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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
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FORM 10-K
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ý ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 OR ¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File No. 1-13300 |
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CAPITAL ONE FINANCIAL CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
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Delaware | 54-1719854 | |
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |
1680 Capital One Drive, McLean, Virginia | 22102 | |
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) | (Zip Code) | |
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (703) 720-1000
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Securities registered pursuant to section 12(b) of the act:
Title of Each Class | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered | |
Common Stock (par value $.01 per share) | New York Stock Exchange | |
Warrants (expiring November 14, 2018) | New York Stock Exchange | |
Depositary Shares, Each Representing a 1/40th Interest in a Share of Fixed Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B | New York Stock Exchange | |
Depositary Shares, Each Representing a 1/40th Interest in a Share of Fixed Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C | New York Stock Exchange | |
Depositary Shares, Each Representing a 1/40th Interest in a Share of Fixed Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series D | New York Stock Exchange | |
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer | ý | Accelerated filer | ¨ | |||
Non-accelerated filer | ¨ | Smaller reporting company | ¨ | |||
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a Shell Company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) Yes ¨ No ý
The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of the close of business on June 30, 2014.
Common Stock, $.01 Par Value: $39,808,996,734*
* | In determining this figure, the registrant assumed that the executive officers of the registrant and the registrant’s directors are affiliates of the registrant. Such assumption shall not be deemed to be conclusive for any other purpose. |
The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock as of the close of business on January 30, 2015.
Common Stock, $.01 Par Value: 551,590,891 shares
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
1. | Portions of the Proxy Statement for the annual meeting of stockholders to be held on April 30, 2015, are incorporated by reference into Part III. |
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
i | Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) | |
ii | Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) | |
INDEX OF MD&A TABLES AND SUPPLEMENTAL TABLES
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iii | Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) | |
iv | Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) | |
PART I
Item 1. Business
OVERVIEW |
General
Capital One Financial Corporation, a Delaware Corporation established in 1994 and headquartered in McLean, Virginia, is a diversified financial services holding company with banking and non-banking subsidiaries. Capital One Financial Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) offer a broad array of financial products and services to consumers, small businesses and commercial clients through branches, the internet and other distribution channels. As of December 31, 2014, our principal subsidiaries included:
• | Capital One Bank (USA), National Association (“COBNA”), which offers credit and debit card products, other lending products and deposit products; and |
• | Capital One, National Association (“CONA”), which offers a broad spectrum of banking products and financial services to consumers, small businesses and commercial clients. |
The Company is hereafter collectively referred to as “we,” “us” or “our.” COBNA and CONA are collectively referred to as the “Banks.” References to “this Report” or our “2014 Form 10-K” or “2014 Annual Report” are to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014. All references to 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, and 2010 refer to our fiscal years ended, or the dates, as the context requires, December 31, 2014, December 31, 2013, December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011 and December 31, 2010, respectively. Certain business terms used in this document are defined in the “Glossary and Acronyms” and should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report.
As one of the nation’s ten largest banks based on deposits as of December 31, 2014, we service banking customer accounts through the internet and branch locations across New York, Louisiana, Texas, Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey and District of Columbia. We also operate the largest online direct banking institution in the United States. In addition to bank lending, treasury management and depository services, we offer credit and debit card products, auto loans and mortgage banking in markets across the United States. We were the fourth largest issuer of Visa® (“Visa”) and MasterCard® (“MasterCard”) credit cards in the United States based on the outstanding balance of credit card loans as of December 31, 2014.
We also offer products outside of the United States principally through Capital One (Europe) plc (“COEP”), an indirect subsidiary of COBNA organized and located in the United Kingdom (“U.K.”), and through a branch of COBNA in Canada. COEP has authority, among other things, to provide credit card and installment loans. Our branch of COBNA in Canada has the authority to provide credit card loans.
Recent Acquisitions and Dispositions
We regularly explore and evaluate opportunities to acquire financial services and financial assets, including credit card and other loan portfolios, and enter into strategic partnerships as part of our growth strategy. We also explore opportunities to acquire digital companies and related assets to improve our information technology infrastructure and to deliver on our digital strategy. We also regularly consider the potential disposition of certain of our assets, branches, partnership agreements or lines of businesses. We may issue equity or debt in connection with acquisitions, including public offerings, to fund such acquisitions. We did not have any significant acquisitions or dispositions in 2014. Below we provide information on acquisitions and dispositions completed in 2013.
Acquisitions in 2013
On November 1, 2013, we acquired Beech Street Capital, a privately-held, national originator and servicer of Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) and Federal Housing Authority (“FHA”) multifamily commercial real estate loans. The acquisition expands and enhances our existing multifamily capabilities and product offerings. At closing, we acquired a mortgage servicing portfolio on approximately $10 billion of loans. Beech Street Capital was renamed Capital One Multifamily Finance in 2014.
1 | Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) | |
Dispositions in 2013
On September 6, 2013, we completed the sale of the Best Buy private label and co-branded credit card portfolio to Citibank, N.A (“Portfolio Sale”). Pursuant to the agreement with Citibank, N.A., we received $6.4 billion for the net portfolio assets.
Additional Information
Our common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “COF” and is included in the Standard & Poor's (“S&P”) 100 Index. As of January 30, 2015, there were 12,610 holders of record of our common stock. Our principal executive office is located at 1680 Capital One Drive, McLean, Virginia 22102, telephone number (703) 720-1000. We maintain a website at www.capitalone.com. Documents available on our website include: (i) our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for the Corporation; (ii) our Corporate Governance Guidelines; and (iii) charters for the Audit, Risk, Compensation, and Governance and Nominating Committees of the Board of Directors. These documents also are available in print to any stockholder who requests a copy.
In addition, we make available free of charge through our website our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing or furnishing such material to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).
OPERATIONS AND BUSINESS SEGMENTS |
Our consolidated total net revenues are derived primarily from lending to consumer and commercial customers net of funding costs associated with deposits, short-term borrowings and long-term debt. We also earn non-interest income which primarily consists of interchange income net of reward expenses and service charges and other customer-related fees. Our expenses primarily consist of the provision for credit losses, operating expenses (including salaries and associate benefits, occupancy and equipment costs, professional services, communication and data processing expenses and other miscellaneous expenses), marketing expenses and income taxes.
Our principal operations are currently organized for management reporting purposes into three primary business segments, which are defined primarily based on the products and services provided or the type of customer served: Credit Card, Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking. The operations of acquired businesses have been integrated into our existing business segments. Certain activities that are not part of a segment, such as management of our corporate investment portfolio and asset/liability management by our centralized Corporate Treasury group, are included in the Other category.
• | Credit Card: Consists of our domestic consumer and small business card lending, and the international card lending businesses in Canada and the United Kingdom. |
• | Consumer Banking: Consists of our branch-based lending and deposit gathering activities for consumers and small businesses, national deposit gathering, national auto lending and consumer home loan lending and servicing activities. |
• | Commercial Banking: Consists of our lending, deposit gathering and treasury management services to commercial real estate and commercial and industrial customers. Our commercial and industrial customers typically include companies with annual revenues between $10 million to $1 billion. |
Customer usage and payment patterns, credit quality, levels of marketing expense and operating efficiency all affect our profitability. In our Credit Card business, we experience fluctuations in purchase volumes and the level of outstanding loan receivables due to higher seasonal consumer spending and payment patterns around the winter holiday season, summer vacations and back-to-school periods. No individual quarter in 2014, 2013 or 2012 accounted for more than 30% of our total revenues in any of these fiscal years. Delinquency rates in our Credit Card and Consumer Banking businesses also have historically exhibited seasonal patterns, with delinquency rates generally tending to decrease in the first two quarters of the year as customers use income tax refunds to pay down outstanding loan balances.
For additional information on our business segments, including the financial performance of each business, see “Part II─Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”)—Executive Summary and Business Outlook,” “MD&A—Business Segment Financial Performance” and “Note 19—Business Segments” of this Report.
2 | Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) | |
SUPERVISION AND REGULATION |
General
Capital One Financial Corporation is a bank holding company (“BHC”) under Section 3 of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (12 U.S.C. § 1842) (the “BHC Act”) and is subject to the requirements of the BHC Act, including its required approvals for investments in or acquisitions of banking organizations, capital adequacy standards and limitations on our nonbanking activities. We are also subject to supervision, examination and regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”). Permissible activities for a BHC include those activities that are so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident thereto, such as consumer lending and other activities that have been approved by the Federal Reserve by regulation or order. Certain servicing activities are also permissible for a BHC if conducted for or on behalf of the BHC or any of its affiliates. Impermissible activities for BHCs include activities that are related to commerce such as retail sales of nonfinancial products. Under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), Federal Reserve regulation, and Federal Reserve policy, we are expected to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to any banks that we control, including the Banks, and to commit resources to support them.
On May 27, 2005, we became a “financial holding company” under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act amendments to the BHC Act (the “GLBA”). The GLBA removed many of the restrictions on the activities of BHCs that become financial holding companies. A financial holding company, and the nonbank companies under its control, are permitted to engage in activities considered financial in nature (including, for example, insurance underwriting, agency sales and brokerage, securities underwriting and dealing and merchant banking activities), incidental to financial activities and, if the Federal Reserve determines that they pose no risk to the safety or soundness of depository institutions or the financial system in general, activities complementary to financial activities.
Our election to become a financial holding company under the GLBA certifies that the depository institutions we control meet certain criteria, including capital, management and Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) requirements. Effective July 21, 2011, under amendments to the BHC Act enacted under the Dodd-Frank Act, Capital One Financial Corporation also must be “well capitalized” and “well managed.” The failure to meet the criteria for financial holding company status could, depending on which requirements were not met, result in the Company facing restrictions on new financial activities or acquisitions or being required to discontinue existing activities that are not generally permissible for bank holding companies.
The Banks are national associations chartered under the laws of the United States, the deposits of which are insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund (the “DIF”) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) up to applicable limits. In addition to regulatory requirements imposed as a result of COBNA’s international operations (discussed below), the Banks are subject to comprehensive regulation and periodic examination by the OCC, the FDIC and by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”).
We are also registered as a financial institution holding company under Virginia law and, as such, we are subject to periodic examination by Virginia’s Bureau of Financial Institutions. We also face regulation in the international jurisdictions in which we conduct business (see below under “Regulation of International Business by Non-U.S. Authorities”).
Regulation of Business Activities
The business activities of the Company and Banks also are subject to regulation and supervision under various laws and regulations.
Regulations of Consumer Lending Activities
The activities of the Banks as consumer lenders are subject to regulation under various federal laws, including the Truth in Lending Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act (the “FCRA”), the CRA and the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (“SCRA”), as well as under various state laws. Depending on the underlying issue and applicable law, regulators are often authorized to impose penalties for violations of these statutes and, in certain cases, to order banks to compensate injured borrowers. Borrowers may also have a private right of action for certain violations. Federal bankruptcy and state debtor relief and collection laws also affect the ability of a bank to collect outstanding balances owed by borrowers. These laws may affect the ability of banks to collect outstanding balances.
The Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure (“CARD”) Act (amending the Truth In Lending Act) enacted in May 2009, and related changes to Regulation Z, impose a number of restrictions on credit card practices impacting rates and fees,
3 | Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) | |
require that a consumer’s ability to pay be taken into account before issuing credit or increasing credit limits, and update the disclosures required for open-end credit.
Mortgage Lending
The CFPB has issued several final rules pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act that provide additional disclosure requirements and substantive limitations on our mortgage lending activities. These rules, which include the Ability-to-Repay and Qualified Mortgage Standards Under the Truth in Lending Act (Regulation Z) and Integrated Mortgage Disclosures under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (Regulation X) and the Truth In Lending Act (Regulation Z), could impact the type and amount of mortgage loans we offer. The Dodd-Frank Act also generally requires securitizers to retain a five percent economic interest in the credit risk of assets sold through the issuance of asset-backed securitizations, with an exemption for traditionally underwritten residential mortgage loans that meet the definition of a qualified residential mortgage loan. The final implementing rules on risk retention define a qualified residential mortgage loan to be identical to the CFPB’s definition of a qualified mortgage loan.
Debit Interchange Fees
The Dodd-Frank Act requires that the amount of any interchange fee received by a debit card issuer with respect to debit card transactions be reasonable and proportional to the cost incurred by the issuer with respect to the transaction. In 2011 and 2012, the Federal Reserve adopted final rules that implement the portion of the Dodd-Frank Act that limits interchange fees received by a debit card issuer. The final rules limited interchange fees per debit card transaction to $0.21 plus five basis points of the transaction amount and provided for an additional $0.01 fraud prevention adjustment to the interchange fee for issuers that meet certain fraud prevention requirements. On July 31, 2013, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia issued a ruling requiring the Federal Reserve to reconsider the current permissible interchange amount. On August 21, 2013, the Federal Reserve appealed this ruling. On March 21, 2014, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia reversed the District Court and upheld, among other things, the interchange fee limitation (with remand for one minor issue regarding whether transaction costs should be allocated to interchange fees or fraud adjustments). On August 18, 2014, plaintiffs appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. On January 20, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court denied certoriari and, therefore, the U.S. Court of Appeals ruling stands. We do not expect the decision on the minor transaction cost issue to have any significant impacts to the interchange fee rules and our debit card business.
Bank Secrecy Act and USA PATRIOT Act of 2001
The Bank Secrecy Act and the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (the “Patriot Act”) require financial institutions, among other things, to implement a risk-based program reasonably designed to prevent money laundering and to combat the financing of terrorism, including through suspicious activity and currency transaction reporting, compliance, record-keeping and due diligence on customers.
The Patriot Act also contains financial transparency laws and enhanced information collection tools and enforcement mechanisms for the U.S. government, including: due diligence and record-keeping requirements for private banking and correspondent accounts; standards for verifying customer identification at account opening; and rules to produce certain records upon request of a regulator or law enforcement and to promote cooperation among financial institutions, regulators, and law enforcement in identifying parties that may be involved in terrorism, money laundering and other crimes.
Funding
Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (“FDICIA”), as discussed in “MD&A—Liquidity Risk,” only well-capitalized and adequately-capitalized institutions may accept brokered deposits. Adequately-capitalized institutions, however, must first obtain a waiver from the FDIC before accepting brokered deposits, and such deposits may not pay rates that significantly exceed the rates paid on deposits of similar maturity from the institution’s normal market area or, for deposits from outside the institution’s normal market area, the national rate on deposits of comparable maturity. The FDIC is authorized to terminate a bank’s deposit insurance upon a finding by the FDIC that the bank’s financial condition is unsafe or unsound or that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices or has violated any applicable rule, regulation, order or condition enacted or imposed by the bank’s regulatory agency. The termination of deposit insurance for a bank could have a material adverse effect on its liquidity and its earnings.
For any of our funding through securitization, in addition to the provision requiring a securitizer to retain a portion of the credit risk of an asset-backed securitization, the Dodd-Frank Act also prohibits conflicts of interest relating to securitizations.
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Nonbank Activities
Certain of our nonbank subsidiaries are subject to supervision and regulation by various other federal and state authorities. Capital One Securities, Inc. and Capital One Investing, LLC (formerly known as Capital One Sharebuilder, Inc.) are registered broker-dealers regulated by the SEC and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. Our broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to, among other things, net capital rules designed to measure the general financial condition and liquidity of a broker-dealer. Under these rules, broker-dealers are required to maintain the minimum net capital deemed necessary to meet their continuing commitments to customers and others, and are required to keep a substantial portion of their assets in relatively liquid form. These rules also limit the ability of broker-dealers to transfer capital to parent companies and other affiliates. Broker-dealers are also subject to other regulations covering their business operations, including sales and trading practices, public offerings, publication of research reports, use and safekeeping of client funds and securities, capital structure, record-keeping and the conduct of directors, officers and employees.
Capital One Asset Management LLC, which provides investment advice to customers of Capital One, N.A., including high net worth individuals, institutions, foundations, endowments and other organizations, is an SEC-registered investment adviser regulated under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. Capital One Advisors, LLC (formerly known as ShareBuilder Advisors, LLC) is also an SEC-registered investment adviser.
Finally, Capital One Agency LLC is a licensed insurance agency that provides both personal and business insurance services to retail and commercial clients and is regulated by the New York State Department of Financial Services in its home state and by the state insurance regulatory agencies in the states in which it operates.
Derivative Activities
In 2012, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) and the SEC jointly issued final rules further defining the Dodd-Frank Act’s “swap dealer” definitions. Based on the final rules, no Capital One entity will be required to register with the CFTC or SEC as a swap dealer; however, this may change in the future. If such registration occurs, the registered entity is required to comply with additional regulatory requirements relating to its derivatives activities. The Dodd-Frank Act also requires all swap market participants to keep swap transaction data records and report certain information to swap data repositories on a real-time and on-going basis. Further, each swap, group, category, type or class of swap that the CFTC or SEC determines must be cleared will need to be cleared through a derivatives clearinghouse unless the swap is eligible for a clearing exemption and executed on a designated contract market (“DCM”), exchange or swap execution facility (“SEF”), unless no DCM, exchange or SEF has made the swap available for trading.
Volcker Rule
In December 2013, the Federal Reserve, OCC, FDIC, SEC and CFTC approved a final rule implementing Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Act, commonly referred to as the “Volcker Rule.” We and each of our subsidiaries, including the Banks, are subject to the Volcker Rule. The Volcker Rule contains prohibitions on proprietary trading and certain investments in, and relationships with, covered funds (hedge funds, private equity funds, and similar funds) in each case as those terms are defined in the rule, and requires that we implement a robust compliance program in accordance with the requirements of the rule. For covered funds that were not in place prior to December 31, 2013, banking organizations have until July 21, 2015 to comply with most requirements of the Volcker Rule. On December 18, 2014, the Federal Reserve issued an order to give all banking entities until July 21, 2016, to conform their investments in and relationships with covered funds that were in place prior to December 31, 2013 (“legacy covered funds”). The Federal Reserve also stated that it intends next year to issue an additional one-year extension of the conformance period for legacy covered funds, until July 21, 2017. Absent a specific extension, banking organizations must conform their proprietary trading activities to the Volcker Rule by July 21, 2015. We continue to progress toward compliance with the Volcker Rule and to implement a compliance program designed to meet the Volcker Rule’s requirements.
Capital Adequacy
The Company and the Banks are subject to capital adequacy guidelines adopted by the Federal Reserve and OCC. For a further discussion of the capital adequacy guidelines, see “MD&A—Capital Management” and “Note 12—Regulatory and Capital Adequacy.” The Company and the Banks exceeded minimum regulatory requirements under these guidelines as of December 31, 2014.
5 | Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) | |
Basel III and U.S. Capital Rules
In December 2009, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (the “Basel Committee”) released proposals for additional capital and liquidity requirements, which subsequently have been clarified and amended (“Basel III”). In September 2010, the Basel Committee announced a package of reforms that included detailed capital ratios and capital conservation buffers, subject to transition periods through 2018. In December 2010, the Basel Committee published a final framework on capital and liquidity, consistent in large part with the prior proposals. In November 2011, the Basel Committee adopted a framework that would require additional Tier 1 common capital for systemically important institutions. This surcharge would vary based on the firm’s systemic importance as determined using five criteria (size, interconnectedness, lack of substitutability, cross-jurisdictional activity and complexity). The Federal Reserve, OCC and FDIC (collectively, the “Federal Banking Agencies”) have stated that they intend to implement this surcharge, although the extent to which it would apply to us is unclear. In January 2014, the Basel Committee made changes to the leverage ratio rules to account for differences in national accounting frameworks.
The Federal Banking Agencies issued a rule in July 2013 implementing the Basel III capital framework developed by the Basel Committee as well as certain Dodd-Frank Act and other capital provisions (“Final Rule”). The Final Rule increases the minimum capital that we and other institutions are required to hold.
Prior to being revised in the Final Rule in 2013, the minimum risk-based capital requirements adopted by the Federal Banking Agencies followed Basel I. In December 2007 the “Advanced Approaches” version of Basel II was adopted. The Final Rule modified both Basel I and the Basel II Advanced Approaches (as modified, referred to respectively as the “Basel III Standardized Approach” and the “Basel III Advanced Approaches”).
The Basel III Advanced Approaches is mandatory for those institutions with consolidated total assets of $250 billion or more or consolidated total on-balance-sheet foreign exposure of $10 billion or more. We became subject to these rules at the end of 2012. Prior to full implementation of the Basel III Advanced Approaches framework, organizations must complete a qualification period of at least four consecutive quarters, known as the parallel run, during which they must meet the requirements of the rule to the satisfaction of their primary U.S. banking regulator. We entered parallel run on January 1, 2015. We have completed the development of our Basel III Advanced Approaches implementation plan. Compliance with the Basel III Advanced Approaches framework will require a material investment of resources in building processes and systems.
The so-called Collins Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act, as implemented in the Final Rule, establishes a capital floor so that organizations subject to the Basel III Advanced Approaches may not hold less capital than would be required using the Basel III Standardized Approach capital calculations. Our current analysis suggests that our risk-weighted assets will increase under the Basel III Advanced Approaches framework, and therefore we would need to hold more regulatory capital in order to maintain a given capital ratio.
The Final Rule increases the general risk-based and leverage capital requirements; significantly revises the definition of regulatory capital, including by eliminating certain items that constituted regulatory capital; establishes a minimum Tier 1 common equity requirement; introduces a new capital conservation buffer requirement and a new countercyclical capital buffer; and (as noted below) updates the prompt corrective action framework to reflect the new regulatory capital minimums. Specifically, the Final Rule establishes for bank holding companies and banks a new minimum common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%, adopts a leverage ratio of 4.0% (and removes the current 3.0% percent limited exception), and implements a capital conservation buffer of 2.5%. It also contains a supplementary leverage ratio of 3.0% and a countercyclical capital buffer of up to 2.5% (initially set to 0.0%). Compliance with certain aspects of the Final Rule went into effect as of January 1, 2014 and other provisions will go into effect according to different start dates and phase-in periods.
Under the Final Rule, beginning on January 1, 2014, as a Basel III Advanced Approaches banking organization that has yet to exit parallel run, we must use the Basel III Standardized Approach for calculating our regulatory capital, including as used in our capital ratios, subject to transition provisions. In 2014, however, we continued to use Basel I for calculating our risk-weighted assets in our regulatory capital ratios. Beginning on January 1, 2015, we must use the Basel III Standardized Approach for calculating our risk-weighted assets in our regulatory capital ratios.
For Basel III Advanced Approaches institutions like the Company and Banks, the Final Rule also implements a supplementary leverage ratio based on the Basel Committee leverage ratio. In September 2014, the Federal Banking Agencies issued a final rule that revised the supplementary leverage ratio consistent with revisions made by the Basel Committee, including by modifying the methodology for including off-balance sheet items in the denominator of the supplementary leverage ratio and by requiring
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institutions to calculate total leverage exposure using daily averages for on-balance sheet items and the average of three month-end calculations for off-balance sheet items. The supplementary leverage ratio will become effective January 1, 2018.
For information regarding our expectations of how the Final Rule impacts us, see “MD&A—Capital Management.”
The Basel Committee also published a liquidity framework in December 2010, which was subsequently amended in January 2013 and January 2014. The liquidity framework includes two standards for liquidity risk supervision, each subject to observation periods and transitional arrangements. One standard seeks to promote short-term resilience by requiring sufficient high-quality liquid assets to survive a stress scenario lasting for 30 days. This standard, the liquidity coverage ratio (“LCR”), is included in the amended liquidity framework. The other standard, the net stable funding ratio (“NSFR”), seeks to promote longer-term resilience by requiring sufficient stable funding over a one-year period, based on the liquidity characteristics of assets and activities. This standard was finalized by the Basel Committee in October 2014. We expect that minimum liquidity requirements for us and other institutions will increase as a result of the Basel III liquidity framework, though rules implementing the Basel III NSFR have not yet been finalized by the Federal Banking Agencies.
In September 2014, the Federal Banking Agencies issued final rules implementing the Basel III LCR in the United States. The rule (the “Final LCR Rule”) applies to institutions with $250 billion or more in total consolidated assets or $10 billion or more in total consolidated on-balance sheet foreign exposure, and their respective consolidated subsidiary depository institutions with $10 billion or more in total consolidated assets. As a result, the Company and the Banks are subject to the Final LCR Rule. The Final LCR Rule will require the Company and each of the Banks to hold an amount of eligible high-quality, liquid assets that equals or exceeds 100% of their respective projected net cash outflows over a 30-day period, each as calculated in accordance with the Final LCR Rule. The Final LCR Rule phases in the minimum LCR standard as follows: 80% by January 1, 2015; 90% by January 1, 2016; and 100% by January 1, 2017 and thereafter. The Final LCR Rule came into effect in January 2015 and requires us to calculate the LCR as of the last business day of each month from January 2015 until July 2016. As of July 1, 2016, the Final LCR Rule requires us to calculate the LCR on a daily basis. We have been modifying the composition of our investment portfolio in preparation for the Final LCR Rule, with some of these actions resulting in us purchasing types of securities that are lower yielding than securities we would otherwise be purchasing if not for the Final LCR Rule.
We will continue to monitor regulators’ implementation of the new capital and liquidity rules and assess the potential impact to us.
Market Risk Capital Rule
A market risk capital rule, which the Federal Banking Agencies amended in August 2012, supplements both the general risk-based capital rules and the Basel III Advanced Approaches rules by requiring institutions subject to the rule to adjust their risk-based capital ratios to reflect the market risk in their trading activities. The rule applies to institutions with aggregate trading assets and liabilities equal to the lesser of (i) 10 percent or more of total assets or (ii) $1 billion or more. Currently, we are not subject to this rule but may become subject to it in the future.
FDICIA and Prompt Corrective Action
In general, the FDICIA subjects banks to significantly increased regulation and supervision. Among other things, the FDICIA requires Federal Banking Agencies to take “prompt corrective action” for banks that do not meet minimum capital requirements. The FDICIA establishes five capital ratio levels: well capitalized; adequately capitalized; undercapitalized; significantly undercapitalized; and critically undercapitalized. Under applicable regulations for 2014, an insured depository institution was considered to be well capitalized if it maintains a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6 percent, a Tier 1 leverage capital ratio of at least 5 percent and is not subject to any supervisory agreement, order or directive to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure. An insured depository institution was considered to be adequately capitalized if it maintains a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 8 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 4 percent, and a Tier 1 leverage capital ratio of at least 4 percent (3 percent for certain highly rated institutions), and does not otherwise meet the definition of well capitalized. The three undercapitalized categories are based upon the amount by which a bank falls below the ratios applicable to adequately-capitalized institutions. The capital categories are determined solely for purposes of applying the FDICIA’s prompt corrective action provisions, and such capital categories may not constitute an accurate representation of the Banks’ overall financial condition or prospects. As of December 31, 2014, each of the Banks met the requirements for a well-capitalized institution.
As noted above, the Final Rule updates the prompt corrective action framework to reflect new, higher regulatory capital minimums. This rule adjusts the definitions of well capitalized and adequately capitalized. For an insured depository institution to be well
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capitalized, it must maintain a total risk-based capital ratio of 10 percent or more; a Tier 1 capital ratio of 8 percent or more; a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5 percent or more; and a leverage ratio of 5 percent or more. An adequately-capitalized depository institution must maintain a total risk-based capital ratio of 8 percent or more; a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6 percent or more; a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5 percent or more; a leverage ratio of 4 percent or more; and, for Basel III Advanced Approaches institutions, a supplementary leverage ratio, which incorporates a broader set of exposures, of 3 percent or more. The revised prompt corrective action requirements became effective on January 1, 2015, other than the supplementary leverage ratio, which becomes effective on January 1, 2018.
As an additional means to identify problems in the financial management of depository institutions, the FDICIA requires regulators to establish certain non-capital safety and soundness standards. The standards relate generally to operations and management, asset quality, interest rate exposure and executive compensation. In 2014, the OCC issued regulatory guidelines that apply heightened standards for risk management to large institutions subject to its supervision, including the Banks. The agencies are authorized to take action against institutions that fail to meet such standards.
Enhanced Prudential Standards and Other Requirements under the Dodd-Frank Act
With the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act, because we are a bank holding company with consolidated assets of $50 billion or greater (a “covered company”), we are subject to certain enhanced prudential standards, including requirements that may be recommended by the Financial Stability Oversight Council (the “Council”) and implemented by the Federal Reserve and other regulators. As a result, we are becoming subject to more stringent standards and requirements than those applicable for smaller institutions. The Council also may issue recommendations to the Federal Reserve or other primary financial regulatory agency to apply new or heightened standards to risky financial activities or practices.
In 2011, the Federal Reserve finalized rules requiring us to implement resolution planning for orderly resolution in the event the Company faces material financial distress or failure. The FDIC issued similar rules regarding resolution planning applicable to the Banks. In addition, in October 2012, the Federal Reserve issued a rule that implements the requirement in the Dodd-Frank Act that the Federal Reserve conduct annual stress tests on the capacity of our capital to absorb losses as a result of adverse economic conditions. The stress test rule also implements the requirement that we conduct our own semiannual stress tests and requires us to publish the results of the stress tests on our website or other public forum. The OCC finalized a similar stress test rule in October 2012, to implement the requirement that each of the Banks conduct annual stress tests.
In December 2011, the Federal Reserve released proposed rules beginning to implement the enhanced prudential standards. The Federal Reserve finalized certain of the proposed rules on February 18, 2014 (“Enhanced Standards Rule”). The Enhanced Standards Rule, however, did not finalize the proposed single-counterparty credit limits or early remediation framework. Under the Enhanced Standards Rule, we must meet liquidity risk management standards, conduct internal liquidity stress tests, and maintain a 30-day buffer of highly liquid assets, in each case, consistent with the requirements of the rule. These requirements are in addition to the Final LCR, discussed above in “Basel III and U.S. Capital Rules.” In addition, the Enhanced Standards Rule requires that we comply with, and hold capital commensurate with the requirements of, any regulations adopted by the Federal Reserve relating to capital planning and stress tests. The Federal Reserve’s capital plan and stress test rules are discussed in “Dividends, Stock Repurchases and Transfers of Funds” below.
The Enhanced Standards Rule also requires that we establish an enterprise-wide risk management framework that includes a risk committee and a chief risk officer. Similarly, Heightened Standards Guidance (the “Guidance”) issued by the OCC establishes standards for the development and implementation by the Banks of a risk governance framework.
We were required to comply with the requirements of the Enhanced Standards Rule beginning on January 1, 2015.
In addition to the provisions described throughout this section, the Dodd-Frank Act imposes new, more stringent standards and requirements with respect to bank and nonbank acquisitions and mergers and affiliate transactions. The Dodd-Frank Act also includes provisions related to corporate governance and executive compensation and new fees and assessments, among others.
The federal agencies have significant discretion in drafting the implementing rules and regulations of the Dodd-Frank Act. These rules may result in modifications to our business models and organizational structure, and may subject us to escalating costs associated with any such changes.
However, the full impact of the Dodd-Frank Act will not be known for many months or, in some cases, years. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act requires various studies and reports to be delivered to Congress, which could result in additional legislative or regulatory action.
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Investment in the Company and the Banks
Certain acquisitions of our capital stock may be subject to regulatory approval or notice under federal or state law. Investors are responsible for ensuring that they do not, directly or indirectly, acquire shares of our capital stock in excess of the amount that can be acquired without regulatory approval, including under the BHC Act and the Change in Bank Control Act.
Federal law and regulations prohibit any person or company from acquiring control of the Company or the Banks without, in most cases, prior written approval of the Federal Reserve or the OCC, as applicable. Control exists if, among other things, a person or company acquires more than 25 percent of any class of our voting stock or otherwise has a controlling influence over us. For a publicly traded bank holding company like us, a rebuttable presumption of control arises if a person or company acquires more than 10 percent of any class of our voting stock.
Additionally, COBNA and CONA are “banks” within the meaning of Chapter 13 of Title 6.1 of the Code of Virginia governing the acquisition of interests in Virginia financial institutions (the “Financial Institution Holding Company Act”). The Financial Institution Holding Company Act prohibits any person or entity from acquiring, or making any public offer to acquire, control of a Virginia financial institution or its holding company without making application to, and receiving prior approval from, the Virginia Bureau of Financial Institutions.
Dividends, Stock Repurchases and Transfers of Funds
In November 2011, the Federal Reserve finalized capital planning rules applicable to large bank holding companies like us (commonly referred to as Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review or “CCAR”). Under the rules, a bank holding company with consolidated assets of $50 billion or more must submit a capital plan to the Federal Reserve on an annual basis that contains a description of all planned capital actions, including dividends or stock repurchases, over a nine-quarter planning horizon beginning with the fourth quarter of the calendar year prior to the submission of the capital plan (“CCAR cycle”). The bank holding company may take the capital actions in its capital plan if the Federal Reserve provides a nonobjection to the plan. The Federal Reserve’s objection or nonobjection generally applies to capital actions during the four quarters beginning with the second quarter of the second calendar year in the planning horizon.
On October 17, 2014, the Federal Reserve issued a final rule to modify the regulations for capital planning and stress testing (the “Final Capital Plan and Stress Test Rule”). In addition, the OCC issued a final rule in December 2014 modifying its Dodd-Frank Act stress testing regulation, to be consistent with the Final Capital Plan and Stress Test Rule changes to the Federal Reserve’s Dodd-Frank Act stress testing regulation. The Dodd-Frank Act stress testing regulations are described above in “Enhanced Prudential Standards and Other Requirements under the Dodd-Frank Act.”
The Final Capital Plan and Stress Test Rule changes the annual capital plan and stress test cycle start date from October 1 to January 1, effective for the cycle beginning January 1, 2016. Under the Final Capital Plan and Stress Test Rule, for the CCAR cycle under which capital plan submissions were due by January 5, 2015 (“2015 CCAR cycle”), the Federal Reserve’s objection or nonobjection will apply to planned capital actions from the second quarter of 2015 through the second quarter of 2016. Subsequent submissions each would cover a four-quarter period. The change in the start date of the annual cycle impacts the as-of dates for data used to project results as well as the dates that stress test results must be submitted to the regulators and disclosed to the public. For the annual company-run stress test, a BHC is required to disclose the results within 15 calendar days after the Federal Reserve discloses the results of that BHC’s supervisory stress test, unless that time was extended by the Federal Reserve. The Final Capital Plan and Stress Test Rule requires a BHC to disclose results of its mid-cycle stress test within 30 calendar days after the BHC submits the results of its mid-cycle stress test to the Federal Reserve, unless that time period is extended by the Federal Reserve.
The Final Capital Plan and Stress Test Rule also provides a one-year deferral on the use of Basel III Advanced Approaches for banking institutions to estimate their capital ratios for the 2015 capital plan and stress test cycles.
In addition, the Final Capital Plan and Stress Test Rule shifts the focus of the Federal Reserve from annual capital issuances and distributions to quarterly capital issuances and distributions by establishing a new cumulative net distribution requirement. With certain limited exceptions, this requirement provides that-as measured on an aggregate basis beginning in the third quarter of the planning horizon-to the extent a BHC does not issue the amount of a given class of regulatory capital instrument that it projected in its capital plan, the BHC must reduce its capital distributions as required by the Final Capital Plan and Stress Test Rule such that the cumulative net amounts of a BHC’s actual capital issuances and capital distributions for that category of regulatory capital instrument cannot be less than the cumulative net amounts of capital issuances and capital distributions projected in the BHC’s capital plan for that category of regulatory capital instrument.
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The purpose of the Final Capital Plan and Stress Test Rule is to ensure that large bank holding companies have robust, forward-looking capital planning processes that account for their unique risks and capital needs to continue operations through times of economic and financial stress. As part of its evaluation of a capital plan, the Federal Reserve will consider the comprehensiveness of the plan, the reasonableness of assumptions and analysis and methodologies used to assess capital adequacy and the ability of the BHC to maintain capital above each minimum regulatory capital ratio and above a Tier 1 common ratio of 5 percent on a pro forma basis under expected and stressful conditions throughout a planning horizon of at least nine quarters. On September 24, 2013, the Federal Reserve released an interim final rule that incorporated the Final Rule into CCAR. The 2015 CCAR cycle will require us to meet the Basel III Standardized Approach capital requirements, with appropriate phase-in provisions applicable to Basel III Advanced Approaches institutions during the CCAR planning horizon, under the supervisory severely adverse stress scenario, in addition to the CCAR’s Tier 1 common ratio using Basel I definitions.
Traditionally, dividends to us from our direct and indirect subsidiaries have represented a major source of funds for us to pay dividends on our stock, make payments on corporate debt securities and meet our other obligations. There are various federal law limitations on the extent to which the Banks can finance or otherwise supply funds to us through dividends and loans. These limitations include minimum regulatory capital requirements, federal banking law requirements concerning the payment of dividends out of net profits or surplus, Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation W governing transactions between an insured depository institution and its affiliates, as well as general federal regulatory oversight to prevent unsafe or unsound practices. In general, federal and applicable state banking laws prohibit, without first obtaining regulatory approval, insured depository institutions, such as the Banks, from making dividend distributions if such distributions are not paid out of available earnings or would cause the institution to fail to meet applicable capital adequacy standards.
Deposit Insurance Assessments
Each of CONA and COBNA, as an insured depository institution, is a member of the DIF maintained by the FDIC. Through the DIF, the FDIC insures the deposits of insured depository institutions up to prescribed limits for each depositor. The DIF was formed on March 31, 2006, upon the merger of the Bank Insurance Fund and the Savings Association Insurance Fund in accordance with the Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of 2005 (the “Reform Act”). The Reform Act permits the FDIC to set a Designated Reserve Ratio (“DRR”) for the DIF. To maintain the DIF, member institutions may be assessed an insurance premium, and the FDIC may take action to increase insurance premiums if the DRR falls below its required level.
Prior to passage of the Dodd-Frank Act, the FDIC had established a plan to restore the DIF in the face of recent insurance losses and future loss projections, which resulted in several rules that generally increased deposit insurance rates and purported to improve risk differentiation so that riskier institutions bear a greater share of insurance premiums. The Dodd-Frank Act reformed the management of the DIF in several ways: raised the minimum DRR to 1.35 percent (from the former minimum of 1.15 percent) and removed the upper limit on the DRR; required that the reserve ratio reach 1.35 percent by September 30, 2020 (rather than 1.15 percent by the end of 2016); required that in setting assessments, the FDIC must offset the effect of meeting the increased reserve ratio on small insured depository institutions; and eliminated the requirement that the FDIC pay dividends from the DIF when the reserve ratio reaches certain levels. The FDIC has set the DRR at 2 percent and, in lieu of dividends, has established progressively lower assessment rate schedules as the reserve ratio meets certain trigger levels. The Dodd-Frank Act also required the FDIC to change the deposit insurance assessment base from deposits to average consolidated total assets minus average tangible equity. In February 2011, the FDIC finalized rules to implement this change that significantly modified how deposit insurance assessment rates are calculated for those banks with assets of $10 billion or greater. On November 18, 2014, the FDIC issued final rules to amend its deposit insurance assessment regulation to conform to the Final Rule and to the final rule revising the supplementary leverage ratio.
Source of Strength and Liability for Commonly-Controlled Institutions
Under the regulations issued by the Federal Reserve, a bank holding company must serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary banks (the so-called “source of strength doctrine”). The Dodd-Frank Act codified the source of strength doctrine, directing the Federal Reserve to require bank holding companies to serve as a source of financial strength to its subsidiary banks.
Under the “cross-guarantee” provision of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 (“FIRREA”), insured depository institutions such as the Banks may be liable to the FDIC with respect to any loss incurred, or reasonably anticipated to be incurred, by the FDIC in connection with the default of, or FDIC assistance to, any commonly controlled insured depository institution. The Banks are commonly controlled within the meaning of the FIRREA cross-guarantee provision.
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FDIC Orderly Liquidation Authority
The Dodd-Frank Act provides the FDIC with liquidation authority that may be used to liquidate nonbank financial companies and bank holding companies if the Treasury Secretary, in consultation with the President and based on the recommendation of the Federal Reserve and another federal agency, determines that doing so is necessary, among other criteria, to mitigate serious adverse effects on U.S. financial stability. Upon such a determination, the FDIC would be appointed receiver and must liquidate the company in a way that mitigates significant risks to financial stability and minimizes moral hazard. The costs of a liquidation of a financial company would be borne by shareholders and unsecured creditors and then, if necessary, by risk-based assessments on large financial companies. The FDIC has issued rules implementing certain provisions of its liquidation authority and may issue additional rules in the future.
Regulation of International Business by Non-U.S. Authorities
COBNA is subject to regulation in foreign jurisdictions where it operates, currently in the United Kingdom and Canada.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, COBNA operates through Capital One (Europe) plc (“COEP”), which was established in 2000 and is an authorized payment institution regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”) under the Payment Services Regulations 2009. COEP’s indirect parent, Capital One Global Corporation, is wholly-owned by COBNA and is subject to regulation by the Federal Reserve as an “agreement corporation” under the Federal Reserve’s Regulation K.
Over the past few years the U.K. government has enacted significant changes to the framework of financial services regulation. As part of these changes, in April 2013, the Financial Services Authority (“FSA”) was split into a new Prudential Regulatory Authority (“PRA”) and the FCA, with the FCA, rather than the PRA, regulating COEP. In April 2014, the FCA took over regulation of the U.K. consumer credit regime previously regulated by the Office of Fair Trading (the “OFT”). The FCA’s new regulatory purview includes credit card lending activities. The FCA published a new Consumer Credit Sourcebook (“CONC”) which came into effect on April 1, 2014, with a six month transitional period, which ended on September 30, 2014, for COEP and other card issuers already in compliance with the existing OFT regime. The CONC replicates existing laws and guidance that COEP was subject to under OFT regulation, although there are some amendments and new rules and guidance.
Regulatory focus on Payment Protection Insurance (“PPI”) complaint handling has continued as PPI continues to be a key driver of consumer complaints to the Financial Ombudsman Service. COEP continues to deliver on its remediation plan in relation to PPI complaints.
COEP is a party to the Card Protection Plan Limited (“CPP”) redress scheme which enables customers who bought card protection insurance with CPP to seek compensation. In January 2014 the redress scheme was launched with a general claims bar date of August 30, 2014, other than exceptional circumstances. The claims bar date for exceptional circumstances is February 28, 2015.
On July 4, 2013, the European Court of Justice (“ECJ”) heard MasterCard’s appeal against the General Court’s decision that its cross-border interchange fees were anti-competitive. In September 2014, the ECJ dismissed MasterCard’s appeal. On July 24, 2013, the European Commission (“EC”) published the proposed new Interchange regulations which will cap debit interchange fees at 0.2% and credit interchange fees at 0.3%. In November 2014, European leaders moved to the final stages of negotiating the regulations based on the EC’s published regulations; however, it is unlikely the cap will change. Uncertainty remains as to the exact timing for implementation and on whether cross-border and domestic rates will be imposed concurrently or whether cross-border rates would be imposed first.
Canada
In Canada, COBNA operates as an authorized foreign bank pursuant to the Bank Act (Canada) (the “Bank Act”) and is permitted to conduct its credit card business in Canada through its Canadian branch, Capital One Bank (Canada Branch) (“Capital One Canada”). The primary regulator of Capital One Canada is the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada (“OSFI”). Other regulators include the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada (“FCAC”), the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, and the Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada. Capital One Canada is subject to regulation under various Canadian federal laws, including the Bank Act and its regulations, the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act and the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act.
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In 2014, there were two new significant developments that affect credit cards issued by federally regulated financial institutions in Canada, such as Capital One Canada. These changes could increase our operational and compliance costs and affect the types and terms of products that we offer in Canada.
On September 19, 2014, the Supreme Court of Canada (the “Court”) released its decision in Bank of Montreal v. Marcotte (“Marcotte”). In Marcotte, the Court stated that banks, despite being federally-regulated entities, could be subject to provincial laws of general application and provincial laws that provided for a variety of civil causes of action against banks. The broader implications of the decision on the applicability of provincial law to banks and other federally-regulated entities in Canada still remain unclear.
In July 2013, the Competition Tribunal dismissed an application of the Commissioner of Competition alleging that Canadian credit card interchange fees were anti-competitive. In November 2014, in response to this application, and concerns expressed by the Department of Finance Canada regarding credit card interchange rates, MasterCard Canada and Visa Canada Corporation announced separate and individual voluntary commitments to reduce interchange rates for consumer credit cards to an average effective interchange rate of 1.5%, a decrease of approximately 10%. These commitments are expected to be implemented by the end of April 2015, and will remain in effect for 5 years, subject to certain conditions. As a result of these commitments, the Department of Finance Canada has indicated that there is no need for it to regulate interchange rates set by credit card networks at this time.
COMPETITION |
Each of our business segments operates in a highly competitive environment, and we face competition in all aspects of our business from numerous bank and non-bank providers of financial services.
Our Credit Card business competes with international, national, regional and local issuers of Visa and MasterCard credit cards, as well as with American Express®, Discover Card®, private-label card brands, and, to a certain extent, issuers of debit cards. In general, customers are attracted to credit card issuers largely on the basis of price, credit limit, reward programs and other product features.
Our Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking businesses compete with national and state banks and direct banks for deposits, commercial and auto loans, mortgages and trust accounts and with savings and loan associations and credit unions for loans and deposits. Our competitors also include automotive finance companies, mortgage banking companies and other financial services providers that provide loans, deposits, and other similar services and products. In addition, we compete against non-depository institutions that are able to offer these products and services. Securities firms and insurance companies that elect to become financial holding companies may acquire banks and other financial institutions. Combinations of this type could significantly change the competitive environment in which we conduct business. The financial services industry is also likely to become more competitive as further technological advances enable more companies to provide financial services. These technological advances may diminish the importance of depository institutions and other financial intermediaries in the transfer of funds between parties. In addition, competition among direct banks is intense because online banking provides customers the ability to rapidly deposit and withdraw funds and open and close accounts in favor of products and services offered by competitors.
Our businesses generally compete on the basis of the quality and range of their products and services, transaction execution, innovation and price. Competition varies based on the types of clients, customers, industries and geographies served. Our ability to compete depends, in part, on our ability to attract and retain our associates and on our reputation. In the current environment, customers are generally attracted to depository institutions that are perceived as stable, with solid liquidity and funding. We believe that we are able to compete effectively in our current markets. There can be no assurance, however, that our ability to market products and services successfully or to obtain adequate returns on our products and services will not be impacted by the nature of the competition that now exists or may later develop, or by the broader economic environment. For a discussion of the risks related to our competitive environment, please refer to “Part I—Item 1A. Risk Factors.”
EMPLOYEES |
A central part of our philosophy is to attract and retain a highly capable staff. We had approximately 46,000 employees, whom we refer to as “associates,” as of December 31, 2014. None of our associates are covered under a collective bargaining agreement, and management considers our associate relations to be satisfactory.
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION |
Technology/Systems
We leverage information technology to achieve our business objectives and to develop and deliver products and services that satisfy our customers’ needs. A key part of our strategic focus is the development and use of efficient, flexible computer and operational systems, such as cloud technology, to support complex marketing and account management strategies, the servicing of our customers, and the development of new and diversified products. We believe that the continued development and integration of these systems is an important part of our efforts to reduce costs, improve quality and provide faster, more flexible technology services. Consequently, we continuously review capabilities and develop or acquire systems, processes and competencies to meet our unique business requirements.
As part of our continuous efforts to review and improve our technologies, we may either develop such capabilities internally or rely on third-party outsourcers who have the ability to deliver technology that is of higher quality, lower cost, or both. We continue to rely on third-party outsourcers to help us deliver systems and operational infrastructure. These relationships include (but are not limited to): Total System Services Inc. (“TSYS”) for processing services for our North American and U.K. portfolios of consumer and small business credit card accounts, and Fidelity Information Services (“FIS”) for the Capital One banking systems.
To protect our systems and technologies, we employ security, backup and recovery systems and generally require the same of our third-party service providers. In addition, we perform, or cause to be performed, a variety of vulnerability and penetration testing on the platforms, systems and applications used to provide our products and services in an effort to ensure that any attacks on these platforms, systems and applications are unlikely to succeed. Capital One, along with several other U.S. financial services providers, was targeted on several occasions with distributed denial-of-service (“DDOS”) attacks from sophisticated third parties that succeeded, on a few occasions, in temporarily limiting our ability to service customers through online platforms.
Intellectual Property
As part of our overall and ongoing strategy to protect and enhance our intellectual property, we rely on a variety of protections, including copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, patents and certain restrictions on disclosure, solicitation and competition. We also undertake other measures to control access to and distribution of our other proprietary information. Despite these precautions, it may be possible for a third party to copy or otherwise obtain and use certain intellectual property or proprietary information without authorization. Our precautions may not prevent misappropriation or infringement of our intellectual property or proprietary information. In addition, our competitors and other third parties also file patent applications for innovations that are used in our industry. The ability of our competitors and other third parties to obtain such patents may adversely affect our ability to compete. Conversely, our ability to obtain such patents may increase our competitive advantage. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in such efforts, or that the ability of our competitors to obtain such patents may not adversely impact our financial results.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS |
From time to time, we have made and will make forward-looking statements, including those that discuss, among other things, strategies, goals, outlook or other non-historical matters; projections, revenues, income, returns, expenses, capital measures, accruals for claims in litigation and for other claims against us, earnings per share or other financial measures for us; future financial and operating results; our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions; and the assumptions that underlie these matters.
To the extent that any such information is forward-looking, it is intended to fit within the safe harbor for forward-looking information provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.
Numerous factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from those described in such forward-looking statements, including, among other things:
• | general economic and business conditions in the U.S., the U.K., Canada or our local markets, including conditions affecting employment levels, interest rates, collateral values, consumer income and confidence, spending and savings that may affect consumer bankruptcies, defaults, charge-offs and deposit activity; |
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• | an increase or decrease in credit losses (including increases due to a worsening of general economic conditions in the credit environment); |
• | financial, legal, regulatory, tax or accounting changes or actions, including the impact of the Dodd-Frank Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder and regulations governing bank capital and liquidity standards, including Basel-related initiatives and potential changes to financial accounting and reporting standards; |
• | developments, changes or actions relating to any litigation matter involving us; |
• | the inability to sustain revenue and earnings growth; |
• | increases or decreases in interest rates; |
• | our ability to access the capital markets at attractive rates and terms to capitalize and fund our operations and future growth; |
• | the success of our marketing efforts in attracting and retaining customers; |
• | increases or decreases in our aggregate loan balances or the number of customers and the growth rate and composition thereof, including increases or decreases resulting from factors such as shifting product mix, amount of actual marketing expenses we incur and attrition of loan balances; |
• | the level of future repurchase or indemnification requests we may receive, the actual future performance of mortgage loans relating to such requests, the success rates of claimants against us, any developments in litigation and the actual recoveries we may make on any collateral relating to claims against us; |
• | the amount and rate of deposit growth; |
• | changes in the reputation of, or expectations regarding, the financial services industry or us with respect to practices, products or financial condition; |
• | any significant disruption in our operations or technology platform; |
• | our ability to maintain a compliance and technology infrastructure suitable for the nature of our business; |
• | our ability to develop digital technology that addresses the needs of our customers; |
• | our ability to control costs; |
• | the amount of, and rate of growth in, our expenses as our business develops or changes or as it expands into new market areas; |
• | our ability to execute on our strategic and operational plans; |
• | any significant disruption of, or loss of public confidence in, the United States Mail service affecting our response rates and consumer payments; |
• | any significant disruption of, or loss of public confidence in, the internet affecting the ability of our customers to access their accounts and conduct banking transactions; |
• | our ability to recruit and retain talented and experienced personnel to assist in the development, management and operation of new products and services; |
• | changes in the labor and employment markets; |
• | fraud or misconduct by our customers, employees or business partners; |
• | competition from providers of products and services that compete with our businesses; and |
• | other risk factors listed from time to time in reports that we file with the SEC. |
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Any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf speak only as of the date they are made or as of the date indicated, and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You should carefully consider the factors discussed above in evaluating these forward-looking statements. For additional information on factors that could materially influence forward-looking statements included in this Report, see the risk factors set forth under “Part I—Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Report on Form 10-K.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Business Risks
This section highlights specific risks that could affect our business. Although we have tried to discuss all material risks of which we are aware at the time this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been filed, other risks may prove to be important in the future, including those that are not currently ascertainable. In addition to the factors discussed elsewhere in this Report, other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward looking statements include:
Changes In The Macroeconomic Environment May Adversely Affect Our Industry, Business, Results Of Operations And Financial Condition.
We offer a broad array of financial products and services to consumers, small businesses and commercial clients. We market our credit card products on a national basis throughout the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom and offer banking and other services in many regions within the United States. Although the U.S. economy has improved in recent years, the macroeconomic environment remains unstable and many regions in the world continue to experience economic instability or recession. If a recovery in any of our markets is not sustained or is reversed, the macroeconomic environment may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations as customers default on their loans or maintain lower deposit levels or, in the case of credit card accounts, carry lower balances and reduce credit card purchase activity.
In particular, we may face the following risks in connection with adverse changes in macroeconomic environment:
• | Payment patterns may change, causing increases in delinquencies and default rates, which could have a negative impact on our results of operations. In addition, changes in consumer confidence levels and behavior, including decreased consumer spending, lower demand for credit and a shift in consumer payment behavior towards avoiding late fees, finance charges and other fees, could have a negative impact on our results of operations. |
• | Increases in bankruptcies could cause increases in our charge-off rates, which could have a negative impact on our results of operations. |
• | Our ability to recover debt that we have previously charged-off may be limited, which could have a negative impact on our results of operations. |
• | The process and models we use to estimate our allowance for loan and lease losses may become less reliable if actual losses diverge from the projections of our models as a result of changes in customer behavior, volatile economic conditions or other unexpected variations in key inputs and assumptions. As a result, our estimates for credit losses may become increasingly subject to management’s judgment and high levels of volatility over short periods of time, which could negatively impact on our results of operations. |
• | Our ability to assess the creditworthiness of our customers may be impaired if the criteria or models we use to underwrite and manage our customers become less predictive of future losses, which could cause our losses to rise and have a negative impact on our results of operations. |
• | Significant concern exists regarding risks associated with financial market instability related to the diverging policies of global central banks. In particular, the Federal Reserve has moved toward a less accommodative policy stance while central banks in other major economies, notably Europe and China, have taken steps to further ease monetary policy. This divergence in Federal Reserve policy relative to other major central bank policies has impacted financial markets globally, including in the United States. These changes have increased financial market volatility. Financial market instability worldwide could threaten the economic recoveries both globally and in the United States, which could have a negative impact on our financial results. |
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• | Our ability to borrow from other financial institutions or to engage in funding transactions on favorable terms or at all could be adversely affected by disruptions in the capital markets or other events, including actions by rating agencies and deteriorating investor expectations, which could limit our access to funding. The interest rates that we pay on the securities we have issued are also influenced by, among other things, applicable credit ratings from recognized rating agencies. A downgrade to any of these credit ratings could affect our ability to access the capital markets, increase our borrowing costs and have a negative impact on our results of operations. Increased charge-offs, rising London Interbank Offering Rate ("LIBOR") and other events may cause our securitization transactions to amortize earlier than scheduled, which could accelerate our need for additional funding from other sources. |
• | An inability to accept or maintain deposits or to obtain other sources of funding could materially affect our ability to fund our business and our liquidity position. Many other financial institutions have also increased their reliance on deposit funding and, as such, we expect continued competition in the deposit markets. We cannot predict how this competition will affect our costs. If we are required to offer higher interest rates to attract or maintain deposits, our funding costs will be adversely impacted. |
• | Shorter-term interest rates have remained at historically low levels for a prolonged period of time. In addition, longer-term interest rates have recently declined, resulting in a flatter yield curve. Both shorter-term and longer-term interest rates remain below historical averages. A flat yield curve combined with low interest rates generally leads to lower revenue and reduced margins because it would limit our opportunity to increase the spread between asset yields and funding costs. Sustained periods of time with a flat yield curve coupled with low interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our earnings and our net interest margin. |
• | The low interest rate environment also increases our exposure to prepayment risk in our mortgage portfolio and the mortgage-backed securities in our investment portfolio. Increased prepayments, refinancing or other factors that impact loan balances would reduce expected revenue associated with mortgage assets and could also lead to a reduction in the value of our mortgage servicing rights, which could have a negative impact on our financial results. |
Compliance With New And Existing Laws, Regulations And Regulatory Expectations May Increase Our Costs, Reduce Our Revenue, Limit Our Ability To Pursue Business Opportunities, And Increase Compliance Challenges.
There has been increased legislation and regulation with respect to the financial services industry in the last few years, and we expect that oversight of our business will continue to expand in scope and complexity. A wide and increasing array of banking and consumer lending laws apply to almost every aspect of our business. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in financial, structural and operational penalties, including receivership, and could result in negative publicity or damage to our reputation with regulators or the public. In addition, establishing systems and processes to achieve compliance with these laws and regulations may increase our costs and limit our ability to pursue certain business opportunities.
The Dodd-Frank Act, as well as the related rules and regulations adopted by various regulatory agencies, could have a significant adverse impact on our business, results of operations or financial condition. The Dodd-Frank Act is a comprehensive financial reform act that requires, among other things, enhanced prudential standards (including capital, liquidity, risk management, single-counterparty credit exposure limits, early remediation, and resolution planning), enhanced supervision (including stress testing), prohibitions on proprietary trading and investments in covered funds (referred to as the “Volcker Rule”) and increased transparency and regulation of derivatives trading. The Dodd-Frank Act also provides heightened expectations for risk management and regulatory oversight of all aspects of large financial institutions, including us. Many aspects of the law remain to be implemented under the rulemaking and regulatory authority of the SEC, the CFTC and federal banking regulators. The Dodd-Frank Act also created the CFPB, which regulates our businesses with respect to our compliance with certain consumer laws and regulations and trade practices.
Although it is clear that the Dodd-Frank Act and implementing regulations materially impact large financial institutions like us, the rulemaking and related interpretive process has been progressing methodically, and we may not experience the ultimate impact of the Dodd-Frank Act for years. Though some aspects of the Dodd-Frank Act may significantly impact our financial condition or results of operations, other aspects of the law may not apply to us. Nevertheless, the law has increased our need to build new compliance processes and infrastructure and to otherwise enhance our risk management throughout all aspects of our business. The cumulative impact includes higher expectations for the amount of capital and liquidity we must maintain, as discussed in more detail below under the heading “We May Not Be Able To Maintain Adequate Capital Or Liquidity Levels, Which Could Have A Negative Impact On Our Financial Results,” and higher operational costs, which may further increase once regulators fully implement the law. In addition, U.S. government agencies charged with adopting and interpreting laws, rules and regulations,
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including under the Dodd-Frank Act, may do so in an unforeseen manner, including ways that potentially expand the reach of the laws, rules or regulations more than initially contemplated or currently anticipated.
Some rules and regulations may be subject to litigation or other challenges that delay or modify their implementation and impact on us. For example, rules implementing the Dodd-Frank Act’s requirement that the amount of any interchange fee received by a debit card issuer with respect to debit card transactions be reasonable and proportional to the cost incurred by the issuer with respect to the transaction are currently subject to challenge. It is unclear how the ruling and appeal will impact the Federal Reserve’s interchange fee rules. Future changes in the Federal Reserve’s interchange fee rules could adversely impact revenue from our debit card business.
Under various state and federal statutes and regulations, we are required to observe various data security and privacy-related requirements, including establishing appropriate information security standards and safeguards, data security breach response programs and properly authenticating customers before processing or enabling certain types of transactions or interactions. Future federal and state legislation and regulation could further restrict how we collect, use, share and secure customer information. The failure to observe any one or more of these requirements could subject us to litigation or enforcement actions and impact some of our current or planned business initiatives.
We have a large number of customer accounts in our credit card and auto lending businesses and we have made the strategic choice to originate and service subprime credit cards and auto loans which typically have higher delinquencies and charge-offs than prime customers. Accordingly, we have significant involvement with credit bureau reporting and the collection and recovery of delinquent and charged off debt. The banking industry is subject to enhanced legal and regulatory scrutiny regarding credit bureau reporting and debt collection practices from regulators, courts and legislators. In addition, over the last several years, state and federal regulators have focused on compliance with the Bank Secrecy Act and anti-money laundering laws, data integrity and security, use of service providers, fair lending and other consumer protection issues. Any future changes to our business practices, including our debt collection practices, whether mandated by regulators, courts, legislators or otherwise, or any legal liabilities resulting from our business practices, including our debt collection practices, could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition.
We are subject to heightened regulatory oversight by the federal banking regulators to ensure that we build systems and processes that are commensurate with the nature of our business and that meet the heightened risk management and enhanced prudential standards issued by our regulators. We expect this heightened oversight will continue for the foreseeable future until we meet the expectations of our regulators and can demonstrate that our systems and processes are sustainable.
The legislative and regulatory environment is beyond our control, may change rapidly and unpredictably and may negatively influence our revenue, costs, earnings, growth and capital levels. Certain laws and regulations, and any interpretations and applications with respect thereto, may benefit consumers, borrowers and depositors, but not stockholders. Our success depends on our ability to maintain compliance with both existing and new laws and regulations. For a description of the material laws and regulations to which we are subject, please refer to “Part I—Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation.”
We May Experience Increased Delinquencies And Credit Losses.
Like other lenders, we face the risk that our customers will not repay their loans. Rising losses or leading indicators of rising losses (such as higher delinquencies, higher rates of non-performing loans, higher bankruptcy rates, lower collateral values or elevated unemployment rates) may require us to increase our allowance for loan and lease losses, which may degrade our profitability if we are unable to raise revenue or reduce costs to compensate for higher losses. In particular, we face the following risks in this area:
• | Missed Payments: Our customers may miss payments. Loan charge-offs (including from bankruptcies) are generally preceded by missed payments or other indications of worsening financial condition for our customers. Customers are more likely to miss payments during an economic downturn or prolonged periods of slow economic growth. In addition, we face the risk that consumer and commercial customer behavior may change (for example, an increase in the unwillingness or inability of customers to repay debt), causing a long-term rise in delinquencies and charge-offs. |
• | Estimates of Inherent Losses: The credit quality of our portfolio can have a significant impact on our earnings. We allow for and reserve against credit risks based on our assessment of credit losses inherent in our loan portfolios. This process, which is critical to our financial results and condition, requires complex judgments, including forecasts of economic conditions. We may underestimate our inherent losses and fail to hold a loan loss allowance sufficient to account for these losses. Incorrect assumptions could lead to material underestimations of inherent losses and inadequate allowance for loan and lease losses. In cases where we modify a loan, if the modifications do not perform as anticipated we may be |
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required to build additional allowance on these loans. The build or release of allowances impacts our current financial results.
• | Underwriting: Our ability to assess the credit worthiness of our customers may diminish. If the models and approaches we use to select, manage and underwrite our consumer and commercial customers become less predictive of future charge-offs (due, for example, to rapid changes in the economy, including the unemployment rate), our credit losses may increase and our returns may deteriorate. |
• | Business Mix: We engage in a diverse mix of businesses with a broad range of potential credit exposure. Our business mix could change in ways that could adversely affect the credit quality of our portfolio. Because we originate a relatively greater proportion of consumer loans in our loan portfolio compared to other large bank peers and originate both prime and subprime credit card accounts and auto loans, we may experience higher delinquencies and a greater number of accounts charging off compared to other large bank peers, which could result in increased credit losses, operating costs and regulatory scrutiny. |
• | Charge-off Recognition: The rules governing charge-off recognition could change. We record charge-offs according to accounting and regulatory guidelines and rules. These guidelines and rules, including Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") standards and the FFIEC Account Management Guidance, could require changes in our account management or loss allowance practices and cause our charge-offs and/or allowance for loan and lease losses to increase for reasons unrelated to the underlying performance of our portfolio. Such changes could have an adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operation. |
• | Industry Developments: Our charge-off and delinquency rates may be negatively impacted by industry developments, including new regulations applicable to our industry. |
• | Collateral: The collateral we have on secured loans could be insufficient to compensate us for loan losses. When customers default on their secured loans, we attempt to seize collateral where permissible and appropriate. However, the value of the collateral may not be sufficient to compensate us for the amount of the unpaid loan, and we may be unsuccessful in recovering the remaining balance from our customers. Decreases in real estate values adversely affect the collateral value for our commercial lending and Home Loan activities, while the auto business is similarly exposed to collateral risks arising from the auction markets that determine used car prices. Therefore, the recovery of such property could be insufficient to compensate us for the value of these loans. Borrowers may be less likely to continue making payments on loans if the value of the property used as collateral for the loan is less than what the borrower owes, even if the borrower is still financially able to make the payments. Trends in home prices are a driver of credit costs in our home loan business as they impact both the probability of default and the loss severity of defaults. Additionally, the potential volatility in the number of defaulted and modified loans from changes in home prices can create material impacts on the servicing costs of the business, fluctuations in credit marks and profitability in acquired portfolios and volatility in mortgage servicing rights valuations. Although home prices have generally appreciated recently, the slow economic recovery, shifts in monetary policy and potentially diminishing demands from investors could threaten or limit the recovery. In our auto business, if vehicle prices experience declines, we could be adversely affected. For example, business and economic conditions that negatively affect household incomes, housing prices, and consumer behavior related to our businesses could decrease (1) the demand for new and used vehicles and (2) the value of the collateral underlying our portfolio of auto loans, which could cause the number of consumers who become delinquent or default on their loans to increase. |
• | Geographic and Industry Concentration. Although our consumer lending is geographically diversified, approximately 37% of our commercial loan portfolio is concentrated in the New York metropolitan area. The regional economic conditions in the New York area affect the demand for our commercial products and services as well as the ability of our customers to repay their commercial loans and the value of the collateral securing these loans. An economic downturn or prolonged period of slow economic growth in, or a catastrophic event that disproportionately affects, the New York region could have a material adverse effect on the performance of our commercial loan portfolio and our results of operations. In addition, our Commercial Bank’s strategy includes an industry-specific focus. If any of the industries that we focus in experience changes, we may experience increased credit losses and our results of operations could be adversely impacted. |
We May Experience Increased Losses Associated With Mortgage Repurchases And Indemnification Obligations.
Certain of our subsidiaries, including GreenPoint Mortgage Funding, Inc. (“GreenPoint”), Capital One Home Loans, LLC and Capital One, N.A., as successor to Chevy Chase Bank (“CCB”), may be required to repurchase mortgage loans that have been
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sold to investors in the event there are breaches of certain representations and warranties contained within the sales agreements. We may be required to repurchase mortgage loans that we sell to investors in the event that there was improper underwriting or fraud or in the event that the loans become delinquent shortly after they are originated. These subsidiaries also may be required to indemnify certain purchasers and others against losses they incur in the event of breaches of representations and warranties and in various other circumstances, including securities fraud or other public disclosure-related claims, and the amount of such losses could exceed the repurchase amount of the related loans. Consequently, we may be exposed to credit risk associated with sold loans.
We have established reserves in our consolidated financial statements for potential losses that are considered to be both probable and reasonably estimable related to the mortgage loans sold by our originating subsidiaries. The adequacy of the reserve and the ultimate amount of losses incurred will depend on, among other things, the actual future mortgage loan performance, the actual level of future repurchase and indemnification requests, the actual success rate of claimants, developments in litigation and the regulatory environment related to us and the industry, actual recoveries on the collateral, and macroeconomic conditions (including unemployment levels and housing prices). Due to uncertainties relating to these factors, there can be no assurance that our reserves will be adequate or that the total amount of losses incurred will not have a material adverse effect upon our financial condition or results of operations. For additional information related to our mortgage loan repurchase and indemnification obligations and related reserves and our estimate of the reasonably possible future losses from representation and warranty claims beyond the current accrual levels as of December 31, 2014, see “Note 20—Commitments, Contingencies, Guarantees and Others.”
We May Not Be Able To Maintain Adequate Capital Or Liquidity Levels, Which Could Have A Negative Impact On Our Financial Results.
As a result of the Dodd-Frank Act and international accords, financial institutions are becoming subject to new and increased capital and liquidity requirements. Although U.S. regulators have finalized regulations for some of these requirements, there remains continued uncertainty as to the form the additional new requirements will take or how and when they will apply to us. As a result, it is possible that we could be required to increase our capital and/or liquidity levels above the levels assumed in our current financial plans. These new requirements could have a negative impact on our ability to lend, grow deposit balances or make acquisitions and limit our ability to make capital distributions in the form of dividends or share repurchases. Higher capital levels also lower our return on equity.
In addition, as described further below, for regulatory capital purposes we entered parallel run on January 1, 2015 and, therefore, could become subject to the Basel III Advanced Approaches framework as early as January 1, 2016 for purposes of determining our regulatory capital requirements. Although we have current estimates of risk-weighted asset calculations under that framework, there remains uncertainty around future regulatory interpretations of certain aspects of those calculations. Therefore, we cannot assure you that our current estimates will be correct, and we may need to hold significantly more regulatory capital in the future than we currently estimate to maintain a given capital ratio.
Recent developments in capital and liquidity requirements that we expect will impact us include the following:
• | In December 2010, the Basel Committee published a final framework on capital and in January 2013 published a revised framework on liquidity, together commonly known as Basel III. In July 2013, U.S. banking regulators finalized rules implementing the Basel III capital framework and other capital requirements, including pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act (the “Final Basel III Capital Rules”). Among other things, the Final Basel III Capital Rules: increase the general risk-based and leverage capital requirements; significantly revise the definition of regulatory capital, including by eliminating certain items that previously constituted regulatory capital; establish a minimum common equity Tier 1 capital requirement; introduce a new capital conservation buffer requirement; and update the prompt corrective action framework to reflect the new regulatory capital minimums. |
• | Under the Final Basel III Capital Rules, institutions like the Company and the Banks are subject to a Standardized Approach and an Advanced Approaches capital framework. For Advanced Approaches institutions like us, the Final Basel III Capital Rules also included a supplementary leverage ratio based upon the Basel Committee leverage ratio. In September 2014, U.S. banking regulators issued a final rule that revised the supplementary leverage ratio consistent with revisions made by the Basel Committee, including by modifying the methodology for including off-balance sheet items in the denominator of the supplementary leverage ratio and by requiring institutions to calculate total leverage exposure using daily averages for on-balance sheet items and the average of three month-end calculations for off-balance sheet items. The supplementary leverage ratio will become effective January 1, 2018. |
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• | As a financial institution with consolidated assets of more than $250 billion, we became subject to the Advanced Approaches framework at the end of 2012. Prior to full implementation of the Advanced Approaches framework, an organization must complete a qualification period of four consecutive quarters, known as the parallel run, during which it must meet the requirements of the rules to the satisfaction of its primary U.S. banking regulator. We entered parallel run on January 1, 2015. Compliance with the Advanced Approaches rules will require a significant investment of resources. |
• | In September 2014, the Federal Banking Agencies issued final rules implementing the Basel III liquidity coverage ratio in the United States (the “Final LCR Rule”). The Final LCR Rule will require the Company and each of the Banks to hold an amount of eligible high-quality, liquid assets that equals or exceeds 100% of each institution’s respective projected net cash outflows over a 30-day period, each as calculated in accordance with the Final LCR Rule. We have been modifying the composition of our investment portfolio in preparation for the Final LCR Rule, with some of these actions resulting in us purchasing types of securities that are lower yielding than securities we would otherwise be purchasing if not for the Final LCR Rule. |
• | Because we are a bank holding company with consolidated assets of more than $50 billion, we are subject to certain heightened prudential standards under the Dodd-Frank Act, including requirements that may be recommended by the Financial Stability Oversight Council and implemented by the Federal Reserve. As a result, we expect to be subject to more stringent standards and requirements than those applicable for smaller institutions, including risk-based capital requirements, leverage limits and liquidity requirements. In December 2011, the Federal Reserve released proposed rules beginning to implement the enhanced prudential requirements, including a detailed liquidity framework that would supplement the liquidity regulations implementing Basel III. The Federal Reserve finalized certain of the proposed rules on February 18, 2014 (“Enhanced Standards Rule”). Under the Enhanced Standards Rule, we must meet liquidity risk management standards, conduct internal liquidity stress tests, and maintain a 30-day buffer of highly liquid assets to cover cash-flow needs under stressed conditions, in each case consistent with the requirements of the rule. |
• | Under the Federal Reserve’s Capital Plan Rule, bank holding companies with consolidated assets of $50 billion or more must submit capital plans to the Federal Reserve on an annual basis and must obtain approval from the Federal Reserve before making most capital distributions, such as dividends and share repurchases, in a process commonly referred to as CCAR. As part of its evaluation of a capital plan, the Federal Reserve will consider the comprehensiveness of the plan, the reasonableness of assumptions and analysis and methodologies used to assess capital adequacy, and other qualitative factors at the discretion of the Federal Reserve. Furthermore, the Federal Reserve will consider our ability to maintain capital ratios above each Basel III minimum regulatory capital ratio and above a Tier 1 common ratio of 5.0% on a pro forma basis under baseline and stressed conditions throughout a planning horizon of at least nine quarters. In the 2015 capital plan and stress test cycles, we will be required to meet Basel III Standardized Approach capital requirements, with appropriate phase-in provisions. On October 17, 2014, the Federal Reserve issued a final rule regarding the Capital Plan and Stress Test Rules that, among other things, limits the ability of a bank holding company with $50 billion or more in total consolidated assets to make capital distributions under the capital plan rule if the bank holding company’s net capital issuances are less than the amount indicated in its capital plan. |
• | We consider various factors in the management of capital, including the impact of stress on our capital levels, as determined by both our internal modeling and the Federal Reserve’s modeling of our capital position in CCAR. In recent stress test cycles, including CCAR, we have observed a large difference between our estimates of our capital levels under stress and the Federal Reserve’s estimates of our capital levels under stress. In the current stress test cycle, including CCAR, the difference could be larger because we expect the Federal Reserve to continue to use its own assumptions in modeling results. Therefore, although our estimated capital levels under stress suggest that we have substantial capacity to return capital to shareholders and remain well capitalized under stress, it is possible that the Federal Reserve’s modeling may result in a materially lower capacity to return capital to shareholders than our estimates. |
See “Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation” for additional information.
We Face Risk Related To Our Operational, Technological And Organizational Infrastructure.
Our ability to grow and compete is dependent on our ability to build or acquire necessary operational, technological and organizational infrastructure. We are embedding technology, data, and software development deeply into our business model and how we work. We are focused on building reusable plug-and-play middleware, developing and designing modern software, integrating our platforms and making them scalable, and building a powerful and flexible data infrastructure. For example, we have substantially completed significant development projects to achieve the systems integration of prior acquisitions and to build
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a scalable infrastructure in our Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking businesses. We have also invested in infrastructure in the Commercial Banking business intended to assist with effective execution of key processes and improve loan origination and underwriting platforms. In the Credit Card business, we have invested in our infrastructure in order to consolidate and simplify system and portfolio conversions.
In addition, our businesses are dependent on our ability to process, record and monitor a large number of complex transactions. If any of our financial, accounting, or other data processing systems fail or have other significant shortcomings, we could be materially adversely affected. Third parties with which we do business could also be sources of operational risk, particularly in the event of breakdowns or failures of such parties’ own systems. We may also be subject to disruptions of our operating systems arising from events that are wholly or partially beyond our control, which may include, for example, computer viruses or electrical or telecommunications outages, cyber-attacks, including DDOS discussed below, natural disasters, other damage to property or physical assets or events arising from local or larger scale politics, including terrorist acts. Any of these occurrences could diminish our ability to operate our businesses, service customer accounts, and protect customers’ information, or result in potential liability to customers, reputational damage, regulatory intervention and customers’ loss of confidence in our businesses, any of which could result in a material adverse effect.
Similar to other large corporations, we are exposed to operational risk that can manifest itself in many ways, such as errors related to failed or inadequate processes, inaccurate models, faulty or disabled computer systems, fraud by employees or persons outside of our company and exposure to external events. In addition, we are heavily dependent on the strength and capability of our technology systems which we use to manage our internal financial and other systems, interface with our customers and develop and implement effective marketing campaigns. We also depend on models to measure risks, estimate certain financial values, determine pricing on certain products, assess capital adequacy and calculate regulatory capital levels. If we implement or design our models poorly or use inaccurate assumptions in our models, business decisions based on the output of the models may be adversely affected. Moreover, information we disclose to investors and our regulators based on poorly designed or implemented models could be inaccurate. Some decisions our regulators make, including those related to our capital distribution plans, may be adversely impacted if they perceive the quality of our models to be insufficient.
Our ability to develop and deliver new products that meet the needs of our existing customers and attract new ones and to run our business in compliance with applicable laws and regulations depends on the functionality and reliability of our operational and technology systems. Any disruptions, failures or inaccuracies of our operational and technology systems and models, including those associated with improvements or modifications to such systems and models, could cause us to be unable to market and manage our products and services, manage our risk or to report our financial results in a timely and accurate manner, all of which could have a negative impact on our results of operations.
In some cases, we outsource the maintenance and development of operational and technological functionality to third parties. These third parties may experience errors or disruptions that could adversely impact us and over which we may have limited control. Any increase in the amount of our infrastructure that we outsource to third parties may increase our exposure to these risks.
Our ongoing investments in infrastructure, which are necessary to maintain a competitive business, integrate acquisitions and establish scalable operations, may increase our expenses. Further, as our business develops, changes or expands, additional expenses can arise as a result of a reevaluation of business strategies, management of outsourced services, asset purchases or other acquisitions, structural reorganization, compliance with new laws or regulations or the integration of newly acquired businesses. As cybersecurity threats continue to evolve, we may also be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or strengthen our protective security measures, investigate and remediate any vulnerabilities of our information systems and infrastructure or invest in new technology designed to mitigate security risks. If we are unable to successfully manage our expenses, our financial results will be negatively affected.
We Could Incur Increased Costs Or Reductions In Revenue Or Suffer Reputational Damage And Business Disruptions In The Event Of The Theft, Loss Or Misuse Of Information, Including As A Result Of A Cyber-Attack.
Our products and services involve the gathering, storage and transmission of sensitive information regarding our customers and their accounts. Our ability to provide such products and services, many of which are web-based, relies upon the management and safeguarding of information, software, methodologies and business secrets. To provide these products and services, we use information systems and infrastructure that we and third-party service providers operate. We also have arrangements in place with retail partners and other third parties where we share and receive information about their customers who are or may become our customers. As a financial institution, we also are subject to and examined for compliance with an array of data protection laws,
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regulations and guidance, as well as to our own internal privacy and information security policies and programs. If our information systems or infrastructure experience a significant disruption or breach, it could lead, depending on the nature of the disruption or breach, to unauthorized access to personal or confidential information of our customers in our possession or unauthorized access to our proprietary information, software, methodologies and business secrets. In addition, if our partners, retailers or other market participants experience a disruption or breach, depending on the nature of the disruption or breach, it could lead to unauthorized transactions on Capital One accounts or unauthorized access to personal or confidential information maintained by those entities. A disruption or breach such as these could result in significant legal and financial exposure, regulatory intervention, remediation costs, card reissuance, supervisory liability, damage to our reputation or loss of confidence in the security of our systems, products and services that could adversely affect our business.
Information security risks for large financial institutions like us have generally increased in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial transactions and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, perpetrators of fraud, hackers, terrorists, activists, formal and informal instrumentalities of foreign governments and other external parties. As noted above, our operations rely on the secure processing, transmission and storage of confidential information in our computer systems and networks. Our businesses rely on our digital technologies, computer and email systems, software and networks to conduct their operations. In addition, to access our products and services, our customers may use computers, smartphones, tablet PCs and other mobile devices that are beyond our security control systems. Although we believe we have a robust suite of authentication and layered information security controls, our technologies, systems, networks and our customers’ devices may become the target of cyber-attacks or other attacks that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of our or our customers’ confidential, proprietary or other information, including access to accounts with online functionality, which could result in disruptions and damage to the business operations or finances of Capital One, our customers or other third parties. For example, we and other U.S. financial services providers continue to be targeted with evolving and adaptive distributed DDOS attacks from sophisticated third parties. DDOS attacks are designed to saturate the targeted online network with excessive amounts of network traffic, resulting in slow response times or even causing the site to be temporarily unavailable. On at least one occasion, a DDOS attack successfully disrupted our consumer online banking services for a period of time, which had a non-material impact on our business. Although we have not experienced any material losses relating to cyber incidents, there can be no assurance that we will not suffer such losses in the future. If future attacks like these are successful or if customers are unable to access their accounts online for other reasons, it could adversely impact our ability to service customer accounts or loans, complete financial transactions for our customers or otherwise operate any of our businesses or services. In addition, a breach or attack affecting one of our third-party service providers or partners could harm our business even if we do not control the service that is attacked.
Because the methods and techniques employed by perpetrators of fraud and others to attack, disable, degrade or sabotage platforms, systems and applications change frequently, are increasingly sophisticated and often are not fully recognized or understood until after they have been launched, we and our third-party service providers and partners may be unable to anticipate certain attack methods in order to implement effective preventative measures. In addition, the increasing prevalence of cyber-attacks and other efforts to breach or disrupt our systems or those of our partners, retailers or other market participants has led, and will likely continue to lead, to increased costs to us with respect to preventing, mitigating and remediating these risks, as well as any related attempted fraud. For example, various retailers have recently been victims of cyber-attacks in which customer data, including debit and credit card information, was obtained. In these situations, we incur a variety of costs, including those associated with replacing the compromised cards and remediating fraudulent transaction activity. Further, successful cyber-attacks at other large financial institutions or other market participants, whether or not we are impacted, could lead to a general loss of customer confidence in financial institutions that could negatively affect us, including harming the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures or the financial system in general which could result in reduced use of our financial products. Though we have insurance against some cyber-risks and attacks, it may not be sufficient to offset the impact of a material loss event.
We May Fail To Realize All Of The Anticipated Benefits Of Our Mergers, Acquisitions And Strategic Partnerships.
We have engaged in merger and acquisition activity and entered into strategic partnerships over the past several years and may continue to engage in such activity in the future. We continue to evaluate and anticipate engaging in, among other merger and acquisition activity, additional strategic partnerships and selected acquisitions of financial institutions and other financial assets, including credit card and other loan portfolios.
Any merger, acquisition or strategic partnership we undertake will entail certain risks, which may materially and adversely affect our results of operations. If we experience greater than anticipated costs to integrate acquired businesses into our existing operations or are not able to achieve the anticipated benefits of any merger, acquisition or strategic partnership, including cost savings and other synergies, our business could be negatively affected. In addition, it is possible that the ongoing integration processes could
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result in the loss of key employees, errors or delays in systems implementation, the disruption of our ongoing businesses or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies that adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with partners, clients, customers, depositors and employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits of any merger, acquisition or strategic partnership. Integration efforts also may divert management attention and resources. These integration matters may have an adverse effect on us during any transition period.
In addition, we may face the following risks in connection with any merger, acquisition or strategic partnership:
• | New Businesses and Geographic or Other Markets: Our merger, acquisition or strategic partnership activity may involve our entry into new businesses and new geographic areas or other markets which present risks resulting from our relative inexperience in these new businesses or markets. These new businesses or markets may change the overall character of our consolidated portfolio of businesses and could react differently to economic and other external factors. We face the risk that we will not be successful in these new businesses or in these new markets. |
• | Identification and Assessment of Merger and Acquisition Targets and Deployment of Acquired Assets: We cannot assure you that we will identify or acquire suitable financial assets or institutions to supplement our organic growth through acquisitions or strategic partnerships. In addition, we may incorrectly assess the asset quality and value of the particular assets or institutions we acquire. Further, our ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of any merger, acquisition or strategic partnership will depend on our ability to assess the asset quality and value of the particular assets or institutions we partner with, merge with or acquire. We may be unable to profitably deploy any assets we acquire. |
• | Accuracy of Assumptions: In connection with any merger, acquisition or strategic partnership, we may make certain assumptions relating to the proposed merger, acquisition or strategic partnership that may be, or may prove to be, inaccurate, including as a result of the failure to realize the expected benefits of any merger, acquisition or strategic partnership. The inaccuracy of any assumptions we may make could result in unanticipated consequences that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Assumptions we might make when considering a proposed merger, acquisition or strategic partnership may relate to numerous matters, including: |
• | projections of a target or partner company’s future net income and our earnings per share; |
• | our ability to issue equity and debt to complete any merger or acquisition; |
• | our expected capital structure and capital ratios after any merger, acquisition or strategic partnership; |
• | projections as to the amount of future loan losses in any target or partner company’s portfolio; |
• | the amount of goodwill and intangibles that will result from any merger, acquisition or strategic partnership; |
• | certain purchase accounting adjustments that we expect will be recorded in our financial statements in connection with any merger, acquisition or strategic partnership; |
• | cost, deposit, cross-selling and balance sheet synergies in connection with any merger, acquisition or strategic partnership; |
• | merger, acquisition or strategic partnership costs, including restructuring charges and transaction costs; |
• | our ability to maintain, develop and deepen relationships with customers of a target or partner company; |
• | our ability to grow a target or partner company’s customer deposits and manage a target or partner company’s assets and liabilities; |
• | higher than expected transaction and integration costs and unknown liabilities as well as general economic and business conditions that adversely affect the combined company following any merger or acquisition transaction; |
• | the extent and nature of regulatory oversight over a target or partner company; |
• | projected or expected tax benefits or assets; |
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• | accounting matters related to the target or partner company, including accuracy of assumptions and estimates used in preparation of financial statements such as those used to determine allowance for loan losses, fair value of certain assets and liabilities, securities impairment and realization of deferred tax assets; and |
• | our expectations regarding macroeconomic conditions, including the unemployment rate, housing prices, the interest rate environment, the shape of the yield curve, inflation and other economic indicators; and other financial and strategic risks associated with any merger or acquisition. |
• | Target Specific Risk: Assets and companies that we acquire, or companies that we enter into strategic partnerships with, will have their own risks that are specific to a particular asset or company. These risks include, but are not limited to, particular or specific regulatory, accounting, operational, reputational and industry risks, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Indemnification rights, if any, may be insufficient to compensate us for any losses or damages resulting from such risks. In addition to regulatory approvals discussed above, certain of our merger, acquisition or partnership activity may require third-party consents in order for us to fully realize the anticipated benefits of any such transaction. |
Reputational Risk And Social Factors May Impact Our Results And Damage Our Brand.
Our ability to originate and maintain accounts is highly dependent upon the perceptions of consumer and commercial borrowers and deposit holders and other external perceptions of our business practices or our financial health. In addition, our brand has historically been, and we expect it to continue to be, very important to us. Maintaining and enhancing our brand will depend largely on our ability to continue to provide high-quality products and services. Adverse perceptions regarding our reputation in the consumer, commercial and funding markets could lead to difficulties in generating and maintaining accounts as well as in financing them. In particular, negative public perceptions regarding our reputation could lead to decreases in the levels of deposits that consumer and commercial customers and potential customers choose to maintain with us. In addition, negative perceptions regarding certain industries or clients could also prompt us to cease business activities associated with those industries or clients. Negative public opinion or damage to our brand could result from actual or alleged conduct in any number of activities or circumstances, including lending practices, regulatory compliance, security breaches (including the use and protection of customer information), corporate governance, and sales and marketing, and from actions taken by regulators or other persons in response to such conduct. In addition, third parties with whom we have important relationships may take actions over which we have limited control that could negatively impact perceptions about us.
In addition, a variety of social factors may cause changes in borrowing activity, including credit card use, payment patterns and the rate of defaults by accountholders and borrowers domestically and internationally. These social factors include changes in consumer confidence levels, the public’s perception regarding consumer debt, including credit card use, and changing attitudes about the stigma of bankruptcy. If consumers develop or maintain negative attitudes about incurring debt, or if consumption trends decline or if we fail to maintain and enhance our brand, or we incur significant expenses in this effort, our business and financial results could be materially and negatively affected.
We Face Intense Competition In All Of Our Markets.
We operate in a highly competitive environment, and we expect competitive conditions to continue to intensify. We face intense competition both in making loans and attracting deposits. We compete on the basis of the rates we pay on deposits and the rates and other terms we charge on the loans we originate or purchase, as well as the quality of our customer service and experience. Price competition for loans might result in origination of fewer loans or earning less on our loans. We expect that competition will continue to increase with respect to most of our products. Some of our competitors are substantially larger than we are, which may give those competitors advantages, including a more diversified product and customer base, the ability to reach out to more customers and potential customers, operational efficiencies, more versatile technology platforms, broad-based local distribution capabilities, lower-cost funding and larger existing branch networks. In addition, some of our competitors, including new and emerging competitors in the digital and mobile payments space, are not subject to the same regulatory requirements or legislative scrutiny to which we are subject, which also could place us at a competitive disadvantage.
Many of our competitors are focusing on cross-selling their products and developing new products or technologies, which could affect our ability to maintain or grow existing customer relationships or require us to offer lower interest rates or fees on our lending products or higher interest rates on deposits. This increasingly competitive environment is primarily a result of changes in regulation,
24 | Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) | |
changes in technology and product delivery systems, as well as the consolidation of financial service providers, all of which may affect our customers’ expectations and demands.
We operate the largest online direct banking institution in the U.S. by deposits. While direct banking represents a significant opportunity to attract new customers that value greater and more flexible access to banking services at reduced costs, it also presents significant risks and we face strong competition in the direct banking market. Aggressive pricing throughout the industry may adversely affect the retention of existing balances and the cost-efficient acquisition of new deposit funds and may affect our growth and profitability. In addition, the effects of a competitive environment may be exacerbated by the flexibility of direct banking and the increasing financial and technological sophistication of our customer base. Customers could also close their online accounts or reduce balances or deposits in favor of products and services offered by competitors for other reasons. These shifts, which could be rapid, could result from general dissatisfaction with our products or services, including concerns over pricing, online security or our reputation.
We have significantly expanded our credit card partnership business over the past several years with the additions of a number of credit card partnerships. The market for key business partners, especially in the Credit Card business, is very competitive, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to grow or maintain these partner relationships. We face the risk that we could lose partner relationships, even after we have invested significant resources, time and expense into acquiring and developing the relationships. The loss of any of our business partners could have a negative impact on our results of operations, including lower returns, excess operating expense and excess funding capacity.
In such a competitive environment, we may lose entire accounts or may lose account balances to competing firms, or we may find it more costly to maintain our existing customer base. Customer attrition from any or all of our lending products, together with any lowering of interest rates or fees that we might implement to retain customers, could reduce our revenues and therefore our earnings. Similarly, unexpected customer attrition from our deposit products, in addition to an increase in rates or services that we may offer to retain those deposits, may increase our expenses and therefore reduce our earnings.
If We Do Not Adjust To Rapid Changes In The Financial Services Industry, Our Financial Performance May Suffer.
Our ability to deliver to stockholders strong financial performance and returns on investment will depend in part on our ability to expand the scope of available financial services to meet the needs and demands of our customers, including by marketing new products to our customer base. Our ability to meet our customers’ needs and expectations is key to our ability to grow revenue and earnings.
We expect digital technologies to have a significant impact on banking over time. Consumers increasingly expect robust digital experiences from their financial services providers. The ability for customers to access their accounts and conduct financial transactions using digital technology, including mobile applications, is an increasingly important aspect of the financial services industry and it impacts our ability to deliver products and services to our customers. To that end, financial institutions are rapidly introducing new digital and other technology-driven products and services, which aim to offer a better customer experience and to reduce costs. We continue to invest in digital technology designed to attract new customers, facilitate the ability of existing customers to conduct financial transactions and enhance the customer experience related to our products and services. Our continued success depends, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using digital technology to provide products and services that efficiently meet their expectations in a cost-effective manner. The development and launch of new digital products and services depends in large part on our capacity to invest in and build the technology platforms that can enable them. We continue to actively invest in such technology platforms, however, we may fail to implement the correct technology, or may fail to do so in a timely manner as discussed in more detail below under the heading “We Face Risk Related To Our Operational, Technological And Organizational Infrastructure.” As noted above, some of our competitors are substantially larger than we are, which may allow those competitors to invest more money into their technology infrastructure and digital innovation than we do. In addition, we face intense competition from smaller companies which experience lower cost structures and different regulatory requirements than we do, and which may allow them to innovate more rapidly than we can. Further, our success depends on our ability to attract and retain strong digital and technology leaders, engineers and other talent, and competition for such talent is intense. If we are unable to attract and retain digital and technology talent, our ability to offer digital products and services and build the necessary technology infrastructure could be negatively affected, which could negatively impact our business and financial results. A failure to maintain or enhance our competitive position with respect to digital products and services, whether because we fail to anticipate customer expectations or because our technological developments fail to perform as desired or are not implemented in a timely or successful manner, could negatively impact our business and financial results.
25 | Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) | |
Fluctuations In Market Interest Rates Or Volatility In The Capital Markets Could Adversely Affect Our Revenue And Expense, The Value Of Assets And Obligations, Our Cost Of Capital Or Our Liquidity.
Like other financial institutions, our business may be sensitive to market interest rate movement and the performance of the capital markets. Changes in interest rates or in valuations in the debt or equity markets could directly impact us. For example, we borrow money from other institutions and depositors, which we use to make loans to customers and invest in debt securities and other earning assets. We earn interest on these loans and assets and pay interest on the money we borrow from institutions and depositors. Fluctuations in interest rates, including changes in the relationship between short-term rates and long-term rates and in the relationship between our funding basis rate and our lending basis rate, may have negative impacts on our net interest income and therefore our earnings. In addition, interest rate fluctuations and competitor responses to those changes may affect the rate of customer prepayments for mortgage, auto and other term loans and may affect the balances customers carry on their credit cards. These changes can reduce the overall yield on our earning asset portfolio. Changes in interest rates and competitor responses to these changes may also impact customer decisions to maintain balances in the deposit accounts they have with us. In addition, changes in valuations in the debt and equity markets could have a negative impact on the assets we hold in our investment portfolio. Such market changes could also have a negative impact on the valuation of assets for which we provide servicing. Finally, the Final Rule requires that most amounts reported in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("AOCI"), including unrealized gains and losses on securities designated as available for sale, be included in our regulatory capital calculations. Changes in interest rates or market valuations that result in unrealized losses on components of AOCI could therefore impact our regulatory capital ratios negatively.
We assess our interest rate risk by estimating the effect on our earnings under various scenarios that differ based on assumptions about the direction and the magnitude of interest rate changes. We take risk mitigation actions based on those assessments. We face the risk that changes in interest rates could materially reduce our net interest income and our earnings, especially if actual conditions turn out to be materially different than those we assumed. See “MD&A—Market Risk Management” for additional information.
Our Business Could Be Negatively Affected If We Are Unable To Attract, Retain And Motivate Skilled Senior Leaders.
Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to retain key senior leaders, and competition for such senior leaders is intense. The executive compensation provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act and the regulations issued thereunder, and any further legislation, regulation or regulatory guidance restricting executive compensation, may limit the types of compensation arrangements that we may enter into with our most senior leaders and could have a negative impact on our ability to attract, retain and motivate such leaders in support of our long-term strategy. These laws and regulations may not apply in the same manner to all financial institutions, and we therefore may face more restrictions than other institutions and companies with whom we compete for talent. If we are unable to retain talented senior leadership, our business could be negatively affected.
Our Businesses Are Subject To The Risk Of Increased Litigation.
Our businesses are subject to increased litigation risks as a result of a number of factors and from various sources, including the highly regulated nature of the financial services industry, the focus of state and federal prosecutors on banks and the financial services industry, the structure of the credit card industry and business practices in the mortgage lending business. Given the inherent uncertainties involved in litigation, and the very large or indeterminate damages sought in some matters asserted against us, there can be significant uncertainty as to the ultimate liability we may incur from litigation matters. The finding, or even the assertion, of substantial legal liability against us could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition and could cause significant reputational harm to us, which could seriously harm our business.
We Face Risks From Unpredictable Catastrophic Events.
Despite our substantial business contingency plans, the impact from natural disasters and other catastrophic events, including terrorist attacks, may have a negative effect on our business and infrastructure, including our information technology systems. In addition, if a natural disaster or other catastrophic event occurs in certain regions where our business and customers are concentrated, such as the mid-Atlantic and New York metropolitan area, we could be disproportionately impacted as compared to our competitors. The impact of such events and other catastrophes on the overall economy may also adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
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We Face Risks From The Use Of Or Changes To Estimates In Our Financial Statements.
Pursuant to generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”), we are required to use certain assumptions and estimates in preparing our financial statements, including, but not limited to, estimating our allowance for loan and lease losses and the fair value of certain assets and liabilities. In addition, the FASB, the SEC and other regulatory bodies may change the financial accounting and reporting standards, including those related to assumptions and estimates we use to prepare our financial statements, in ways that we cannot predict and that could impact our financial statements. If actual results differ from the assumptions or estimates underlying our financial statements or if financial accounting and reporting standards are changed, we may experience unexpected material losses. For a discussion of our use of estimates in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, see “Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”
Our Ability To Receive Dividends From Our Subsidiaries Could Affect Our Liquidity And Ability To Pay Dividends And Repurchase Common Stock.
We are a separate and distinct legal entity from our subsidiaries, including the Banks. Dividends to us from our direct and indirect subsidiaries, including the Banks, have represented a major source of funds for us to pay dividends on our common and preferred stock, repurchase common stock, make payments on corporate debt securities and meet other obligations. There are various federal law limitations on the extent to which the Banks can finance or otherwise supply funds to us through dividends and loans. These limitations include minimum regulatory capital requirements, federal banking law requirements concerning the payment of dividends out of net profits or surplus, Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation W governing transactions between an insured depository institution and its affiliates, as well as general federal regulatory oversight to prevent unsafe or unsound practices. If our subsidiaries’ earnings are not sufficient to make dividend payments to us while maintaining adequate capital levels, our liquidity may be affected and we may not be able to make dividend payments to our common or preferred stockholders, repurchase our common stock, make payments on outstanding corporate debt securities or meet other obligations, each and any of which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial position or perception of financial health.
The Soundness Of Other Financial Institutions Could Adversely Affect Us.
Our ability to engage in routine funding and other transactions could be adversely affected by the stability and actions of other financial services institutions. Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, servicing, counterparty and other relationships. We have exposure to an increasing number of financial institutions and counterparties. These counterparties include institutions that may be exposed to various risks over which we have little or no control, including European or U.S. sovereign debt that is currently or may become in the future subject to significant price pressure, rating agency downgrade or default risk.
In addition, we routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, mutual and hedge funds and other institutional clients, resulting in a significant credit concentration with respect to the financial services industry overall. As a result, defaults by, or even rumors or questions about, one or more financial services institutions, or the financial services industry generally, have led to market-wide liquidity problems and could lead to losses or defaults by us or by other institutions.
Likewise, adverse developments affecting the overall strength and soundness of our competitors, the financial services industry as a whole and the general economic climate or sovereign debt could have a negative impact on perceptions about the strength and soundness of our business even if we are not subject to the same adverse developments. In addition, adverse developments with respect to third parties with whom we have important relationships also could negatively impact perceptions about us. These perceptions about us could cause our business to be negatively affected and exacerbate the other risks that we face.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
Our corporate and banking real estate portfolio consists of approximately 14.9 million square feet of owned or leased office and retail space, used to support our business. Of this overall portfolio, approximately 10.4 million square feet of space is dedicated for various corporate office uses and approximately 4.5 million square feet of space is for bank branches and related offices.
27 | Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) | |
Our 10.4 million square feet of corporate office space consists of approximately 5.5 million square feet of leased space and 4.9 million square feet of owned space. Our headquarters is located in McLean, Virginia, and is included in our corporate office space. We maintain office space primarily in Virginia, Texas, Illinois, New York, Louisiana, Delaware and Maryland.
Our 4.5 million square feet of bank branch and branch/office space consists of approximately 2.2 million square feet of leased space and 2.3 million square feet of owned space, including branches in locations across New York, Louisiana, Texas, Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey and District of Columbia. See “Note 8—Premises, Equipment and Lease Commitments” for information about our premises.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
The information required by Item 103 of Regulation S-K is included in “Note 20—Commitments, Contingencies, Guarantees and Others.”
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
28 | Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) | |
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
Our common stock is listed on the NYSE and is traded under the symbol “COF.” As of January 30, 2015, there were 12,610 holders of record of our common stock. The table below presents the high and low closing trade prices of our common stock as reported by the NYSE and cash dividends per common share declared by us during each quarter indicated.
Trade Price | Cash Dividends | |||||||||||
For the Quarter Ended | High | Low | ||||||||||
December 31, 2014 | $ | 83.31 | $ | 76.43 | $ | 0.30 | ||||||
September 30, 2014 | 84.95 | 78.04 | 0.30 | |||||||||
June 30, 2014 | 83.49 | 72.95 | 0.30 | |||||||||
March 31, 2014 | 78.02 | 68.66 | 0.30 | |||||||||
December 31, 2013 | $ | 76.61 | $ | 67.83 | $ | 0.30 | ||||||
September 30, 2013 | 69.70 | 63.59 | 0.30 | |||||||||
June 30, 2013 | 62.81 | 52.76 | 0.30 | |||||||||
March 31, 2013 | 62.88 | 50.80 | 0.05 | |||||||||
Dividend Restrictions
For information regarding our ability to pay dividends, see the discussion under “Part I—Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation—Dividends, Stock Repurchases and Transfers of Funds,” “MD&A—Capital Management—Dividend Policy and Stock Purchases,” and “Note 12—Regulatory and Capital Adequacy.”
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
Information relating to compensation plans under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance is presented in Part III of this Report under “Part III—Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.”
Common Stock Performance Graph
The following graph shows the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock compared to an overall stock market index, the S&P Composite 500 Stock Index (“S&P 500 Index”), and a published industry index, the S&P Financial Composite Index (“S&P Financial Index”), over the five-year period commencing December 31, 2009 and ending December 31, 2014. The stock performance graph assumes that $100 was invested in our common stock and each index and that all dividends were reinvested. The stock price performance on the graph below is not necessarily indicative of future performance.
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December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||
Capital One | $ | 100.00 | $ | 111.57 | $ | 111.34 | $ | 153.09 | $ | 205.43 | $ | 224.86 | ||||||||||||
S&P 500 Index | 100.00 | 112.78 | 112.78 | 127.90 | 165.76 | 184.64 | ||||||||||||||||||
S&P Financial Index | 100.00 | 110.83 | 90.43 | 114.17 | 152.09 | 172.01 | ||||||||||||||||||
30 | Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) | |
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
We did not have any sales of unregistered equity securities in 2014.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table presents information related to repurchases of shares of our common stock for each calendar month in the fourth quarter of 2014.
(Dollars in millions, except per share information) | Total Number of Shares Purchased(1) | Average Price Paid per Share(2) | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans | Maximum Amount That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plan or Program(2) | ||||||||||
October | 2,648,911 | $ | 80.08 | 2,634,300 | $ | 789 | ||||||||
November | 2,123,473 | 81.85 | 2,116,925 | 616 | ||||||||||
December | 1,403,015 | 82.56 | 1,402,575 | 500 | ||||||||||
Total | 6,175,399 | $ | 81.25 | 6,153,800 | ||||||||||
__________
(1) | Primarily comprised of repurchases under the $2.5 billion common stock repurchase program authorized by our Board of Directors and announced on March 26, 2014, which authorized share repurchases through March 31, 2015. Also includes 14,611 shares, 6,548 shares and 440 shares purchased in October, November and December, respectively, related to the withholding of shares to cover taxes on restricted stock awards whose restrictions have lapsed. |
(2) | Amounts exclude commission costs. |
Item 6. Summary of Selected Financial Data
The following table presents selected consolidated financial data and performance metrics for the five-year period ended December 31, 2014. Certain prior period amounts have been recast to conform to the current period presentation. We prepare our consolidated financial statements based on U.S. GAAP. This data should be reviewed in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes and with the MD&A included in this Report. The historical financial information presented may not be indicative of our future performance. The comparability of our results of operations between reported periods is impacted by the following transactions completed in 2013 and 2012:
• | On November 1, 2013, we completed the acquisition of Beech Street Capital, a privately-held, national originator and servicer of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and FHA multifamily commercial real estate loans. |
• | On September 6, 2013, we completed the sale of the Best Buy private label and co-branded credit card portfolio to Citibank, N.A (the “Portfolio Sale”). Pursuant to the agreement, we received $6.4 billion for the net portfolio assets. |
• | On May 1, 2012, we completed the 2012 U.S. card acquisition. At closing, we acquired approximately 27 million new active accounts, $27.8 billion in outstanding credit card receivables designated as held for investment and $327 million in other assets. |
• | On February 17, 2012, we completed the ING Direct acquisition. The acquisition resulted in the addition of loans of $40.4 billion, other assets of $53.9 billion and deposits of $84.4 billion as of the acquisition date. |
We use the term “Acquired Loans” to refer to the substantial majority of consumer and commercial loans acquired in the ING Direct and CCB acquisitions, and a limited portion of the credit card loans acquired in the 2012 U.S. card acquisition, which were recorded at fair value at acquisition and subsequently accounted for based on expected cash flows to be collected (under the accounting standard formerly known as “Statement of Position 03-3, Accounting for Certain Loans or Debt Securities Acquired in a Transfer,” commonly referred to as “SOP 03-3”). The accounting and classification of these loans may significantly alter some of our reported credit quality metrics. We therefore supplement certain reported credit quality metrics with metrics adjusted to exclude the impact of these Acquired Loans. For additional information, see “MD&A—Credit Risk Profile” and “Note 4—Loans.”
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Five-Year Summary of Selected Financial Data(1)
Year Ended December 31, | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Dollars in millions, except per share data and as noted) | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2014 vs. 2013 | 2013 vs. 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Income statement | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest income | $ | 19,397 | $ | 19,898 | $ | 18,964 | $ | 14,987 | $ | 15,353 | (3 | ) | % | 5 | % | |||||||||||||
Interest expense | 1,579 | 1,792 | 2,375 | 2,246 | 2,896 | (12 | ) | (25 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Net interest income | 17,818 | 18,106 | 16,589 | 12,741 | 12,457 | (2 | ) | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Non-interest income(2) | 4,472 | 4,278 | 4,807 | 3,538 | 3,714 | 5 | (11 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total net revenue(3) | 22,290 | 22,384 | 21,396 | 16,279 | 16,171 | — | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Provision for credit losses(4) | 3,541 | 3,453 | 4,415 | 2,360 | 3,907 | 3 | (22 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Non-interest expense: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Marketing | 1,561 | 1,373 | 1,364 | 1,337 | 958 | 14 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of intangibles | 532 | 671 | 609 | 222 | 220 | (21 | ) | 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition-related(5) | 64 | 193 | 336 | 45 | 81 | (67 | ) | (43 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Operating expenses | 10,023 | 10,116 | 9,488 | 7,627 | 6,599 | (1 | ) | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total non-interest expense | 12,180 | 12,353 | 11,797 | 9,231 | 7,858 | (1 | ) | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations before income taxes | 6,569 | 6,578 | 5,184 | 4,688 | 4,406 | — | 27 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Income tax provision | 2,146 | 2,224 | 1,475 | 1,452 | 1,374 | (4 | ) | 51 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations, net of tax | 4,423 | 4,354 | 3,709 | 3,236 | 3,032 | 2 | 17 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax | 5 | (233 | ) | (217 | ) | (106 | ) | (307 | ) | ** | 7 | |||||||||||||||||
Net income | 4,428 | 4,121 | 3,492 | 3,130 | 2,725 | 7 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities | (18 | ) | (17 | ) | (15 | ) | (26 | ) | — | 6 | 13 | |||||||||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends | (67 | ) | (53 | ) | (15 | ) | — | — | 26 | 253 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 4,343 | $ | 4,051 | $ | 3,462 | $ | 3,104 | $ | 2,725 | 7 | 17 | ||||||||||||||||
Common share statistics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Basic earnings per common share: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income from continuing operations | $ | 7.70 | $ | 7.39 | $ | 6.56 | $ | 7.04 | $ | 6.70 | 4 | % | 13 | % | ||||||||||||||
Income (loss) from discontinued operations | 0.01 | (0.40 | ) | (0.39 | ) | (0.23 | ) | (0.67 | ) | ** | 3 | |||||||||||||||||
Net income per basic common share | $ | 7.71 | $ | 6.99 | $ | 6.17 | $ | 6.81 | $ | 6.03 | 10 | 13 | ||||||||||||||||
Diluted earnings per common share: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income from continuing operations | $ | 7.58 | $ | 7.28 | $ | 6.49 | $ | 6.99 | $ | 6.64 | 4 | 12 | ||||||||||||||||
Income (loss) from discontinued operations | 0.01 | (0.39 | ) | (0.38 | ) | (0.23 | ) | (0.67 | ) | ** | 3 | |||||||||||||||||
Net income per diluted common share | $ | 7.59 | $ | 6.89 | $ | 6.11 | $ | 6.76 | $ | 5.97 | 10 | 13 | ||||||||||||||||
Dividends paid per common share | $ | 1.20 | $ | 0.95 | $ | 0.20 | $ | 0.20 | $ | 0.20 | 26 | 375 | ||||||||||||||||
Common dividend payout ratio(6) | 15.56 | % | 13.59 | % | 3.24 | % | 2.93 | % | 3.31 | % | 197 | bps | 1,035 | bps | ||||||||||||||
Stock price per common share at period end | $ | 82.55 | $ | 76.61 | $ | 57.93 | $ | 42.29 | $ | 42.56 | 8 | % | 32 | % | ||||||||||||||
Book value per common share at period end | 81.41 | 72.69 | 69.43 | 64.40 | 58.54 | 12 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total market capitalization at period end | 45,683 | 43,875 | 33,727 | 19,301 | 19,271 | 4 | 30 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Balance sheet (average balances) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Loans held for investment | $ | 197,925 | $ | 192,614 | $ | 187,915 | $ | 128,424 | $ | 128,526 | 3 | % | 3 | % | ||||||||||||||
Interest-earning assets | 267,174 | 266,423 | 255,079 | 175,265 | 175,683 | — | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total assets | 298,300 | 297,264 | 286,585 | 199,699 | 200,116 | — | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Interest-bearing deposits | 181,036 | 187,700 | 183,314 | 109,644 | 104,743 | (4 | ) | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total deposits | 205,675 | 209,045 | 203,055 | 126,694 | 119,010 | (2 | ) | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Borrowings | 38,882 | 37,807 | 38,025 | 38,022 | 49,620 | 3 | (1 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Common equity | 43,055 | 40,629 | 36,934 | 28,538 | 24,918 | 6 | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total stockholders’ equity | 44,268 | 41,482 | 37,265 | 28,538 | 24,918 | 7 | 11 | |||||||||||||||||||||
32 | Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) | |
Year Ended December 31, | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Dollars in millions, except per share data and as noted) | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2014 vs. 2013 | 2013 vs. 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Selected performance metrics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase volume(7) | $ | 224,750 | $ | 201,074 | $ | 180,599 | $ | 135,120 | $ | 106,912 | 12 | % | 11 | % | ||||||||||||||
Total net revenue margin(8) | 8.34 | % | 8.40 | % | 8.39 | % | 9.29 | % | 9.20 | % | (6 | ) | bps | 1 | bps | |||||||||||||
Net interest margin(9) | 6.67 | 6.80 | 6.50 | 7.27 | 7.09 | (13 | ) | 30 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Return on average assets | 1.48 | 1.46 | 1.29 | 1.62 | 1.52 | 2 | 17 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Return on average tangible assets(10) | 1.56 | 1.55 | 1.37 | 1.74 | 1.63 | 1 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Return on average common equity(11) | 10.08 | 10.54 | 9.96 | 11.25 | 12.17 | (46 | ) | 58 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Return on average tangible common equity(12) | 15.79 | 17.35 | 17.25 | 22.05 | 27.83 | (156 | ) | 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Equity-to-assets ratio(13) | 14.84 | 13.95 | 13.00 | 14.29 | 12.45 | 89 | 95 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Non-interest expense as a % of average loans held for investment(14) | 6.15 | 6.41 | 6.28 | 7.19 | 6.11 | (26 | ) | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Efficiency ratio(15) | 54.64 | 55.19 | 55.14 | 56.70 | 48.59 | (55 | ) | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Effective income tax rate from continuing operations | 32.67 | 33.81 | 28.45 | 30.97 | 31.18 | (114 | ) | 536 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net charge-offs | $ | 3,414 | $ | 3,934 | $ | 3,555 | $ | 3,771 | $ | 6,651 | (13 | ) | % | 11 | % | |||||||||||||
Net charge-off rate(16) | 1.72 | % | 2.04 | % | 1.89 | % | 2.94 | % | 5.18 | % | (32 | ) | bps | 15 | bps | |||||||||||||
Net charge-off rate (excluding Acquired Loans)(17) | 1.98 | 2.45 | 2.34 | 3.06 | 5.45 | (47 | ) | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, | Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Dollars in millions except per share data as noted) | — | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2014 vs. 2013 | 2013 vs. 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Balance sheet (period end) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Loans held for investment | $ | 208,316 | $ | 197,199 | $ | 205,889 | $ | 135,892 | $ | 125,947 | 6 | % | (4 | ) | % | ||||||||||||||
Interest-earning assets | 277,849 | 265,170 | 280,096 | 179,878 | 172,071 | 5 | (5 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total assets | 308,854 | 296,933 | 312,942 | 205,962 | 197,522 | 4 | (5 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Interest-bearing deposits | 180,467 | 181,880 | 190,018 | 109,945 | 107,162 | (1 | ) | (4 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total deposits | 205,548 | 204,523 | 212,485 | 128,226 | 122,210 | 1 | (4 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Borrowings | 48,457 | 40,654 | 49,910 | 39,561 | 41,796 | 19 | (19 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Common equity | 43,231 | 40,779 | 39,572 | 29,617 | 26,509 | 6 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total stockholders’ equity | 45,053 | 41,632 | 40,425 | 29,617 | 26,509 | 8 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Credit quality metrics (period end) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Allowance for loan and lease losses | $ | 4,383 | $ | 4,315 | $ | 5,156 | $ | 4,250 | $ | 5,628 | 2 | % | (16 | ) | % | ||||||||||||||
Allowance as a % of loans held for investment (“allowance coverage ratio”) | 2.10 | % | 2.19 | % | 2.50 | % | 3.13 | % | 4.47 | % | (9 | ) | bps | (31 | ) | bps | |||||||||||||
Allowance as a % of loans held for investment (excluding Acquired Loans)(17) | 2.36 | 2.54 | 3.02 | 3.22 | 4.67 | (18 | ) | (48 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
30+ day performing delinquency rate | 2.62 | 2.63 | 2.70 | 3.35 | 3.52 | (1 | ) | (7 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
30+ day performing delinquency rate (excluding Acquired Loans)(17) | 2.95 | 3.08 | 3.29 | 3.47 | 3.68 | (13 | ) | (21 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
30+ day delinquency rate | 2.91 | 2.96 | 3.09 | 3.95 | 4.23 | (5 | ) | (13 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
30+ day delinquency rate (excluding Acquired Loans)(17) | 3.28 | 3.46 | 3.77 | 4.09 | 4.43 | (18 | ) | (31 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Capital ratios(18) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratio | 12.46 | % | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ** | ** | |||||||||||||||||||||
Tier 1 common ratio | N/A | 12.19 | % | 10.93 | % | 9.63 | % | 8.73 | % | ** | 126 | bps | |||||||||||||||||
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio | 13.23 | % | 12.57 | 11.31 | 11.96 | 11.60 | 66 | bps | 126 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total risk-based capital ratio | 15.14 | 14.69 | 13.53 | 14.82 | 16.79 | 45 | 116 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Tier 1 leverage ratio | 10.77 | 10.06 | 8.63 | 10.04 | 8.1 | 71 | 143 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Tangible common equity (“TCE”) ratio(19) | 9.49 | 8.89 | 7.87 | 8.18 | 6.82 | 60 | 102 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Others | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Employees (in thousands), period end(20) | 46.0 | 45.4 | 42.2 | 34.1 | 30.3 | 1 | % | 8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
** | Change is not meaningful. |
33 | Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) | |
(1) | We adopted ASU 2014-01 “Accounting for Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Projects” (Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Projects) as of January 1, 2014. See “Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for additional information. Prior period results and related metrics have been recast to conform to this presentation. |
(2) | Includes a bargain purchase gain of $594 million attributable to the ING Direct acquisition recognized in non-interest income in the first quarter of 2012. The bargain purchase gain represents the excess of the fair value of the net assets acquired from ING Direct as of the acquisition date over the consideration transferred. |
(3) | Total net revenue was reduced by $645 million, $796 million, $937 million, $371 million and $950 million in 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, and 2010, respectively, for the estimated uncollectible amount of billed finance charges and fees. The reserve for estimated uncollectible billed finance charges and fees, which we refer to as the finance charge and fee reserve, totaled $216 million, $190 million, $307 million, $74 million, and $211 million as of December 31, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, and 2010, respectively. |
(4) | Provision for credit losses for 2012 includes expense of $1.2 billion to establish an initial allowance for the receivables acquired in the 2012 U.S. card acquisition accounted for based on contractual cash flows. |
(5) | Acquisition-related costs include transaction costs, legal and other professional or consulting fees, restructuring costs, and integration expense. |
(6) | Calculated based on dividends per common share for the period divided by basic earnings per common share for the period. |
(7) | Consists of credit card purchase transactions, net of returns, for the period for both loans classified as held for investment and loans classified as held for sale. Excludes cash advance and balance transfer transactions. |
(8) | Calculated based on total net revenue for the period divided by average interest-earning assets for the period. |
(9) | Calculated based on net interest income for the period divided by average interest-earning assets for the period. |
(10) | Calculated based on income from continuing operations, net of tax, for the period divided by average tangible assets for the period. See “MD&A—Table F—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures and Calculation of Regulatory Capital Measures” for additional information. |
(11) | Calculated based on the sum of (i) income from continuing operations, net of tax; (ii) less dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities; (iii) less preferred stock dividends, for the period, divided by average common equity. Our calculation of return on average common equity may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. |
(12) | Calculated based on the sum of (i) income from continuing operations, net of tax; (ii) less dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities; (iii) less preferred stock dividends, for the period, divided by average tangible common equity (“TCE”). Our calculation of return on average TCE may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. See “MD&A—Table F—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures and Calculation of Regulatory Capital Measures” for additional information. |
(13) | Calculated based on average stockholders’ equity for the period divided by average total assets for the period. |
(14) | Calculated based on non-interest expense for the period divided by average loans held for investment for the period. |
(15) | Calculated based on non-interest expense for the period divided by total net revenue for the period. |
(16) | Calculated based on net charge-offs for the period divided by average loans held for investment for the period. |
(17) | Calculation of ratio adjusted to exclude Acquired Loans. See “MD&A—Business Segment Financial Performance,” “MD&A—Credit Risk Profile” and “Note 4—Loans” for additional information on the impact of Acquired Loans on our credit quality metrics. |
(18) | Beginning on January 1, 2014, we calculate our regulatory capital under Basel III Standardized Approach subject to transition provisions. Prior to January 1, 2014, we calculated regulatory capital measures under Basel I. See “MD&A—Capital Management” and “MD&A—Table F—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures and Calculation of Regulatory Capital Measures” for additional information, including the calculation of each of these ratios. |
(19) | The TCE ratio is a non-GAAP measure calculated as TCE divided by tangible assets. See “MD&A—Table F—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures and Calculation of Regulatory Capital Measures” for the calculation of this measure and reconciliation to the comparative GAAP measure. |
(20) | In the second quarter of 2014, we changed our presentation from total full-time equivalent employees to total employees. All prior periods have been recast to conform to the current presentation. |
34 | Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) | |
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”)
This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are based upon management’s current expectations and are subject to significant uncertainties and changes in circumstances. Please review “Forward-Looking Statements” for more information on the forward-looking statements in this 2014 Annual Report on Form 10-K (“this Report”). Our actual results may differ materially from those included in these forward-looking statements due to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, those described in “Part I—Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Report. Unless otherwise specified, references to notes to our consolidated financial statements refer to the notes to our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2014 included in this Report.
Management monitors a variety of key indicators to evaluate our business results and financial condition. The following MD&A is intended to provide the reader with an understanding of our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity by focusing on changes from year to year in certain key measures used by management to evaluate performance, such as profitability, growth and credit quality metrics. MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014 and accompanying notes. MD&A is organized in the following sections:
• Executive Summary and Business Outlook | • Capital Management | |
• Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates | • Risk Management | |
• Accounting Changes and Developments | • Credit Risk Profile | |
• Consolidated Results of Operations | • Liquidity Risk Profile | |
• Business Segment Financial Performance | • Market Risk Profile | |
• Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis | • Supplemental Tables | |
• Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Variable Interest Entities | • Glossary and Acronyms | |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND BUSINESS OUTLOOK |
In 2014, all three of our business segments delivered strong underlying performance and grew our loan portfolios. We continue to deliver risk-adjusted returns while investing to improve profitability. We remain focused on creating value and sustained performance.
Financial Highlights
We reported net income of $4.4 billion ($7.59 per diluted common share) on total net revenue of $22.3 billion for 2014, with each of our three business segments contributing to our earnings. In comparison, we reported net income of $4.1 billion ($6.89 per diluted common share) on total net revenue of $22.4 billion for 2013 and $3.5 billion ($6.11 per diluted share) on total net revenue of $21.4 billion for 2012.
Beginning on January 1, 2014, we calculate our regulatory capital under the Basel III Standardized Approach subject to transition provisions. Our common equity Tier 1 capital ratio, as calculated under the Basel III Standardized Approach, including transition provisions, was 12.46% as of December 31, 2014. Our Tier 1 common ratio, as calculated under Basel I, was 12.19% as of December 31, 2013. These numbers are not directly comparable due to methodological differences in the calculation of the ratios. We formally entered parallel run for Basel III Advanced Approaches as of January 1, 2015. See “Capital Management” below for additional information.
On March 26, 2014, we announced that our Board of Directors had authorized the repurchase of up to $2.5 billion of shares of our common stock (“2014 Stock Repurchase Program”). During 2014, we repurchased approximately $2.0 billion of common stock and expect to complete the 2014 Stock Repurchase Program by the end of the first quarter of 2015. See “Capital Management” below for additional information.
Below are additional highlights of our performance in 2014. These highlights generally are based on a comparison between the results of 2014 and 2013, except as otherwise noted. The changes in our financial condition and credit performance are generally based on our financial condition and credit performance as of December 31, 2014 compared to our financial condition and credit
35 | Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) | |
performance as of December 31, 2013. We provide a more detailed discussion of our financial performance in the sections following this “Executive Summary and Business Outlook.”
Total Company
• | Earnings: Our net income increased by $307 million, or 7%, to $4.4 billion in 2014, compared to $4.1 billion in 2013. The increase in net income was driven by (i) a $342 million change driven by a net benefit of $33 million for mortgage representation and warranty losses (which includes a benefit of $26 million before taxes in continuing operations and a benefit of $7 million before taxes in discontinued operations) in 2014, as compared to a net provision of $309 million (which includes a benefit of $24 million before taxes in continuing operations and a provision of $333 million before taxes in discontinued operations) in 2013; (ii) a decrease in non-interest expense due to lower amortization of intangibles, acquisition-related costs and the provision for litigation matters; and (iii) an increase in net interest income due to lower funding costs. These items were partially offset by a decrease in net interest income attributable to the Portfolio Sale and higher marketing expenses associated with loan growth. |
• | Loans Held for Investment: Period-end loans held for investment increased by $11.1 billion, or 6%, to $208.3 billion as of December 31, 2014 from $197.2 billion as of December 31, 2013. Average loans held for investment increased by $5.3 billion, or 3%, to $197.9 billion in 2014, compared to $192.6 billion in 2013. The increases were due to growth in our credit card and commercial loan portfolios, and continued strong auto loan originations outpacing the run-off of the acquired home loan portfolio in our Consumer Banking business. |
• | Net Charge-off and Delinquency Statistics: Our net charge-off rate decreased by 32 basis points to 1.72% in 2014 from 2.04% in 2013. The low net charge-off rates observed during 2014, compared to our historical trends, were largely due to continued economic improvement and portfolio seasoning. Our 30+ day delinquency rate declined to 2.91% as of December 31, 2014 from 2.96% as of December 31, 2013. The decrease was primarily due to strong credit performance. We provide additional information on our credit quality metrics below under “Business Segment Financial Performance” and “Credit Risk Profile.” |
• |