.2 4.9
15-year gilt rate 2.4 2.2
Corporate bonds 4.1 3.8
Expected long-term rate of inflation 3.1 3.0
Equity risk premium 4.0 4.0
* The 2014 risk discount rates exclude the sold PruHealth and PruProtect businesses.
Note
For shareholder-backed annuity business, the movements in the pre-tax long-term nominal rates of return and risk discount rates for new and in-force businesses
reflect the effect of changes in asset yields (based on average yields for new business).
Stochastic assumptions
Details are given below of the key characteristics of the models used to determine the time value of the financial options and guarantees
as referred to in note 13(a)(iv).
(iv) Asia operations
——The stochastic cost of guarantees is primarily of significance for the Hong Kong, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan operations.
——The principal asset classes are government and corporate bonds.
——The asset return models are similar to the models as described for UK insurance operations below.
——The volatility of equity returns ranges from 18 per cent to 35 per cent, and the volatility of government bond yields ranges from
0.9 per cent to 2.3 per cent for both years.
(v) US operations (Jackson)
——Interest rates and equity returns are projected using a log-normal generator reflecting historical market data.
——Corporate bond returns are based on treasury yields plus a spread that reflects current market conditions.
——The volatility of equity returns ranges from 18 per cent to 27 per cent, and the standard deviation of interest rates ranges from
2.2 per cent to 2.5 per cent for both years.
(vi) UK insurance operations
——Interest rates are projected using a stochastic interest rate model calibrated to the current market yields.
——Equity returns are assumed to follow a log-normal distribution.
——The corporate bond return is calculated based on a risk-free bond return plus a mean-reverting spread.
——Property returns are also modelled on a risk-free bond return plus a risk premium with a stochastic process reflecting total property
returns.
——The standard deviation of equities and property ranges from 15 per cent to 20 per cent for both years.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 327
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
Operating assumptions
Best estimate assumptions
Best estimate assumptions are used for the cash flow projections, where best estimate is defined as the mean of the distribution of future
possible outcomes. The assumptions are reviewed actively and changes are made when evidence exists that material changes in future
experience are reasonably certain.
Assumptions required in the calculation of the value of options and guarantees, for example relating to volatilities and correlations,
or dynamic algorithms linking liabilities to assets, have been set equal to the best estimates and, wherever material and practical, reflect
any dynamic relationships between the assumptions and the stochastic variables.
Demographic assumptions
Persistency, mortality and morbidity assumptions are based on an analysis of recent experience, but also reflect expected future
experience. Where relevant, when calculating the time value of financial options and guarantees, policyholder withdrawal rates vary
in line with the emerging investment conditions according to management’s expectations.
Expense assumptions
Expense levels, including those of service companies that support the Group’s long-term business operations, are based on internal
expense analysis investigations and are appropriately allocated to acquisition of new business and renewal of in-force business.
Exceptional expenses are identified and reported separately. For mature business, it is Prudential’s policy not to take credit for future cost
reduction programmes until the savings have been delivered. For businesses which are currently sub-scale (China, Malaysia Takaful and
Taiwan), and India (where the business model is being adapted as the industry continues to adjust to regulatory changes), expense
overruns are reported where these are expected to be short-lived.
For Asia operations, the expenses comprise costs borne directly and recharged costs from the Asia regional head office, that are
attributable to covered business. The assumed future expenses for these operations also include projections of these future recharges.
Development expenses are charged as incurred.
Corporate expenditure, which is included in other income and expenditure, comprises:
——Expenditure for Group head office, to the extent not allocated to the PAC with-profits funds, together with Solvency II implementation
and restructuring costs, which are charged to the EEV basis results as incurred; and
——Expenditure of the Asia regional head office that is not allocated to the covered business or asset management operations which
is charged as incurred. These costs are primarily for corporate related activities and are included within corporate expenditure.
Tax rates
The assumed long-term effective tax rates for operations reflect the incidence of taxable profits and losses in the projected cash flows
as explained in note 13(a)(x).
The local standard corporate tax rates applicable for the most significant operations are as follows:
Standard corporate tax rates %
Asia operations:
Hong Kong 16.5*
Indonesia 25.0
Malaysia 2015: 25.0; from 2016: 24.0
Singapore 17.0
US operations 35.0
UK operations† 2015: 20.0; from 2017: 19.0; from 2020: 18.0
* 16.5 per cent on 5 per cent of premium income
† The impact of the reductions in future UK corporate tax rates on the opening value of in-force business is £55 million as shown in note 4(iv)(b).
15 Effect of Solvency II on EEV basis results on 1 January 2016
The Solvency II framework is effective from 1 January 2016. For our operations in Asia and the US, there is no impact on the EEV results
since Solvency II does not act as the local constraint on the ability to distribute profits to the Group. The EEV basis results and profile
of free surplus generation for these businesses will continue to be driven by local regulatory and target capital requirements.
For the UK insurance operations Solvency II will impact the EEV results as it changes the local regulatory valuation of net worth and
capital requirements, affecting the components of the EEV and the expected profile of free surplus generation. In line with guidance
provided by the CFO Forum in October 2015, the impact of Solvency II on the UK EEV has not been included in the results presented
in this section. An early estimate on the likely impact of Solvency II on the EEV net worth and value of in-force business is provided
in section II(i) of the additional unaudited information.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.328 prudential.co.uk
Notes on the EEV basis results continued
16 New business premiums and contributions note (i)
Single Regular
Annual premium
and contribution
equivalents
(APE)
note 13(a)(ii)
Present value
of new business
premiums
(PVNBP)
note 13(a)(ii)
2015 £m 2014 £m 2015 £m 2014 £m 2015 £m 2014 £m 2015 £m 2014 £m
Group insurance operations
Asia 2,120 2,272 2,641 2,010 2,853 2,237 15,208 12,331
US 17,286 15,555 – – 1,729 1,556 17,286 15,555
UK note (iv) 8,463 6,681 179 166 1,025 834 9,069 7,305
Group total note (iv) 27,869 24,508 2,820 2,176 5,607 4,627 41,563 35,191
Asia insurance operations
Cambodia – – 8 3 8 3 38 16
Hong Kong 546 419 1,158 603 1,213 645 7,007 3,861
Indonesia 230 280 303 357 326 385 1,224 1,619
Malaysia 100 117 201 189 211 201 1,208 1,284
Philippines 146 121 44 39 59 51 287 248
Singapore 454 677 264 289 309 357 2,230 2,683
Thailand 69 92 88 74 95 83 422 392
Vietnam 6 4 82 61 83 61 343 247
SE Asia operations including Hong Kong 1,551 1,710 2,148 1,615 2,304 1,786 12,759 10,350
China note (ii) 308 239 111 81 142 105 739 550
Korea 182 212 123 92 141 113 780 609
Taiwan 45 83 127 116 131 124 442 462
India note (iii) 34 28 132 106 135 109 488 360
Total Asia insurance operations 2,120 2,272 2,641 2,010 2,853 2,237 15,208 12,331
US insurance operations
Variable annuities 11,977 10,899 – – 1,198 1,090 11,977 10,899
Elite Access (variable annuity) 3,144 3,108 – – 314 311 3,144 3,108
Fixed annuities 477 527 – – 48 53 477 527
Fixed index annuities 458 370 – – 46 37 458 370
Wholesale 1,230 651 – – 123 65 1,230 651
Total US insurance operations 17,286 15,555 – – 1,729 1,556 17,286 15,555
UK and Europe insurance operations note (iv)
Individual annuities 565 1,065 – – 57 106 565 1,065
Bonds 3,327 2,934 – – 333 294 3,328 2,937
Corporate pensions 175 92 135 138 152 147 600 592
Individual pensions 1,185 508 32 22 150 72 1,295 595
Income drawdown 1,024 352 – – 102 35 1,024 352
Other products 679 20 12 6 80 9 749 54
Total retail note (iv) 6,955 4,971 179 166 874 663 7,561 5,595
Wholesale 1,508 1,710 – – 151 171 1,508 1,710
Total UK and Europe insurance operations note (iv) 8,463 6,681 179 166 1,025 834 9,069 7,305
Group total note (iv) 27,869 24,508 2,820 2,176 5,607 4,627 41,563 35,191
Notes
(i) The tables shown above are provided as an indicative volume measure of transactions undertaken in the reporting year that have the potential to generate
profits for shareholders. The amounts shown are not, and not intended to be, reflective of premium income recorded in the IFRS income statement.
(ii) New business in China is included at Prudential’s 50 per cent interest in the China life operation.
(iii) New business in India is included at Prudential’s 26 per cent interest in the India life operation.
(iv) The 2014 UK and Europe insurance operations comparatives have been adjusted to exclude the contribution from the sold PruHealth and PruProtect
businesses (APE sales of £23 million and PVNBP of £166 million), following the disposal of our 25 per cent interest in the businesses in November 2014.
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 329
Statement of directors’ responsibilities in respect of the
European Embedded Value (EEV) basis supplementary information
The directors have chosen to
prepare supplementary
information in accordance with
the EEV Principles issued in
May 2004 by the European CFO
Forum as supplemented by the
Additional Guidance on EEV
Disclosures issued in October
2005 and the Additional
Guidance on the impact
of Solvency II issued
in October 2015.
When compliance with the EEV Principles
is stated, those principles require the
directors to prepare supplementary
information in accordance with the
Embedded Value Methodology (EVM)
contained in the EEV Principles and to
disclose and explain any non-compliance
with the EEV guidance included
in the EEV Principles.
In preparing the EEV supplementary
information, the directors have:
——Prepared the supplementary
information in accordance with the
EEV Principles;
——Identified and described the business
covered by the EVM;
——Applied the EVM consistently to the
covered business;
——Determined assumptions on a realistic
basis, having regard to past, current and
expected future experience and to any
relevant external data, and then applied
them consistently;
——Made estimates that are reasonable and
consistent; and
——Described the basis on which business
that is not covered business has been
included in the supplementary
information, including any material
departures from the accounting
framework applicable to the Group’s
financial statements.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.330 prudential.co.uk
Opinions and conclusions arising
from our audit
Our opinion on the EEV basis
supplementary information
is unmodified
We have audited the EEV basis
supplementary information of
Prudential plc (the Company) for the
year ended 31 December 2015 set out
in the EEV basis results and Notes on
the EEV basis results pages. The EEV
basis supplementary information should
be read in conjunction with the Group
financial statements.
In our opinion, the EEV basis
supplementary information of the
Company for the year ended 31 December
2015 has been properly prepared, in all
material respects, in accordance with the
European Embedded Value Principles
issued in May 2004 by the European CFO
Forum as supplemented by the Additional
Guidance on European Embedded Value
Disclosures issued in October 2005 and
the Additional Guidance on the impact of
Solvency II issued in October 2015
(together ‘the EEV Principles’) using the
methodology and assumptions set out
in the Notes on the EEV basis results.
This report is made solely to the Company
in accordance with the terms of our
engagement. Our audit work has been
undertaken so that we might state to the
Company those matters we have been
engaged to state in this report and for
no other purpose. To the fullest extent
permitted by law, we do not accept or
assume responsibility to anyone other than
the Company for our audit work, for this
report, or for the opinions we have formed.
Respective responsibilities of
directors and auditor
As explained more fully in the directors’
responsibilities statement set out on
page 329, the directors have accepted
responsibility for the preparation
of the supplementary information
on the EEV basis in accordance with
the EEV Principles.
Our responsibility is to audit, and express
an opinion on, the supplementary
information in accordance with the terms
of our engagement and in accordance with
International Standards on Auditing (UK
and Ireland). Those standards require us
to comply with the Auditing Practices
Board’s Ethical Standards for Auditors.
Scope of an audit of financial
statements performed in accordance
with ISAs (UK and Ireland)
A description of the scope of an audit
of financial statements is provided on
our website at www.kpmg.com/uk/
auditscopeother2014 This report is
made subject to important explanations
regarding our responsibilities, as published
on that website, which are incorporated
into this report as if set out in full and
should be read to provide an
understanding of the purpose of this
report, the work we have undertaken
and the basis of our opinions.
The purpose of this report and
restrictions on its use by persons
other than the Company
This report is made solely to the Company
in accordance with the terms of our
engagement. Our audit work has been
undertaken so that we might state to the
Company those matters we have been
engaged to state in this report and for
no other purpose. To the fullest extent
permitted by law, we do not accept or
assume responsibility to anyone other than
the Company for our audit work, for this
report, or for the opinions we have formed.
Rees Aronson
for and on behalf of KPMG LLP
Chartered Accountants
London
8 March 2016
Independent auditor’s report to Prudential plc on the
European Embedded Value (EEV) basis supplementary information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 331
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information 332 Index to the additional unaudited 7
financial information
358 Risk factors
364 Glossary
368 Shareholder information
371 How to contact us
Additional
information
Scholarship scheme Our communities
The Prudential scholarship scheme
in Ghana and Kenya will help more
than 700 students to complete their
secondary school education. Find
out more on page 62.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.332 prudential.co.uk
Index to the additional unaudited financial information
I. IFRS profit and loss information
333 a Analysis of long-term insurance business pre-tax IFRS operating
profit based on longer-term investment returns by driver
338 b Asia operations – analysis of IFRS operating profit by territory
339 c Analysis of asset management operating profit based on longer-term
investment returns
340 d Contribution to UK Life financial metrics from specific management
actions undertaken to position the balance sheet more effectively
under the new Solvency II regime
II. Other information
341 a Holding company cash flow
342 b Funds under management
343 c Solvency II capital position at 31 December 2015
346 d IGD capital position at 31 December 2015
347 e Reconciliation of expected transfer of value of in-force business
(VIF) and required capital to free surplus
350 f Foreign currency source of key metrics
351 g Option schemes
353 h Selected historical financial information of Prudential
355 i Effect of Solvency II on EEV basis results on 1 January 2016
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 333
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
Additional unaudited financial information
I: IFRS profit and loss information
a Analysis of long-term insurance business pre-tax IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
by driver
This schedule classifies the Group’s pre-tax operating earnings from long-term insurance operations into the underlying drivers of those
profits, using the following categories:
——Spread income represents the difference between net investment income (or premium income in the case of the UK annuities new
business) and amounts credited to certain policyholder accounts. It excludes the operating investment return on shareholder net
assets, which has been separately disclosed as expected return on shareholder assets.
——Fee income represents profits driven by net investment performance, being asset management fees that vary with the size of the
underlying policyholder funds net of investment management expenses.
——With-profits business represents the gross of tax shareholders’ transfer from the with-profits fund for the year.
——Insurance margin primarily represents profits derived from the insurance risks of mortality and morbidity.
——Margin on revenues primarily represents amounts deducted from premiums to cover acquisition costs and administration expenses.
——Acquisition costs and administration expenses represent expenses incurred in the year attributable to shareholders. It excludes items
such as restructuring costs and Solvency II costs which are not included in the segment profit for insurance as well as items that are
more appropriately included in other sources of earnings lines (eg investment expenses are netted against investment income as
part of spread income or fee income as appropriate).
——DAC adjustments comprise DAC amortisation for the year, excluding amounts related to short-term fluctuations in investment
returns, net of costs deferred in respect of new business.
Analysis of pre-tax IFRS operating profit by source and margin analysis of Group long-term insurance business
The following analysis expresses certain of the Group’s sources of operating profit as a margin of policyholder liabilities or other suitable
driver. Details on the calculation of the Group’s average policyholder liability balances are given in note (iv).
2015 £m
Asia US UK Total
Average
liability
note (iv)
Total
bps
note (ii)
Spread income 153 746 258 1,157 73,511 157
Fee income 162 1,672 62 1,896 125,380 151
With-profits 45 – 269 314 106,749 29
Insurance margin 783 796 180 1,759
Margin on revenues 1,732 – 179 1,911
Expenses:
Acquisition costs note (i) (1,161) (939) (86) (2,186) 5,607 (39)%
Administration expenses (701) (828) (159) (1,688) 206,423 (82)
DAC adjustments note (vi) 124 218 (2) 340
Expected return on shareholder assets 72 26 127 225
1,209 1,691 828 3,728
Impact of specific management actions in second
half of 2015 ahead of Solvency II – – 339 339
Long-term business operating profit 1,209 1,691 1,167 4,067
See notes at the end of this section.
2014 AER £m
Asia US UK
note (v)
Total
Average
liability
note (iv)
Total
bps
note (ii)
Spread income 125 734 272 1,131 67,252 168
Fee income 155 1,402 61 1,618 110,955 146
With-profits 43 – 255 298 101,290 29
Insurance margin 675 670 73 1,418
Margin on revenues 1,545 – 176 1,721
Expenses:
Acquisition costs note (i) (1,031) (887) (96) (2,014) 4,627 (44)%
Administration expenses (618) (693) (143) (1,454) 186,049 (78)
DAC adjustments note (vi) 92 191 (6) 277
Expected return on shareholder assets 64 14 137 215
Long-term business operating profit 1,050 1,431 729 3,210
See notes at the end of this section.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.334 prudential.co.uk
Additional unaudited financial information continued
I: IFRS profit and loss information continued
a Analysis of long-term insurance business pre-tax IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
by driver continued
2014 CER £m
note (iii)
Asia
US
UK
note (v) Total
Average
liability
note (iv)
Total
bps
note (ii)
Spread income 126 791 272 1,189 69,628 171
Fee income 154 1,511 61 1,726 116,507 148
With-profits 44 – 255 299 101,653 29
Insurance margin 669 722 73 1,464
Margin on revenues 1,532 – 176 1,708
Expenses:
Acquisition costs note (i) (1,025) (956) (96) (2,077) 4,778 (43)%
Administration expenses (615) (747) (143) (1,505) 194,588 (77)
DAC adjustments note (vi) 92 206 (6) 292
Expected return on shareholder assets 63 16 137 216
Long-term business operating profit 1,040 1,543 729 3,312
See notes at the end of this section.
Margin analysis of long-term insurance business – Asia
Asia
2015 2014 AER 2014 CER
note (iii)
Long-term business
Profit
£m
Average
liability
note (iv)
£m
Margin
note (ii)
bps
Profit
£m
Average
liability
note (iv)
£m
Margin
note (ii)
bps
Profit
£m
Average
liability
note (iv)
£m
Margin
note (ii)
bps
Spread income 153 11,039 139 125 9,183 136 126 9,333 135
Fee income 162 16,088 101 155 14,987 103 154 14,967 103
With-profits 45 17,446 26 43 14,823 29 44 15,186 29
Insurance margin 783 675 669
Margin on revenues 1,732 1,545 1,532
Expenses:
Acquisition costs note (i) (1,161) 2,853 (41)% (1,031) 2,237 (46)% (1,025) 2,267 (45)%
Administration expenses (701) 27,127 (258) (618) 24,170 (256) (615) 24,300 (253)
DAC adjustments note (vi) 124 92 92
Expected return on shareholder assets 72 64 63
Operating profit 1,209 1,050 1,040
See notes at the end of this section.
Analysis of Asia operating profit drivers:
——Spread income increased by 21 per cent at constant exchange rates to £153 million in 2015, predominantly reflecting the growth of
the Asia non-linked policyholder liabilities.
——Fee income increased by 5 per cent at constant exchange rates from £154 million in 2014 to £162 million in 2015, broadly in line with
the increase in movement in average unit-linked liabilities.
——Insurance margin increased by 17 per cent at constant exchange rates to £783 million in 2015, predominantly reflecting the continued
growth of the in-force book, which contains a relatively high proportion of risk-based products.
——Margin on revenues increased by £200 million at constant exchange rates to £1,732 million in 2015, primarily reflecting higher
premium income recognised in the year.
——Acquisition costs increased by 13 per cent at constant exchange rates (AER 13 per cent) to £1,161 million in 2015, compared to the
26 per cent increase in APE sales (AER 28 per cent increase), resulting in a decrease in the acquisition costs ratio. The analysis above
uses shareholder acquisition costs as a proportion of total APE sales. If with-profits APE sales were excluded from the denominator
the acquisition cost ratio would become 68 per cent (2014: 66 per cent at CER), the small increase being the result of changes to
product and country mix.
——Administration expenses increased by 14 per cent at constant exchange rates to £701 million in 2015 as the business continues to
expand. At constant exchange rates, the administration expense ratio has increased from 253 basis points in 2014 to 258 basis points
in 2015, the result of changes to product and country mix.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 335
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
Margin analysis of long-term insurance business – US
US
2015 2014 AER 2014 CER
note (iii)
Long-term business
Profit
£m
Average
liability
note (iv)
£m
Margin
note (ii)
bps
Profit
£m
Average
liability
note (iv)
£m
Margin
note (ii)
bps
Profit
£m
Average
liability
note (iv)
£m
Margin
note (ii)
bps
Spread income 746 30,927 241 734 28,650 256 791 30,876 256
Fee income 1,672 86,921 192 1,402 72,492 193 1,511 78,064 194
Insurance margin 796 670 722
Expenses:
Acquisition costs note (i) (939) 1,729 (54)% (887) 1,556 (57)% (956) 1,677 (57)%
Administration expenses (828) 125,380 (66) (693) 108,984 (64) (747) 117,393 (64)
DAC adjustments 218 191 206
Expected return on shareholder assets 26 14 16
Operating profit 1,691 1,431 1,543
See notes at the end of this section.
Analysis of US operating profit drivers:
——Spread income declined by 6 per cent at constant exchange rates (AER increased by 2 per cent) to £746 million in 2015. The reported
spread margin decreased to 241 basis points from 256 basis points in 2014 primarily due to lower investment yields. Spread income
benefited from swap transactions previously entered into to more closely match the asset and liability duration. Excluding this effect,
the spread margin would have been 166 basis points (2014 CER: 182 basis points and AER: 183 basis points).
——Fee income increased by 11 per cent at constant exchange rates (AER 19 per cent) to £1,672 million in 2015, primarily due to higher
average separate account balances reflecting positive net cash flows from variable annuity business. Fee income margin has remained
broadly in line with the prior year at 192 basis points (2014 CER: 194 basis points and AER: 193 basis points).
——Insurance margin represents operating profits from insurance risks, including variable annuity guarantees and other sundry items.
Insurance margin increased to £796 million in 2015 compared to £722 million in the previous year at constant exchange rates,
primarily due to higher fee income from variable annuity guarantees following positive net flows in recent periods into variable annuity
business with guarantees. REALIC contributed £215 million to this total (2014: £233 million at constant exchange rates).
——Acquisition costs, which are commissions and expenses incurred to acquire new business, including those that are not deferrable,
decreased in absolute terms at constant exchange rates in line with trends observed in recent years. As a percentage of APE sales,
acquisition costs have decreased to 54 per cent, compared to 57 per cent in 2014. This is due to the continued increase in producers
selecting asset-based commissions which are treated as an administrative expense in this analysis, rather than front-end commissions.
——Administration expenses increased to £828 million in 2015 compared to £747 million for 2014 at constant exchange rates (AER
£693 million), primarily as a result of higher asset-based commissions paid on the larger 2015 separate account balance subject to
these trail commissions. These are paid on policy anniversary dates and are treated as an administration expense in this analysis.
Excluding these trail commissions, the resulting administration expense ratio would be unchanged at 36 basis points (2014: CER 36
basis points and AER 36 basis points).
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.336 prudential.co.uk
Additional unaudited financial information continued
I: IFRS profit and loss information continued
a Analysis of long-term insurance business pre-tax IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
by driver continued
Analysis of pre-tax operating profit before and after acquisition costs and DAC adjustments
2015 £m 2014 AER £m 2014 CER £m
note (iii)
Other
operating
profits
Acquisition costs
Total
Other
operating
profits
Acquisition costs
Total
Other
operating
profits
Acquisition costs
Incurred Deferred Incurred Deferred Incurred Deferred Total
Total operating profit
before acquisition
costs and DAC
adjustments 2,412 2,412 2,127 2,127 2,293 2,293
Less new business
strain (939) 734 (205) (887) 678 (209) (956) 731 (225)
Other DAC
adjustments
– amortisation of
previously deferred
acquisition costs:
Normal (514) (514) (474) (474) (511) (511)
(Accelerated)/
Decelerated (2) (2) (13) (13) (14) (14)
Total 2,412 (939) 218 1,691 2,127 (887) 191 1,431 2,293 (956) 206 1,543
Margin analysis of long-term insurance business – UK
UK
2015 2014
note (v)
Long-term business
Profit
£m
Average
liability
note (iv)
£m
Margin
note (ii)
bps
Profit
£m
Average
liability
note (iv)
£m
Margin
note (ii)
bps
Spread income 258 31,545 82 272 29,419 92
Fee income 62 22,371 28 61 23,476 26
With-profits 269 89,303 30 255 86,467 29
Insurance margin 180 73
Margin on revenues 179 176
Expenses:
Acquisition costs note (i) (86) 1,025 (8)% (96) 834 (12)%
Administration expenses (159) 53,916 (29) (143) 52,895 (27)
DAC adjustments (2) (6)
Expected return on shareholders’ assets 127 137
828 729
Impact of specific management actions in second
half of 2015 ahead of Solvency II 339 –
Operating profit 1,167 729
See notes at the end of this section.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 337
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
Analysis of UK operating profit drivers:
——Spread income reduced from £272 million in 2014 to £258 million in 2015, mainly due to lower annuity new business profit post the
reforms brought about by Pension Freedoms.
——Fee income principally represents asset management fees from unit-linked business, including direct investment only business
to group pension schemes, where liability flows are driven by a small number of large single mandate transactions and fee income
mostly arises within our UK asset management business. Excluding these schemes, the fee margin on the remaining balances was
43 basis points (2014: 41 basis points).
——With-profits transfers increased from £255 million in 2014 to £269 million in 2015, due to an increase in terminal bonus rates.
——Insurance margin increased to £180 million in 2015, reflecting the higher contribution from longevity reinsurance transactions
undertaken during the first half of the year, positive experience in the year and the modest net effect of the annual review of assumptions.
——Margin on revenues represents premium charges for expenses and other sundry net income received by the UK. The 2015 margin
remained stable at £179 million compared to the previous year.
——Acquisition costs incurred declined to £86 million, equivalent to 8 per cent of total APE sales in 2015 (2014: 12 per cent). The decline
reflects a shift in business mix towards with-profits business where acquisition costs are funded by the estate. The acquisition cost
ratio is also distorted by the high contribution to APE of bulk annuity sales in the year, where acquisition costs are comparatively lower.
Acquisition costs expressed as a percentage of shareholder-backed APE sales (excluding the bulk annuity transactions) were
36 per cent (2014: 36 per cent).
——Administration expenses increased by £16 million to £159 million in 2015 largely due to increased spend associated with
UK pension reforms.
——The contribution from specific management actions undertaken in the second half of 2015 to position the balance sheet more
effectively under the new Solvency II regime was £339 million. Further explanation and analysis is provided in Additional Unaudited
IFRS Financial Information section I(d).
Notes to sources of earnings tables
(i) The ratio for acquisition costs is calculated as a percentage of APE sales including with-profits sales. Acquisition costs include only those relating to shareholderbacked
business.
(ii) Margin represents the operating return earned in the year as a proportion of the relevant class of policyholder liabilities excluding unallocated surplus.
(iii) The 2014 comparative information has been presented at AER and CER so as to eliminate the impact of exchange translation. CER results are calculated by
translating prior year results using the current year foreign exchange rates. All CER profit figures have been translated at current year average rates. For Asia
CER average liability calculations, the policyholder liabilities have been translated using current year opening and closing exchange rates. For the US CER
average liability calculations, the policyholder liabilities have been translated at the current year month end closing exchange rates. See also note A1.
(iv) For UK and Asia, opening and closing policyholder liabilities have been used to derive an average balance for the year, as a proxy for average balances
throughout the year. The calculation of average liabilities for Jackson is derived from month end balances throughout the year as opposed to opening and
closing balances only. Average liabilities for spread income are based on the general account liabilities to which spread income attaches. Average liabilities
used to calculate the administrative expense margin exclude the REALIC liabilities reinsured to third parties prior to the acquisition by Jackson.
(v) In order to show the UK long-term business on a comparable basis, the 2014 comparative results exclude the contribution from the sold PruHealth
and PruProtect businesses.
(vi) The DAC adjustments contain a charge of £3 million in respect of joint ventures in 2015 (2014: AER credit of £11 million).
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.338 prudential.co.uk
Additional unaudited financial information continued
I: IFRS profit and loss information continued
b Asia operations – analysis of IFRS operating profit by territory
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for Asia operations is analysed as follows:
2015 £m
AER
2014 £m
CER
2014 £m
2014 AER
vs 2015
2014 CER
vs 2015
Hong Kong 150 109 118 38% 27%
Indonesia 356 309 295 15% 21%
Malaysia 120 118 107 2% 12%
Philippines 32 28 29 14% 10%
Singapore 204 214 213 (5)% (4)%
Thailand 70 53 54 32% 30%
Vietnam 86 72 75 19% 15%
South-east Asia operations including Hong Kong 1,018 903 891 13% 14%
China 32 13 14 146% 129%
India 42 49 49 (14)% (14)%
Korea 38 32 32 19% 19%
Taiwan 25 15 15 67% 67%
Other (4) (9) (9) 56% 56%
Non-recurrent items note (ii) 62 49 50 27% 24%
Total insurance operations note (i) 1,213 1,052 1,042 15% 16%
Development expenses (4) (2) (2) 100% 100%
Total long-term business operating profit 1,209 1,050 1,040 15% 16%
Eastspring Investments 115 90 91 28% 26%
Total Asia operations 1,324 1,140 1,131 16% 17%
Notes
(i) Analysis of operating profit between new and in-force business
The result for insurance operations comprises amounts in respect of new business and business in force as follows:
2015 £m 2014 £m
AER CER
New business strain* (4) (18) (23)
Business in force 1,155 1,021 1,015
Non-recurrent itemsnote (ii) 62 49 50
Total 1,213 1,052 1,042
* The IFRS new business strain corresponds to approximately 0.1 per cent of new business APE premiums for 2015 (2014: approximately 0.8 per cent of new
business APE).
The strain reflects the aggregate of the pre-tax regulatory basis strain to net worth after IFRS adjustments for deferral of acquisition costs and deferred income
where appropriate.
(ii) Other non-recurrent items of £62 million in 2015 (2014: £49 million) represent a number of items none of which are individually significant and that are not
anticipated to reoccur in subsequent years.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 339
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
c Analysis of asset management operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
2015 £m
M&G
note (ii)
Eastspring
Investments
note (ii)
Prudential
Capital US Total
Operating income before performance-related fees 939 304 118 321 1,682
Performance-related fees 22 3 – – 25
Operating income (net of commission) note (i) 961 307 118 321 1,707
Operating expense note (i) (533) (176) (99) (310) (1,118)
Share of associate’s results 14 – – – 14
Group’s share of tax on joint ventures’ operating profit – (16) – – (16)
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 442 115 19 11 587
Average funds under management £252.5bn £85.1bn
Margin based on operating income* 37bps 36bps
Cost/income ratio† 57% 58%
2014 £m
M&G
note (ii)
Eastspring
Investments
notes (ii),(iii)
Prudential
Capital US Total
Operating income before performance-related fees 954 240 130 303 1,627
Performance-related fees 33 1 – – 34
Operating income (net of commission) note (i) 987 241 130 303 1,661
Operating expense note (i) (554) (140) (88) (291) (1,073)
Share of associate’s results 13 – – – 13
Group’s share of tax on joint ventures’ operating profit – (11) – – (11)
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 446 90 42 12 590
Average funds under management £250.0bn £68.8bn
Margin based on operating income* 38bps 35bps
Cost/income ratio† 58% 59%
Notes
(i) Operating income and expense includes the Group’s share of contribution from joint ventures (but excludes any contribution from associates).
In the income statement as shown in note B2 of the IFRS financial statements, these amounts are netted, tax deducted and shown as a single amount.
(ii) M&G and Eastspring Investments can be further analysed as follows:
M&G
Operating income before performance-related fees
Retail
£m
Margin
of FUM*
bps
Institutional‡
£m
Margin
of FUM*
bps
Total
£m
Margin
of FUM*
bps
2015 582 87 357 19 939 37
2014 593 84 361 20 954 38
Eastspring Investments
Operating income before performance-related fees
Retail
£m
Margin
of FUM*
bps
Institutional‡
£m
Margin
of FUM*
bps
Total
£m
Margin
of FUM*
bps
2015 188 61 116 21 304 36
2014 139 60 101 22 240 35
* Margin represents operating income before performance-related fees as a proportion of the related funds under management (FUM). Monthly closing internal
and external funds managed by the respective entity have been used to derive the average. Any funds held by the Group’s insurance operations which are
managed by third parties outside of the Prudential Group are excluded from these amounts.
† Cost/income ratio represents cost as a percentage of operating income before performance-related fees.
‡ Institutional includes internal funds.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.340 prudential.co.uk
Additional unaudited financial information continued
I: IFRS profit and loss information continued
d Contribution to UK Life financial metrics from specific management actions undertaken to position the balance
sheet more effectively under the new Solvency II regime
In the second half of 2015 and ahead of securing Solvency II internal model approval, a number of specific actions were taken by
Prudential’s UK life business to position the balance sheet more efficiently under the new regime. These actions included extending
the reinsurance of longevity risk to cover £8.7 billion of annuity liabilities (on a Pillar 1 basis) by the end of 2015 (end 2014: programme
covered £2.3 billion of liabilities). It also included the repositioning of the fixed income asset portfolio, increasing to 95 per cent the
proportion that would benefit from the matching adjustment under Solvency II. The effect of these actions on the UK’s long-term IFRS
operating profit, underlying free surplus generation and EEV operating profit, is shown in the tables below.
IFRS operating profit of UK long-term business
First half
2015
Second half
2015
Full year
2015
Full year
2014
Shareholder annuity new business 66 57 123 162
In-force business:
Longevity reinsurance transactions 61 170 231 30
Impact of specific management actions ahead of Solvency II – 169 169 –
61 339 400 30
With-profits and other in-force 309 335 644 537
Total Life IFRS operating profit 436 731 1,167 729
Underlying free surplus generation of UK long-term business
First half
2015
Second half
2015
Full year
2015
Full year
2014
Expected in-force and return on net worth 310 310 620 571
Longevity reinsurance transactions 52 148 200 30
Impact of specific management actions ahead of Solvency II – 75 75 –
52 223 275 30
Changes in operating assumptions, experience variances and Solvency II and
other restructuring costs (10) (7) (17) 36
Underlying free surplus generated from in-force business 352 526 878 637
New business strain (57) (8) (65) (65)
Total underlying free surplus generation 295 518 813 572
EEV post-tax operating profit of UK long-term business
First half
2015
Second half
2015
Full year
2015
Full year
2014
Unwind of discount and other expected return 245 243 488 410
Longevity reinsurance transactions (46) (88) (134) (8)
Impact of specific management actions ahead of Solvency II – 75 75 –
(46) (13) (59) (8)
Changes in operating assumptions and experience variances 57 59 116 74
Operating profit from in-force business 256 289 545 476
New business profit 155 163 318 259
Total post-tax Life EEV operating profit 411 452 863 735
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 341
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
II: Other information
a Holding company cash flow
2015 £m 2014 £m
Net cash remitted by business units:
UK net remittances to the Group
UK Life fund paid to the Group 200 193
Shareholder-backed business:
Other UK paid to the Group 131 132
Total UK net remittances to the Group 331 325
US remittances to the Group 470 415
Asia net remittances to the Group
Asia paid to the Group:
Long-term business 494 453
Other operations 74 60
568 513
Group invested in Asia:
Long-term business (5) (3)
Other operations (including funding of regional head office costs) (96) (110)
(101) (113)
Total Asia net remittances to the Group 467 400
M&G remittances to the Group 302 285
PruCap remittances to the Group 55 57
Net remittances to the Group from business units 1,625 1,482
Net interest paid (290) (335)
Tax received 145 198
Corporate activities (193) (193)
Solvency II costs (16) (23)
Total central outflows (354) (353)
Operating holding company cash flow before dividend* 1,271 1,129
Dividend paid (974) (895)
Operating holding company cash flow after dividend* 297 234
Non-operating net cash flow† 376 (978)
Total holding company cash flow 673 (744)
Cash and short-term investments at beginning of year 1,480 2,230
Foreign exchange movements 20 (6)
Cash and short-term investments at end of year 2,173 1,480
* Including central finance subsidiaries.
† Non-operating net cash flow is principally for corporate transactions for distribution rights and acquired subsidiaries and issue and repayment of subordinated debt.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.342 prudential.co.uk
Additional unaudited financial information continued
II: Other information continued
b Funds under management
(a) Summary
2015 £bn 2014 £bn
Business area:
Asia operations 54.0 49.0
US operations 134.6 123.6
UK operations 168.4 169.0
Prudential Group funds under management note (i) 357.0 341.6
External funds note (ii) 151.6 154.3
Total funds under management 508.6 495.9
Notes
(i) Prudential Group funds under management of £357.0 billion (2014: £341.6 billion) comprise:
2015 £bn 2014 £bn
Total investments per the consolidated statement of financial position 352.0 337.4
Less: investments in joint ventures and associates accounted for using the equity method (1.0) (1.0)
Investment properties which are held for sale or occupied by the Group (included in other IFRS captions) 0.4 0.3
Internally managed funds held in joint ventures 5.6 4.9
Prudential Group funds under management 357.0 341.6
(ii) External funds shown above as at 31 December 2015 of £151.6 billion (2014: £154.3 billion) comprise £162.7 billion (2014: £167.2 billion) of funds managed by
M&G and Eastspring Investments as shown in note (b) below less £11.1 billion (2014: £12.9 billion) that are classified within Prudential Group’s funds.
(b) Investment products – external funds under management
2015 £m 2014 £m
Eastspring
Investments
note
M&G
Group
total
Eastspring
Investments
note
M&G
Group
total
1 January 30,133 137,047 167,180 22,222 125,989 148,211
Market gross inflows 110,396 33,626 144,022 82,440 38,017 120,457
Redemptions (103,360) (40,634) (143,994) (77,001) (30,930) (107,931)
Market exchange translation and other
movements (882) (3,634) (4,516) 2,472 3,971 6,443
31 December 36,287 126,405 162,692 30,133 137,047 167,180
Note
The £162.7 billion (2014: £167.2 billion) investment products comprise £156.7 billion (2014: £162.4 billion) plus Asia Money Market Funds of £6.0 billion
(2014: £4.8 billion).
(c) M&G and Eastspring Investments – total funds under management
Eastspring Investments M&G
2015 £bn
note
2014 £bn
note
2015 £bn 2014 £bn
External funds under management 36.3 30.1 126.4 137.0
Internal funds under management 52.8 47.2 119.7 127.0
Total funds under management 89.1 77.3 246.1 264.0
Note
The external funds under management for Eastspring Investments include Asia Money Market Funds at 31 December 2015 of £6.0 billion (2014: £4.8 billion).
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 343
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
c Solvency II capital position at 31 December 2015
The estimated Group Solvency II surplus at 31 December 2015 was £9.7 billion, before allowing for the 2015 second interim ordinary and
special dividend.
Estimated Group Solvency II capital position
31 December
2015
£bn
Own funds 20.1
Solvency capital requirement 10.4
Surplus 9.7
Solvency ratio 193%
These results allow for:
——Capital in Jackson in excess of 250 per cent of the US local Risk Based Capital requirement. As agreed with the Prudential Regulation
Authority, this is incorporated in the result above as follows:
––Own funds: represent Jackson’s local US Risk Based available capital less 100 per cent of the US Risk Based Capital requirement
(Company Action Level); and
––Solvency Capital Requirement: represent 150 per cent of Jackson’s local US Risk Based Capital requirement (Company Action Level);
——Non-recognition of a portion of Solvency II surplus capital relating to the Group’s Asia life operations, reflecting regulatory prudence;
——Matching adjustment for UK annuities, based on the 31 December 2015 calibration published by the European Insurance and
Occupational Pensions Authority; and
——Transitional measures which have the effect of preserving the Solvency II surplus for our UK business at the same level as under
Solvency I, for business written before 1 January 2016.
The Group’s Solvency II capital surplus excludes:
——Diversification benefits between Jackson and the rest of the Group;
——Surplus in ring-fenced with-profits funds including the shareholders’ share of the estate of with-profits funds; and
——Surplus in pension funds.
Analysis of movement in capital position
We previously reported our economic capital results at year end 2013 and year end 2014 before there was certainty in the final outcome
of Solvency II and before we received internal model approval. The Solvency II results now reflect the output from our approved internal
model under the final Solvency II rules. Allowing for this change in basis, the movement from the previously reported economic capital
basis solvency surplus at 31 December 2014 to the Solvency II approved internal model surplus at 31 December 2015 is set out in the
table below:
Analysis of movement in Group surplus £bn
Economic capital surplus as at 1 January 2015 9.7
Operating experience 2.4
Non-operating experience (including market movements) (0.6)
Other capital movements
Subordinated debt issuance 0.6
Foreign currency translation impacts 0.2
Dividends paid (1.0)
Methodology and calibration changes
Changes to Own Funds (net of transitionals) and Solvency Capital Requirement calibration strengthening (0.2)
Effect of partial derecognition of Asia Solvency II surplus (1.4)
Estimated Solvency II surplus as at 31 December 2015 9.7
The movement in Group surplus over 2015 is driven by:
——Operating experience of £2.4 billion: generated by in-force business and new business written in 2015, including £0.4 billion of
benefit from the specific actions taken in the second half of the year to position the balance sheet more efficiently under the new
Solvency II regime;
——Non-operating experience of £0.6 billion: mainly arising from negative market experience during the year; and
——Other capital movements: comprising an increase in capital from subordinated debt issuance, a gain from positive foreign currency
translation effects and a reduction in surplus from payment of dividends.
In addition, the methodology and calibration changes arising from Solvency II relate to:
——A £0.2 billion reduction in surplus due to an increase in the Solvency Capital Requirement from strengthening of internal model
calibrations, mainly relating to longevity risk, operational risk, credit risk and correlations, and a corresponding increase in the risk
margin, which is partially offset by UK transitionals; and
——A £1.4 billion reduction in surplus due to the negative impact of Solvency II rules for ‘contract boundaries’ and a reduction in the
capital surplus of the Group’s Asia life operations, as agreed with the Prudential Regulation Authority.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.344 prudential.co.uk
Additional unaudited financial information continued
II: Other information continued
c Solvency II capital position at 31 December 2015 continued
The change in US treatment from including 150 per cent, rather than 250 per cent of US Risk Based Capital (Company Action Level) in
the Group Solvency Capital Requirement, is offset by a corresponding reduction in the Group Own Funds and therefore has no impact
on surplus despite the positive impact on the solvency ratio.
The impacts above, including the impact of the change in basis from economic capital to Solvency II, represent an overall reduction
in the Group solvency ratio from 218 per cent to 193 per cent.
Analysis of movement in Group solvency position (£ billion)
Own
Funds
Solvency
Capital
Requirement Surplus
Solvency
ratio
Economic capital position at 1 January 2015 17.9 8.2 9.7 218%
Capital generation and other movements 2.0 0.4 1.6 13%
Methodology and calibration changes
Changes to Own Funds (net of transitionals) and Solvency Capital
Requirement calibration strengthening 2.3 2.5 (0.2) (32)%
Effect of partial derecognition of Asia Solvency II surplus (1.4) – (1.4) (12)%
US Risk Based Capital treatment (0.7) (0.7) – 6%
Estimated Solvency II position at 31 December 2015 20.1 10.4 9.7 193%
Analysis of Group Solvency Capital Requirements
The split of the Group’s estimated Solvency Capital Requirement by risk type, including the capital requirements in respect of Jackson’s
risk exposures based on 150 per cent of US Risk Based Capital requirements (Company Action Level) but with no diversification between
Jackson and the rest of the Group, is as follows:
31 December
2015
31 December
2015
Split of the Group’s estimated Solvency Capital Requirements
% of
undiversified
Solvency
Capital
Requirements
% of
diversified
Solvency
Capital
Requirements
Market 55% 72%
Equity 11% 16%
Credit 28% 47%
Yields (interest rates) 13% 6%
Other 3% 3%
Insurance 27% 20%
Mortality/morbidity 5% 2%
Lapse 14% 14%
Longevity 8% 4%
Operational/expense 11% 7%
FX translation 7% 1%
Reconciliation of IFRS equity to Group Solvency II Own Funds
Reconciliation of IFRS equity to Group Solvency II Own Funds
31 December
2015
£bn
IFRS shareholders’ equity 13.0
Restate US insurance entities from IFRS onto local US statutory basis (1.5)
Remove DAC, goodwill and intangibles (3.7)
Add subordinated-debt 4.4
Impact of risk margin (net of transitionals) (2.5)
Add value of shareholder-transfers 3.1
Liability valuation differences 8.6
Increase in value of net deferred tax liabilities
(resulting from valuation differences above) (0.9)
Other (0.4)
Estimated Solvency II Own Funds 20.1
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 345
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
The key items of the reconciliation are:
——£1.5 billion represents the adjustment required to the Group’s shareholders’ funds in order to convert Jackson’s contribution from an
IFRS basis to the local statutory valuation basis. This item also reflects a derecognition of Own Funds of £0.7 billion, equivalent to the
value of 100 per cent of Risk Based Capital requirements (Company Action Level), as agreed with the Prudential Regulation Authority;
——£3.7 billion due to the removal of DAC, goodwill and intangibles from the IFRS balance sheet;
——£4.4 billion due to the addition of subordinated debt which is treated as available capital under Solvency II but as a liability under IFRS;
——£2.5 billion due to the inclusion of a risk margin for UK and Asia non-hedgeable risks, net of transitionals, all of which are not
applicable under IFRS;
——£3.1 billion due to the inclusion of the value of future shareholder transfers from with-profits business (excluding the shareholders’
share of the with-profits estate, for which no credit is given under Solvency II), which is excluded from the determination of the
Group’s IFRS shareholders’ funds;
——£8.6 billion due to differences in insurance valuation requirements between Solvency II and IFRS, with Solvency II Own Funds
partially capturing the value of in-force business which is excluded from IFRS;
——£0.9 billion due to the impact on the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities resulting from the other valuation differences
noted above; and
——£0.4 billion due to other items, including the impact of revaluing loans, borrowings and debt from IFRS to Solvency II.
Sensitivity analysis
At 31 December 2015, the estimated sensitivity of the Group Solvency II surplus to significant changes in market conditions is as follows:
——An instantaneous 20 per cent fall in equity markets would reduce surplus by £1.0 billion and reduce the solvency ratio to 186 per cent;
——A 40 per cent fall in equity markets (comprising an instantaneous 20 per cent fall followed by a further 20 per cent fall over a four-week
period) would reduce surplus by £1.8 billion and reduce the solvency ratio to 179 per cent;
——A 50 basis points reduction in interest rates (subject to a floor of zero and allowing for transitional recalculation) would reduce surplus
by £1.1 billion and reduce the solvency ratio to 179 per cent;
——A 100 basis points increase in interest rates (allowing for transitional recalculation) would increase surplus by £1.1 billion and increase
the solvency ratio to 210 per cent; and
——A 100 basis points increase in credit spreads (with credit defaults of 10 times the expected level in Jackson) would reduce surplus by
£1.2 billion and reduce the solvency ratio to 187 per cent.
UK Solvency II capital position1, 2
On the same basis as above, the estimated UK Solvency II surplus at 31 December 2015 was £3.3 billion. This relates to shareholderbacked
business including the shareholders’ share of future with-profits transfers, but excludes the shareholders’ share of the estate
in line with Solvency II requirements.
While the surplus position of the UK with-profits funds remains strong on a Solvency II basis, it is ring-fenced from the shareholder
balance sheet and is therefore excluded from both the Group and the UK shareholder Solvency II surplus results. The estimated UK
with-profits funds Solvency II surplus at 31 December 2015 was £3.2 billion.
31 December 2015 £bn
Estimated Solvency II capital position
UK
shareholder
UK
with-profits
Own Funds 10.5 7.6
Solvency Capital Requirement 7.2 4.4
Surplus 3.3 3.2
Solvency ratio 146% 175%
The UK with-profits funds surplus has reduced from £3.7 billion at 30 June 2015 to £3.2 billion at 31 December 2015. This is principally
due to an increase in the equity backing ratio of the Prudential Assurance Company with-profits sub-fund by 5 per cent, in order to utilise
the strength of the fund in line with the Principles and Practices of Financial Management, and strong new business growth.
Notes
1 The UK shareholder capital position represents the consolidated capital position of the shareholder funds of Prudential Assurance Company Ltd and
all its subsidiaries.
2 The UK with-profits capital position includes the Prudential Assurance Company with-profits sub-fund, the Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund and
the defined charge participating sub-fund.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.346 prudential.co.uk
Additional unaudited financial information continued
II: Other information continued
c Solvency II capital position at 31 December 2015 continued
Reconciliation of UK with-profits IFRS unallocated surplus to Solvency II Own Funds2
Reconciliation of UK with-profits funds
31 December
2015
£bn
IFRS unallocated surplus of UK with-profits funds 10.5
Existing adjustments from IFRS to Solvency I in Capital Position Statement:
Value of shareholder transfers (2.1)
Other valuation differences (0.7)
With-profits fund estate (Solvency I Pillar 1 Peak 2 basis) 7.7
Adjustments to Solvency II:
Risk margin (net of transitional) (0.7)
Other valuation differences 0.6
Estimated Solvency II Own Funds 7.6
A reconciliation from IFRS to Solvency I is disclosed annually in the Capital Position Statement in the Group IFRS financial statements.
The additional reconciling items to Solvency II mainly reflect the risk margin net of transitionals, with other items including differences
in the definition of the risk-free rate and the matching adjustment impact for non-profit annuity liabilities within the with-profits funds.
UK shareholder sensitivity analysis
At 31 December 2015, the estimated sensitivity of the UK shareholder Solvency II surplus to significant changes in market conditions
is as follows:
——An instantaneous 20 per cent fall in equity markets would reduce surplus by £0.4 billion;
——A 40 per cent fall in equity markets would reduce surplus by £0.8 billion;
——A 50 basis points reduction in interest rates (subject to a floor of zero and allowing for transitional recalculation) would reduce
surplus by £0.7 billion;
——A 100 basis points increase in interest rates (allowing for transitional recalculation) would increase surplus by £0.9 billion;
——A 100 basis points increase in credit spreads would reduce surplus by £0.2 billion; and
——15 per cent of the UK annuity portfolio downgrading by one whole letter rating would reduce surplus by £0.5 billion.
Statement of independent review
The methodology, assumptions and overall result have been subject to examination by KPMG LLP.
d IGD capital position at 31 December 2015
Up to 31 December 2015, Prudential was subject to the capital adequacy requirements of the European Union Insurance Groups
Directive as implemented by the Prudential Regulation Authority in the UK. The Insurance Groups Directive capital surplus represents
the aggregated surplus capital (on a Prudential Regulation Authority consistent basis) of the Group’s regulated subsidiaries less the Group’s
borrowings. No diversification benefit is recognised. We estimate that our Insurance Groups Directive capital surplus is £5.5 billion
at 31 December 2015 (before taking into account 2015 second interim ordinary and special dividends), with available capital covering
our capital requirements 2.5 times. This compares to a capital surplus of £4.7 billion at the end of 2014 (before taking into account the
2014 final dividend).
The movements in 2015 mainly comprise:
——Net capital generation (inclusive of market and foreign exchange movements) mainly through oprating earnings
(in-force releases less investment in new business, net of tax) of £1.8 billion; and
——£0.6 billion of subordinated debt issuance.
Offset by:
——Final 2014 dividend of £0.7 billion and first interim 2015 dividend of £0.3 billion; and
——External financing costs and other central costs, net of tax, of £0.6 billion.
IGD surplus represents the accumulation of surpluses across all of our operations based on local regulatory minimum capital
requirements with some adjustments, pursuant to the requirements of Solvency I. The calculation does not fully adjust capital
requirements for risk nor does it capture the true economic value of assets.
Notes
1 The UK shareholder capital position represents the consolidated capital position of the shareholder funds of Prudential Assurance Company Ltd and
all its subsidiaries.
2 The UK with-profits capital position includes the Prudential Assurance Company with-profits sub-fund, the Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund and
the defined charge participating sub-fund.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 347
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
e Reconciliation of expected transfer of value of in-force business (VIF) and required capital to free surplus
The tables below show how the value of in-force business (VIF) generated by the in-force long-term business and the associated required
capital is modelled as emerging into free surplus over the next 40 years. Although a small amount (less than 3 per cent) of the Group’s
embedded value emerges after this date, analysis of cash flows emerging in the years shown in the tables is considered most meaningful.
The modelled cash flows use the same methodology underpinning the Group’s embedded value reporting and so are subject to the same
assumptions and sensitivities used to prepare our 2015 results.
The impact of Solvency II which is effective from 1 January 2016 is not reflected in the analysis below in line with the guidance issued
by the CFO Forum. The new regulatory regime will not impact the free surplus generation profile of our operations in Asia and the US
as Solvency II does not act as the local constraint on the ability to distribute profits to the Group. For these businesses, free surplus
generation will continue to be driven by local regulatory and target capital requirements. For the UK insurance operations, Solvency II
will alter free surplus generation and an early estimate is provided in section D of the additional unaudited information.
In addition to showing the amounts, both discounted and undiscounted, expected to be generated from all in-force business at
31 December 2015, the tables also present the expected future free surplus to be generated from the investment made in new business
during 2015 over the same 40-year period.
Expected transfer of value of in-force business (VIF) and required capital to free surplus
2015 £m
Undiscounted expected generation from
all in-force business at 31 December*
Undiscounted expected generation from
2015 long-term new business written*
Expected period of emergence Asia US UK Total Asia US UK Total
2016 1,015 1,120 486 2,621 148 276 28 452
2017 962 991 510 2,463 140 120 28 288
2018 926 951 506 2,383 150 131 29 310
2019 905 970 503 2,378 134 65 29 228
2020 871 1,018 499 2,388 139 106 33 278
2021 889 982 498 2,369 123 106 31 260
2022 887 921 489 2,297 128 88 29 245
2023 871 894 491 2,256 124 157 28 309
2024 844 755 478 2,077 118 140 29 287
2025 817 680 466 1,963 123 129 29 281
2026 800 606 454 1,860 105 110 26 241
2027 789 512 437 1,738 109 95 24 228
2028 766 447 424 1,637 102 85 24 211
2029 740 386 411 1,537 100 76 23 199
2030 724 328 398 1,450 108 69 22 199
2031 699 276 383 1,358 96 55 21 172
2032 681 272 373 1,326 94 48 20 162
2033 661 166 353 1,180 91 42 20 153
2034 648 130 331 1,109 89 35 20 144
2035 636 102 313 1,051 94 30 18 142
2036-2040 3,020 190 1,255 4,465 429 48 81 558
2041-2045 2,659 – 1,081 3,740 396 – 104 500
2046-2050 2,342 – 470 2,812 368 – 43 411
2051-2055 2,056 – 261 2,317 350 – 26 376
Total free surplus expected to emerge
in the next 40 years 26,208 12,697 11,870 50,775 3,858 2,011 765 6,634
* The analysis excludes amounts incorporated into VIF at 31 December 2015 where there is no definitive timeframe for when the payments will be made or receipts
received. In particular, it excludes the value of the shareholders’ interest in the estate. It also excludes any free surplus emerging after 2055.
The above amounts can be reconciled to the new business amounts as follows:
2015 £m
Asia US UK Total
Undiscounted expected free surplus generation for years 2016 to 2055 3,858 2,011 765 6,634
Less: discount effect (2,138) (725) (392) (3,255)
Discounted expected free surplus generation for years 2016 to 2055 1,720 1,286 373 3,379
Discounted expected free surplus generation for years 2055+ 153 – 2 155
Less: Free surplus investment in new business (413) (267) (65) (745)
Other items† 30 (210) 8 (172)
Post-tax EEV new business profit 1,490 809 318 2,617
† Other items represent the impact of the time value of options and guarantees on new business, foreign exchange effects and other non-modelled items. Foreign exchange
effects arise as EEV new business profit amounts are translated at average exchange rates and the expected free surplus generation uses year end closing rates.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.348 prudential.co.uk
Additional unaudited financial information continued
II: Other information continued
e Reconciliation of expected transfer of value of in-force business (VIF) and required capital to free surplus continued
The undiscounted expected free surplus generation from all in-force business at 31 December 2015 shown below can be reconciled to
the amount that was expected to be generated as at 31 December 2014 as follows:
Group
2015
£m
2016
£m
2017
£m
2018
£m
2019
£m
2020
£m
Other
£m
Total
£m
2014 expected free surplus generation for years
2015 to 2054 2,513 2,336 2,228 2,141 2,179 2,079 33,666 47,142
Less: Amounts expected to be realised in the
current year (2,513) – – – – – – (2,513)
Add: Expected free surplus to be generated
in year 2055* – – – – – – 355 355
Foreign exchange differences – 29 28 27 31 27 (165) (23)
New business – 452 288 310 228 278 5,078 6,634
Operating movements – 5 35 25 50 29
Non-operating and other movements – (201) (116) (120) (110) (25) (392) (820)
2015 expected free surplus generation for years
2016 to 2055 – 2,621 2,463 2,383 2,378 2,388 38,542 50,775
Asia
2015
£m
2016
£m
2017
£m
2018
£m
2019
£m
2020
£m
Other
£m
Total
£m
2014 expected free surplus generation for years
2015 to 2054 953 920 883 846 819 796 19,360 24,577
Less: Amounts expected to be realised in the
current year (953) – – – – – – (953)
Add: Expected free surplus to be generated
in year 2055* – – – – – – 315 315
Foreign exchange differences – (23) (22) (19) (19) (20) (466) (569)
New business – 148 140 150 134 139 3,147 3,858
Operating movements – 3 – (20) 6 (15)
Non-operating and other movements – (33) (39) (31) (35) (29) (827) (1,020)
2015 expected free surplus generation for years
2016 to 2055 – 1,015 962 926 905 871 21,529 26,208
US
2015
£m
2016
£m
2017
£m
2018
£m
2019
£m
2020
£m
Other
£m
Total
£m
2014 expected free surplus generation for years
2015 to 2054 1,054 902 844 792 866 801 5,271 10,530
Less: Amounts expected to be realised in the
current year (1,054) – – – – – – (1,054)
Add: Expected free surplus to be generated
in year 2055* – – – – – – – –
Foreign exchange differences – 52 50 46 50 47 301 546
New business – 276 120 131 65 106 1,313 2,011
Operating movements – 4 22 30 35 40
Non-operating and other movements – (114) (45) (48) (46) 24 762 664
2015 expected free surplus generation for years
2016 to 2055 – 1,120 991 951 970 1,018 7,647 12,697
UK
2015
£m
2016
£m
2017
£m
2018
£m
2019
£m
2020
£m
Other
£m
Total
£m
2014 expected free surplus generation for years
2015 to 2054 506 514 501 503 494 482 9,035 12,035
Less: Amounts expected to be realised in the
current year (506) – – – – – – (506)
Add: Expected free surplus to be generated
in year 2055* – – – – – – 40 40
New business – 28 28 29 29 33 618 765
Operating movements – (2) 13 15 9 4
Non-operating and other movements – (54) (32) (41) (29) (20) (327) (464)
2015 expected free surplus generation for years
2016 to 2055 – 486 510 506 503 499 9,366 11,870
* Excluding 2015 new business.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 349
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
At 31 December 2015 the total free surplus expected to be generated over the next five years (2016 to 2020 inclusive), using the same
assumptions and methodology as those underpinning our 2015 embedded value reporting was £12.2 billion, an increase of £1.2 billion
from the £11.0 billion expected over the same period at the end of 2014.
This increase primarily reflects the new business written in 2015, which is expected to generate £1,556 million of free surplus over
the next five years.
At 31 December 2015 the total free surplus expected to be generated on an undiscounted basis in the next 40 years is £50.8 billion,
up from the £47.1 billion expected at the end of 2014 reflecting the effect of new business written across all three business operations
of £6.6 billion and a positive foreign exchange translation effect of £0.4 billion. These positive effects have been offset by a £(0.8) billion
adverse effect reflecting operating, market assumption changes and other items. In Asia, these principally reflect the impact of falls in
equity market returns and bond values. In the US these mainly reflect higher future separate account growth due to the increase in
interest rates, together with improved persistency. Offsetting these positive impacts is the negative effect of lower than expected
separate account growth in the year due to broadly flat equity market returns in 2015. In the UK, these mainly arise from the effect of
longevity reinsurance transactions entered into during the year and the effect of a partial hedge to protect future shareholder with-profits
transfers from declines in UK equity markets. The longevity reinsurance transactions executed this year had the effect of accelerating the
generation of future free surplus into 2015. The overall growth in the Group’s undiscounted value of free surplus reflects our ability to
write both growing and profitable new business.
Actual underlying free surplus generated in 2015 from life business in force at the end of 2015 was £3.3 billion including £0.6 billion
of changes in operating assumptions and experience variances. This compares with the expected 2015 realisation at the end of 2014
of £2.5 billion. This can be analysed further as follows:
Asia £m US £m UK £m Total £m
Transfer to free surplus in 2015 974 1,064 573 2,611
Expected return on free assets 30 42 47 119
Changes in operating assumptions and experience variances (19) 320 258 559
Underlying free surplus generated from in-force life business in 2015 985 1,426 878 3,289
2015 free surplus expected to be generated at 31 December 2014 953 1,054 506 2,513
The equivalent discounted amounts of the undiscounted expected transfers from in-force business and required capital into free surplus
shown previously are as follows:
2015 £m
Discounted expected generation from all in-force
business at 31 December
Discounted expected generation from
long-term 2015 new business written
Expected period of emergence Asia US UK Total Asia US UK Total
2016 969 1,081 457 2,507 141 267 28 436
2017 851 902 452 2,205 122 110 25 257
2018 766 817 424 2,007 122 112 24 258
2019 701 785 395 1,881 103 52 24 179
2020 629 776 369 1,774 101 79 25 205
2021 597 706 347 1,650 84 76 22 182
2022 558 625 320 1,503 83 58 20 161
2023 512 574 302 1,388 75 97 18 190
2024 464 459 276 1,199 68 81 18 167
2025 421 388 253 1,062 66 71 17 154
2026 388 330 232 950 52 56 14 122
2027 362 261 209 832 51 45 13 109
2028 333 216 190 739 45 38 12 95
2029 304 177 174 655 42 32 11 85
2030 282 145 157 584 43 27 10 80
2031 258 118 142 518 37 20 9 66
2032 239 113 129 481 34 16 8 58
2033 220 62 115 397 32 13 7 52
2034 206 49 101 356 30 11 7 48
2035 192 41 89 322 31 9 6 46
2036-2040 807 115 289 1,211 126 16 23 165
2041-2045 565 – 183 748 97 – 22 119
2046-2050 403 – 51 454 76 – 7 83
2051-2055 280 – 21 301 59 – 3 62
Total discounted free surplus expected
to emerge in the next 40 years 11,307 8,740 5,677 25,724 1,720 1,286 373 3,379
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.350 prudential.co.uk
Additional unaudited financial information continued
II: Other information continued
e Reconciliation of expected transfer of value of in-force business (VIF) and required capital to free surplus continued
The above amounts can be reconciled to the Group’s financial statements as follows:
2015 £m
Discounted expected generation from all in-force business for years 2016-2055 25,724
Discounted expected generation from all in-force business for years after 2055 563
Discounted expected generation from all in-force business at 31 December 2015 26,287
Add: Free surplus of life operations held at 31 December 2015 5,642
Less: Time value of guarantees (1,100)
Other non-modelled items 1,948
Total EEV for life operations 32,777
f Foreign currency source of key metrics
The tables below show the Group’s key free surplus, IFRS and EEV, metrics analysis by contribution by currency group:
Free surplus and IFRS 2015 results
Underlying free
surplus
generated
note 2
%
Pre-tax
operating
profit
notes 2,3,4%
Shareholders’
funds
notes 2,3,4%
US$ linked note 1 11 16 14
Other Asia currencies 11 17 19
Total Asia 22 33 33
UK sterling notes 3,4 40 25 46
US$ note 4 38 42 21
Total 100 100 100
EEV 2015 results
Post-tax new
business
profits
%
Post-tax
operating
profit
notes 2,3,4
%
Shareholders’
funds
notes 2,3,4
%
US$ linked note 1 44 38 30
Other Asia currencies 13 12 14
Total Asia 57 50 44
UK sterling notes 3,4 12 13 32
US$ note 4 31 37 24
Total 100 100 100
Notes
1 US$ linked – comprising the Hong Kong and Vietnam operations where the currencies are pegged to the US dollar, and the Malaysia and Singapore operations
where the currencies are managed against a basket of currencies including the US dollar.
2 Includes long-term, asset management business and other businesses.
3 For operating profit and shareholders’ funds, UK sterling includes amounts in respect of central operations as well as UK insurance operations and M&G.
4 For shareholders’ funds, the US$ grouping includes US$ denominated core structural borrowings. Sterling operating profits include all interest payable as
sterling denominated, reflecting interest rate currency swaps in place.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 351
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
g Option schemes
The Group presently grants share options through four schemes and exercises of the options are satisfied by the issue of new shares.
Executive directors and eligible employees based in the UK may participate in the UK savings-related share option scheme. Executives
and eligible employees based in Asia as well as eligible employees based in Europe can participate in the international savings-related
share option scheme while agents based in certain regions of Asia can participate in the international savings-related share option
scheme for non-employees. Employees based in Dublin are eligible to participate in the Prudential International Assurance sharesave
plan, which currently has no outstanding options in issue. Further details of the schemes and accounting policies are detailed in note B3.2
of the IFRS basis consolidated financial statements.
All options were granted at £nil consideration. No options have been granted to substantial shareholders, suppliers of goods or
services (excluding options granted to agents under the non-employee savings-related share option scheme) or in excess of the
individual limit for the relevant scheme.
The options schemes will terminate as follows, unless the directors resolve to terminate the plans at an earlier date:
——UK savings-related share option scheme: 16 May 2023;
——International savings-related share option scheme: 31 May 2021;
——Prudential International Assurance sharesave plan: 3 August 2019; and
——International savings-related share option scheme for non-employees 2012: 17 May 2022.
The weighted average share price of Prudential plc for the year ended 31 December 2015 was £15.49 (2014: £13.75).
Particulars of options granted to directors are included in the Directors’ remuneration report on page 101.
The closing price of the shares immediately before the date on which the options were granted during the current period was £13.80.
The following analyses show the movement in options for each of the option schemes for the year ended 31 December 2015.
UK savings-related share option scheme
Exercise period Number of options
Date of grant
Exercise
price £ Beginning End
Beginning
of year Granted Exercised Cancelled Forfeited Lapsed
End of
year
27 Sep 07 5.52 01 Dec 14 31 May 15 663 – (663) – – – –
25 Apr 08 5.51 01 Jun 15 30 Nov 15 1,468 – (1,468) – – – –
25 Sep 08 4.38 01 Dec 15 31 May 16 10,541 – (5,794) – (1,660) (16) 3,071
27 Apr 09 2.88 01 Jun 16 30 Nov 16 165,328 – (7,753) – (2,274) (320) 154,981
25 Sep 09 4.25 01 Dec 14 31 May 15 14,408 – (14,043) – – (365) –
28 Sep 10 4.61 01 Dec 13 31 May 14 731 – (731) – – – –
28 Sep 10 4.61 01 Dec 15 31 May 16 114,795 – (68,636) – – (200) 45,959
16 Sep 11 4.66 01 Dec 14 31 May 15 92,714 – (90,089) – (772) (1,853) –
16 Sep 11 4.66 01 Dec 16 31 May 17 161,372 – – – (980) – 160,392
21 Sep 12 6.29 01 Dec 15 31 May 16 823,005 – (592,728) (4,834) (8,583) (1,340) 215,520
21 Sep 12 6.29 01 Dec 17 31 May 18 131,336 – (1,073) (238) (1,192) (1,313) 127,520
20 Sep 13 9.01 01 Dec 16 31 May 17 351,482 – (2,754) (13,903) (7,573) (2,773) 324,479
20 Sep 13 9.01 01 Dec 18 31 May 19 78,576 – (1,165) (1,664) (2,329) (2,828) 70,590
23 Sep 14 11.55 01 Dec 17 31 May 18 975,724 – (3,603) (64,316) (25,133) (12,364) 870,308
23 Sep 14 11.55 01 Dec 19 31 May 20 490,157 – (907) (30,990) (13,372) (4,337) 440,551
22 Sep 15 11.11 01 Dec 18 31 May 19 – 1,047,049 – (3,078) (4,212) – 1,039,759
22 Sep 15 11.11 01 Dec 20 31 May 21 – 235,417 – (810) – – 234,607
3,412,300 1,282,466 (791,407) (119,833) (68,080) (27,709) 3,687,737
The total number of securities available for issue under the scheme is 3,687,737 which represents 0.143 per cent of the issued share
capital at 31 December 2015.
The weighted average closing price of the shares immediately before the dates on which the options were exercised during the
current period was £15.44.
The weighted average fair value of options granted under the plan in the year was £2.90.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.352 prudential.co.uk
Additional unaudited financial information continued
II: Other information continued
g Option schemes continued
International savings-related share option scheme
Exercise period Number of options
Date of grant
Exercise
price £ Beginning End
Beginning
of year Granted Exercised Cancelled Forfeited Lapsed
End of
year
25 Sep 09 4.25 01 Dec 14 31 May 15 2,682 – (2,682) – – – –
28 Sep 10 4.61 01 Dec 15 31 May 16 6,130 – (4,551) – (1,579) – –
16 Sep 11 4.66 01 Dec 14 31 May 15 123,515 – (102,691) – – (20,824) –
16 Sep 11 4.66 01 Dec 16 31 May 17 25,739 – (4,371) – (3,751) – 17,617
21 Sep 12 6.29 01 Dec 15 31 May 16 569,993 – (285,177) (5,585) (29,762) (40) 249,429
21 Sep 12 6.29 01 Dec 17 31 May 18 19,272 – – – (4,771) – 14,501
20 Sep 13 9.01 01 Dec 16 31 May 17 647,503 – – (33,170) (42,366) – 571,967
20 Sep 13 9.01 01 Dec 18 31 May 19 57,073 – – (4,479) (5,258) (332) 47,004
23 Sep 14 11.55 01 Dec 17 31 May 18 8,643 – – – – – 8,643
23 Sep 14 11.55 01 Dec 19 31 May 20 4,464 – – – – – 4,464
22 Sep 15 11.11 01 Dec 18 31 May 19 – 24,284 – – – – 24,284
22 Sep 15 11.11 01 Dec 20 31 May 21 – 3,240 – – – – 3,240
1,465,014 27,524 (399,472) (43,234) (87,487) (21,196) 941,149
The total number of securities available for issue under the scheme is 941,149 which represents 0.037 per cent of the issued
share capital at 31 December 2015.
The weighted average closing price of the shares immediately before the dates on which the options were exercised during
the current period was £15.55.
The weighted average fair value of options granted under the plan in the year was £2.87.
Prudential International Assurance sharesave plan
There are no securities available for issue under the scheme at 31 December 2015.
Non-employee savings-related share option scheme
Exercise period Number of options
Date of grant
Exercise
price £ Beginning End
Beginning
of year Granted Exercised Cancelled Forfeited Lapsed
End of
year
28 Sep 10 4.61 01 Dec 15 31 May 16 361,823 – (10,182) – (9,693) – 341,948
16 Sep 11 4.66 01 Dec 14 31 May 15 257,030 – (253,578) – – (3,452) –
16 Sep 11 4.66 01 Dec 16 31 May 17 257,774 – – (657) (13,476) – 243,641
21 Sep 12 6.29 01 Dec 15 31 May 16 434,335 – (152,577) (6,762) (1,431) – 273,565
21 Sep 12 6.29 01 Dec 17 31 May 18 89,335 – – (6,463) – – 82,872
20 Sep 13 9.01 01 Dec 16 31 May 17 769,255 – – (11,700) (2,015) – 755,540
20 Sep 13 9.01 01 Dec 18 31 May 19 421,947 – – (1,164) (1,331) – 419,452
23 Sep 14 11.55 01 Dec 17 31 May 18 630,613 – – (14,104) (1,028) (155) 615,326
23 Sep 14 11.55 01 Dec 19 31 May 20 525,065 – – (9,552) (2,596) – 512,917
22 Sep 15 11.11 01 Dec 18 31 May 19 – 499,600 – – – (324) 499,276
22 Sep 15 11.11 01 Dec 20 31 May 21 – 422,356 – – – (162) 422,194
3,747,177 921,956 (416,337) (50,402) (31,570) (4,093) 4,166,731
The total number of securities available for issue under the scheme is 4,166,731 which represents 0.162 per cent of the issued
share capital at 31 December 2015.
The weighted average closing price of the shares immediately before the dates on which the options were exercised during
the current period was £15.88.
The weighted average fair value of options granted under the plan in the year was £3.02.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 353
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
h Selected historical financial information of Prudential
The following table sets forth Prudential’s selected consolidated financial data for the periods indicated. Certain data is derived from
Prudential’s audited consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and as adopted by the European Union (EU) and European Embedded
Value (EEV).
This table is only a summary and should be read in conjunction with Prudential’s consolidated financial statements and the related
notes included elsewhere in this document.
Income statement data
Year ended 31 December
2015 £m 2014 £m 2013 £m 2012 £m 2011 £m
IFRS basis results
Gross premium earned 36,663 32,832 30,502 29,113 24,837
Outward reinsurance premiums (1,157) (799) (658) (491) (417)
Earned premiums, net of reinsurance 35,506 32,033 29,844 28,622 24,420
Investment return 3,304 25,787 20,347 23,931 9,361
Other income 2,495 2,306 2,184 1,885 1,711
Total revenue, net of reinsurance 41,305 60,126 52,375 54,438 35,492
Benefits and claims and movement in unallocated surplus
of with-profits funds, net of reinsurance (29,656) (50,169) (43,154) (45,144) (28,706)
Acquisition costs and other expenditure (8,208) (6,752) (6,861) (6,032) (4,717)
Finance costs: interest on core structural borrowings of
shareholder-financed operations (312) (341) (305) (280) (286)
Cumulative exchange loss recycled from other
comprehensive income (46) – – – –
Remeasurement adjustments – (13) (120) – –
Total charges, net of reinsurance (38,222) (57,275) (50,440) (51,456) (33,709)
Share of profits from joint ventures and associates, net of
related tax 238 303 147 135 76
Profit before tax (being tax attributable to shareholders’ and
policyholders’ returns) note 1 3,321 3,154 2,082 3,117 1,859
Tax (charge) credit attributable to policyholders’ returns (173) (540) (447) (370) 7
Profit before tax attributable to shareholders 3,148 2,614 1,635 2,747 1,866
Tax (charge) credit attributable to shareholders’ returns (569) (398) (289) (584) (415)
Profit for the year 2,579 2,216 1,346 2,163 1,451
Based on profit for the year attributable to the equity holders
of the Company:
Basic earnings per share (in pence) 101.0p 86.9p 52.8p 85.1p 57.1p
Diluted earnings per share (in pence) 100.9p 86.8p 52.7p 85.0p 57.0p
Dividend per share declared and paid in reporting period
(in pence) 38.05p 35.03p 30.52p 25.64p 25.19p
Supplementary IFRS income statement data
Year ended 31 December
2015 £m 2014 £m 2013 £m 2012 £m 2011 £m
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns note 2 4,007 3,186 2,954 2,520 2,017
Non-operating items (859) (572) (1,319) 227 (151)
Profit before tax attributable to shareholders 3,148 2,614 1,635 2,747 1,866
Operating earnings per share (in pence) 125.8p 96.6p 90.9p 76.9p 62.7p
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.354 prudential.co.uk
Additional unaudited financial information continued
II: Other information continued
h Selected historical financial information of Prudential continued
Supplementary EEV income statement data (post-tax)
Year ended 31 December
2015 £m 2014 £m 2013 £m 2012 £m 2011 £m
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns note 2 4,881 4,096 4,204 3,174 2,942
Non-operating items (930) 247 154 595 (751)
Profit attributable to shareholders 3,951 4,343 4,358 3,769 2,191
Operating earnings per share (in pence) 191.2p 160.7p 165.0p 124.9p 116.0p
New business data
Year ended 31 December
2015 £m 2014* £m 2013 £m 2012 £m 2011 £m
Annual premium equivalent (APE) sales 5,607 4,627 4,423 4,195 3,681
EEV new business profit (NBP) (post-tax) 2,617 2,115 2,082 1,791 1,536
NBP margin (% APE) 47% 46% 47% 43% 42%
* Excluding the £23 million APE and £11 million NBP for the sold PruHealth and PruProtect businesses.
Statement of financial position data
As of and for the year ended 31 December 2015 £m 2014 £m 2013 £m 2012 £m 2011 £m
Total assets 386,985 369,204 325,932 307,644 270,018
Total policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of
with-profits funds 335,614 321,989 286,014 268,263 233,538
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations 5,011 4,304 4,636 3,554 3,611
Total liabilities 374,029 357,392 316,281 297,280 261,411
Total equity 12,956 11,812 9,651 10,364 8,607
Other data
As of and for the year ended 31 December 2015 £bn 2014 £bn 2013 £bn 2012 £bn 2011 £bn
Funds under management note 3 509 496 443 406 352
EEV shareholders’ equity, excluding non-controlling interests 32.4 29.2 24.9 22.4 19.6
Insurance Groups Directive capital surplus before final dividend note 4 5.5 4.7 5.1 5.1 4.0
Notes
1 This measure is the formal profit (loss) before tax measure under IFRS but is not the result attributable to shareholders.
2 Operating profits are determined on the basis of including longer-term investment returns. EEV and IFRS operating profits are stated after excluding the effect
of short-term fluctuations in investment returns against long-term assumptions, gain on dilution of Group’s holdings, the costs arising from the domestication of
the Hong Kong business, and profit (loss) attached to the sale of Japan life. Separately on the IFRS basis, operating profit also excludes amortisation of acquisition
accounting adjustments. In addition, for EEV basis results, operating profit excludes the effect of changes in economic assumptions, the market value
movement on core borrowings and in 2012, the gain arising on the acquisition of REALIC.
3 Funds under management comprise funds of the Group held in the statement of financial position and external funds that are managed by Prudential asset
management operations.
4 The 2015 surplus is estimated.
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 355
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
i Effect of Solvency II on EEV basis results on 1 January 2016
i Group summary
The Solvency II framework is effective from 1 January 2016. For our operations in Asia and the US there is no impact on the EEV results
since Solvency II does not act as the local constraint on the ability to distribute profits to the Group. The embedded value and profile of
free surplus generation for these businesses will continue to be driven by local regulatory and target capital requirements. For the UK
insurance operations Solvency II will impact the EEV results as it changes the local regulatory valuation of net worth and capital requirements,
affecting the components of the EEV and the expected profile of free surplus generation. In line with guidance provided by the CFO
Forum in October 2015, the impact of Solvency II on the UK EEV has not been included in the main supplementary reporting. An early
estimate on the likely impact of Solvency II on the EEV net worth and value of in-force business, together with the impact on free surplus
generation is provided in this section of the additional unaudited information.
The impact of Solvency II on the EEV net worth and value of in-force business reported on 1 January 2016 are shown below:
Adjustment to shareholders’ equity at 1 January 2016
Long-term insurance operations Total EEV £m
As reported at 31 December 2015 32,777
Opening adjustment at 1 January 2016
Solvency II impact on net worth 3,108
Solvency II impact on net VIF (3,412)
Total opening adjustments at 1 January 2016 note (304)
Long-term insurance operations as at 1 January 2016 32,473
Note
The Solvency II framework requires technical provisions to be valued on a best estimate basis and capital requirements to be risk-based. It also requires the
establishment of a risk margin (which for business in force at 31 December 2015 can be broadly offset by transitional measures). As a result of applying this framework,
the EEV net worth increased by £3,108 million following the release of the prudent regulatory margins previously included under Solvency I, and also from the
recognition within net worth of a portion of future shareholder transfers expected from the with-profits fund. The higher net worth is mirrored by increases in
required capital reflecting the higher solvency capital requirements of the new regime.
The net value of in-force business (VIF) is correspondingly impacted as follows:
– The release of prudent regulatory margins and recognition of a portion of future shareholders’ transfers within net worth leads to a corresponding reduction in VIF;
– The run-off of the risk margin, net of transitional measures, is now captured in VIF; and
– The cost of capital deducted from gross VIF increases as a result of higher Solvency II capital requirements;
The overall impact of these changes is to reduce the value of in-force by £3,412 million. The overall impact on the Group’s EEV of the above changes is a reduction
of £304 million.
ii Expected transfer of value of in-force business and required capital to free surplus
The tables below show how the UK value of in-force business and the associated required capital is expected to emerge into free surplus
over the next 40 years. A comparison is shown between the current Solvency I and Solvency II regimes. A small amount (less than 3 per cent)
of the Group’s embedded value emerges after this date. The modelled cash flows use the methodology underpinning the Group’s
embedded value reporting, updated under Solvency II.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.356 prudential.co.uk
Additional unaudited financial information continued
II: Other information continued
i Effect of Solvency II on EEV basis results on 1 January 2016 continued
a Undiscounted expected generation from all in-force business at 31 December 2015 is as follows:
Undiscounted expected generation 2015
UK insurance operations Group total
Expected period of emergence
As reported
£m
Solvency II
basis
£m
Difference
£m
As reported
£m
Solvency II
basis
£m
Difference
£m
2016 486 527 41 2,621 2,662 41
2017 510 560 50 2,463 2,513 50
2018 506 549 43 2,383 2,426 43
2019 503 542 39 2,378 2,417 39
2020 499 535 36 2,388 2,424 36
2021 498 539 41 2,369 2,410 41
2022 489 531 42 2,297 2,339 42
2023 491 526 35 2,256 2,291 35
2024 478 513 35 2,077 2,112 35
2025 466 504 38 1,963 2,001 38
2026 454 493 39 1,860 1,899 39
2027 437 475 38 1,738 1,776 38
2028 424 462 38 1,637 1,675 38
2029 411 447 36 1,537 1,573 36
2030 398 429 31 1,450 1,481 31
2031 383 410 27 1,358 1,385 27
2032 373 505 132 1,326 1,458 132
2033 353 479 126 1,180 1,306 126
2034 331 446 115 1,109 1,224 115
2035 313 416 103 1,051 1,154 103
2036-2040 1,255 1,614 359 4,465 4,824 359
2041-2045 1,081 1,228 147 3,740 3,887 147
2046-2050 470 539 69 2,812 2,881 69
2051-2055 261 292 31 2,317 2,348 31
Total free surplus expected to emerge in the
next 40 years 11,870 13,561 1,691 50,775 52,466 1,691
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 357
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
b The equivalent discounted amounts of the undiscounted totals shown above are as follows:
Discounted expected generation 2015
UK insurance operations Group total
Expected period of emergence
As reported
£m
Solvency II
basis
£m
Difference
£m
As reported
£m
Solvency II
basis
£m
Difference
£m
2016 457 513 56 2,507 2,563 56
2017 452 524 72 2,205 2,277 72
2018 424 491 67 2,007 2,074 67
2019 395 462 67 1,881 1,948 67
2020 369 433 64 1,774 1,838 64
2021 347 412 65 1,650 1,715 65
2022 320 384 64 1,503 1,567 64
2023 302 359 57 1,388 1,445 57
2024 276 331 55 1,199 1,254 55
2025 253 306 53 1,062 1,115 53
2026 232 282 50 950 1,000 50
2027 209 257 48 832 880 48
2028 190 235 45 739 784 45
2029 174 215 41 655 696 41
2030 157 195 38 584 622 38
2031 142 176 34 518 552 34
2032 129 208 79 481 560 79
2033 115 186 71 397 468 71
2034 101 166 65 356 421 65
2035 89 146 57 322 379 57
2036-2040 289 501 212 1,211 1,423 212
2041-2045 183 279 96 748 844 96
2046-2050 51 116 65 454 519 65
2051-2055 21 52 31 301 332 31
Total free surplus expected to emerge in the
next 40 years 5,677 7,229 1,552 25,724 27,276 1,552
c The above amounts can be reconciled to the Group’s financial statements as follows:
Reconciliation of discounted expected free surplus generation to EEV
As reported
£m
Solvency II
basis
£m
Impact
£m
Discounted expected generation from all in-force business for years 2016-2055 25,724 27,276 1,552
Discounted expected generation from all in-force business for years after 2055 563 578 15
Discounted expected generation from all in-force business at 31 December 2015 26,287 27,854 1,567
Add: Free surplus of life operations held at 31 December 2015 5,642 3,958 (1,684)
Less: Time value of guarantees (1,100) (1,100) –
Other non-modelled items 1,948 1,761 (187)
Total EEV for insurance operations 32,777 32,473 (304)
Representing:
Asia 13,643 13,643 –
US 9,487 9,487 –
UK 9,647 9,343 (304)
Total EEV for insurance operations 32,777 32,473 (304)
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.358 prudential.co.uk
Risk factors
A number of risk factors affect Prudential’s
operating results and financial condition
and, accordingly, the trading price of its
shares. The risk factors mentioned below
should not be regarded as a complete and
comprehensive statement of all potential
risks and uncertainties. The information
given is as of the date of this document,
and any forward looking statements are
made subject to the reservations specified
below under ‘Forward Looking
Statements’.
Prudential’s approaches to managing risks
are explained in the ‘Group Chief Risk
Officer’s report on the risks facing our
business and how these are managed’
section of this document.
Risks relating to Prudential’s
business
Prudential’s businesses are
inherently subject to market
fluctuations and general economic
conditions
Prudential’s businesses are inherently
subject to market fluctuations and general
economic conditions. Uncertainty or
negative trends in international economic
and investment climates could adversely
affect Prudential’s business and
profitability. Since 2008 Prudential has
operated against a challenging background
of periods of significant volatility in global
capital and equity markets, interest rates
(which in some jurisdictions have become
negative) and liquidity, and widespread
economic uncertainty. For example,
government interest rates remain at or near
historic lows in the US, the UK and some
Asian countries in which Prudential
operates. These factors have, at times
during this period, had a material adverse
effect on Prudential’s business and
profitability.
In the future, the adverse effects of such
factors would be felt principally through
the following items:
——investment impairments and/or reduced
investment returns, which could reduce
Prudential’s capital and impair its ability
to write significant volumes of new
business, increase the potential adverse
impact of product guarantees, or have
a negative impact on its assets under
management and profit;
——higher credit defaults and wider credit
and liquidity spreads resulting in
realised and unrealised credit losses;
——failure of counterparties who have
transactions with Prudential (eg banks
and reinsurers) to meet commitments
that could give rise to a negative impact
on Prudential’s financial position and
on the accessibility or recoverability
of amounts due or, for derivative
transactions, adequate collateral
not being in place;
——estimates of the value of financial
instruments being difficult because
in certain illiquid or closed markets,
determining the value at which financial
instruments can be realised is highly
subjective. Processes to ascertain such
values require substantial elements of
judgement, assumptions and estimates
(which may change over time); and
——increased illiquidity also adds to
uncertainty over the accessibility of
financial resources and may reduce
capital resources as valuations decline.
Global financial markets are subject to
uncertainty and volatility created by a
variety of factors, including concerns
over the energy and commodity sectors,
sovereign debt, general slowing in world
growth, the monetary policies in the US,
the UK and other jurisdictions and
potentially negative socio-political events.
In addition, a possible withdrawal of the UK
from the EU would have political, legal and
economic ramifications for both the UK
and the EU, although these are expected
to be more pronounced on the UK.
Upheavals in the financial markets may
affect general levels of economic activity,
employment and customer behaviour. As a
result, insurers may experience an elevated
incidence of claims, lapses, or surrenders
of policies, and some policyholders may
choose to defer or stop paying insurance
premiums. The demand for insurance
products may also be adversely affected.
In addition, there may be a higher
incidence of counterparty failures.
If sustained, this environment is likely to
have a negative impact on the insurance
sector over time and may consequently
have a negative impact on Prudential’s
business and its balance sheet and
profitability. For example, this could occur
if the recoverable value of intangible assets
for bancassurance agreements and
deferred acquisition costs are reduced.
New challenges related to market
fluctuations and general economic
conditions may continue to emerge.
For some non-unit-linked investment
products, in particular those written in
some of the Group’s Asian operations,
it may not be possible to hold assets which
will provide cash flows to match those
relating to policyholder liabilities. This is
particularly true in those countries where
bond markets are not developed and in
certain markets where regulated surrender
values are set with reference to the interest
rate environment prevailing at the time
of policy issue. This results in a mismatch
due to the duration and uncertainty of the
liability cash flows and the lack of sufficient
assets of a suitable duration. While this
residual asset/liability mismatch risk can be
managed, it cannot be eliminated. Where
interest rates in these markets remain lower
than those used to calculate surrender
values over a sustained period, this could
have a material adverse effect on
Prudential’s reported profit.
In the US, fluctuations in prevailing interest
rates can affect results from Jackson which
has a significant spread based business,
with the majority of its assets invested in
fixed income securities. In particular, fixed
annuities and stable value products written
by Jackson expose Prudential to the risk
that changes in interest rates, which are not
fully reflected in the interest rates credited
to customers, will reduce spread. The
spread is the difference between the rate
of return Jackson is able to earn on the
assets backing the policyholders’ liabilities
and the amounts that are credited to
policyholders in the form of benefit
increases, subject to minimum crediting
rates. Declines in spread from these
products or other spread businesses
that Jackson conducts, and increases in
surrender levels arising from interest rate
rises, could have a material impact on its
businesses or results of operations.
Jackson also writes a significant amount
of variable annuities that offer capital or
income protection guarantees. The value
of these guarantees is affected by market
factors (such as interest rates, equity
values, bond spreads and realised
volatility) and policyholder behaviour.
There could be market circumstances
where the derivatives that Jackson enters
into, to hedge its market risks, may not
fully cover its exposures under the
guarantees. The cost of the guarantees
that remain unhedged will also affect
Prudential’s results.
Jackson hedges the guarantees on its
variable annuity book on an economic basis
(with consideration of the local regulatory
position) and, thus, accepts variability in
its accounting results in the short term in
order to achieve the appropriate result on
these bases. In particular, for Prudential’s
Group IFRS reporting, the measurement
of the Jackson variable annuity guarantees
is typically less sensitive to market
movements than for the corresponding
hedging derivatives, which are held at
market value. However, depending on
the level of hedging conducted regarding
a particular risk type, certain market
movements can drive volatility in
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www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 359
the economic or local regulatory
results that may be less significant under
IFRS reporting.
A significant part of the profit from
Prudential’s UK insurance operations
is related to bonuses for policyholders
declared on with-profits products, which
are broadly based on historical and current
rates of return on equity, real estate
and fixed income securities, as well
as Prudential’s expectations of future
investment returns. This profit could
be lower in a sustained low interest
rate environment.
Prudential is subject to the risk
of potential sovereign debt credit
deterioration owing to the amounts
of sovereign debt obligations held
in its investment portfolio
Prudential is subject to the risk of potential
sovereign debt credit deterioration on
the amounts of sovereign debt obligations
held in its investment portfolio.
Investing in sovereign debt creates
exposure to the direct or indirect
consequences of political, social or
economic changes (including changes in
governments, heads of states or monarchs)
in the countries in which the issuers are
located and the creditworthiness of the
sovereign. Investment in sovereign debt
obligations involves risks not present
in debt obligations of corporate issuers.
In addition, the issuer of the debt or the
governmental authorities that control the
repayment of the debt may be unable or
unwilling to repay principal or pay interest
when due in accordance with the terms of
such debt, and Prudential may have limited
recourse to compel payment in the event of
a default. A sovereign debtor’s willingness
or ability to repay principal and to pay
interest in a timely manner may be affected
by, among other factors, its cash flow
situation, its relations with its central bank,
the extent of its foreign currency reserves,
the availability of sufficient foreign
exchange on the date a payment is due,
the relative size of the debt service burden
to the economy as a whole, the sovereign
debtor’s policy toward local and
international lenders, and the political
constraints to which the sovereign debtor
may be subject.
Moreover, governments may use a variety
of techniques, such as intervention by their
central banks or imposition of regulatory
controls or taxes, to devalue their
currencies’ exchange rates, or may adopt
monetary and other policies (including to
manage their debt burdens) that have a
similar effect, all of which could adversely
impact the value of an investment in
sovereign debt even in the absence of
a technical default. Periods of economic
uncertainty may affect the volatility of
market prices of sovereign debt to a greater
extent than the volatility inherent in debt
obligations of other types of issuers.
In addition, if a sovereign default or other
such events described above were to
occur, other financial institutions may also
suffer losses or experience solvency or
other concerns, and Prudential might face
additional risks relating to any debt of such
financial institutions held in its investment
portfolio. There is also risk that public
perceptions about the stability and
creditworthiness of financial institutions
and the financial sector generally might
be affected, as might counterparty
relationships between financial institutions.
If a sovereign were to default on its
obligations, or adopt policies that devalue
or otherwise alter the currencies in which
its obligations are denominated this
could have a material adverse effect
on Prudential’s financial condition and
results of operations.
Prudential is subject to the risk of
exchange rate fluctuations owing
to the geographical diversity of
its businesses
Due to the geographical diversity of
Prudential’s businesses, Prudential is
subject to the risk of exchange rate
fluctuations. Prudential’s operations in the
US and Asia, which represent a significant
proportion of operating profit based on
longer-term investment returns and
shareholders’ funds, generally write
policies and invest in assets denominated
in local currencies. Although this practice
limits the effect of exchange rate
fluctuations on local operating results,
it can lead to significant fluctuations in
Prudential’s consolidated financial
statements upon the translation of results
into pounds sterling. This exposure is
not currently separately managed.
The currency exposure relating to the
translation of reported earnings could
impact on financial reporting ratios such
as dividend cover, which is calculated as
operating profit after tax on an IFRS basis,
divided by the dividends relating to the
reporting year. The impact of gains or
losses on currency translations is recorded
as a component of shareholders’ funds
within other comprehensive income.
Consequently, this could impact on
Prudential’s gearing ratios (defined as
debt over debt plus shareholders’ funds).
The Group’s surplus capital position for
regulatory reporting purposes may also be
affected by fluctuations in exchange rates
with possible consequences for the degree
of flexibility the Prudential has in managing
its business.
Prudential conducts its businesses
subject to regulation and associated
regulatory risks, including the effects
of changes in the laws, regulations,
policies and interpretations and any
accounting standards in the markets
in which it operates
Changes in government policy and
legislation (including in relation to tax and
capital controls), regulation or regulatory
interpretation applying to companies in the
financial services and insurance industries
in any of the markets in which Prudential
operates, which in some circumstances
may be applied retrospectively, may
adversely affect Prudential’s product
range, distribution channels,
competitiveness, profitability, capital
requirements and, consequently, reported
results and financing requirements.
Also, regulators in jurisdictions in which
Prudential operates may change the level
of capital required to be held by individual
businesses or could introduce possible
changes in the regulatory framework for
pension arrangements and policies, the
regulation of selling practices and solvency
requirements. In addition, there could be
changes to the maximum level of nondomestic
ownership by foreign companies
in certain jurisdictions. Furthermore, as a
result of interventions by governments in
response to recent financial and global
economic conditions, it is widely expected
that there will continue to be a substantial
increase in government regulation and
supervision of the financial services
industry, including the possibility of higher
capital requirements, restrictions on
certain types of transactions and enhanced
supervisory powers.
The European Union’s Solvency II Directive
came into effect on 1 January 2016. This
measure of regulatory capital is more
volatile than under the previous Solvency I
regime and regulatory policy may evolve
under the new regime. The European
Commission will review elements of the
Solvency II legislation from 2016 onwards
including a review of the Long Term
Guarantee measures by 1 January 2021.
Currently there are also a number of other
global regulatory developments which
could impact the way in which Prudential
is supervised in its many jurisdictions.
These include the Dodd-Frank Wall Street
Reform and Consumer Protection Act
(Dodd-Frank Act) in the US, the work of
the Financial Stability Board (FSB) on
Global Systemically Important Insurers
(G-SIIs) and the Common Framework for
the Supervision of Internationally Active
Insurance Groups (ComFrame) being
developed by the International Association
of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS).
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Risk factors continued
The Dodd-Frank Act represents a
comprehensive overhaul of the financial
services industry within the US that, among
other reforms to financial services entities,
products and markets, may subject financial
institutions designated as systemically
important to heightened prudential and
other requirements intended to prevent
or mitigate the impact of future disruptions
in the US financial system. The full impact
of the Dodd-Frank Act on Prudential’s
businesses is not currently clear, as many
of its provisions are primarily focused on
the banking industry, have a delayed
effectiveness and/or require rulemaking
or other actions by various US regulators
over the coming years.
The IAIS has various initiatives which are
detailed in this section. On 18 July 2013,
it published a methodology for identifying
G-SIIs, and a set of policy measures that
will apply to them, which the FSB endorsed.
Groups designated as a G-SII are subject
to additional regulatory requirements,
including enhanced group-wide
supervision, effective resolution planning,
development of a Systemic Risk
Management Plan, a Recovery Plan and
a Liquidity Risk Management Plan.
Prudential’s designation as a G-SII was
reaffirmed on 3 November 2015.
Prudential is monitoring the development
and potential impact of the policy measures
and is continuing to engage with the PRA
on the implications of the policy measures
and Prudential’s designation as a G-SII.
The G-SII regime also introduces two types
of capital requirements. The first, a Basic
Capital Requirement (BCR), is designed
to act as a minimum group capital
requirement and the second, a Higher Loss
Absorption (HLA) requirement reflects
the drivers of the assessment of G-SII
designation. The IAIS intends for these
requirements to take effect from January
2019, but G-SIIs will be expected to
privately report to their group-wide
supervisors in the interim.
The IAIS is also developing ComFrame
which is focused on the supervision of
large and complex Internationally Active
Insurance Groups (IAIGs). ComFrame will
establish a set of common principles and
standards designed to assist regulators in
addressing risks that arise from insurance
groups with operations in multiple
jurisdictions. As part of this, work is
under way to develop a global Insurance
Capital Standard (ICS) that would apply
to IAIGs. Once the development of the
ICS has been concluded, it is intended to
replace the BCR as the minimum group
capital requirement for G-SIIs. Further
consultations on the ICS are expected
over the coming years, and a version of
the ICS is expected to be adopted as part
of ComFrame in late 2019.
Various jurisdictions in which Prudential
operates have created investor
compensation schemes that require
mandatory contributions from market
participants in some instances in the event
of a failure of a market participant. As a
major participant in the majority of its
chosen markets, circumstances could
arise where Prudential, along with other
companies, may be required to make
such contributions.
The Group’s accounts are prepared in
accordance with current International
Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
applicable to the insurance industry.
The International Accounting Standards
Board (IASB) introduced a framework that
it described as Phase I, which permitted
insurers to continue to use the statutory
basis of accounting for insurance assets and
liabilities that existed in their jurisdictions
prior to January 2005. In July 2010, the IASB
published its first Exposure Draft for its
Phase II on insurance accounting, which
would introduce significant changes to the
statutory reporting of insurance entities
that prepare accounts according to IFRS.
A revised Exposure Draft was issued in June
2013. The IASB is currently redeliberating
the Exposure Draft proposals in light of
comments by the insurance industry and
other respondents. The timing of the final
proposals taking effect is uncertain but not
expected to be before 2020.
Any changes or modification of IFRS
accounting policies may require a change
in the future results or a retrospective
adjustment of reported results.
The resolution of several issues
affecting the financial services
industry could have a negative
impact on Prudential’s reported
results or on its relations with current
and potential customers
Prudential is, and in the future may be,
subject to legal and regulatory actions in
the ordinary course of its business, both in
the UK and internationally. These actions
could involve a review of types of business
sold in the past under acceptable market
practices at the time, such as the
requirement in the UK to provide redress
to certain past purchasers of pension and
mortgage endowment policies, changes
to the tax regime affecting products, and
regulatory reviews on products sold and
industry practices, including, in the latter
case, lines of business it has closed.
Regulators’ interest may include the
approach that product providers use
to select third party distributors and to
monitor the appropriateness of sales made
by them. In some cases, product providers
can be held responsible for the deficiencies
of third-party distributors.
In the US, there has been significant
attention on the different regulatory
standards applied to investment advice
delivered to retail customers by different
sectors of the industry. As a result of
reports relating to perceptions of industry
abuses, there have been numerous
regulatory inquiries and proposals for
legislative and regulatory reforms. This
includes focus on the suitability of sales of
certain products, alternative investments
and the widening of the circumstances
under which a person or entity providing
investment advice with respect to certain
employee benefit and pension plans would
be considered a fiduciary which would
subject the person or entity to certain
regulatory requirements. There is a risk
that new regulations introduced may have
a material adverse effect on the sales of the
products by Prudential and increase
Prudential’s exposure to legal risks.
In Asia, regulatory regimes are developing
at different speeds, driven by a combination
of global factors and local considerations.
New requirements could be introduced
in these and other regulatory regimes
that challenge current practices, or could
retrospectively be applied to sales made
prior to their introduction, which could
have a negative impact on Prudential’s
business or reported results.
Litigation, disputes and regulatory
investigations may adversely affect
Prudential’s profitability and
financial condition
Prudential is, and may be in the future,
subject to legal actions, disputes and
regulatory investigations in various
contexts, including in the ordinary course
of its insurance, investment management
and other business operations. These legal
actions, disputes and investigations may
relate to aspects of Prudential’s businesses
and operations that are specific to
Prudential, or that are common to
companies that operate in Prudential’s
markets. Legal actions and disputes may
arise under contracts, regulations (including
tax) or from a course of conduct taken by
Prudential, and may be class actions.
Although Prudential believes that it has
adequately provided in all material aspects
for the costs of litigation and regulatory
matters, no assurance can be provided that
such provisions are sufficient. Given the
large or indeterminate amounts of damages
sometimes sought, other sanctions that
might be applicable and the inherent
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remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 361
unpredictability of litigation and disputes,
it is possible that an adverse outcome could,
from time to time, have an adverse effect on
Prudential’s reputation, results of operations
or cash flows.
Prudential’s businesses are
conducted in highly competitive
environments with developing
demographic trends and continued
profitability depends upon
management’s ability to respond
to these pressures and trends
The markets for financial services in the
UK, US and Asia are highly competitive,
with several factors affecting Prudential’s
ability to sell its products and continued
profitability, including price and yields
offered, financial strength and ratings,
range of product lines and product quality,
brand strength and name recognition,
investment management performance,
historical bonus levels, developing
demographic trends and customer appetite
for certain savings products. In some of its
markets, Prudential faces competitors that
are larger, have greater financial resources
or a greater market share, offer a broader
range of products or have higher bonus
rates. Further, heightened competition for
talented and skilled employees and agents
with local experience, particularly in Asia,
may limit Prudential’s potential to grow
its business as quickly as planned.
In Asia, the Group’s principal competitors
in the region are international financial
companies, including global life insurers
such as Allianz, AXA, AIA and Manulife,
and multinational asset managers such
as J.P. Morgan Asset Management,
Schroders, HSBC Global Asset
Management and Franklin Templeton.
In a number of markets, local companies
have a very significant market presence.
Within the UK, Prudential’s principal
competitors include many of the major
retail financial services companies and
fund management companies including,
in particular, Aviva, Legal & General, Lloyds
Banking Group, Standard Life, Schroders,
Invesco Perpetual and Fidelity.
Jackson’s competitors in the US include
major stock and mutual insurance
companies, mutual fund organisations,
banks and other financial services
companies such as AIG, AXA Financial
Inc., Allianz, Prudential Financial, Lincoln
National, MetLife and Aegon.
Prudential believes competition will
intensify across all regions in response
to consumer demand, technological
advances, the impact of consolidation,
regulatory actions and other factors.
Prudential’s ability to generate an
appropriate return depends significantly
upon its capacity to anticipate and respond
appropriately to these competitive
pressures.
Downgrades in Prudential’s financial
strength and credit ratings could
significantly impact its competitive
position and damage its relationships
with creditors or trading
counterparties
Prudential’s financial strength and credit
ratings, which are used by the market to
measure its ability to meet policyholder
obligations, are an important factor
affecting public confidence in
Prudential’s products, and as a result
its competitiveness. Downgrades in
Prudential’s ratings, as a result of, for
example, decreased profitability, increased
costs, increased indebtedness or other
concerns, could have an adverse effect on
its ability to market products; retain current
policyholders; and on the Group’s financial
flexibility. In addition, the interest rates
Prudential pays on its borrowings are
affected by its credit ratings, which are
in place to measure the Group’s ability
to meet its contractual obligations.
Prudential plc’s long-term senior debt is
rated as A2 by Moody’s, A+ by Standard &
Poor’s and A by Fitch. These ratings are all
on a stable outlook.
Prudential plc’s short-term debt is rated as
P-1 by Moody’s, A-1 by Standard & Poor’s
and F1 by Fitch.
The Prudential Assurance Company
Limited’s financial strength is rated Aa3
by Moody’s, AA by Standard & Poor’s
and AA by Fitch. These ratings are all
on a stable outlook.
Jackson’s financial strength is rated AA
by Standard & Poor’s and Fitch, A1 by
Moody’s, and A+ by AM Best. These
ratings have a stable outlook.
Prudential Assurance Co. Singapore
(Pte) Ltd’s financial strength is rated AA
by Standard & Poor’s. This rating is on
a stable outlook.
In addition, changes in methodologies and
criteria used by rating agencies could result
in downgrades that do not reflect changes
in the general economic conditions or
Prudential’s financial condition.
Adverse experience in the
operational risks inherent in
Prudential’s business could disrupt
its business functions and have
a negative impact on its results
of operations
Operational risks are present in all of
Prudential’s businesses, including the risk
of direct or indirect loss resulting from
inadequate or failed internal and external
processes, systems and human error or
from external events. Prudential’s business
is dependent on processing a large number
of transactions across numerous and
diverse products, and is subject to a
number of different legal and regulatory
regimes. Further, because of the long-term
nature of much of the Group’s business,
accurate records have to be maintained
for significant periods.
These factors, among others, result
in significant reliance on and require
significant investment in information
technology (IT), compliance and other
operational systems, personnel and
processes. In addition, Prudential
outsources several operations, including
a significant part of its UK back office and
customer facing functions as well as a
number of IT functions, resulting in
reliance upon the operational processing
performance of its outsourcing partners.
Although Prudential’s IT, compliance and
other operational systems and processes
incorporate controls designed to manage
and mitigate the operational risks
associated with its activities, there can be
no assurance that such controls will always
be effective. Due to human error among
other reasons, operational incidents do
happen periodically and no system or
process can entirely prevent them although
there have not been any material such
events to date. Prudential’s legacy and
other IT systems and processes, as with
operational systems and processes
generally, may be susceptible to failure
or breaches.
Such events could, among other things,
harm Prudential’s ability to perform
necessary business functions, result in
the loss of confidential or proprietary data
(exposing it to potential legal claims and
regulatory sanctions) and damage its
reputation and relationships with its
business partners and customers. Similarly,
any weakness in administration systems
(such as those relating to policyholder
records or meeting regulatory
requirements) or actuarial reserving
processes could have a material adverse
effect on its results of operations during
the effective period.
Attempts by third parties to disrupt
Prudential’s IT systems could result
in loss of trust from Prudential’s
customers, reputational damage
and financial loss
Being part of the financial services sector,
Prudential and its business partners are
increasingly exposed to the risk that
third parties may attempt to disrupt the
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.362 prudential.co.uk
Risk factors continued
availability, confidentiality and integrity
of its IT systems, which could result in
disruption to the key operations, make it
difficult to recover critical services, damage
assets and compromise data (both
corporate or customer). This could result
in loss of trust from Prudential’s customers,
reputational damage and financial loss.
The cyber-security threat continues to
evolve globally in sophistication and
potential significance. As a result of
Prudential’s increasing market profile, the
growing interest by customers to interact
with their insurance provider and asset
manager through the internet and social
media, improved brand awareness and the
classification of Prudential as a G-SII, there
is an increased likelihood of Prudential
being considered a target by cyber
criminals. Prudential has not identified a
failure or breach which has had a material
impact in relation to its legacy and other IT
systems and processes to date. However,
it has been, and likely will continue to be,
subject to computer viruses, attempts at
unauthorised access and cyber-security
attacks such as ‘denial of service’ attacks
(which, for example, can cause temporary
disruption to websites and IT networks),
phishing and disruptive software
campaigns.
Prudential is continually enhancing its IT
environment to remain secure against
emerging threats, together with increasing
its ability to detect system compromise and
recover should such an incident occur.
However, there can be no assurance that
such events will not take place with adverse
consequential effects on Prudential’s
business and financial position.
Adverse experience relative to
the assumptions used in pricing
products and reporting business
results could significantly affect
Prudential’s results of operations
In common with other life insurers, the
profitability of the Group’s businesses
depends on a mix of factors including
mortality and morbidity levels and trends,
policy surrenders and take-up rates on
guarantee features of products, investment
performance and impairments, unit cost
of administration and new business
acquisition expenses.
Prudential needs to make assumptions
about a number of factors in determining
the pricing of its products, for setting
reserves, and for reporting its capital levels
and the results of its long-term business
operations. For example, the assumption
that Prudential makes about future
expected levels of mortality is particularly
relevant for its UK annuity business, where
payments are guaranteed for at least as
long as the policyholder is alive. Prudential
conducts rigorous research into longevity
risk, using industry data as well as its own
substantial annuitant experience. As part
of its pension annuity pricing and reserving
policy, Prudential’s UK business assumes
that current rates of mortality continuously
improve over time at levels based on
adjusted data and informed by models
from the Continuous Mortality
Investigation (CMI) as published by
the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries.
Assumptions about future expected levels
of mortality are also of relevance to the
Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit
(GMWB) of Jackson’s variable annuity
business. If mortality improvement rates
significantly exceed the improvement
assumed, Prudential’s results of operations
could be adversely affected.
A further factor is the assumption that
Prudential makes about future expected
levels of the rates of early termination of
products by its customers (known as
persistency). This is particularly relevant
to its lines of business other than its UK
annuity business, especially Jackson’s
portfolio of traditional and variable
annuities. Prudential’s persistency
assumptions reflect recent past experience
for each relevant line of business. Any
expected change in future persistency is
also reflected in the assumption. If actual
levels of future persistency are significantly
different from assumed, the Group’s
results of operations could be adversely
affected. Furthermore, Jackson’s variable
annuity products are sensitive to other
types of policyholder behaviour, such as
the take-up of its GMWB product features.
Another example is the impact of
epidemics and other effects that give rise
to a large number of deaths or additional
sickness claims. Significant influenza
epidemics have occurred a number of
times over the past century but the
likelihood, timing or the severity of future
epidemics cannot be predicted. The
effectiveness of external parties, including
governmental and non-governmental
organisations, in combating the spread
and severity of any epidemics could
have a material impact on the Group’s
loss experience.
As a holding company, Prudential
is dependent upon its subsidiaries
to cover operating expenses and
dividend payments
The Group’s insurance and investment
management operations are generally
conducted through direct and indirect
subsidiaries.
As a holding company, Prudential’s
principal sources of funds are remittances
from subsidiaries, shareholder-backed
funds, the shareholder transfer from
long-term funds and any amounts that may
be raised through the issuance of equity,
debt and commercial paper.
Certain of Prudential’s subsidiaries
are restricted by applicable insurance,
foreign exchange and tax laws, rules
and regulations that can limit remittances.
In some circumstances, this could limit
Prudential’s ability to pay dividends to
shareholders or to make available funds
held in certain subsidiaries to cover
operating expenses of other members
of the Group.
Prudential operates in a number of
markets through joint ventures and
other arrangements with third
parties (including in China and
India), involving certain risks that
Prudential does not face with respect
to its consolidated subsidiaries
Prudential operates, and in certain markets
is required by local regulation to operate,
through joint ventures (including in China
and India). For the Group’s joint venture
operations, management control is
exercised jointly with the venture
participants. The level of control
exercisable by the Group depends on the
terms of the joint venture agreements, in
particular, the allocation of control among,
and continued co-operation between, the
joint venture participants. Prudential may
face financial, reputational and other
exposure (including regulatory censure)
in the event that any of its joint venture
partners fails to meet its obligations under
the joint venture, encounters financial
difficulty or fails to comply with local or
international regulation and standards
such as those pertaining to the prevention
of financial crime. In addition, a significant
proportion of the Group’s product
distribution is carried out through
arrangements with third parties not
controlled by Prudential and is dependent
upon continuation of these relationships.
A temporary or permanent disruption to
these distribution arrangements, such as
through significant deterioration in the
reputation, financial position or other
circumstances of the third party or material
failure in controls (such as those pertaining
to the prevention of financial crime) could
adversely affect the results of operations
of Prudential.
Prudential’s Articles of Association
contain an exclusive jurisdiction
provision
Under Prudential’s Articles of Association,
certain legal proceedings may only be
brought in the courts of England and Wales.
This applies to legal proceedings by a
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remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 363
shareholder (in its capacity as such) against
Prudential and/or its directors and/or its
professional service providers. It also applies
to legal proceedings between Prudential
and its directors and/or Prudential and
Prudential’s professional service providers
that arise in connection with legal
proceedings between the shareholder
and such professional service provider.
This provision could make it difficult for US
and other non-UK shareholders to enforce
their shareholder rights.
Changes in tax legislation may
result in adverse tax consequences
Tax rules, including those relating to the
insurance industry, and their interpretation
may change, possibly with retrospective
effect, in any of the jurisdictions in which
Prudential operates. Significant tax
disputes with tax authorities, and any
change in the tax status of any member
of the Group or in taxation legislation or
its scope or interpretation could affect
Prudential’s financial condition and results
of operations.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.364 prudential.co.uk
AER
Actual Exchange Rates are actual historical
exchange rates for the specific accounting
period, being the average rates over the
period for the income statement and the
closing rates for the balance sheet at the
balance sheet date.
Annual premium equivalent or APE
A measure of new business activity that is
calculated as the sum of annualised regular
premiums from new business plus
10 per cent of single premiums on new
business written during the period.
Asset backed security
A security whose value and income
payments are derived from and
collateralised (or ‘backed’) by a specified
pool of underlying assets. The pool of
assets is typically a group of small and
illiquid assets that are unable to be
sold individually.
Available for sale (AFS)
Securities that have been acquired neither
for short-term sale nor to be held to
maturity. AFS securities are measured at
fair value on the statement of financial
position with unrealised gains and losses
being booked in Other Comprehensive
Income instead of the income statement.
Back book of business
The insurance policies sold in past periods
that are still in force and hence are still
recorded on the insurer’s balance sheet.
Bonuses
Bonuses refer to the non-guaranteed
benefit added to participating life insurance
policies and are the way in which
policyholders receive their share of the
profits of the policies. There are normally
two types of bonuses:
——Regular bonus – expected to be added
every year during the term of the policy.
It is not guaranteed that a regular bonus
will be added each year, but once it is
added, it cannot be reversed, also known
as annual or reversionary bonus; and
——Final bonus – an additional bonus
expected to be paid when policyholders
take money from the policies. If
investment return has been low over
the lifetime of the policy, a final bonus
may not be paid. Final bonuses may
vary and are not guaranteed.
Bulk annuity
A bulk annuity, sometimes referred to
as a bulk purchase annuity, is a contract
between a defined benefit pension scheme
and an insurance company, whereby an
insurance company insures some or all
of the liabilities of the pension scheme.
Cash surrender value
The amount of cash available to a
policyholder on the surrender of or
withdrawal from a life insurance policy
or annuity contract.
CER
Constant Exchange Rates – Prudential plc
reports its results at both actual exchange
rates (AER) to reflect actual results and
also constant exchange rates (CER)
so as to eliminate the impact from exchange
translation. CER results are calculated by
translating prior period results using
current period foreign currency exchange
rates, ie, current period average rates for
the income statements and current period
closing rate for the balance sheet.
Closed-book life insurance business
A ‘closed book’ is essentially a group of
insurance policies that are no longer sold,
but are still featured on the books of a life
insurer as a premium-paying policy. The
insurance company has ‘closed the books’
on new sales of these products which will
remain in run-off until the policies expire
and all claims are settled.
Core structural borrowings
Borrowings which Prudential considers to
form part of its core capital structure and
exclude operational borrowings.
Credit risk
The risk of loss if another party fails
to meet its obligations, or fails to do so
in a timely fashion.
Currency risk
The risk that asset or liability values, cash
flows, income or expenses will be affected
by changes in exchange rates. Also
referred to as foreign exchange risk.
Deferred acquisition costs or DAC
Acquisition costs are expenses of an
insurer which are incurred in connection
with the acquisition of new insurance
contracts or the renewal of existing
insurance policies. They include
commissions and other variable sales
inducements and the direct costs of issuing
the policy, such as underwriting and other
policy issue expenses. Typically, under
IFRS, an element of acquisition costs are
deferred ie not expensed in the year
incurred, and instead amortised in the
income statement in line with the
emergence of surpluses on the
related contracts.
Deferred annuities
Annuities or pensions due to be paid from
a future date or when the policyholder
reaches a specified age.
Discretionary participation features
or DPF
A contractual right to receive, as a
supplement to guaranteed benefits,
additional benefits:
——That are likely to be a significant portion
of the total contractual benefits;
——Whose amount or timing is
contractually at the discretion of the
issuer; and
——That are contractually based on asset,
fund, company or other entity
performance.
Dividend cover
Dividend cover is calculated as operating
profit after tax on an IFRS basis, divided by
the current period interim dividend plus
the proposed second interim dividend.
Endowment product
An ordinary individual life insurance
product that provides the insured party
with various guaranteed benefits if it
survives specific maturity dates or periods
stated in the policy. Upon the death of the
insured party within the coverage period,
a designated beneficiary receives the face
value of the policy.
European Embedded Value or EEV
Financial results that are prepared on
a supplementary basis to the Group’s
consolidated IFRS results and which are
prepared in accordance with a set of
Principles issued by the Chief Financial
Officers Forum of European Insurance
Companies in May 2004 and expanded
by the Additional Guidance of EEV
Disclosures published in October 2005.
The principles are designed to capture the
value of the new business sold in the period
and of the business in force.
Fixed annuities
Fixed annuity contracts written in the US
which allow for tax-deferred accumulation
of funds, are used for asset accumulation
in retirement planning and for providing
income in retirement and offer flexible
pay-out options. The contract holder pays
the insurer a premium, which is credited to
the contract holders’ account. Periodically,
interest is credited to the contract holders’
account and administrative charges are
deducted, as appropriate.
Fixed indexed annuities
These are similar to fixed annuities in that
the contract holder pays the insurer a
premium, which is credited to the contract
holder’s account and, periodically, interest
is credited to the contract holder’s account
and administrative charges are deducted,
as appropriate. An annual minimum
interest rate may be guaranteed, although
Glossary
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 365
actual interest credited may be higher and
is linked to an equity index over its indexed
option period.
Funds under management
These comprise funds of the Group held
in the statement of financial position and
external funds that are managed by
Prudential asset management operations.
Group free surplus
Group free surplus at the end of the period
comprises free surplus for the insurance
businesses, representing the excess of the
net worth over the required capital included
in the EEV results, and IFRS net assets for
the asset management businesses excluding
goodwill. The free surplus generated
during the period comprises the movement
in this balance excluding foreign exchange,
capital, and other reserve movements.
Specifically, it includes amounts maturing
from the in-force operations during the
period less the investment in new business,
the effect of market movements and other
one-off items.
Guaranteed annuities
Policies that pay out a fixed amount
of benefit for a defined period.
Guaranteed investment contract
(GIC) (US)
An investment contract between an
insurance company and an institutional
investor, which provides a stated rate of
return on deposits over a specified period
of time. They typically provide for partial or
total withdrawals at book value if needed
for certain liquidity needs of the plan.
Guaranteed minimum accumulation
benefit (GMAB) (US)
A guarantee that ensures that the contract
value of a variable annuity contract will be
at least equal to a certain minimum amount
after a specified number of years.
Guaranteed minimum death benefit
(GMDB) (US)
The basic death benefit offered under
variable annuity contracts, which specifies
that if the owner dies before annuity
income payments begin, the beneficiary
will receive a payment equal to the greater
of the contract value or purchase payments
less withdrawals.
Guaranteed minimum income
benefit (GMIB) (US)
A guarantee that ensures, under certain
conditions, that the owner may annuitise
the variable annuity contract based on the
greater of (a) the actual account value or (b)
a pay-out base equal to premiums credited
with some interest rate, or the maximum
anniversary value of the account prior
to annuitisation.
Guaranteed minimum withdrawal
benefit (GMWB) (US)
A guarantee in a variable annuity that
promises that the owner may make annual
withdrawals of a defined amount for the life
of the owner or until the total guaranteed
amount is recovered, regardless of market
performance or the actual account balance.
Health and protection
These comprise health and personal
accident insurance products, which
provide morbidity or sickness benefits and
include health, disability, critical illness and
accident coverage. Health and protection
products are sold both as standalone
policies and as riders that can be attached
to life insurance products. Health and
protection riders are presented together
with ordinary individual life insurance
products for purposes of disclosure of
financial information.
Immediate annuity
An annuity in which payments to the
annuitant or beneficiary start at once
upon establishment of the annuity plan
or scheme. Such annuities are almost
always purchased with a single
(lump sum) payment.
In-force
An insurance policy or contract reflected
on records that has not expired, matured or
otherwise been surrendered or terminated.
Inherited estate
For life insurance proprietary companies,
surplus capital available on top of what is
necessary to cover policyholders
reasonable expectations. An inherited
(orphan) estate is effectively surplus capital
on a realistic basis built over time and not
allocated to policyholders or shareholders.
Internal rate of return (IRR)
The IRR is equivalent to the discount rate
at which the present EEV value of the
post-tax cash flows expected to be earned
over the life time of the business written
in shareholder-backed life funds is equal
to the total invested capital to support
the writing of the business. The capital
included in the calculation of the IRR
is equal to the amount required to pay
acquisition costs and set up reserves less
premiums received, plus encumbered
capital. The impact of the time value
of options and guarantees is included
in the calculation.
Internal vesting
Internal vestings are proceeds from a
Prudential policy which the policyholder
has decided to reinvest in a Prudential
annuity product.
International Financial Reporting
Standards (IFRS)
Accounting standards that all publicly listed
groups in the European Union are required
to apply in preparing consolidated financial
statements.
Investment grade
Investments rated BBB- or above for S&P,
Baa3 or above for Moody’s. Generally they
are bonds that are judged by the rating
agency as likely enough to meet payment
obligations that banks are allowed to invest
in them.
Investment-linked products or
contracts
Insurance products where the surrender
value of the policy is linked to the value of
underlying investments (such as collective
investment schemes, internal investment
pools or other property) or fluctuations in
the value of underlying investment or indices.
Investment risk associated with the product
is usually borne by the policyholder.
Insurance coverage, investment and
administration services are provided for
which the charges are deducted from the
investment fund assets. Benefits payable will
depend on the price of the units prevailing
at the time of surrender, death or the maturity
of the product, subject to surrender charges.
These are also referred to as unit-linked
products or unit-linked contracts.
Liquidity coverage ratio
Prudential calculates this as assets and
resources available to us that are readily
convertible to cash to cover corporate
obligations in a prescribed stress scenario.
We calculate this ratio over a range of time
horizons extending to 12 months.
Liquidity premium
This comprises the premium that is
required to compensate for the lower
liquidity of corporate bonds relative
to swaps and the mark to market risk
premium that is required to compensate
for the potential volatility in corporate
bond spreads (and hence market values)
at the time of sale.
Market value reduction (MVR)
A reduction applied to the payment on
with-profits bonds when policyholders
surrender in adverse market conditions.
Money Market Fund (MMF)
An MMF is an open-ended mutual fund
that invests in short-term debt securities
such as US treasury bills and commercial
paper. The purpose of an MMF is to
provide investors with a safe place to
invest easily accessible cash-equivalent
assets characterised as a low-risk,
low-return investment.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.366 prudential.co.uk
Mortality rate
Rate of death, varying by such parameters
as age, gender and health, used in pricing
and computing liabilities for future
policyholders of life and annuity products,
which contain mortality risks.
Net premiums
Life insurance premiums, net of reinsurance
ceded to third-party reinsurers.
Net worth
Net assets for EEV reporting purposes
that reflect the regulatory basis position,
sometimes with adjustments to achieve
consistency with the IFRS treatment of
certain items.
New business margin
The value of new business on an EEV basis
expressed as a percentage of the present
value of new business premiums expected
to be received from the new business.
New business profit
The profits, calculated in accordance with
European Embedded Value Principles,
from business sold in the financial reporting
period under consideration.
Non-participating business
A life insurance policy where the
policyholder is not entitled to a share of the
company’s profits and surplus, but receives
certain guaranteed benefits. Also known
as non-profit in the UK. Examples include
pure risk policies (eg fixed annuities, term
insurance, critical illness) and unit-linked
insurance contracts.
OIEC Open ended investment
company
A collective investment fund structured
as a limited company in which investors
can buy and sell shares.
Operational borrowings
Borrowings which arise in the normal
course of the business.
Participating funds
Distinct portfolios where the policyholders
have a contractual right to receive at the
discretion of the insurer additional benefits
based on factors such as the performance
of a pool of assets held within the fund, as
a supplement to any guaranteed benefits.
The insurer may either have discretion
as to the timing of the allocation of those
benefits to participating policyholders or
may have discretion as to the timing and
the amount of the additional benefits. For
Prudential the most significant participating
funds are with-profits funds for business
written in the UK, Hong Kong, Malaysia
and Singapore.
Participating policies or
participating business
Contracts of insurance where the
policyholders have a contractual right
to receive, at the discretion of the insurer,
additional benefits based on factors
such as investment performance, as a
supplement to any guaranteed benefits.
This is also referred to as with-profits
business.
Payback period
Payback period is the time in which the
initial ‘cash’ outflow of investment is
expected to be recovered from the ‘cash’
inflows generated by the investment. We
measure cash outflow by our investment
of free surplus in new business sales. The
payback period equals the time taken for
this business to generate free surplus to
cover this investment. Payback periods
are measured on an undiscounted basis.
Present value of new business
premiums or PVNBP
The present value of new business
premiums is calculated as equalling
single premiums plus the present value
of expected premiums of new regular
premium business, allowing for lapses and
other assumptions made in determining
the EEV new business contribution.
Prudential Regulation Authority
or PRA
The PRA is a UK regulatory body
responsible for Prudential regulation and
supervision of banks, building societies,
credit unions, insurers and major
investment firms.
Regular premium product
A life insurance product with regular
periodic premium payments.
Rider
A supplemental plan that can be attached
to a basic insurance policy, with payment
of additional premium.
Risk margin reserve (RMR) charge
An RMR is included within operating profit
based on longer-term investment returns
and represents a charge for long-term
expected defaults of debt securities,
determined by reference to the credit
quality of the portfolio.
Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund
(SAIF)
SAIF is a ring-fenced sub-fund of the
Prudential Assurance Company’s
long-term fund following the acquisition
of the mutually owned Scottish Amicable
Life Assurance Society in 1997. The fund
is solely for the benefit of policyholders of
SAIF. Shareholders of Prudential plc have
no interest in the profits of this fund
although they are entitled to asset
management fees on this business.
Separate account
A separate account is a pool of investments
held by an insurance company not in
or ‘separate’ from its general account.
They generally accrue to the policyholder.
A separate account allows an investor to
choose an investment category according
to his individual risk tolerance, and desire
for performance.
Single premiums
Single premium policies of insurance are
those that require only a single lump sum
payment from the policyholder.
Stochastic techniques
Stochastic techniques incorporate results
from repeated simulations using key
financial parameters which are subject
to random variations and are projected
into the future.
Subordinated debt
A fixed interest issue or debt that ranks
below other debt in order of priority for
repayment if the issuer is liquidated.
Holders are compensated for the added
risk through higher rates of interest.
Under EU insurance regulation,
subordinated debt is not treated as a
liability and counts towards the coverage
of the required minimum margin of
solvency, with limitations.
Surrender
The termination of a life insurance policy
or annuity contract at the request of the
policyholder after which the policyholder
receives the cash surrender value, if any,
of the contract.
Surrender charge or surrender fee
The fee charged to a policyholder when
a life insurance policy or annuity contract
is surrendered for its cash surrender
value prior to the end of the surrender
charge period.
Takaful
Insurance that is compliant with
Islamic principles.
Time value of options and guarantees
The value of financial options and
guarantees comprises two parts, the
intrinsic value and the time value. The
intrinsic value is given by a deterministic
valuation on best estimate assumptions.
The time value is the additional value
arising from the variability of economic
outcomes in the future.
Glossary continued
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 367
Total shareholder return (TSR)
TSR represents the growth in the value
of a share plus the value of dividends
paid, assuming that the dividends are
reinvested in the Company’s shares on
the ex-dividend date.
Unallocated surplus
Unallocated surplus is recorded wholly as a
liability and represents the excess of assets
over policyholder liabilities for Prudential’s
with-profits funds. The balance retained
in the unallocated surplus represents
cumulative income arising on the withprofits
business that has not been allocated
to policyholders or shareholders.
Unit-linked products or unit-linked
contracts
See ‘investment-linked products
or contracts’ above.
Universal life
An insurance product where the customer
pays flexible premiums, subject to specified
limits, which are accumulated in an account
and are credited with interest (at a rate
either set by the insurer or reflecting
returns on a pool of matching assets).
The customer may vary the death benefit
and the contract may permit the customer
to withdraw the account balance, typically
subject to a surrender charge.
Variable annuity (VA) (US)
An annuity whose value is determined by
the performance of underlying investment
options that frequently includes securities.
A variable annuity’s value is not guaranteed
and will fluctuate, depending on the value
of its underlying investments. The holder
of a variable annuity assumes the
investment risk and the funds backing a
variable annuity are held in the insurance
company’s separate account. VAs are
similar to unit-linked annuities in the UK.
Whole of life
A type of life insurance policy that provides
lifetime protection; premiums must usually
be paid for life. The sum assured is paid out
whenever death occurs. Commonly used
for estate planning purposes.
With-profits funds
See ‘participating funds’ above.
Yield
A measure of the income received from
an investment compared to the price paid
for the investment. Normally expressed
as a percentage.
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.368 prudential.co.uk
Communication with shareholders
The Group maintains a corporate website
containing a wide range of information
relevant for private and institutional
investors, including the Group’s financial
calendar: www.prudential.co.uk
Annual General Meeting
The 2016 Annual General Meeting will
be held in the Churchill Auditorium at the
Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre,
Broad Sanctuary, Westminster, London
SW1P 3EE on 19 May 2016 at 11.00am.
Prudential will continue its practice of
calling a poll on all resolutions and the
voting results, including all proxies lodged
prior to the meeting, will be displayed at
the meeting and subsequently published
on the Company’s website.
Details of the 2015 Annual General
Meeting, including the major items
discussed at the meeting and the results
of the voting, can be found on the
Company’s website.
In accordance with relevant legislation,
shareholders holding 5 per cent or more
of the fully paid up issued share capital are
able to require the Directors to hold a
general meeting. Written shareholder
requests should be addressed to the Group
Company Secretary at the registered office.
Documents on display
The terms and conditions of all Directors’
appointments are available for inspection
at the Company’s registered office during
normal business hours and at the Annual
General Meeting.
Company constitution
Prudential is governed by the Companies
Act 2006, other applicable legislation and
regulations, and provisions in its Articles of
Association. Any change to the Articles of
Association must be approved by special
resolution of the shareholders. There were
no changes to the constitutional documents
during 2015. The Memorandum and
Articles of Association are available
on the Company’s website.
Share capital
Issued share capital
The issued share capital as at 31 December
2015 consisted of ordinary shares of
5 pence each, all fully paid up and listed
on the London Stock Exchange and the
Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Further
information can be found in note C10
on page 261.
Issued share
capital
Number of
accounts on
the register
2015 2,572,454,958 56,276
2014 2,567,779,950 55,760
Prudential also maintains secondary
listings on the Singapore Stock Exchange;
and the New York Stock Exchange in the
form of American Depositary Receipts
which are referenced to ordinary shares
on the main UK register.
Prudential has maintained a sufficiency
of public float throughout the reporting
period as required by the Hong Kong
Listing Rules.
A number of dividend waivers are in place
and these relate to shares issued but not
allocated under the Group’s employee
share plans. These shares are held by the
Trustees and will, in due course, be used
to satisfy requirements under the Group’s
employee share plans.
Rights and obligations
The rights and obligations attaching to the
Company’s shares are set out in full in the
Articles of Association. There are currently
no voting restrictions on the ordinary
shares, all of which are fully paid, and each
share carries one vote on a poll. If votes are
cast on a show of hands, each shareholder
present in person or by proxy, or in the case
of a corporation, each of its duly authorised
corporate representatives, has one vote
except that if a proxy is appointed by more
than one member, the proxy has one vote
for and one vote against if instructed by
one or more members to vote for the
resolution and by one or more members
to vote against the resolution.
Where, under an employee share plan,
participants are the beneficial owners of
the shares but not the registered owners,
the voting rights are normally exercisable
by the registered owner in accordance with
the relevant plan rules. Trustees may vote
at their discretion, but do not vote on any
unawarded shares held as surplus assets.
As at 8 March 2016, Trustees held
0.45 per cent of the issued share capital
under the various plans in operation.
Rights to dividends under the various
schemes are set out in the Directors’
remuneration report on pages 101 to 129.
Restrictions on transfer
In accordance with English company law,
shares may be transferred by an instrument
of transfer or through an electronic system
(currently CREST) and transfer is not
restricted except that the Directors may,
in certain circumstances, refuse to register
transfers of shares but only if such refusal
does not prevent dealings in the shares
from taking place on an open and proper
basis. If the Directors make use of that
power, they must send the transferee
notice of the refusal within two months.
Certain restrictions may be imposed
from time to time by applicable laws and
regulations (for example, insider trading
laws) and pursuant to the Listing Rules of
both the Financial Conduct Authority and
the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, as well
as under the rules of some of the Group’s
employee share plans.
All Directors are required to hold a
minimum number of shares under
guidelines approved by the Board, which
they would also be expected to retain
as described on page 104 and page 121
of the Directors’ remuneration report.
Major shareholders
The following notifications have been
disclosed under the FCA’s Disclosure and
Transparency Rules in respect of notifiable
interests exceeding 3 per cent in the voting
rights of the issued share capital.
As at 31 December 2015
% of total
voting rights
Capital Group Companies, Inc. 9.96
BlackRock, Inc 5.08
Norges Bank 4.03
On 5 February 2016, the Capital Group
Companies, Inc. notified that their holding
had increased to 10.135 per cent of the
issued share capital.
Shareholder information
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 369
Authority to issue shares
The Directors require authority from
shareholders in relation to the issue of
shares. Whenever shares are issued, these
must be offered to existing shareholders
pro rata to their holdings unless the
directors have been given authority by
shareholders to issue shares without
offering them first to existing shareholders.
Prudential seeks authority from its
shareholders on an annual basis to issue
shares up to a maximum amount and
to issue up to 5 per cent of its issued
share capital without offering them to
existing shareholders, in line with
relevant regulations and best practice.
Disapplication of statutory pre-emption
procedures is also sought for rights issues.
The existing authorities to issue shares and
to do so without observing pre-emption
rights are due to expire at the end of this
year’s Annual General Meeting. An
ordinary resolution and a special resolution
to approve the renewal of these authorities
respectively will be put to shareholders
at the Annual General Meeting on
19 May 2016.
Details of shares issued during 2014 and
2015 are given in note C10 on page 261.
In accordance with the terms of a waiver
granted by the Hong Kong Stock
Exchange, Prudential confirms that it
complies with the applicable law and
regulation in the UK in relation to the
holding of shares in treasury and with
the conditions of the waiver in connection
with the purchase of own shares and
any treasury shares it may hold.
Authority to purchase own shares
The directors also require authority from
shareholders in relation to the purchase
of the Company’s own shares. Prudential
seeks authority by special resolution on
an annual basis for the buyback of its own
shares in accordance with the relevant
provisions of the Companies Act 2006 and
other related guidance. This authority has
not been used since it was last granted at
the 2015 Annual General Meeting. This
existing authority is due to expire at the
end of this year’s Annual General Meeting
and a special resolution to renew the
authority will be put to shareholders at the
Annual General Meeting on 19 May 2016.
Dividend information
2015 second interim dividend
Shareholders
registered on
the UK register
and Hong Kong
and Irish
branch registers
Holders of
US American
Depositary
Receipts
Shareholders
with ordinary
shares standing
to the credit of
their CDP
securities
accounts
Ex-dividend date 24 March 2016 – 24 March 2016
Record date 29 March 2016 29 March 2016 29 March 2016
Payment date 20 May 2016
On or about
27 May 2016
On or about
27 May 2016
Analysis of shareholder accounts as at 31 December 2015
Size of shareholding
Number of
shareholder
accounts
% of total
number of
shareholder
accounts
Number of
shares
% of total
number of
shares
1,000,001 upwards 260 0.48 2,258,268,681 87.79
500,001–1,000,000 148 0.27 106,230,409 4.13
100,001–500,000 473 0.87 108,755,788 4.23
10,001–100,000 1,632 3.00 46,022,238 1.79
5,001–10,000 2,024 3.73 14,014,903 0.54
1,001–5,000 13,081 24.09 28,734,396 1.12
1–1,000 36,691 67.56 10,428,543 0.40
Total 54,309 100 2,572,454,958 100
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.370 prudential.co.uk
Shareholder information continued
Shareholder enquiries
For enquiries about shareholdings, including dividends and lost share certificates, please contact the Company’s registrars:
Register By post By telephone
Principal UK register Equiniti Limited, Aspect House, Spencer Road,
Lancing, West Sussex BN99 6DA.
Tel 0371 384 2035
Fax 0371 384 2100
Textel 0371 384 2255 (for hard of hearing).
Lines are open from 8.30am to 5.30pm (UK),
Monday to Friday.
International shareholders
tel +44 (0) 121 415 7026
Irish branch register Capita Asset Services Shareholder Solutions
(Ireland), PO Box 7117, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Tel + 353 1 553 0050
Hong Kong branch register Computershare Hong Kong Investor Services
Limited, 17M Floor, Hopewell Centre, 183 Queen’s
Road East, Wan Chai, Hong Kong.
Tel +852 2862 8555
Singapore registers Shareholders who have shares standing to the
credit of their securities accounts with The Central
Depository (PTE) Limited (CDP) in Singapore may
refer queries to the CDP at 9 North Buona Vista
Drive, #01-19/20, The Metropolis, Singapore
138588. Enquiries regarding shares held in
Depository Agent Sub-accounts should be directed
to your Depository Agent or broker.
Tel +65 6535 7511
ADRs J.P. Morgan Chase Bank N.A, PO Box 64504,
St. Paul, MN 55164-0854, USA.
Tel +1 800 990 1135
or from outside the US +1 651 453 2128
or log on to www.adr.com
Dividend mandates
Shareholders may have their dividends
paid directly to their bank or building
society account. If you wish to take
advantage of this facility, please call
Equiniti and request a Cash Dividend
Mandate form. Alternatively, shareholders
may download the form from
www.prudential.co.uk/prudential-plc/
investors/shareholder_services/forms
Cash dividend alternative
The Company operates a Dividend
Re-investment Plan (DRIP). Shareholders
who have elected for the DRIP will
automatically receive shares for all future
dividends in respect of which a DRIP
alternative is offered. The election may be
cancelled at any time by the shareholder.
Further details of the DRIP and the
timetable are available on the Company’s
website at www.prudential.co.uk/
prudential-plc/investors
Income tax: changes to dividend
taxation
The UK government has announced that
from 6 April 2016 the Dividend Tax Credit
will be replaced by a new tax-free Dividend
Allowance for shareholders subject to UK
income tax. This will be in the form of a
0 per cent tax rate on the first £5,000 of
dividend income per year. UK residents will
pay tax on any dividends received over the
£5,000 allowance at the following rates:
——7.5 per cent on dividend income within
the basic rate (20 per cent) band;
——32.5 per cent on dividend income
within the higher rate (40 per cent)
band; and
——38.1 per cent on dividend income within
the additional rate (45 per cent) band.
Dividends paid on shares held within
pensions and Individual Savings Accounts
(ISAs) will continue to be tax free.
Further information is available on the
HMRC website.
IMPORTANT: You will be required to retain
details of any dividend payments you
receive and complete Tax Returns where
required. For further advice please contact
a tax or financial adviser who in the UK
must be authorised by the Financial
Conduct Authority.
Electronic communications
Shareholders are encouraged to elect
to receive shareholder documents
electronically by registering with
Shareview at www.shareview.co.uk
This will save on printing and distribution
costs, and create environmental benefits.
Shareholders who have registered will
be sent an email notification whenever
shareholder documents are available
on the Company’s website and a link will
be provided to that information. When
registering, shareholders will need their
shareholder reference number which can
be found on their share certificate or proxy
form. The option to receive shareholder
documents electronically is not available to
shareholders holding shares through The
CDP. Please contact Equiniti if you require
any assistance or further information.
Share dealing services
The Company’s Registrars, Equiniti, offer
a postal dealing facility for buying and
selling Prudential plc ordinary shares; please
see the Equiniti address or telephone
0371 384 2248. They also offer a telephone
and internet dealing service, Shareview,
which provides a simple and convenient
way of selling Prudential plc shares.
For telephone sales call 0345 603 7037
between 8.30am and 4.30pm, Monday
to Friday, and for internet sales log on to
www.shareview.co.uk/dealing
ShareGift
Shareholders who have only a small
number of shares, the value of which
makes them uneconomic to sell, may wish
to consider donating them to ShareGift
(Registered Charity 1052686). The
relevant share transfer form may be
downloaded from our website
www.prudential.co.uk/prudential-plc/
investors/shareholder_services/forms
or from Equiniti. Further information
about ShareGift may be obtained on
+44 (0)20 7930 3737 or from
www.ShareGift.org
01 Group overview 02 Strategic report 03 Governance 04 Directors’
remuneration report 05 Financial statements 06 European Embedded Value
(EEV) basis results 07 Additional information
www.prudential.co.uk Annual Report 2015 Prudential plc 371
Prudential plc
Laurence Pountney Hill
London EC4R 0HH
Tel +44 (0)20 7220 7588
www.prudential.co.uk
Paul Manduca
Chairman
Mike Wells
Group Chief Executive
Nic Nicandrou
Chief Financial Officer
Penny James
Group Chief Risk Officer
Julian Adams
Group Regulatory Director
Jonathan Oliver
Group Communications Director
Alan Porter
Group General Counsel and Company
Secretary
Al-Noor Ramji
Group Chief Digital Officer
Tim Rolfe
Group Human Resources Director
Prudential UK & Europe
3 Sheldon Square
London W2 6PR
Tel +44 (0)800 000 000
www.pru.co.uk
John Foley
Chief Executive
M&G
Laurence Pountney Hill
London EC4R 0HH
Tel +44 (0)20 7626 4588
www.mandg.co.uk
Michael McLintock
Chief Executive
Prudential Corporation Asia
13th Floor
One International Finance Centre
1 Harbour View Street
Central
Hong Kong
Tel +852 2918 6300
www.prudentialcorporation-asia.com
Tony Wilkey
Chief Executive
Jackson National Life Insurance
Company
1 Corporate Way
Lansing
Michigan 48951
USA
Tel +1 517 381 5500
www.jackson.com
Barry Stowe
Chairman & Chief Executive Officer
of North America Business Unit
Institutional Analyst and Investor
Enquiries
Tel +44 (0)20 7548 3300
E-mail investor.relations@prudential.co.uk
UK Register Private Shareholder
Enquiries
Tel: 0871 384 2035
International shareholders
Tel +44 (0)121 415 7026
Irish Branch Register Private
Shareholder Enquiries
Tel +353 1 553 0050
Hong Kong Branch Register Private
Shareholder Enquiries
Tel +852 2862 8555
US American Depositary Receipts
Holder Enquiries
Tel +1 651 453 2128
The Central Depository (Pte) Limited
Shareholder Enquiries
Tel +65 6535 7511
Media Enquiries
Tel +44 (0)20 7548 3559
E-mail media.relations@prudential.co.uk
How to contact us
Prudential plc Annual Report 2015 www.372 prudential.co.uk
Prudential public limited company
Incorporated and registered in England
and Wales
Registered office
Laurence Pountney Hill
London EC4R 0HH
Registered number 1397169
www.prudential.co.uk
Prudential plc is a holding company,
subsidiaries of which are authorised and
regulated by the Prudential Regulation
Authority and the Financial Conduct
Authority
Forward-looking statements
This document may contain ‘forwardlooking
statements’ with respect to certain
of Prudential’s plans and its goals and
expectations relating to its future financial
condition, performance, results, strategy
and objectives. Statements that are not
historical facts, including statements about
Prudential’s beliefs and expectations and
including, without limitation, statements
containing the words ‘may’, ‘will’, ‘should’,
‘continue’, ‘aims’, ‘estimates’, ‘projects’,
‘believes’, ‘intends’, ‘expects’, ‘plans’,
‘seeks’ and ‘anticipates’, and words of
similar meaning, are forward-looking
statements. These statements are based
on plans, estimates and projections as at
the time they are made, and therefore
undue reliance should not be placed on
them. By their nature, all forward-looking
statements involve risk and uncertainty.
A number of important factors could
cause Prudential’s actual future financial
condition or performance or other
indicated results to differ materially from
those indicated in any forward-looking
statement. Such factors include, but are
not limited to, future market conditions,
including fluctuations in interest rates
and exchange rates, the potential for a
sustained low-interest rate environment,
and the performance of financial markets
generally; the policies and actions of
regulatory authorities, including, for
example, new government initiatives;
the impact of continuing designation as
a Global Systemically Important Insurer
or ‘G-SII’; the impact of competition,
economic uncertainty, inflation, and
deflation; the effect on Prudential’s
business and results from, in particular,
mortality and morbidity trends, lapse
rates and policy renewal rates; the timing,
impact and other uncertainties of future
acquisitions or combinations within
relevant industries; the impact of changes
in capital, solvency standards, accounting
standards or relevant regulatory
frameworks, and tax and other legislation
and regulations in the jurisdictions in which
Prudential and its affiliates operate; and
the impact of legal actions and disputes.
These and other important factors may, for
example, result in changes to assumptions
used for determining results of operations
or re-estimations of reserves for future
policy benefits. Further discussion of these
and other important factors that could
cause Prudential’s actual future financial
condition or performance or other
indicated results to differ, possibly
materially, from those anticipated in
Prudential’s forward-looking statements
can be found under the ‘Risk factors’
heading in the Annual Report and the ‘Risk
factors’ heading of Prudential’s most recent
annual report on Form 20-F filed with the
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
Prudential’s most recent Annual Report
and Form 20-F are available on its website
at www.prudential.co.uk
Any forward-looking statements contained
in this document speak only as of the
date on which they are made. Prudential
expressly disclaims any obligation to
update any of the forward-looking
statements contained in this document
or any other forward-looking statements
it may make, whether as a result of future
events, new information or otherwise
except as required pursuant to the UK
Prospectus Rules, the UK Listing Rules,
the UK Disclosure and Transparency
Rules, the Hong Kong Listing Rules,
the SGX-ST listing rules or other
applicable laws and regulations.
How to contact us continued
History
Successive generations have looked to Prudential to safeguard their
financial security – from industrial workers and their families in Victorian
Britain to around 24 million insurance customers worldwide today.
Our financial strength, heritage, prudence and focus on our customers’
long-term needs ensure that people continue to turn to our trusted
brands to help them plan for today and tomorrow.
Providing financial
security since 1848
1848
Prudential is established
as Prudential Mutual Assurance
Investment and Loan Association in
Hatton Garden, London, offering loans
and life assurance to professional people.
1854
Prudential opens the Industrial Department to
sell a new type of insurance, Industrial Insurance,
to the working classes, for premiums of a penny
and upwards.
1949
The ‘Man from the Pru’ advertising
campaign is launched.
1923
Prudential’s first overseas life
branch is established in India, with
the first policy being sold to a tea
planter in Assam.
1999
Prudential acquires
M&G, pioneer of unit
trusts in the UK and a
leading provider of
investment products.
2013
Prudential Polska is
launched in Poland.
2014
Prudential acquires
businesses in Ghana and
Kenya, marking its entry into
the fast-growing African life
insurance industry.
1994
Prudential Corporation
Asia is formed in Hong
Kong as a regional head
office to expand
operations beyond an
existing presence in
Malaysia, Singapore
and Hong Kong.
1986
Prudential acquires Jackson
in the United States.
www.prudentialhistory.co.uk
Printed on Amadeus 75 Matt, a paper made from
75 per cent recycled post-consumer waste and
25 per cent fibre sourced from fully sustainable
forests; and Amadeus 100 White Offset which is made
from 100 per cent recycled post-consumer waste.
All material used in this report has been
independently certified according to the rules of
the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). All pulps
used are elemental chlorine free, and the inks used
are vegetable oil based. The manufacturing mills
and the printer are registered to the Environmental
Management System ISO 14001 and are FSC
chain-of-custody certified.
Designed by FleishmanHillard Fishburn
Printed in the UK by CPI Colour
Prudential public limited company
Incorporated and registered in
England and Wales
Registered office
Laurence Pountney Hill
London EC4R 0HH
Registered number 1397169
www.prudential.co.uk
Prudential plc is a holding company,
subsidiaries of which are authorised
and regulated, as applicable, by the
Prudential Regulation Authority and
the Financial Conduct Authority.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| Date: 1 April 2016 | ||||||
| PRUDENTIAL PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY | ||||||
| By: | /s/ Nic Nicandrou | |||||
| Chief Financial Officer | ||||||